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Deichmann A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Schmidt M, Garrigue A, Brugman MH, Hu J, Glimm H, Gyapay G, Prum B, Fraser CC, Fischer N, Schwarzwaelder K, Siegler ML, de Ridder D, Pike-Overzet K, Howe SJ, Thrasher AJ, Wagemaker G, Abel U, Staal FJ, Delabesse E, Villeval JL, Aronow B, Hue C, Prinz C, Wissler M, Klanke C, Weissenbach J, Alexander I, Fischer A, von Kalle C, Cavazzana-Calvo M. Vector integration is nonrandom and clustered and influences the fate of lymphopoiesis in SCID-X1 gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2225-32. [PMID: 17671652 PMCID: PMC1934585 DOI: 10.1172/jci31659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have challenged the notion that retroviruses and retroviral vectors integrate randomly into the host genome. These reports pointed to a strong bias toward integration in and near gene coding regions and, for gammaretroviral vectors, around transcription start sites. Here, we report the results obtained from a large-scale mapping of 572 retroviral integration sites (RISs) isolated from cells of 9 patients with X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) treated with a retrovirus-based gene therapy protocol. Our data showed that two-thirds of insertions occurred in or very near to genes, of which more than half were highly expressed in CD34(+) progenitor cells. Strikingly, one-fourth of all integrations were clustered as common integration sites (CISs). The highly significant incidence of CISs in circulating T cells and the nature of their locations indicate that insertion in many gene loci has an influence on cell engraftment, survival, and proliferation. Beyond the observed cases of insertional mutagenesis in 3 patients, these data help to elucidate the relationship between vector insertion and long-term in vivo selection of transduced cells in human patients with SCID-X1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Deichmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alexandrine Garrigue
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Martijn H. Brugman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jingqiong Hu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Prum
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Christopher C. Fraser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Kerstin Schwarzwaelder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Luise Siegler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Steven J. Howe
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Abel
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Frank J.T. Staal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Eric Delabesse
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Villeval
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hue
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Prinz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Wissler
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Chuck Klanke
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ian Alexander
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana-Calvo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
INSERM U768, Hôpital Necker, and Faculté de Médecine, Université René Descartes Paris V, Paris, France.
Département de Biothérapies, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Génoscope and CNRS UMR8030, Evry, France.
Laboratoire “Statistique et Génome,” UMR CNRS 8071, Evry, France.
Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, Trappes, France.
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
INSERM U790, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Division of Bioinformatics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Unité d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker–Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Schwarzwaelder K, Howe SJ, Schmidt M, Brugman MH, Deichmann A, Glimm H, Schmidt S, Prinz C, Wissler M, King DJ, Zhang F, Parsley KL, Gilmour KC, Sinclair J, Bayford J, Peraj R, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ, de Ridder D, Kinnon C, Abel U, Wagemaker G, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ, von Kalle C. Gammaretrovirus-mediated correction of SCID-X1 is associated with skewed vector integration site distribution in vivo. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2241-9. [PMID: 17671654 PMCID: PMC1934556 DOI: 10.1172/jci31661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We treated 10 children with X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) using gammaretrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Those with sufficient follow-up were found to have recovered substantial immunity in the absence of any serious adverse events up to 5 years after treatment. To determine the influence of vector integration on lymphoid reconstitution, we compared retroviral integration sites (RISs) from peripheral blood CD3(+) T lymphocytes of 5 patients taken between 9 and 30 months after transplantation with transduced CD34(+) progenitor cells derived from 1 further patient and 1 healthy donor. Integration occurred preferentially in gene regions on either side of transcription start sites, was clustered, and correlated with the expression level in CD34(+) progenitors during transduction. In contrast to those in CD34(+) cells, RISs recovered from engrafted CD3(+) T cells were significantly overrepresented within or near genes encoding proteins with kinase or transferase activity or involved in phosphorus metabolism. Although gross patterns of gene expression were unchanged in transduced cells, the divergence of RIS target frequency between transduced progenitor cells and post-thymic T lymphocytes indicates that vector integration influences cell survival, engraftment, or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schwarzwaelder
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven J. Howe
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martijn H. Brugman
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Annette Deichmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hanno Glimm
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonja Schmidt
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudia Prinz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Manuela Wissler
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas J.S. King
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Parsley
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kimberly C. Gilmour
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanna Sinclair
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinhua Bayford
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Peraj
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank J.T. Staal
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dick de Ridder
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine Kinnon
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrich Abel
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gerard Wagemaker
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - H. Bobby Gaspar
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christof von Kalle
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research and
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Information and Communication Theory Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Biostatistics, Tumor Center Heidelberg-Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany.
Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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