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Geyer BC, Kannan L, Cherni I, Woods RR, Soreq H, Mor TS. Transgenic plants as a source for the bioscavenging enzyme, human butyrylcholinesterase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:873-86. [PMID: 20353404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorous pesticides and nerve agents inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and in neuromuscular junctions. The resulting accumulation of acetylcholine overwhelms regulatory mechanisms, potentially leading to seizures and death from respiratory collapse. While current therapies are only capable of reducing mortality, elevation of the serum levels of the related enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by application of the purified protein as a bioscavenger of organophosphorous compounds is effective in preventing all symptoms associated with poisoning by these toxins. However, BChE therapy requires large quantities of enzyme that can easily overwhelm current sources. Here, we report genetic optimization, cloning and high-level expression of human BChE in plants. Plant-derived BChE is shown to be biochemically similar to human plasma-derived BChE in terms of catalytic activity and inhibitor binding. We further demonstrate the ability of the plant-derived bioscavenger to protect animals against an organophosphorous pesticide challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Geyer
- School of Life Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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2
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Olive phenols efficiently inhibit the oxidation of serum albumin-bound linoleic acid and butyrylcholine esterase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:240-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Wei WL, Qin JC, Sun MJ. High-level expression of human butyrylcholinesterase gene in Bombyx mori and biochemical-pharmacological characteristic study of its product. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:121-6. [PMID: 10807953 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) gene was highly expressed in Bombyx mori using baculovirus vector, and the biochemical-pharmacological properties of its product were studied. BChE cDNA was cloned into transfer vector pBn96 and co-transfected with wild-type Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) DNA into BmN cells. The recombinant virus with the highest enzyme activity was sorted out and purified. Once the BmN cells or silkworm larvae had been infected with the recombinant virus, recombinant human BChE (rhBChE) could be secreted into the culture medium or the hemolymph of the larvae at levels of 1.5 mg x L(-1) and 35 mg x L(-1), respectively. Western blot and enzymatic staining of the electrophoresis gel of non-denatured protein showed that rhBChE manifested similar antigenicity and enzyme activity to native human BChE (nhBChE). The production of rhBChE in the hemolymph was 23-fold higher than that in BmN cells and about 280-fold that in Chinese hamster overy cells (125 microg x L(-1)). This is the first report of human BChE expression in silkworm with the highest level of yield so far. rhBChE was highly similar to nhBChE in respect to substrate affinity, inhibitor sensitivity, and reactivity of the inhibited enzyme. It is suggested that rhBChE functions as well as nhBChE and has potential practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Wei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Lynch TJ, Mattes CE, Singh A, Bradley RM, Brady RO, Dretchen KL. Cocaine detoxification by human plasma butyrylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:363-71. [PMID: 9266810 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to detoxify cocaine in vivo was evaluated. Intravenous administration of BChE, at doses sufficient to increase the plasma levels of the enzyme as much as 800-fold, produced no adverse effects on the cardiovascular, autonomic, or central nervous systems of rats. Most of the enzyme could be recovered in the plasma immediately after administration and remained active with a beta-t(1/2) of 21.6 +/- 2.4 hr. Pretreatment of chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats with BChE, 0.1-7.8 mg/kg, decreased the hypertensive and arrhythmogenic effects produced by cocaine and increased the lethal dose of cocaine by three- to fourfold. Treatment of conscious rats with 1 and 10 mg/kg BChE decreased the incidence of seizures and deaths produced by a prior dose of cocaine (80 mg/kg, i.p.). These results suggest that BChE would provide a safe and highly efficacious treatment for cocaine intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lynch
- Pharmavene, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20850, USA
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5
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Schwarz M, Glick D, Loewenstein Y, Soreq H. Engineering of human cholinesterases explains and predicts diverse consequences of administration of various drugs and poisons. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 67:283-322. [PMID: 7494866 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00019-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, primarily functions in nerve conduction, yet it appears in several guises, due to tissue-specific expression, alternative mRNA splicing and variable aggregation modes. The closely related enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase, most likely serves as a scavenger of toxins to protect acetylcholine binding proteins. One or both of the cholinesterases probably also plays a non-catalytic role(s) as a surface element on cells to direct intercellular interactions. The two enzymes are subject to inhibition by a wide variety of synthetic (e.g., organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides) and natural (e.g., glycoalkaloids) anticholinesterases that can compromise these functions. Butyrylcholinesterase may function, as well, to degrade several drugs of interest, notably aspirin, cocaine and cocaine-like local anesthetics. The widespread occurrence of butyrylcholinesterase mutants with modified activity further complicates this picture, in ways that are only now being dissected through the use of site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression of recombinant cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwarz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Seidman S, Aziz-Aloya RB, Timberg R, Loewenstein Y, Velan B, Shafferman A, Liao J, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Brodbeck U, Soreq H. Overexpressed monomeric human acetylcholinesterase induces subtle ultrastructural modifications in developing neuromuscular junctions of Xenopus laevis embryos. J Neurochem 1994; 62:1670-81. [PMID: 8158119 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62051670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a functional neuromuscular junction (NMJ) involves the biosynthesis and transport of numerous muscle-specific proteins, among them the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). To study the mechanisms underlying this process, we have expressed DNA encoding human AChE downstream of the cytomegalovirus promoter in oocytes and developing embryos of Xenopus laevis. Recombinant human AChE (rHAChE) produced in Xenopus was biochemically and immunochemically indistinguishable from native human AChE but clearly distinguished from the endogenous frog enzyme. In microinjected embryos, high levels of catalytically active rHAChE induced a transient state of over-expression that persisted for at least 4 days postfertilization. rHAChE appeared exclusively as nonassembled monomers in embryos at times when endogenous Xenopus AChE displayed complex oligomeric assembly. Nonetheless, cell-associated rHAChE accumulated in myotomes of 2- and 3-day-old embryos within the same subcellular compartments as native Xenopus AChE. NMJs from 3-day-old DNA-injected embryos displayed fourfold or greater overexpression of AChE, a 30% increase in postsynaptic membrane length, and increased folding of the postsynaptic membrane. These findings indicate that an evolutionarily conserved property directs the intracellular trafficking and synaptic targeting of AChE in muscle and support a role for AChE in vertebrate synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Layer PG, Willbold E. Cholinesterases in avian neurogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1994; 151:139-81. [PMID: 8014021 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Layer
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute for Zoology, Germany
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Layer PG, Willbold E. Novel functions of cholinesterases in development, physiology and disease. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1994; 29:1-94. [PMID: 7568907 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Layer
- Institut für Zoologie, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany
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Loewenstein Y, Gnatt A, Neville LF, Zakut H, Soreq H. Structure-function relationship studies in human cholinesterases reveal genomic origins for individual variations in cholinergic drug responses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993; 17:905-26. [PMID: 8278601 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(93)90019-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Due to their involvement in the termination of neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions, cholinesterases are the target proteins for numerous drugs of neuro-psychopharmacology importance. 2. In order to perform structure-function relationship studies on human cholinesterases with respect to such drugs, a set of expression vectors was engineered, all of which include cloned cDNA inserts encoding various forms of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. These vectors were designed to be transcribed in vitro into their corresponding mRNA products which, when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, are efficiently translated to yield their catalytically active enzymes, each with its distinct substrate specificity and sensitivity to selective inhibitors. 3. A fully automated microtiter plate assay for evaluating the inhibition of said enzymes by tested cholinergic drugs and/or poisons has been developed, in conjunction with computerized data analysis, which offers prediction of such inhibition data on the authentic human enzymes and their natural or mutagenized variants. 4. Thus, it was found that asp70-->gly substitution renders butyrylcholinesterase succinylcholine insensitive and resistant to oxime reactivation while ser 425-->Pro with gly70 gives rise to the "atypical" butyrylcholinesterase phenotype, abolishing dibucaine binding. 5. Furthermore, differences in cholinesterase affinities to physostigmine, ecothiophate and bambuterol were shown in these natural variants. 6. Definition of key residues important for drug interactions may initiate rational design of more specific cholinesterase inhibitors, with fewer side effects. This, in turn, offers therapeutic potential in the treatment of clinical syndromes such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, glaucoma and myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Loewenstein
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Massoulié J, Pezzementi L, Bon S, Krejci E, Vallette FM. Molecular and cellular biology of cholinesterases. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41:31-91. [PMID: 8321908 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Massoulié
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS URA 295, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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11
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Soreq H, Gnatt A, Loewenstein Y, Neville LF. Excavations into the active-site gorge of cholinesterases. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 17:353-8. [PMID: 1412713 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0004(92)90314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (ACHE, BCHE) from evolutionarily distant species display a high degree of primary sequence homology and have biochemically similar catalytic properties, yet they differ in substrate specificity and affinity for various inhibitors. The biochemical information derived from analyses of ACHE and BCHE from human, Torpedo, mouse, and Drosophila, as well as that from the recombinant forms of their natural variants and site-directed mutants, can currently be re-examined in view of the recent X-ray crystallography data revealing the three-dimensional structure of Torpedo ACHE. The picture that emerges deepens the insight into the biochemical basis for choline ester catalysis and the complex mechanism of interaction between cholinesterases and their numerous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Velan B, Kronman C, Grosfeld H, Leitner M, Gozes Y, Flashner Y, Sery T, Cohen S, Ben-Aziz R, Seidman S. Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase is secreted from transiently transfected 293 cells as a soluble globular enzyme. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1991; 11:143-56. [PMID: 1849451 DOI: 10.1007/bf00712806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Coding sequences for the human acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE; EC 3.1.1.7) hydrophilic subunit were subcloned in an expression plasmid vector under the control of cytomegalovirus IE gene enhancer-promoter. The human embryonic kidney cell line 293, transiently transfected with this vector, expressed catalytically active acetylcholinesterase. 2. The recombinant gene product exhibits biochemical traits similar to native "true" acetylcholinesterase as manifested by characteristic substrate inhibition, a Km of 117 microM toward acetylthiocholine, and a high sensitivity to the specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor BW284C51. 3. The transiently transfected 293 cells (100 mm dish) produce in 24 hr active enzyme capable of hydrolyzing 1500 nmol acetylthiocholine per min. Eighty percent of the enzymatic activity appears in the cell growth medium as soluble acetylcholinesterase; most of the cell associated activity is confined to the cytosolic fraction requiring neither detergent nor high salt for its solubilization. 4. The active secreted recombinant enzyme appears in the monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric globular hydrophilic molecular forms. 5. In conclusion, the catalytic subunit expressed from the hydrophilic AChE cDNA species has the inherent potential to be secreted in the soluble globular form and to generate polymorphism through self-association.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Velan
- Department of Biochemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona
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Neville LF, Gnatt A, Padan R, Seidman S, Soreq H. Anionic site interactions in human butyrylcholinesterase disrupted by two single point mutations. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Neville LF, Gnatt A, Loewenstein Y, Soreq H. Aspartate-70 to glycine substitution confers resistance to naturally occurring and synthetic anionic-site ligands on in-ovo produced human butyrylcholinesterase. J Neurosci Res 1990; 27:452-60. [PMID: 2079709 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490270404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The "atypical" allelic variant of human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) can be characterized by its failure to bind the local anesthetic dibucaine, the muscle relaxant succinylcholine, and the naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid solanidine, all assumed to bind to the charged anionic site component within the normal BuChE enzyme. A single nucleotide substitution conferring a change of aspartate-70 into glycine was recently reported in the CHE gene encoding BuChE from several individuals having the "atypical" BuChE phenotype, whereas in two other DNA samples, this mutation appeared together with a second alteration conferring a change of serine-425 into proline. To separately assess the contribution of each of these mutations toward anionic site interactions in BuChE, three transcription constructs were engineered with each of these substitutions alone or both of them together. Xenopus oocyte microinjection of normal or mutated synthetic BuChEmRNA transcripts was employed in conjunction with biochemical analyzes of the resultant recombinant BuChE variants. The presence of the Gly-70 mutation alone was found to render the enzyme resistant to 100 microM solanidine and 5 mM succinylcholine; concentrations sufficient to inhibit the "normal," Asp-70 containing BuChE by over 50%. Furthermore, when completely inhibited by the organophosphorous poison diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), Gly-70 BuChE failed to be reactivated by 10 mM of the cholinesterase-specific oxime pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM); a concentration restoring about 50% of activity in the "normal" Asp-70 recombinant enzyme. The Pro-425 mutation alone had no apparent influence on BuChE interactions with any of these ligands. However, it conferred synergistic effects on some of the anionic site changes induced by the Gly-70 mutation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Neville
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Seidman S, Soreq H. Coinjection of Xenopus oocytes with cDNA-produced and native mRNAs: a molecular biological approach to the tissue-specific processing of human cholinesterases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1990; 32:107-39. [PMID: 2079403 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Seidman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Heikkila JJ. Expression of cloned genes and translation of messenger RNA in microinjected Xenopus oocytes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 22:1223-8. [PMID: 2257947 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90302-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Soreq H, Zakut H. Expression and in vivo amplification of the human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase genes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1990; 84:51-61. [PMID: 2267318 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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