1
|
Kerrigan JJ, Xie Q, Ames RS, Lu Q. Production of protein complexes via co-expression. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 75:1-14. [PMID: 20692346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-protein complexes are involved in essentially all cellular processes. A protein's function is defined by a combination of its own properties, its interacting partners, and the stoichiometry of each. Depending on binding partners, a transcription factor can function as an activator in one instance and a repressor in another. The study of protein function or malfunction is best performed in the relevant context. While many protein complexes can be reconstituted from individual component proteins after being produced individually, many others require co-expression of their native partners in the host cells for proper folding, stability, and activity. Protein co-expression has led to the production of a variety of biological active complexes in sufficient quantities for biochemical, biophysical, structural studies, and high throughput screens. This article summarizes examples of such cases and discusses critical considerations in selecting co-expression partners, and strategies to achieve successful production of protein complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Kerrigan
- Biological Reagents & Assay Development, Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roullet M, Gheith SM, Mauger J, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Choi JK. Percentage of {gamma}{delta} T cells in panniculitis by paraffin immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131:820-6. [PMID: 19461088 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpmg37mxkypube] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas with panniculitis-like histologic features have different clinical courses depending on whether they are composed of alphabeta T cells or gammadelta T cells, necessitating their distinction for proper prognostication. However, unlike alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells cannot be reliably detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. We demonstrated that a commercially available antibody can detect gammadelta T cells and examined 2 cases of flow cytometry-proven gammadelta T-cell lymphomas and 15 control cases of nonneoplastic panniculitis. In both lymphomas, the atypical lymphocytes were gammadelta T cells, whereas the reactive lymphocytes were alphabeta T cells. In contrast, nonneoplastic panniculitis had predominantly alphabeta T cells with many fewer and individually scattered gammadelta T cells. The detection of gammadelta T cells in paraffin sections provides a powerful new tool to characterize T cells in lymphomas and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Roullet
- Pathology Sciences Medical Group, Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA
| | | | - Joanne Mauger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - John K. Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei H, Huang D, Lai X, Chen M, Zhong W, Wang R, Chen ZW. Definition of APC presentation of phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate to Vgamma2Vdelta 2 TCR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4798-806. [PMID: 18802083 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) can activate primate Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, molecular mechanisms by which HMBPP interacts with Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells remain poorly characterized. Here, we developed soluble, tetrameric Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR of rhesus macaques to define HMBPP/APC interaction with Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR. While exogenous HMBPP was associated with APC membrane in an appreciable affinity, the membrane-associated HMBPP readily bound to the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR tetramer. The Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR tetramer was shown to bind stably to HMBPP presented on membrane by various APC cell lines from humans and nonhuman primates but not those from mouse, rat, or pig. The Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR tetramer also bound to the membrane-associated HMBPP on primary monocytes, B cells and T cells. Consistently, endogenous phosphoantigen produced in Mycobacterium-infected dendritic cells was transported and presented on membrane, and bound stably to the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR tetramer. The capability of APC to present HMBPP for recognition by Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR was diminished after protease treatment of APC. Thus, our studies elucidated an affinity HMBPP-APC association conferring stable binding to the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR tetramer and the protease-sensitive nature of phosphoantigen presentation. The findings defined APC presentation of phosphoantigen HMBPP to Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiong X, Morita CT, Bukowski JF, Brenner MB, Dascher CC. Identification of guinea pig gammadelta T cells and characterization during pulmonary tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:33-44. [PMID: 15451613 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are an alternative small animal model for many disease studies. Here we describe a pan-gammadelta monoclonal antibody (anti-TCRdelta1) specific for the constant region of human T cell receptor delta chains that cross-reacts with a subpopulation of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) lymphocytes. The phenotype and distribution of this subpopulation is consistent with the guinea pig gammadelta T cell subset. FACS analysis of fresh PBMC and splenocytes from naïve guinea pigs revealed the presence of a subset of cells that stained with the anti-TCRdelta1 mAb. The relative percentage of anti-TCRdelta1 positive cells in PBMC and tissues is similar to that described for gammadelta T cells in other species. Immunohistochemistry of tissues also revealed a distribution of anti-TCRdelta1 positive cells consistent with gammadelta T cells. These data are further supported by staining of a polyclonal guinea pig T cell line that became progressively CD4 and CD8 negative in long-term culture. Analysis of PBMC from guinea pigs following aerosol infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed no apparent changes in the steady-state percentage of blood gammadelta+ T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the anti-TCRdelta1 antibody recognizes the gammadelta T cell subset in guinea pigs. This reagent may be useful for examining gammadelta T cells in various disease models where the guinea pig is a more desirable model for study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xiong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith 514, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Couedel C, Lippert E, Bernardeau K, Bonneville M, Davodeau F. Allelic exclusion at the TCR delta locus and commitment to gamma delta lineage: different modalities apply to distinct human gamma delta subsets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5544-52. [PMID: 15100297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a beta-chain, as a pre-TCR, in T cell precursors prevents further rearrangements on the alternate beta allele through a strict allelic exclusion process and enables precursors to undergo differentiation. However, whether allelic exclusion applies to the TCR delta locus is unknown and the role of the gamma delta TCR in gamma delta lineage commitment is still unclear. Through the analysis of the rearrangement status of the TCR gamma, delta, and beta loci in human gamma delta T cell clones, expressing either the TCR V delta 1 or V delta 2 variable regions, we show that the rate of partial rearrangements at the delta locus is consistent with an allelic exclusion process. The overrepresentation of clones with two functional TCR gamma chains indicates that a gamma delta TCR selection process is required for the commitment of T cell precursors to the gamma delta lineage. Finally, while complete TCR beta rearrangements were observed in several V delta 2 T cell clones, these were seldom found in V delta 1 cells. This suggests a competitive alpha beta/gamma delta lineage commitment in the former subset and a precommitment to the gamma delta lineage in the latter. We propose that these distinct behaviors are related to the developmental stage at which rearrangements occur, as suggested by the patterns of accessibility to recombination sites that characterize the V delta 1 and V delta 2 subsets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alleles
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Reading Frames/genetics
- Reading Frames/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Couedel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 463, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Lee HK, Bukowski JF, Li H, Mariuzza RA, Chen ZW, Nam KH, Morita CT. Conservation of nonpeptide antigen recognition by rhesus monkey V gamma 2V delta 2 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3696-706. [PMID: 12646635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that monkey Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells mount adaptive immune responses in response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections. We have now analyzed rhesus monkey gammadelta T cell responses to nonpeptide Ags and superantigens. Like human Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells, rhesus monkey gammadelta T cells are stimulated when exposed to prenyl pyrophosphate, bisphosphonate, and alkylamine Ags. Responsiveness was limited to gammadelta T cells expressing Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCRs. Rhesus monkey Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells also responded to the superantigen, staphyloccocal enterotoxin A. Sequencing of the rhesus monkey Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR revealed a strong sequence homology to human Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR that preserves important sequence motifs. Moreover, chimeric TCRs that pair human Vgamma2 with monkey Vdelta2 and monkey Vgamma2 with human Vdelta2 retain reactivity to nonpeptide Ags and B cell lymphomas. A molecular model of the rhesus monkey Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR has a basic region in the complementarity-determining region 3 binding groove that is similar to that seen in the human Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR and preserves the topology of the complementarity-determining region loops. Thus, recognition of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate, bisphosphonate, and alkylamine Ags is conserved in primates suggesting that primates can provide an animal model for human gammadelta T cell Ag responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Butylamines/immunology
- Butylamines/metabolism
- Butylamines/pharmacology
- Clone Cells
- Conserved Sequence/immunology
- Diphosphates/pharmacology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Hemiterpenes
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organophosphorus Compounds/immunology
- Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Superantigens/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Interdisciplinary Group in Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52442, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asnafi V, Beldjord K, Boulanger E, Comba B, Le Tutour P, Estienne MH, Davi F, Landman-Parker J, Quartier P, Buzyn A, Delabesse E, Valensi F, Macintyre E. Analysis of TCR, pT alpha, and RAG-1 in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemias improves understanding of early human T-lymphoid lineage commitment. Blood 2003; 101:2693-703. [PMID: 12446444 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) derive from human T-lymphoid precursors arrested at various early stages of development. Correlation of phenotype and T-cell receptor (TCR) status with RAG-1 and pT alpha transcription in 114 T-ALLs demonstrated that they largely reflect physiologic T-lymphoid development. Half the TCR alpha beta lineage T-ALLs expressed a pre-TCR, as evidenced by RAG-1, pT alpha, and cTCR beta expression, absence of TCR delta deletion, and a sCD3(-), CD1a(+), CD4/8 double-positive (DP) phenotype, in keeping with a population undergoing beta selection. Most TCR gamma delta T-ALLs were pT alpha, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and RAG-1(lo/neg), double-negative/single-positive (DN/SP), and demonstrated only TCR beta DJ rearrangement, whereas 40% were pT alpha, TdT, and RAG-1 positive, DP, and demonstrated TCR beta V(D)J rearrangement, with cTCR beta expression in proportion. As such they may correspond to TCR alpha beta lineage precursors selected by TCR gamma delta expression, to early gamma delta cells recently derived from a pT alpha(+) common alpha beta/gamma delta precursor, or to a lineage-deregulated alpha beta/gamma delta intermediate. Approximately 30% of T-ALLs were sCD3/cTCR beta(-) and corresponded to nonrestricted thymic precursors because they expressed non-T-restricted markers such as CD34, CD13, CD33, and CD56 and were predominantly DN, CD1a, pT alpha, and RAG-1 low/negative, despite immature TCR delta and TCR gamma rearrangements. TCR gene configuration identified progressive T-lymphoid restriction. T-ALLs, therefore, provide homogeneous expansions of minor human lymphoid precursor populations that can aid in the understanding of healthy human T-cell development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Cell Lineage
- Child
- Genotype
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/classification
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Asnafi
- Department of Biological and Clinical Hematology, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire/Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (CHU/AP-HP) Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris V, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allison TJ, Winter CC, Fournié JJ, Bonneville M, Garboczi DN. Structure of a human gammadelta T-cell antigen receptor. Nature 2001; 411:820-4. [PMID: 11459064 DOI: 10.1038/35081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptors composed of gamma and delta polypeptide chains (gammadelta TCRs) can directly recognize antigens in the form of intact proteins or non-peptide compounds, unlike alphabeta TCRs, which recognize antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). About 5% of peripheral blood T cells bear gammadelta TCRs, most of which recognize non-peptide phosphorylated antigens. Here we describe the 3.1 A resolution structure of a human gammadelta TCR from a T-cell clone that is phosphoantigen-reactive. The orientation of the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of the gammadelta TCR is unique when compared with alphabeta TCRs or antibodies, and results from an unusually small angle between the Vgamma and Cgamma domains. The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the V domains exhibit a chemically reasonable binding site for phosphorylated antigens, providing a possible explanation for the canonical usage of the Vgamma9 and Vdelta2 gene segments by phosphoantigen-reactive receptors. Although the gammadelta TCR V domains are similar in overall structure to those of alphabeta TCRs, gammadelta TCR C domains are markedly different. Structural differences in Cgamma and Cdelta, and in the location of the disulphide bond between them, may enable gammadelta TCRs to form different recognition/signalling complexes than alphabeta TCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Allison
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacDougall A, Enders P, Hatfield G, Pauza D, Rakasz E. V gamma 2 TCR repertoire overlap in different anatomical compartments of healthy, unrelated rhesus macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2296-302. [PMID: 11160285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells show preferential homing that is characterized by biased TCR repertoire at different anatomical locations. The processes that regulate this compartmentalization are largely unknown. A model that allows repeated multiple sample procurement under different conditions and enables with relatively straightforward extrapolation to a human situation will facilitate our understanding. The peripheral blood Vgamma2 T cell population is the best-characterized human gammadelta T cell subset. To determine its diversity at multiple immunocompartments matching blood, colon, and vagina samples from rhesus macaques were investigated. Four joining segments used in Vgamma2-Jgamma transcripts were identified, including one segment with no human counterpart. Like in humans, the rhesus peripheral blood Vgamma2 TCR repertoire was limited and contained common sequences that were shared by genetically heterogeneous animals. Furthermore, this subset comprised several phylogenetically conserved Vgamma2 complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs between rhesus and humans. Common sequences were also found within the colon and vagina of the same animal, and within the peripheral blood and intestine of different unrelated animals. These results validate rhesus macaques as a useful model for gammadelta TCR repertoire and homing studies. Moreover, they provide evidence that the concept of limited but overlapping Vgamma TCR repertoire between unrelated individuals can be extended including the mucosa of the digestive and reproductive tract.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Colon, Sigmoid/immunology
- Colon, Sigmoid/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A MacDougall
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Christoph T, Müller-Röver S, Audring H, Tobin DJ, Hermes B, Cotsarelis G, Rückert R, Paus R. The human hair follicle immune system: cellular composition and immune privilege. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:862-73. [PMID: 10809841 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunology of the hair follicle, its relationship with the 'skin immune system' and its role in hair diseases remain biologically intriguing and clinically important. In this study, we analysed the immunoreactivity patterns of 15 immunodermatological markers to determine the cellular composition and immune privilege of the human hair follicle immune system in anagen VI (growth phase). The most prominent cells located in or around the hair follicle were Langerhans cells, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, macrophages and mast cells, whereas B cells, natural killer cells and gammadelta T cells were found very rarely. Langerhans cells (CD1a+, major histocompatibility complex, MHC class II+), and T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) were predominantly distributed in the distal hair follicle epithelium, whereas macrophages (CD68+, MHC class II+) and mast cells (Giemsa+) were located in the perifollicular connective tissue sheath. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed low numbers of immune cells in the proximal hair follicle epithelium, and very few macrophages and Langerhans cells were seen in the dermal papilla. Melanophages were observed in the connective tissue sheath and dermal papilla. MHC class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and beta2-microglobulin immunoreactivity was found on most skin cells, but was substantially reduced on isthmus keratinocytes and virtually absent in the proximal hair follicle epithelium. Apart from the absence of Fas ligand immunoreactivity, the sharply reduced numbers of T cells and Langerhans cells, and the virtual absence of MHC class I expression all suggest that the anagen proximal hair follicle constitutes an area of immune privilege within the hair follicle immune system, whose collapse may be crucial for the pathogenesis of alopecia areata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Christoph
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Band H, Brenner MB. Crucial Role of TCRγ Chain Junctional Region in Prenyl Pyrophosphate Antigen Recognition by γδ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human γδ T cells recognize prenyl pyrophosphate Ags and their analogues in a Vγ2Vδ2 TCR-dependent manner. Few data are available regarding the TCR structural requirements for recognition of such prenyl pyrophosphate Ags by γδ T cells. Presently, we made chain pair switch, chimeric, and site mutant γδ TCRs and transfected them into TCR− mutant Jurkat T cells to examine the effects of changing the TCRγ junctional region sequences on reactivity to prenyl pyrophosphate Ags. Substitution of the TCRγ junctional region (N and J) sequences from an Ag-reactive TCR with TCRγ junctional region sequences from an Ag-nonreactive TCR abrogated reactivity to the prenyl pyrophosphate Ag isopentenyl pyrophosphate and to its synthetic analogue ethyl pyrophosphate but not to a mycobacterial supernatant containing a mixture of prenyl pyrophosphate Ags. Substitution of only the TCRγ N nucleotide region with that from this Ag-nonreactive TCR destroyed reactivity to isopentenyl pyrophosphate and to the mycobacterial supernatant. Substitution of the entire Vδ2 chain from the Ag-reactive TCR with a Vδ1 chain from an Ag-nonreactive TCR yielded a prenyl pyrophosphate Ag-nonreactive TCR. Thus, using TCR mutagenesis and TCR transfectants, we show that γδ TCR reactivity to prenyl pyrophosphate Ags is dependent upon the junctional region of the TCRγ chain and upon pairing of Vγ2 and Vδ2 TCR chains. These structural requirements of TCRγδ recognition of prenyl pyrophosphates distinguish this reactivity from that of protein superantigens and emphasize the importance of the TCRγ CDR3 loop and adjacent residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Bukowski
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hamid Band
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Lebedeva MI, Fields BA, Spits H, Panchamoorthy G, Brenner MB, Mariuzza RA. Cloning, expression, and crystallization of the V delta domain of a human gamma delta T-cell receptor. Protein Sci 1996; 5:2638-42. [PMID: 8976572 PMCID: PMC2143324 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
T-lymphocytes recognize a wide variety of antigens through highly diverse cell-surface glycoproteins known as T-cell receptors (TCRs). These disulfide-linked heterodimers are composed of alpha and beta or gamma and delta polypeptide chains consisting of variable (V) and constant (C) domains non-covalently associated with at least four invariant chains to form the TCR-CD3 complex. It is well established that alpha beta TCRs recognize antigen in the form of peptides bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); furthermore, information on the three-dimensional structure of alpha beta TCRs has recently become available through X-ray crystallography. In contrast, the antigen specificity of gamma delta TCRs is much less well understood and their three-dimensional structure is unknown. We have cloned the delta chain of a human TCR specific for the MHC class I HLA-A2 molecule and expressed the V domain as a secreted protein in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. Following affinity purification using a nickel chelate adsorbent, the recombinant V delta domain was crystallized in a form suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2 with unit cell dimensions a = 69.9, b = 49.0, c = 61.6 A. and diffract to beyond 2.3 A resolution. The ability of a V delta domain produced in bacteria to form well-ordered crystals strongly suggests that the periplasmic space can provide a suitable environment for the correct in vivo folding of gamma delta TCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Lebedeva
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Recently developed methodologies for the production of the soluble extracellular domains of alpha beta TCRs have allowed several biophysical characterizations. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters associated with specific ligand interactions between the TCR and MHC-peptide complexes, as well as superantigens, are now being established. Crystallographic studies of isolated TCR fragments have yielded the structures of a V alpha domain and the two extracellular domains of a beta-chain. These investigations are beginning to allow a new visualization of antigen recognition and T-cell activation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Fremont
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Romagné F, Peyrat MA, Leget C, Davodeau F, Houde I, Necker A, Hallet MM, Vié H, Bonneville M. Structural analysis of gamma delta TCR using a novel set of TCR gamma and delta chain-specific monoclonal antibodies generated against soluble gamma delta TCR. Evidence for a specific conformation adopted by the J delta 2 region and for a V delta 1 polymorphism. J Immunol Methods 1996; 189:25-36. [PMID: 8576577 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that secretion of non-chimeric disulfide-linked human gamma delta TCR ('soluble' TCR, sTCR) comprising V gamma 9 and V delta 2 regions could be achieved by simply introducing translational termination codons upstream from the sequences encoding TCR transmembrane region. Here we extended these findings by demonstrating efficient secretion and heterodimerization of gamma delta sTCR comprising V gamma 8, V delta 1 and V delta 3 regions, obtained via the same strategy. After immunization against immunoaffinity-purified soluble TCR, several hundreds of TCR-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were generated, which fell in at least seven groups. One set of mAb was directed against a V gamma 8-specific epitope. Strikingly, despite the high degree of sequence homology between V gamma 8 and other V gamma I domains, none of these mAb were crossreactive with other members of the V gamma I family. Three other sets of mAbs were shown to recognize delta chains comprising V delta 1, V delta 2 and V delta 3 regions respectively, regardless of their junctional sequence or of the gamma chain to which they were paired. Among the V delta 1-specific mAb, some specifically recognized V delta 1D delta J delta C delta chains while others reacted with both V delta 1 D delta J delta C delta and V delta 1J alpha C alpha chains, which suggested V domain conformational alterations induced by the C region. Moreover, reactivity of one V delta 1-specific mAb (#R6.11) was affected by a polymorphic residue located on the predicted CDR4 loop of the V delta region. Two delta chain-specific mAb (#178 and #515) showed a highly unusual reactivity, which was negatively affected by particular V delta and J delta sequences: (i) mAb #515 and #178 recognized all TCR delta chains except those comprising V delta 1 or V delta 2 regions, respectively and (ii) within TCR delta chains carrying 'permissive' V delta regions, none of those comprising the J delta 2 region were recognized by #515 and/or #178 mAbs, which suggested a highly specific conformation adopted by this particular J delta sequence. Apart from its usefulness in TCR structural studies, this novel set of mAb represents an important tool for the characterization and isolation of gamma delta T cells expressing particular combinations of V gamma/V delta regions and for analysis of V alpha/V delta usage by alpha beta T cells. Moreover, since our present data strongly suggest that gamma delta TCR are easier to obtain in a soluble form than alpha beta TCR, an efficient strategy for the generation of V alpha region-specific mAb might be to immunize with chimeric gamma delta sTCR comprising particular V alpha regions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibody Specificity
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
Collapse
|
16
|
Constant P, Davodeau F, Peyrat MA, Poquet Y, Puzo G, Bonneville M, Fournié JJ. Stimulation of human gamma delta T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands. Science 1994; 264:267-70. [PMID: 8146660 DOI: 10.1126/science.8146660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Most human peripheral blood gamma delta T lymphocytes respond to hitherto unidentified mycobacterial antigens. Four ligands from Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv that stimulated proliferation of a major human gamma delta T cell subset were isolated and partially characterized. One of these ligands, TUBag4, is a 5' triphosphorylated thymidine-containing compound, to which the three other stimulatory molecules are structurally related. These findings support the hypothesis that some gamma delta T cells recognize nonpeptidic ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Constant
- Department III, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie Fondamentales du CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Davodeau F, Peyrat MA, Houde I, Hallet MM, De Libero G, Vié H, Bonneville M. Surface expression of two distinct functional antigen receptors on human gamma delta T cells. Science 1993; 260:1800-2. [PMID: 8390096 DOI: 10.1126/science.8390096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes recognize antigens with highly variable heterodimeric surface receptors. Although four distinct antigen receptors could in principle be produced by any lymphocyte, only one functional combination of receptor chains has thus far been found expressed on their surface. Examination of human gamma delta T cells revealed a population that violated this rule by expressing on their surface two distinct functional gamma delta T cell receptors (TCRs) that used different TCR gamma gene alleles. Thus, current models for T cell clonal selection may need modification, and a possible escape mechanism for autoreactive TCRs is suggested.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Davodeau
- INSERM U211, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|