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Jenkins CL, Lawrence SJ, Kennedy AI, Thurston P, Hodgson JA, Smart KA. Incidence and Formation of Petite Mutants in Lager Brewing YeastSaccharomyces Cerevisiae(Syn.S. Pastorianus) Populations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-0212-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Jenkins
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J. Lawrence
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Pat Thurston
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., Royal Brewery, Manchester, UK
| | - Jeff A. Hodgson
- Scottish & Newcastle UK Ltd., John Smith's Brewery, Tadcaster, UK
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Donnini C, Lodi T, Ferrero I, Puglisi PP. IMP2, a nuclear gene controlling the mitochondrial dependence of galactose, maltose and raffinose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1992; 8:83-93. [PMID: 1561839 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The IMP2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in the nucleo-mitochondrial control of maltose, galactose and raffinose utilization as shown by the inability of imp2 mutants to grow on these carbon sources in respiratory-deficient conditions or in the presence of ethidium bromide and erythromycin. The negative phenotype cannot be scored in the presence of inhibitors of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, indicating that the role of the mitochondria in the utilization of the above-mentioned carbon sources in imp2 mutants is not at the energetical level. Mutations in the IMP2 gene also confer many phenotypic alterations in respiratory-sufficient conditions, e.g. leaky phenotype on oxidizable carbon sources, sensitivity to heat shock and sporulation deficiency. The IMP2 gene has been cloned, sequenced and disrupted. The phenotype of null imp2 mutants is indistinguishable from that of the originally isolated mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Donnini
- Istituto di Genetica, Università di Parma, Italy
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Ebringer L. Interaction of drugs with extranuclear genetic elements and its consequences. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1990; 10:477-501. [PMID: 1982911 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1770100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial ancestry of mitochondria and plastids is now generally accepted. Both organelles contain their own DNA and transcription-translation apparatus of a prokaryotic type. Due to this fact these systems carry bacteria-like properties. Thus organellar DNA and ribosomes are essentially different from nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic ribosomes in physical as well as in functional respects. Due to the bacterial character of both types of organelles they are susceptible to various antibacterial chemicals. Inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis inhibit mitochondrial (plastidial) biogenesis. Therefore the cellular content of mitochondria (plastids)-made proteins decreases during cytoplasmic turnover or cell division in the presence of these drugs. Such drug activity consequently leads to a reduced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation or photosynthesis. Organellar genomes are less stable and more sensitive to mutagenesis as compared to nuclear genome. It means also that genotoxic agents induce various disorders of mitochondrial (plastidial) functions. Impairments in the respiratory chain are associated with structural as well as functional abnormalities of mitochondria. These are clinically expressed mostly in tissues with a high demand for ATP: brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and retina. On the other hand, some antibacterial inhibitors of mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g., tetracyclines) inhibit selectively tumor cell proliferation. Therefore they may be considered for use in anticancer therapy. The article summarizes the response of mitochondria and plastids in various organisms to drugs and environmental xenobiotics. Various model organisms suitable for detection of xenobiotic effect on mitochondria (plastids) are presented as well as the possible consequences of such interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ebringer
- Institute of Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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Ishida R, Nishizawa M, Kohtani F, Takahashi T. Biochemical and genetic analysis of toxic effect of HOE 15030 in mammalian cells. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1989; 15:279-88. [PMID: 2548291 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HOE 15030 inhibited the growth of BHK cells at concentrations that did not inhibit their nuclear DNA and RNA syntheses. When BHK cells were cultured in the presence of 30 micrograms/ml of HOE 15030, cells were arrested in the G1 phase after one or two cell divisions. After removal of the drug, cells progressed through the G1 to the S phase. HOE 15030 inhibited the activities of both topoisomerases I and II in vitro. To determine the target molecule of HOE 15030 in cells, we isolated a HOE 15030-resistant (HOEr) mutant of BHK cells. The HOEr cells exhibited cross-resistance to ethidium bromide, acriflavine, and rhodamine 123, and slight cross-resistance to 4'-dimethylepipodophyllotoxin-4-(4,6-O-ethylidine-beta-D-glu copyranoside) (VP-16) and adriamycin, but not to chloramphenicol, oligomycin, novobiocin, colchicine, or vinblastine. The uptake and retention of rhodamine 123 by HOEr cells were lower than those by BHK cells. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis of HOEr cells was more resistant to HOE 15030 and ethidium bromide than that of wild-type cells. These results indicate that the resistance of HOEr cells to drugs is due to reduced uptake or accumulation of the drugs by mitochondria and suggest that the mitochondria are the main target of HOE 15030 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ishida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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Iwamoto Y, Yanagihara Y, Yielding LW. PETITE INDUCTION IN YEAST, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BY PHOTOACTIVATION OF 3-A-ZIDO-6-A-MINO-10-M-ETHYLACRIDINIUM CHLORIDE. Photochem Photobiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb09505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Fukunaga M, Mizuguchi Y, Yielding LW, Yielding KL. Petite induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethidium analogs. Action on mitochondrial genome. Mutat Res 1984; 127:15-21. [PMID: 6374439 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(84)90135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Petite induction of ethidium analogs was examined in both resting and growing yeast cells. All of the analogs used in these experiments were active in dividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; only the parent ethidium bromide was mutagenic under resting conditions. Incorporation of adenine into mitochondrial DNA appeared to be prevented completely by ethidium and partially inhibited by other analogs. Treatment of growing cells with analogs affected fragmentation of pre-existing DNA as seen by the loss of a mitochondrial antibiotic resistance marker. The rates of elimination of the marker were different; ethidium generated greater loss than the monoamino analogs (3-amino and 8-amino-); and the deaminated analog was least effective. However, in resting yeast the marker was partially eliminated only with treatment of the parent ethidium. The degradation of the mitochondrial DNA by exposure to ethidium compounds was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic patterns of the mitochondrial DNA treated with each of the analogs under growing conditions and only with ethidium under resting conditions showed degradation of the mitochondrial DNA.
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Iwamoto Y, Yielding KL. Petite and sectored induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by propidium iodide: synergistic effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Mutat Res 1984; 126:145-51. [PMID: 6371501 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(84)90056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was examined for its effect on petite and sectored colony induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by propidium iodide (PI) and ethidium bromide (EB). 4-h cultivation with 100 microM PI and 100 micrograms/ml SDS resulted in virtually all plated cells growing as sectored colonies with no decrease in viability. Sectored colonies are mixed colonies comprised of respiratory deficient and competent cells believed to be derived from an unstable respiratory deficient cell. Further cultivation with PI and SDS prior to plating led to induction of complete petite colonies with a rapid decrease in viable cells. PI alone at this concentration exhibited weak induction of sectored colonies (maximum 12.3% at 8 h) and petite colonies (maximum 10.8% at 12 h), but SDS alone caused induction of neither. 50 microM PI had almost the same activity as 100 microM except for a delay in the induction of sectored colonies in the initial stage, and a decreased rate of petite colony induction. The effects of 20 microM PI and SDS were much lower than that by 50 microM and no inhibition of growth was observed. 10 microM PI was quite inactive even in the presence of SDS. Under resting conditions, 10 approximately 100 microM PI and 100 micrograms/ml SDS induced about 60% sectored colonies at 12 h incubation and more than 60% petite colonies at 24 h. After 6 h incubation, decrease in survival was also observed.
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Brunner A, Carrasco N, Peña A. Correlation between resistance to ethidium bromide and changes in monovalent cation uptake in yeast. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:30-6. [PMID: 7125671 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Somasundaram T, Jayaraman J. Synthesis and assembly of adenosinetriphosphatase in synchronous cultures of yeast. Biochemistry 1981; 20:5373-80. [PMID: 6457632 DOI: 10.1021/bi00522a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Maximal respiration and expression of mitochondrial enzymes are found at the late-S phase of yeast cells growing synchronously in glucose medium. Adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity follows a similar pattern. However, the cytosolically synthesized F1-ATPase and also that released from the membrane accumulate in the cytosol during the G1 and early-S phases. After the mid-S phase, when the mitochondrially synthesized membrane factors are available, the enzyme migrates to the membrane and is integrated.
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Lecointe P, Bichet N, Fraire C, Paoletti C. The hepatic metabolism of ethidium bromide to reactive mutagenic species: biochemical and structural requirements. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:601-9. [PMID: 7271898 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fukunaga M, Yielding LW, Firth WJ, Yielding KL. Petite induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethidium analogs: distinction between resting and growing cells. Mutat Res 1980; 78:151-7. [PMID: 6993943 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(80)90094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of specific substituents, especially amino azide groups, for ethidium induction of petites was evaluated in resting and dividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the study of a series of ethidium analogs. The structural requirements in resting and growing cells were found to be different, suggesting that at least two mechanisms are responsible for induction. The significance of particular substituents in the induction processes were recognized by: (1) a dependence upon the ethyl substituent at the ring nitrogen in both actively growing and in resting cells; and (2) the implication that amino substituents are important for the effect in dividing cells and especially in resting cells. Photolytic enhancement of petite induction (via a nitrene which forms a covalent linkage to a biological site) was observed for 3 of the azide analogs, which emphasizes the likelihood that metabolic activation of ethidium to a covalent complex is responsible for its effectiveness. Furthermore, these studies indicate that these monoazide analogs should be ideal probes for examining the mitochondrial mutagenic processes.
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Peña A, Clemente SM, Borbolla M, Carrasco N, Uribe S. Multiple interactions of ethidium bromide with yeast cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 201:420-8. [PMID: 6994651 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fukunaga M, Yielding KL. Co-mutagenic effects of propidium on petite induction by ethidium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 1980; 69:43-50. [PMID: 6987498 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(80)90174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Propidium, whose structure is closely related to ethidium bromide, induced a low level of petites in yeast, but only at high concentrations with long incubation time, and only in growth medium. When added to growing cells, propidium also caused a large increase in petite induction by ethidium even at submutagenic concentrations of ethidium. Incorporation of adenine into DNA was inhibited by propidium in mitochondria but not in nuclei. Propidium by itself had no effects on fragmentation of pre-existing DNA, but enhanced mitochondrial DNA degradation provoked by ethidium. The proportion of suppressive clones occurring among the petites from ethidium treatment was reduced by the presence of propidium. All of these results indicated that propidium treatment led to degradation of the mitochondrial DNA in petites induced by ethidium but not in native (intact) mitochondrial DNA, nor in spontaneous petite colonies. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of modulation of petite induction.
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Fukunaga M, Yielding KL. Fate during cell growth of yeast mitochondrial and nuclear DNA after photolytic attachment of the monoazide analog of ethidium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 90:582-6. [PMID: 389242 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Crosby B, Boutry M, Goffeau A. Inhibition of soluble yeast mitochondria ATPase by ethidium-bromide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 88:448-55. [PMID: 157129 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)92069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Hixon SC, Burnham D. Nuclear mutations and mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces by light-activated ethidium azides. Mutat Res 1979; 66:385-90. [PMID: 379634 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(79)90050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Locker J, Lewin A, Rabinowitz M. The structure and organization of mitochondrial DNA from petite yeast. Plasmid 1979; 2:155-81. [PMID: 377320 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cottrell SF. Efficiency of ethidium bromide mutagenesis as a function of different stages in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 1979; 118:398-401. [PMID: 367801 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Hixon SC, Burnham AD, Irons RL. Reversal of protection by light of the ethidium bromide induced petite mutation in yeast. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 169:63-6. [PMID: 374999 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An intermediate in the ethidium bromide (EB) induced petite mutation pathway may be destabilized by daylight light to cause a reversion to the normal grande phenotype. Starved cells preincubated in the dark for up to 6 h with 100 microgram/ml EB could be reverted to grandes after one hour of light exposure, whereas similarly treated cells maintained in the dark expressed the petite mutation in more than 80 percent of the population. In addition, the production of petite mutants by EB in buffer could be prevented if cell suspensions were exposed to light immediately upon the addition of EB. Photoreversal of the EB-derived petite mutation in growing cells was less efficient presumably because the availability of an energy source caused a continuation of mutation events beyond the light revertible step to a non-reversible fixation of the mutation. Cells treated with EB in growth media at 4 degrees C were more responsive to light protection and reversal of the mutation. This may be due to the cold inhibition of an enzyme which comes into play beyond the light sensitive step in the mutation pathway.
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Vaughan PR, Loewe H, Nagley P. Studies on the induction of petite mutants in yeast by analogues of berenil. Characterization of three mutants resistant to the compound Hoe 15,030. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 172:259-69. [PMID: 45609 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compound Hoe 15,030 is an analogue of berenil which is as effective as berenil in inducing petite mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hoe 15,030 has greater stability than berenil in aqueous solution, and is less toxic to yeast at high drug concentrations. Mutants of S. cerevisiae strain J69-1B have been isolated which are resistant to the petite inducing effects of Hoe 15,030. Three mutant strains (HR7, HR8 and HR10) were characterized and each was shown to carry a recessive nuclear mutation determining resistance to Hoe 15,030. The degree of resistance to Hoe 15,030 is different for each mutant, and each was found to be co-ordinately cross-resistant both to berenil and to another analogue of berenil, Hoe 13,548. However, the three mutants show no cross-resistance to other unrelated petite inducing drugs, including ethidium bromide, euflavine and 1-methyl phenyl neutral red. Further studies on the mutants revealed that each strain exhibits characteristic new properties indicative of changes in mitochondrial membrane functions concerned with the replication (and probably also repair) of mitochondrial DNA. Thus, mutant HR7 is hypersensitive to petite induction by the detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate under conditions where the parent J69-1B is unaffected by this agent. Mutant HR8 is even more sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulphate than is HR7, and additionally shows a markedly elevated spontaneous petite frequency. Isolated mitochondria from strains HR8 and HR10 (but not HR7) show resistance to the inhibitory effects of Hoe 15,030 on the replication of mitochondrial DNA in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Vaughan
- Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Fukunaga M, Yielding KL. Propidium: induction of petites and recovery from ethidium mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 84:501-7. [PMID: 363128 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Crosby B, Colson AM, Briquet M, Moustacchi E, Goffeau A. Basis for slow growth on the non-fermentable substrates by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant UV-sensitive for rho- production. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1978; 164:227-34. [PMID: 360046 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mutant uvsrho 72 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae UV-sensitive for rho- production displays slower growth on media containing non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol or lactate. The slower growth on glycerol is not due to any deficiency in glycerol catabolism or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. No modifications of the sensitivity to ethidium bromide of the mitochondrial ATPase activity could be detected. A mathematical model is presented which accounts for slower growth of uvsrho 72 on the sole basis of the continuous and elevated rho- production in the mutant strain. This model, which estimates the rate of mutation from the rate of growth and vice versa, has been verified experimentally in the case of of usvrho 72. The model has been generalised, so that it can be used for any microbial population subject to constant and high rates of any type of mutation providing that the mutant is stable, and either unable to grow or able to grow at this own rate different from that of the parental strain.
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Kindelis A, Aktipis S. Differences in circular dichroism and flourescence between the DNA complexes formed with 3-amino- and 3,8-diaminophenan-thridinium derivatives. Biopolymers 1978; 17:1469-84. [PMID: 656554 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1978.360170607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hall RM, Mattick JS, Nagley P, Cobon GS, Eastwood FW, Linnane AW. The action of structural analogues of ethidium bromide on the mitochondrial genome of yeast. Mol Biol Rep 1977; 3:443-9. [PMID: 339057 DOI: 10.1007/bf00808386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects on the yeast mitochondrial genome of four analogues of ethidium bromide, in which the phenyl moieyt has been replaced by linear alkyl chains of lengths varying from seven to fifteen carbon atoms. These analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in inducing petite mutants in Saccharomyces cervisiae. The drugs also cause a loss of mtDNA from the cells in vivo; however these analogues are in fact less effective inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA replication per se, as shown by direct in vitro studies. It is concluded that these analogues are more efficient than ethidium bromide in causing the fragmentation of mitochondrial DNA in S. cervisiae.
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Peña A, Chávez E, Cárabez A, De Gómez-Puyou MT. The metabolic effects and uptake of ethidium bromide by rat liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 180:522-9. [PMID: 141908 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mattick JS. Comparative studies of the effects of acridines and other petite inducing drugs on the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 152:267-76. [PMID: 327282 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nagley P, Mattick JS. Mitochondrial DNA replication in petite mutants of yeast: resistance to inhibition by ethidium bromide, berenil and euflavine. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 152:277-83. [PMID: 327283 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication in petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is generally less sensitive to inhibition by ethidium bromide than in grande (respiratory competent) cells. In every petite that we have examined, which retain a range of different grande mtDNA sequences, this general phenomenon has been demonstrated by measurements of the loss of mtDNA from cultures grown in the presence of the drug. The resistance is also demonstrable by direct analysis of drug inhibition of mtDNA replication in isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the resistance to ethidium bromide is accompanied, in every case tested, by cross-resistance to berenil and euflavine, although variations in the levels of resistance are observed. In one petite the level of in vivo resistance to the three drugs was very similar (4-fold over the grande parent) whilst another petite was mildly resistant to ethidium bromide and berenil (each 1.6-fold over the parent) and strongly resistant (nearly 8-fold) to inhibition of mtDNA replication by euflavine. The level of resistance to ethidium bromide in several other petite clones tested was found to vary markedly. Using genetic techniques it is possible to identify those petites which display an enhanced resistance to ethidium bromide inhibition of mtDNA replication. It is considered that the general resistance of petites arises because a product of mitochondrial protein synthesis is normally involved in facilitating the inhibitory action of these drugs on mtDNA synthesis in grande cells. The various levels of resistance in petites may be modulated by the particular mtDNA sequences retained in each petite.
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Rogers P, Küntzel H. Intramitochondrial synthesis of membrane proteins in yeast: differential inhibition by ethidium. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 14:87-9. [PMID: 323693 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were grown in the presence of [14C]phenylalanine and pulse-labelled with [3H]phenylalanine in the presence of cycloheximide. The proteins extractable into chroloform: methanol (2:1) were isolated from mitochondria and analysed by SDS gel filtration. Four protein fractions varying in molecular weight were separated. In order to identify the transcriptional origin and the site of protein synthesis ethidium bromide was used. Different sensitivity of protein syntheses to various concentrations of ethidium was shown. These data are discussed in relation to the possible presence of two classes of membrane-bound polyribosomes in mitochondria.
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Mahler HR, Phan SH, Bastos RN. Integration and regulation of mitochondrial assembly in yeast. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 14:67-79. [PMID: 192997 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the mitochondrial and nucleocytoplasmic systems required for mitochondriogenesis have been investigated at several different levels. Those involved in the formation of functional enzyme complexes have been studied using cytochrome oxidase: this multimeric (2 X 7 and 2 X 6 subunits for enzymes from yeast and beef heart respectively) has been resolved, and the mitochondrial contribution has been shown to be dispensible for catalytic function proper. Using novel mutants, with a mitochondrial mode of inheritance, a mitochondrial gene product localized in the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase has been implicated in the assembly not only of this complex, but of cytochrome oxidase as well. Interactions required for the genetic competence of the mitochondrial system have become apparent as a result of studies in the mechanism of action of the highly effective mitochondrial mutagen ethidium bromide. This agent first becomes covalently inserted into mitochondrial DNA and, after its excision, eventually results in extensive degradation of the macromolecule. The excision reaction has now been shown to be performed by a complex between the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and a DNA-binding protein presumably involved in recognizing the damage. On the level of replication and expression of the mitochondrial genome studies using thermolabile mutants have demonstrated that these processes appear independent of the replication of nuclear DNA but not of its expression.
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Nagley P, Sriprakash KS, Linnane AW. Structure, synthesis and genetics of yeast mitochondrial DNA. Adv Microb Physiol 1977; 16:157-277. [PMID: 343546 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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HAROLD FRANKLINM. Membranes and Energy Transduction in Bacteria1 1Abbreviations: Δψ, membrane potential; ΔpH, pH gradient; Δp, proton-motive force. These are related by: Δp = Δψ - (23RT/F) ΔpH ≅ Δψ - 60 ΔpH. ANS, l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate; DCCD, N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; CCCP, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone; HOQNO, hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid. EDTA, ATP, GTP, DNA, NAD(H), and NADP(H) have their usual meanings. CURRENT TOPICS IN BIOENERGETICS 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152506-4.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Moustacchi E, Perlman PS, Mahler HR. A novel class of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants specifically UV-sensitive to "petite" induction. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 148:251-61. [PMID: 796662 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated which, though exhibiting a normal response to nuclear genetic damage by ultraviolet light (UV), is more sensitive than its wild type specifically in the production of the cytoplasmic (rho-) mutation by this agent. Some of the features of this mutation which has been designated uvsrho 5 are: i) The mutation is recessive, it exhibits a Mendelian, and hence presumably nuclear, pattern of segregation, but manifests its effects specifically and pleiotropically on mitochondrial functions. ii) Mutant cells resemble their wild type parents in a) growth characteristics on glucose; b) in their UV induced dose response to lethality or nuclear mutation and c) the ability of their mitochondrial genome, upon mating with appropriate testers, of transmitting and recombining various markers, albeit with enhanced efficiency. Similarly, d) they are able to modulate the expression of mitochondrial mutagenesis by ethidium bromide. Thus their mitochondrial DNA appears genetically as competent as that of the wild type. iii) Mutant cells differ from their wild type parents in a) growth characteristics on glycerol; b) susceptibility to induction of the mitochondrial (rho-) mutation by various mutagens, in that the rate of spontaneous mutation is slightly and that by UV is significantly enhanced, whild that by ethidium bromide is greatly diminished. Conversely, c) modulating influences resulting in the repair of initial damage are diminished fro UV and stimulated in the case of Berenil. iv) The amount of mitochondrial DNA per cell appears elevated in the mutant, relative to wild type, and its rate of degradation subsequent to a mutagenic exposure to either UV or ethidium bromide is diminished. v) A self-consistent scheme to account for this and all other information so far available for the induction and modulation of the (rho-) mutation is presented. In a previous study it was shown that some nuclear mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, more sensitive to lethal damage induced by ultraviolet light (rad) than their parent wild type (RAD), also exhibit a concomitant modification in sensitivity to both nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic damage (Moustacchi, 1971). However, another class of rad mutants respond to the induction of the cytoplasmic "petite" also designated as rho- (or rho-) mutation by UV in a manner indistinguishable from that of the RAD strain. One possible interpretation of this last observation is that some of the steps in the expression of the UV damage on mitochondrial (mt)DNA may be governed by other nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic determinants, the products of which may then act specifically on mitochondrial lesions. If this assumption is correct, it should be possible to find mutants with a normal response to nuclear damage but specifically UV-sensitive towards induction of (rho-)...
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Grimwood BG, Wagner RP. Direct action of ethidium bromide upon mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and morphology. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:43-52. [PMID: 135531 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Juliani MH, Hixon S, Moustacchi E. Mitochondrial genetic damage induced in yeast by a photoactivated furocoumarin in combination with ethidium bromide or ultraviolet light. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 145:249-54. [PMID: 781515 DOI: 10.1007/bf00325820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethidium bromide (EB) and ultraviolet light (UV) in combination are known to produce a synergistic induction of "petite" mutants in yeast. Two other agents were combined with EB, 3-Carbethoxypsoralene (3 CPs) activated by 365 nm light or gamma rays. EB in combination with 3 CPs also resulted in an enhanced production of "petite" mutants. After the photoaddition of 3 CPs in exponential phase cells, recovery of the "petite" mutation during dark liquid holding was inhibited by the presence of EB producing an enhanced number of "petite" mutants. The behavior of mitochondrial antibiotic resistance markers after individual and combined treatments with EB and 3 CPs indicates a random loss of markers after EB and a preferential loss of a certain region for the 3 CPs photoaddition. The combination of the two agents leads to an additivity of total drug marker losses rather than a synergistic loss. The combination of EB with gamma rays produced no enhancement in "petite" induction. A combination of UV and 3 CPs showed a synergistic interaction for "petite" induction. These results indicate that the three agents, EB, UV and 3 CPs photoaddition may share a common repair step for mitochondrial lesions.
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Hall RM, Trembath MK, Linnane AW, Wheelis L, Criddle RS. Factors affecting petite induction and the recovery of respiratory competence in yeast cells exposed to ethidium bromide. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 144:253-62. [PMID: 775297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When growing cultures of S. cerevisiae are treated with high concentrations of ethidium bromide (greater than 50 mug/ml), three phases of petite induction may be observed: I. the majority of cells are rapidly converted to petite, II. subsequently a large proportion of cells recover the ability to form respiratory competent clones, and III. slow, irreversible conversion of all cells to petite. The extent of recovery of respiratory competence observed is dependent on the strain of S. cerevisiae employed and the temperature and the carbon source used in the growth medium. The effects of 100 mug/ml ethidium bromide are also produced by 10 mug/ml ethidium bromide in the presence of the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and recovery is also observed when cells are treated with 10 mug/ml ethidium bromide under starvation conditions. Genetic analysis of strain differences indicates that a number of nuclear genes influence petite induction by ethidium bromide. In one strain, S288C, petite induction by 100 mug/ml ethidium bromide is extremely slow under certain conditions. Mitochondria isolated from from S288C lack the ethidium bromide stimulated nuclease activity found in D243-4A, a strain which shows triphasic kinetics of petite formation. This enzyme may, therefore, be responsible for the initial phase of rapid petite formation.
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Criddle RS, Wheelis L. Molecular and genetic events accompanying petite induction and recovery of respiratory competence induced by ethidium bromide. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 144:263-72. [PMID: 775298 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of yeast cells with high levels of ethidium bromide causes a rapid induction of respiratory deficient mutants followed by a period of recovery to respiratory competence in 60 to 70% of the cells. Prolonged exposure then results in a final irreversible phase of petite formation. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of 3H-adenine labelled mtDNA indicates that limited fragmentation (to about 16-18S) occurs during the initial phase of petite induction followed by a reassembly of the fragments during the period corresponding to the recovery of respiratory competence. The reassembly is associated with an ethidium bromide insensitive incorporation of 3H-adenine into mtDNA at a level consistent with repair synthesis. Genetic analyses, based on the transmission of five markers carried on the mtDNA of "repaired rho+" clones, suggests that reassembly occurs with a high degree of fidelity, though in two of a total of twenty five clones differences in marker transmission frequency were observed which could possibly reflect an altered gene order. In addition, a description is given of the marked changes in the suppressive nature of the treated cells and the temporary reduction in the capacity for marker transmission seen to accompany the transitory fragmentation of the mtDNA. The final phase of petite induction is an energy dependent degradation of the mtDNA to produce a rho degrees culture.
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de Nobrega R, Mahler HR. Modulation of petite induction by low concentrations of ethidium bromide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:528-37. [PMID: 773378 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hixon SC, Yielding KL. A protective effect of caffeine on the ethidium induced petite mutation in yeast. Mutat Res 1976; 34:195-200. [PMID: 765809 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(76)90124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite for petite induction by ethidium bromide (EB) is an initial covalent attachment of the drug to cytoplasmic DNA. This DNA modification is thought to initiate repair processes. The repair inhibitor, caffeine, provided a protective effect against the ethidium induced petite mutation at caffeine concentrations known to inhibit the repair of UV damage in cytoplasmic DNA (Fig. 1). Mitochondrial DNA isolated from yeast exposed to EB in vivo was not as degraded in the presence of both drugs as with EB alone (Fig. 2).
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Kearns DR. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the structure of tRNA in solution. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976; 18:91-149. [PMID: 790475 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nagley P, Mattick JS, Hall RM, Linnane AW. Biogenesis of mitochondria. 43. A comparative study of petite induction and inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication in yeast by ethidium bromide and berenil. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1975; 141:291-304. [PMID: 765729 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The action of ethidium bromide and berenil on the mitochondrial genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been compared in three types of study: (i) early kinetics (up to 4 h) of petite induction by the drugs in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate; (ii) genetic consequences of long-term (8 cell generations) exposure to the drugs; (iii) inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication, both in whole cells and in isolated mitochondria. The results have been interpreted as follows. Firstly, the early events in petite induction differ markedly for the two drugs, as indicated by differences in the short-term kinetics. After some stage a common pathway is apparently followed because the composition of the population of petite cells induced after long-term exposure are very similar for both ethidium bromide and berenil. Secondly, both drugs probably act at the same site to inhibit mitochondrial DNA replication, in view of the fact that a petite strain known to be resistant to ethidium bromide inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication was found to have simultaneously acquired resistance to berenil. From consideration of the drug concentrations needed to inhibit mitochondrial DNA replication in vivo and in vitro it is suggested that in vivo permeability barriers impede the access of ethidium bromide to the site of inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication, whilst access of berenil to this site is facilitated. The site at which the drugs act to inhibit mitochondrial DNA replication may be different from the site(s) involved in early petite induction. Binding of the drugs at the latter site(s) is considered to initiate a series of events leading to the fragmentation of yeast mitochondrial DNA and petite induction.
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Hixon SC, White WE, Yielding KL. Bypass by photoaffinity labeling of blocked metabolic activation of ethidium: confirmation of the role for covalent ethidium attachment in mitochondrial mutagenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 66:31-5. [PMID: 1100050 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wheelis L, Trembath MK, Criddle RS. Petite induction and recovery in the presence of high levels of ethidium bromide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 65:838-45. [PMID: 1098663 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hixon SC, Yielding KL. A synergistic effect of ultraviolet light and ethidium bromide on petite induction in yeast. Mutat Res 1975; 29:159-63. [PMID: 1097909 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(75)90031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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