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Varmus H. How Tumor Virology Evolved into Cancer Biology and Transformed Oncology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer biology has recently come of age, as witnessed by the initiation of this Annual Reviews journal this year. In this article, I argue that the major sources of cancer biology reside neither in cell biology nor in traditional cancer research, but instead in the domain once called “tumor virology.” Speaking from the perspective of someone who “rode the wave” that uncovered cancer genes and their effects on cell behavior, I have tried to trace the influences, discoveries, and changing attitudes and practices that produced the vibrant scientific landscape that we now enjoy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Varmus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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Zamora-Chimal CG, Zeron ES. A simple model for Lutz and Bujard's controllable promoters and its application for analyzing a simple genetic oscillator. In Silico Biol 2015; 12:69-82. [PMID: 25720352 PMCID: PMC4923745 DOI: 10.3233/isb-150465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We develop an exact and flexible mathematical model for Lutz and Bujard’s controllable promoters. It can be used as a building block for modeling genetic systems based on them. Special attention is paid to deduce all the model parameters from reported (in vitro) experimental data. We validate our model by comparing the regulatory ranges measured in vivo by Lutz and Bujard against the ranges predicted by the model, and which are calculated as the reporter activity obtained under inducing conditions divided by the activity measured under maximal repression. In particular, we verify Bond et al. assertion that the cooperativity between two lac operators can be assumed to be negligible when their central base pairs are separated by 22 or 32 bp [Gene repression by minimal lac loops in vivo, Nucleic Acids Res, 38 (2010) 8072–8082]. Moreover, we also find that the probability that two repressors LacI bind to these operators at the same time can be assumed to be negligible as well. We finally use the model for the promoter PLlacO-1 to analyze a synthetic genetic oscillator recently build by Stricker et al. [A fast, robust and tunable synthetic gene oscillator, Nature, 456 (2008) 516–519].
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Zamora-Chimal
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Monterrey, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca NL, México
| | - E S Zeron
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Matemáticas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional México DF, México
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Liu K, Zeng X, Qiao L, Li X, Yang Y, Dai C, Hou A, Xu D. The sensitivity and significance analysis of parameters in the model of pH regulation on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus bulgaricus. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 13:S5. [PMID: 25434877 PMCID: PMC4248659 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s13-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The excessive production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus during yogurt storage is a phenomenon we are always tried to prevent. The methods used in industry either control the post-acidification inefficiently or kill the probiotics in yogurt. Genetic methods of changing the activity of one enzyme related to lactic acid metabolism make the bacteria short of energy to growth, although they are efficient ways in controlling lactic acid production. Results A model of pH-induced promoter regulation on the production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus was built. The modelled lactic acid metabolism without pH-induced promoter regulation fitted well with wild type L. bulgaricus (R2LAC = 0.943, R2LA = 0.942). Both the local sensitivity analysis and Sobol sensitivity analysis indicated parameters Tmax, GR, KLR, S, V0, V1 and dLR were sensitive. In order to guide the future biology experiments, three adjustable parameters, KLR, V0 and V1, were chosen for further simulations. V0 had little effect on lactic acid production if the pH-induced promoter could be well induced when pH decreased to its threshold. KLR and V1 both exhibited great influence on the producing of lactic acid. Conclusions The proposed method of introducing a pH-induced promoter to regulate a repressor gene could restrain the synthesis of lactic acid if an appropriate strength of promoter and/or an appropriate strength of ribosome binding sequence (RBS) in lacR gene has been designed.
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Cheng B, Fournier RL, Relue PA, Schisler J. An experimental and theoretical study of the inhibition of Escherichia coli lac operon gene expression by antigene oligonucleotides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 74:220-9. [PMID: 11400095 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have developed a genetically structured mathematical model to describe the inhibition of Escherichia coli lac operon gene expression by antigene oligos. Our model predicted that antigene oligos targeted to the operator region of the lac operon would have a significant inhibitory effect on beta-galactosidase production. In this investigation, the E. coli lac operon gene expression in the presence of antigene oligos was studied experimentally. A 21-mer oligo, which was designed to form a triplex with the operator, was found to be able to specifically inhibit beta-galactosidase production in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to the 21-mer triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO), several control oligos showed no inhibitory effect. The ineffectiveness of the various control oligos, along with the fact that the 21-mer oligo has no homology sequence with lacZYA, and no mRNA is transcribed from the operator, suggests that the 21-mer oligo inhibits target gene expression by an antigene mechanism. To simulate the kinetics of lac operon gene expression in the presence of antigene oligos, a genetically structured kinetic model, which includes transport of oligo into the cell, growth of bacteria cells, and lac operon gene expression, was developed. Predictions of the kinetic model fit the experimental data quite well after adjustment of the value of the oligonucleotide transport rate constant (9.0 x 10(-)(3) min(-)(1)) and oligo binding affinity constant (1.05 x 10(6) M(-)(1)). Our values for these two adjusted parameters are in the range of reported literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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Abstract
The relationship between retroviral genes and oncogenes is described
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Varmus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Visai L, Speziale P, Bozzini S. Binding of collagens to an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1990; 58:449-55. [PMID: 2153633 PMCID: PMC258478 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.2.449-455.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli, B34289c, has been shown to bind the N-terminal region of fibronectin with high affinity (G. Fröman, L. M. Switalski, A. Faris, T. Wadström, and M. Höök, J. Biol. Chem. 259:14899-14905, 1984). We now report that this strain also binds collagen. The binding of 125I-labeled type II collagen to bacteria was time dependent and reversible. Bacteria expressed a limited number of collagen receptors (2.2 x 10(4) per cell) and bound collagen with a Kd of 20 nM. All collagen types tested (I to V) as well as all tested cyanogen bromide-generated peptides [alpha 1(I)CB2, alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, alpha 1(I)CB8, and alpha 2(I)CB4] were recognized by bacterial receptors, as demonstrated by the ability of these proteins to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled collagen to bacteria. Of several unlabeled proteins tested in competition experiments, fibronectin and its N-terminal region strongly inhibited binding of the radiolabeled collagen to E. coli cells. Conversely, collagen competed with an 125I-labeled 28-kilodalton fibronectin fragment for bacterial binding. Collagen bound to bacteria could be displaced by excess amounts of either unlabeled fibronectin or its N-terminal fragment. Similarly, collagen could displace 125I-labeled N-terminal peptide of fibronectin bound to the bacterial cell surface. Bacteria grown at 41 degrees C or in the presence of glucose did not express collagen or fibronectin receptors. These results indicate the presence of specific binding sites for collagen on the surface of E. coli cells and furthermore that the collagen and fibronectin binding sites are located in close proximity, possibly on the same structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Visai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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Lynn ME, Bantle JA, Ownby JD. Estimation of gene expression in heterocysts of Anabaena variabilis by using DNA-RNA hybridization. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:940-6. [PMID: 2427500 PMCID: PMC215962 DOI: 10.1128/jb.167.3.940-946.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis, specialized cells called heterocysts occur in a regular pattern along the filament and are the sites of nitrogen fixation. We used two different types of DNA-excess RNA hybridization techniques to estimate the number of genes expressed in recently differentiated, mature heterocysts. In the first, RNA and DNA were incubated in a phosphate buffer at 60 degrees C, and the hybrids were separated from the unhybridized material by hydroxylapatite chromatography. In the second, the nucleic acids were incubated at 50 degrees C in a buffer containing 50% formamide, and the fraction of DNA in duplexes was assayed by S1 nuclease digestion. Both techniques revealed that approximately 65% of the A. variabilis genome was expressed in vegetative cells and 45% of the genome was expressed in heterocysts. Two experiments were conducted to estimate the number of heterocyst-specific mRNA transcripts. In one, hybridization of heterocyst RNA to a null DNA probe (DNA not transcribed in vegetative cells) revealed that heterocyst-specific transcripts were encoded by 25% of the DNA sense strand, representing approximately 1,000 genes (assuming each to be 1,500 nucleotides in length). The second approach, in which total cell DNA was hybridized to a mixture of heterocyst and vegetative cell RNA, indicated that 14.7% of the DNA sense strand, or about 600 genes, was transcribed exclusively in the heterocyst. The remaining 900 to 1,300 transcripts present in the heterocyst appeared to be constitutively produced in both vegetative cells and heterocysts. The heterocyst-specific transcripts were present in abundant copies in the cell, while transcripts that occurred in both cell types were present at much lower frequency.
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Nardone G, George J, Chirikjian JG. Sequence-specific BamHI methylase. Purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Strome S, Young ET. Translational discrimination against bacteriophage T7 gene 0.3 messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1980; 136:433-50. [PMID: 6988599 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Feucht BU, Saier MH. Fine control of adenylate cyclase by the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase systems in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1980; 141:603-10. [PMID: 6245052 PMCID: PMC293665 DOI: 10.1128/jb.141.2.603-610.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cellular adenylate cyclase activity by sugar substrates of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system was reliant on the activities of the protein components of this enzyme system and on a gene designated crrA. In bacterial strains containing very low enzyme I activity, inhibition could be elicited by nanomolar concentrations of sugar. An antagonistic effect between methyl alpha-glucoside and phosphoenolpyruvate was observed in permeabilized Escherichia coli cells containing normal activities of the phosphotransferase system enzymes. In contrast, phosphoenolpyruvate could not overcome the inhibitory effect of this sugar in strains deficient for enzyme I or HPr. Although the in vivo sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to inhibition correlated with sensitivity of carbohydrate permease function to inhibition in most strains studied, a few mutant strains were isolated in which sensitivity of carbohydrate uptake to inhibition was lost and sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to regulation was retained. These results are consistent with the conclusions that adenylate cyclase and the carbohydrate permeases were regulated by a common mechanism involving phosphorylation of a cellular constituent by the phosphotransferase system, but that bacterial cells possess mechanisms for selectively uncoupling carbohydrate transport from regulation.
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Fimmel AL, Loughlin RE. Isolation of a lambdadcys transducing bacteriophage and its use in determining the regulation of cysteine messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:757-63. [PMID: 336603 PMCID: PMC235575 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.3.757-763.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A defective specialized lambda transducing phage carrying the cysJ, cysI, cysH, and cysD genes has been isolated from a secondary-site lysogen. Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization studies utilizing this phage have been carried out to detect cysteine-specific messenger RNA (cys mRNA) synthesized in vivo. A vivo. A 3.5- to 9-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA has been detected in the derepressed wild-type (Cys+) strain grown on glutathione compared with a repressed control grown on cystine. Pleiotropic cysE and cysB mutants grown on glutathione were found to possess rates of synthesis of cys mRNA that were significantly lower than their derepressed isogenic parent. The addition of O-acetyl-L-serine to the cysE strain produced a 5.5-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of cys mRNA. These results indicate that cysteine biosynthesis is controlled at the level of transcription by the inducer O-acetylserine, the cysB protein and cyst(e)ine.
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Hwang LT, Giacomoni D. Synthesis of inducible enzyme in Escherichia coli recovering from prolonged energy starvation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 435:349-61. [PMID: 182224 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A marked breakdown of ribosomes and rRNA occurs in Escherichia coli cells during prolonged deprivation of a carbon source (energy starvation). In E. coli recovering from energy starvation: (a) synthesis of RNA started immediately, total protein synthesis showed a delay of 5 to 10 minutes; (b) beta-galactosidase, tryptophanase and serine deaminase could not be induced in the first 50--70 min; (c) a lag of 60 min in the synthesis of beta-galactosidase was observed in a lac constitutive mutant of E. coli; synthesis of the constitutive enzyme malate dehydrogenase did not shown any delay. RNA synthesized in the early stages of recovery contained a higher percentage of low molecular weight molecules than RNA synthesized after 70 min of recovery or during exponential growth. Messenger RNA specific for beta-galactosidase was not synthesized for the first 50--60 min of recovery even when the specific inducer was added to the cultures.
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Saier MH, Feucht BU, Hofstadter LJ. Regulation of carbohydrate uptake and adenylate cyclase activity mediated by the enzymes II of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Cribbs RM, Leonard JC, Rickelton AH. Suppressor-induced structural changes in a missense L-ribulokinase of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1976; 125:575-80. [PMID: 173711 PMCID: PMC236117 DOI: 10.1128/jb.125.2.575-580.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A suppressor mutation specific for a missense codon in the L-ribulokinase structural gene of the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli B/r enhanced L-arabinose utilization by the strain containing the missense codon. Electrophoretic comparisons of the wild-type, missense, and suppressed missense L-ribulokinases indicated that the suppressor changed the structure of the missense kinase, thereby increasing its catalytic activity. Hyperinducibility imposed on an operator-distal gene by the missense codon was not affected by the suppressor mutation.
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Scragg AH, John PC, Thurston CF. Post-transcription control of isocitrate lyase induction in the eukaryotic alga Chorella fusca. Nature 1975; 257:498-501. [PMID: 1178053 DOI: 10.1038/257498a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gershanovitch VN, Yourovitskaya NV, Komissarova LV, Bolshakova TN, Erlagaeva RS, Bourd GI. Catabolite repression in Escherichia coli K12 mutants defective in glucose transport. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1975; 140:81-90. [PMID: 1102954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of glucose catabolite repression was studied in Escherichia coli mutants unable to transport this carbohydrate. The pts I,H mutant P34 was much less sensitive to permanent and transient repressive effect of glucose on beta-galactosidase synthesis than parental type. The 1103 mutant with lack of enzyme 1 of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (ptsI) behaves as well as P34 mutant after addition of glucose to casamino acids mineral medium. But in minimal medium with succinate as the sole source of carbon cells of the 1103 mutant (in accordance with the data of Perlman and Pastan, 1969) show hightened sensibility to transient glucose repression. The effect of hypersensibility disappears when the lacI mutation rendering the beta-galactosidase synthesis to costitutivity is introduced in 1103 mutant. It is shown that the hightened sensibility of beta-galactosidase synthesis to glucose transient repression in 1103 mutant is not an effect of the pts mutation and most probably is due to "inducer exclusion" of the lac operon. It is also shown that if one introduces the P34 mutation in strain devoided of one of the enzymes II for glucose (gptA) (and due to this resistant to glucose catabolite repression) then the level of resistance in double mutant does not increase in spite of considerable supression of 14C glucose accumulation. It is discussed the role of separate components of Escherichia coli K12 glucose transport system in realization of the phenomenon of catabolite repression.
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Vojtísek V, Slezák J. Penicillinamidohydrolase in Escherichia coli. III. Catabolite repression, diauxie, effect of cAMP and nature of the enzyme induction. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1975; 20:298-306. [PMID: 170173 DOI: 10.1007/bf02878111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of penicillinamidohydrolase (penicillin acylase, EC 3.5.1.11) in Escherichia coli is subjected to the absolute catabolite repression by glucose and partial repression by acetate. Both types of catabolite repression of synthesis of the enzyme in Escherichia coli are substantially influenced by cyclic 3',5'-adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP). Growth diauxie in a mixed medium containing glucose and phenylacetic acid serving as carbon and energy sources is overcome by cAMP. cAMP does not influence the basal rate of the enzyme synthesis (without the inducer). Derepression of synthesis of penicillinamidohydrolase by cAMP in a medium with glucose and inducer (phenylacetic acid) is associated with utilization of the inducer, due probably to derepression of other enzymes responsible for degradation of phenylacetic acid. Lactate can serve as a "catabolically neutral" source of carbon suitable for the maximum production of penicillinamidohydrolase. The gratuitous induction of the enzyme synthesis in a medium with lactate as the carbon and energy source and with phenylacetic acid is not influenced by cAMP; however, cAMP overcomes completely the absolute catabolite repression of the enzyme synthesis by glucose.
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Childs GJ, Freundlich M. Transcriptional control of the isoleucine-valine messenger RNA's in E. coli K-12. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1975; 138:257-68. [PMID: 1102933 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from Escherichia Coli K-12 to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from lambdaCI857st68h80dilv was used to detect isoleucine-valine (ilv) specific mRNA. A number of strains partially constitutive for the isoleucine-valine enzymes had levels of ilv mRNA 2 to 3-fold higher than the parent strain. Starvation for any of the branched-chain amino acids resulted in a 20 to 23-fold increase in ilv mRNA as compared to repressed levels. These differences were not due to altered growth rates or to changes in the stability of ilv mRNA. These data indicate that regulation of the isoleucine-valine enzymes by multivalent repression occurs mainly at the level of transcription. Kinetics of elongation of ilv mRNA after repression are consistent with the assumption that the mechanism of multivalent repression involves the prevention of further initiations by RNA polymerase.
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Melcher U. The purification of beta-galactosidase-specific polysomes by affinity chromatography. Anal Biochem 1975; 64:461-5. [PMID: 236683 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Plescia OJ, Yamamoto I, Shimamura T, Feit C. Early cellular events in the response of mice to sheep red blood cells reflected by changes in the spleen level of cyclic amp. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 249:362-9. [PMID: 165767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Carpenter G, Sells BH. Regulation of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli by cAMP. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1975; 41:29-58. [PMID: 166045 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cooper TG, Whitney P, Magasanik B. Reaction of lac-specific Ribonucleic Acid from Escherichia coli with lac Deoxyribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pastushok C, Kennell D. Residual polarity and transcription-translation coupling during recovery from chloramphenicol or fusidic acid. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:631-40. [PMID: 4359650 PMCID: PMC285554 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.631-640.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusidic acid or chloramphenicol was used to inhibit peptide synthesis to 1% of normal in Escherichia coli B, strain AS19. After 10 min of inhibition, peptide synthesis could be quickly restored to 80% of the normal rate after washing the bacteria on a filter. However, even in the presence of adenosine 3'-5'-cyclic-monophosphoric acid to block catabolite repression, beta-galactosidase, the first enzyme of the lactose operon (lac), could only be induced to 10% of normal, and the last enzyme of the operon, galactoside acetyltransferase, even less. The first and last enzymes of the operon for tryptophan synthesis could be derepressed to about 30% of normal. The lac ribonucleic acid (RNA) induced during recovery showed a smaller than normal size distribution on sucrose gradients. The operator-proximal or -distal parts of this RNA were specifically labeled. Hybridization to phi80dlac deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) suggested that although the distal parts of the lac RNA were barely detectable, initiation was occurring at normal rates in recovery. Either normal levels of distal messenger RNA (mRNA) are made but then rapidly degraded or the mRNA is not completed. The small amount that is made decayed abnormally slowly, probably as a result of slower transcription. Total mRNA decay was multiphasic with all components decaying slower than normal. We propose that there is a residual level of inhibition of peptide synthesis during recovery. The probability that a ribosome is blocked at any codon can be estimated from the data. The longer the message, the less likely its complete translation. We propose that the RNA polymerase can transcribe translatable mRNA for only a finite distance beyond the lead ribosome. Because ribosomes can load at the start of each message in a polycistronic mRNA, the probability that a distal message will be synthesized and translated is a function of the number of more proximal messages and the distances between their ribosome-loading sites.
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Koblet H, Kohler U, Wyler R. Stimulation of ribonucleic-acid synthesis in chick-embryo fibroblasts by exogenous adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 37:134-42. [PMID: 4354049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Buchanan CE, Hua SS, Avni H, Markovitz A. Transcriptional control of the calactose operon by the capR (lon) and capT genes. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:891-3. [PMID: 4574707 PMCID: PMC251856 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.2.891-893.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in capR or capT cause derepression of the enzymes of the gal operon. The gal-specific messenger ribonucleic acid is directly proportional to the gal enzyme levels in wild type, capR, and capT strains. These results indicate that capR and capT control the gal operon at the transcriptional level.
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Stimulation of lac Transcription by Guanosine 5′-Diphosphate 2′(or 3′)-Diphosphate and Transfer Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- W McCullough
- Department of Botany, Queen's University, Belfast BT7 1NN
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Hua SS, Markovitz A. Multiple regulator gene control of the galactose operon in Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1972; 110:1089-99. [PMID: 4555404 PMCID: PMC247532 DOI: 10.1128/jb.110.3.1089-1099.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that nonsense mutations in either of two genes (capR or capS) or an undefined mutation in a third gene (capT) led to pleiotropic effects: (i) increased capsular polysaccharide synthesis (mucoid phenotype); (ii) increased synthesis of enzymes specified by at least four spatially separated operons involved in synthesis of capsular polysaccharide including the product of the galE gene, UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2) in capR mutants. The present study demonstrated that the entire galactose (gal) operon (galE, galT, and galK) is derepressed by mutations in either the capR or the capT genes, but not by mutation in capS. Double mutants (capR9 capT) were no more derepressed than the capR9 mutant, indicating that capR9 and capT regulate the gal operon via a common pathway. Isogenic double mutants containing either galR(+), galR(-), galR(s), or galO(c) in combination with either capR(+) or capR9 were prepared and analyzed for enzymes of the gal operon. The results demonstrated that capR9 caused derepression as compared to capR(+) in all of the combinations. Strains with a galR(s) mutation are not induced, for the gal operon, by any galactose compound including d-fucose, and this was confirmed in the present study using d-fucose. Nevertheless, the derepression of galR(s) capR9 compared to galR(s) capR(+) was four- to sixfold. The same derepression was observed when galR(+)capR9 was compared to galR(+)capR(+). The data eliminate the explanation that internal induction of the gal operon by a galactose derivative was causing increased gal operon enzyme synthesis in capR or capT mutants. Furthermore, the same data suggest that the galR and capR genes are acting independently to derepress the gal operon. A modified model for the structure of the gal operon is proposed to explain these results. The new feature of the model is that two operator sites are suggested, one to combine with the galR repressor and one to combine with the capR repressor.
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Artman M, Ennis HL. Dissociation of Lac messenger ribonucleic acid transcription from translation during recovery from inhibition of protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 1972; 110:652-60. [PMID: 4553840 PMCID: PMC247461 DOI: 10.1128/jb.110.2.652-660.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies were made of the synthesis of Lac messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by Escherichia coli in the absence of protein synthesis and of the coupling of transcription of lac operon to translation. Lac mRNA was not synthesized in the presence of chloramphenicol, and its synthesis steadily decreased during K(+) deprivation and treatment with puromycin. Since under these conditions total mRNA synthesis is not inhibited it is suggested that the control of Lac mRNA is distinct from that which regulates total mRNA synthesis. Lac mRNA synthesized during recovery from K(+) starvation or from chloramphenicol inhibition is not translated into functional enzyme, suggesting translational control over beta-galactosidase synthesis.
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Varrone S, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Macchia V. Stimulation by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate of RNA synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system. FEBS Lett 1972; 21:99-102. [PMID: 11946485 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Varrone
- Istituto di Patologia Generale dell'Università, and Centro di Endocrinologia and Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S. Andrea delle Dame 2, 80138-, Napoli, Italy
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Grossman A, Boctor A, Masuda Y. Induction of tyrosine aminotransferase with N 6 ,O 2 -dibutyryl adenosine 3'-5'monophosphate in rat-hepatoma cells grown in culture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 24:149-55. [PMID: 4400339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb19665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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de Crombrugghe B, Chen B, Anderson WB, Gottesman ME, Perlman RL, Pastan I. Role of Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and the Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Receptor Protein in the Initiation of lac Transcription. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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37
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Purification of and Properties of the Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Receptor Protein which Mediates Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Gene Transcription in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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38
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Schultz G. [Cyclic nucleotides as intracellular transmitter substances in hormone actions]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 49:1049-58. [PMID: 4329904 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Jacquet M, Kepes A. Initiation, elongation and inactivation of lac messenger RNA in Escherichia coli studied studied by measurement of its beta-galactosidase synthesizing capacity in vivo. J Mol Biol 1971; 60:453-72. [PMID: 4938821 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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In Vitro Transcription of the Gal Operon Requires Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Receptor Protein. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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41
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Peck RM, Markey F, Yudkin MD. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on beta-galactosidase synthesis in an Escherichia coli mutant resistant to catabolite repression of the lac operon. FEBS Lett 1971; 16:43-44. [PMID: 11945895 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund M. Peck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rod, Oxford, England
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42
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De Crombrugghe B, Chen B, Anderson W, Nissley P, Gottesman M, Pastan I, Perlman R. Lac DNA, RNA polymerase and cyclic AMP receptor protein, cyclic AMP, lac repressor and inducer are the essential elements for controlled lac transcription. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 231:139-42. [PMID: 4326354 DOI: 10.1038/newbio231139a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Miller Z, Varmus H, Parks JS, Perlman RL, Pastan I. Regulation of Gal Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli by 3',5'-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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44
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Regulation of Galactokinase Synthesis by Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in Cell-free Extracts of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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45
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Varmus HE, Perlman RL, Pastan I. Regulation of lac transcription in antibiotic-treated E. coli. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 230:41-4. [PMID: 4324113 DOI: 10.1038/newbio230041a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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De Crombrugghe B, Chen B, Gottesman M, Pastan I, Varmus HE, Emmer M, Perlman RL. Regulation of lac mRNA synthesis in a soluble cell-free system. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 230:37-40. [PMID: 4324112 DOI: 10.1038/newbio230037a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Pastan I, Perlman RL, Emmer M, Varmus HE, DeCrombrugghe B, Chen BP, Parks J. Regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli by cyclic AMP. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1971; 27:421-32. [PMID: 4336400 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571127-2.50034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Kourilsky P, Leidner J, Tremblay GY. DNA-DNA hybridization on filters at low temperature in the presence of formamide or urea. Biochimie 1971; 53:1111-4. [PMID: 4948624 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(71)80201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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The Role of Cyclic AMP in Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152803-4.50008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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