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Nai A, Cordero-Sanchez C, Tanzi E, Pagani A, Silvestri L, Di Modica SM. Cellular and animal models for the investigation of β-thalassemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102761. [PMID: 37271682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is a genetic form of anemia due to mutations in the β-globin gene, that leads to ineffective and extramedullary erythropoiesis, abnormal red blood cells and secondary iron-overload. The severity of the disease ranges from mild to lethal anemia based on the residual levels of globins production. Despite being a monogenic disorder, the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia is multifactorial, with different players contributing to the severity of anemia and secondary complications. As a result, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies is complex, and the treatment of patients is still suboptimal. For these reasons, several models have been developed in the last decades to provide experimental tools for the study of the disease, including erythroid cell lines, cultures of primary erythroid cells and transgenic animals. Years of research enabled the optimization of these models and led to decipher the mechanisms responsible for globins deregulation and ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia, to unravel the role of iron homeostasis in the disease and to identify and validate novel therapeutic targets and agents. Examples of successful outcomes of these analyses include iron restricting agents, currently tested in the clinics, several gene therapy vectors, one of which was recently approved for the treatment of most severe patients, and a promising gene editing strategy, that has been shown to be effective in a clinical trial. This review provides an overview of the available models, discusses pros and cons, and the key findings obtained from their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Nai
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
| | - Celia Cordero-Sanchez
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Tanzi
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Di Modica
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
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Mukhopadhyay M, Ray R, Ayushman M, Sood P, Bhattacharyya M, Sarkar D, DasGupta S. Interfacial energy driven distinctive pattern formation during the drying of blood droplets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 573:307-316. [PMID: 32289626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Dried blood droplet morphology may potentially serve as an alternative biomarker for several patho-physiological conditions. The deviant properties of the red blood cells and the abnormal composition of diseased samples are hypothesized to manifest through unique cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions leading to different morphological patterns. Identifying distinctive morphological trait from a large sample size and proposing confirmatory explanations are necessary to establish the signatory pattern as a potential biomarker to differentiate healthy and diseased samples. EXPERIMENTS Comprehensive experimental investigation was undertaken to identify the signatory dried blood droplet patterns. The corresponding image based analysis was in turn used to differentiate the blood samples with a specific haematological disorder "Thalassaemia" from healthy ones. Relevant theoretical analysis explored the role of cell-surface and cell-cell interactions pertinent to the formation of the distinct dried patterns. FINDINGS The differences observed in the dried blood patterns, specifically the radial crack lengths, were found to eventuate from the differences in the overall interaction energies of the system. A first-generation theoretical analysis, with the mean field approximation, also confirmed similar outcome and justified the role of the different physico-chemical properties of red blood cells in diseased samples resulting in shorter radial cracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikuntala Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin 721302 West Bengal, India
| | - Rudra Ray
- Institute of Haematology & Transfusion Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, Pin 700073 West Bengal, India
| | - Manish Ayushman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin 721302 West Bengal, India
| | - Pourush Sood
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin 721302 West Bengal, India
| | - Maitreyee Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Haematology & Transfusion Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, Pin 700073 West Bengal, India
| | - Debasish Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta, Pin 700009 West Bengal, India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Pin 721302 West Bengal, India.
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3
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Vasseur C, Domingues-Hamdi E, Ledudal K, Le Corvoisier P, Barau C, Ghaleh B, Rialland A, Pissard S, Galactéros F, Baudin-Creuza V. Red blood cells free α-haemoglobin pool: a biomarker to monitor the β-thalassemia intermedia variability. The ALPHAPOOL study. Br J Haematol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Vasseur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-U955; équipe 2 : Transfusion et Maladies du Globule Rouge; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB); Université de Paris Est Créteil (UPEC); Créteil France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Elisa Domingues-Hamdi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-U955; équipe 2 : Transfusion et Maladies du Globule Rouge; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB); Université de Paris Est Créteil (UPEC); Créteil France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
| | - Katia Ledudal
- Inserm; Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Philippe Le Corvoisier
- Inserm; Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Caroline Barau
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Amandine Rialland
- Unité de Recherche Clinique; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Serge Pissard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-U955; équipe 2 : Transfusion et Maladies du Globule Rouge; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB); Université de Paris Est Créteil (UPEC); Créteil France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
- Laboratoire de Génétique; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Frédéric Galactéros
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-U955; équipe 2 : Transfusion et Maladies du Globule Rouge; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB); Université de Paris Est Créteil (UPEC); Créteil France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
- Unité des Maladies Génétiques du Globule Rouge; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor (AP-HP); Créteil France
| | - Véronique Baudin-Creuza
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-U955; équipe 2 : Transfusion et Maladies du Globule Rouge; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB); Université de Paris Est Créteil (UPEC); Créteil France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
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4
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Tzounakas VL, Kriebardis AG, Papassideri IS, Antonelou MH. Donor-variation effect on red blood cell storage lesion: A close relationship emerges. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:791-804. [PMID: 27095294 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the molecular pathways leading to the progressive deterioration of stored red blood cells (RBC storage lesion) and the clinical relevance of storage-induced changes remain uncertain, substantial donor-specific variability in RBC performance during storage, and posttransfusion has been established ("donor-variation effect"). In-bag hemolysis and numerous properties of the RBC units that may affect transfusion efficacy have proved to be strongly donor-specific. Donor-variation effect may lead to the production of highly unequal blood labile products even when similar storage strategy and duration are applied. Genetic, undiagnosed/subclinical medical conditions and lifestyle factors that affect RBC characteristics at baseline, including RBC lifespan, energy metabolism, and sensitivity to oxidative stress, are all likely to influence the storage capacity of individual donors' cells, although not evident by the donor's health or hematological status at blood donation. Consequently, baseline characteristics of the donors, such as membrane peroxiredoxin-2 and serum uric acid concentration, have been proposed as candidate biomarkers of storage quality. This review article focuses on specific factors that might contribute to the donor-variation effect and emphasizes the emerging need for using omics-based technologies in association with in vitro and in vivo transfusion models and clinical trials to discover biomarkers of storage quality and posttransfusion recovery in donor blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis L Tzounakas
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological and Educational Institute of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marianna H Antonelou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, NKUA, Athens, Greece
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Vasseur C, Baudin-Creuza V. [Role of alpha-hemoglobin molecular chaperone in the hemoglobin formation and clinical expression of some hemoglobinopathies]. Transfus Clin Biol 2015; 22:49-57. [PMID: 25724329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), described as a chaperone of alpha-hemoglobin (α-Hb), is synthesized at a high concentration in the erythroid precursors. AHSP specifically recognizes the G and H helices of α-Hb and forms a stable complex with free α-Hb until its association with the partner β-subunits. Unlike the free β-Hb which are soluble and form homologous tetramers, freshly synthesized α-Hb chains are highly unstable molecular species which precipitate and generate reactive oxygen species within the erythrocyte precursors of the bone marrow leading to apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis. AHSP protects the free α-Hb chains in maintaining it in the soluble state. In this review, we report data from the literature and our laboratory concerning the key role of AHSP in the biosynthesis of Hb and its possible involvement in some disorders of the red blood cell as well as the hemoglobinopathies and we discuss its use as a prognostic tool in thalassemia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vasseur
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U955, équipe 2, université Paris Est Créteil, 5, avenue Gustave-Eiffel, 94000 Créteil, France; Laboratoire d'excellence des globules rouges (GR-EX), 75015 Paris, France
| | - V Baudin-Creuza
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U955, équipe 2, université Paris Est Créteil, 5, avenue Gustave-Eiffel, 94000 Créteil, France; Laboratoire d'excellence des globules rouges (GR-EX), 75015 Paris, France.
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Khandros E, Mollan TL, Yu X, Wang X, Yao Y, D'Souza J, Gell DA, Olson JS, Weiss MJ. Insights into hemoglobin assembly through in vivo mutagenesis of α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11325-37. [PMID: 22287545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) is believed to facilitate adult Hemoglobin A assembly and protect against toxic free α-globin subunits. Recombinant AHSP binds multiple forms of free α-globin to stabilize their structures and inhibit precipitation. However, AHSP also stimulates autooxidation of αO(2) subunit and its rapid conversion to a partially unfolded bishistidyl hemichrome structure. To investigate these biochemical properties, we altered the evolutionarily conserved AHSP proline 30 in recombinantly expressed proteins and introduced identical mutations into the endogenous murine Ahsp gene. In vitro, the P30W AHSP variant bound oxygenated α chains with 30-fold increased affinity. Both P30W and P30A mutant proteins also caused decreased rates of αO(2) autooxidation as compared with wild-type AHSP. Despite these abnormalities, mice harboring P30A or P30W Ahsp mutations exhibited no detectable defects in erythropoiesis at steady state or during induced stresses. Further biochemical studies revealed that the AHSP P30A and P30W substitutions had minimal effects on AHSP interactions with ferric α subunits. Together, our findings indicate that the ability of AHSP to stabilize nascent α chain folding intermediates prior to hemin reduction and incorporation into adult Hemoglobin A is physiologically more important than AHSP interactions with ferrous αO(2) subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Khandros
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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7
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Vasseur C, Pissard S, Domingues‐Hamdi E, Marden MC, Galactéros F, Baudin‐Creuza V. Evaluation of the free α-hemoglobin pool in red blood cells: a new test providing a scale of β-thalassemia severity. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:199-202. [PMID: 21264907 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Thalassemias are characterized by an imbalance of globin chains with an excess of α-chains which precipitates in erythroid precursors and red blood cells (RBCs) leading to inefficient erythropoiesis. The severity of the disease correlates with the amount of unpaired α-chains.Our goal was to develop a simple test for evaluation of the free α-hemoglobin pool present in RBC lysates. Alpha-Hemoglobin Stabilizing Protein (AHSP), the chaperone of α-Hb, was used to trap excess a-Hb. A recombinant GST-AHSP fusion protein was bound to an affinity micro-column and then incubated with hemolysates of patients. After washing, the α-Hb was quantified by spectrophotometry in the elution fraction. This assay was applied to 54 patients: 28 without apparent Hb disorder, 20 β-thalassemic and 6 α-thalassemic. The average value of free α-Hb pool was 93 ± 21 ppm (ng of free α-Hb per mg of Hb subunits)in patients without Hb disorder, while it varies from 119 to 1,756 ppm, in β-thalassemic patients and correlated with genotype. In contrast,the value of the free α-Hb pool was decreased in α-thalassemic patients (65 ± 26 ppm). This assay may help to characterize β-thalassemia phenotypes and to follow the evolution of the globin chain imbalance(α/β+γ ratio) in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Vasseur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U779, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre, France
| | - Serge Pissard
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Laboratoire de biochimie et de génétique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est (UPE), Créteil, France
- INSERM U955 équipe 11, IMRB, Créteil France
| | - Elisa Domingues‐Hamdi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U779, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael C. Marden
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U779, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Galactéros
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Unité des Maladies Génétiques du Globule Rouge (UMGGR), Hôpital Henri Mondor, UPE, Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Baudin‐Creuza
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U779, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin‐Bicêtre, France
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8
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Pantaleo A, De Franceschi L, Ferru E, Vono R, Turrini F. Current knowledge about the functional roles of phosphorylative changes of membrane proteins in normal and diseased red cells. J Proteomics 2009; 73:445-55. [PMID: 19758581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of proteomic techniques the number of known post-translational modifications (PTMs) affecting red cell membrane proteins is rapidly growing but the understanding of their role under physiological and pathological conditions is incompletely established. The wide range of hereditary diseases affecting different red cell membrane functions and the membrane modifications induced by malaria parasite intracellular growth represent a unique opportunity to study PTMs in response to variable cellular stresses. In the present review, some of the major areas of interest in red cell membrane research have been considered as modifications of erythrocyte deformability and maintenance of the surface area, membrane transport alterations, and removal of diseased and senescent red cells. In all mentioned research areas the functional roles of PTMs are prevalently restricted to the phosphorylative changes of the more abundant membrane proteins. The insufficient information about the PTMs occurring in a large majority of the red membrane proteins and the general lack of mass spectrometry data evidence the need of new comprehensive, proteomic approaches to improve the understanding of the red cell membrane physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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9
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Chakrabarti A, Datta P, Bhattacharya D, Basu S, Saha S. Oxidative crosslinking, spectrin and membrane interactions of hemoglobin mixtures in HbEbeta-thalassemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:361-8. [PMID: 19055866 DOI: 10.1179/102453308x343455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The authors have studied the interactions of intact hemoglobin mixtures of HbE and HbA, with the major erythroid membrane skeletal protein, spectrin and tailor-made phospholipids membranes containing aminophospholipids to understand the role of spectrin and phospholipids of erythrocytes in the overall pathophysiology of the hemoglobin disorders. Hemoglobin mixtures were isolated and purified from the peripheral blood samples of HbE carriers and different HbEbeta thalassemia patients, taken for diagnosis. Spectrin binding was studied by fluorescence and oxidative crosslinking, by SDS-PAGE. Membrane perturbation experiments were carried out to study the leakage of the self-quenching fluorophore, carboxyfluorescein, entrapped in the phospholipid vesicles. Hemoglobin mixtures with elevated levels of HbE showed stronger interactions with spectrin reflected in the decrease in binding dissociation constant from 17 to 5 muM upon increase in HbE% from about 30 to 90% in the hemolysates. The yield of the spectrin crosslinked complexes of such hemoglobin mixtures also increased with increase in HbE levels. Presence of ATP/Mg and DPG were found to decrease the overall yield of such complexes and the binding affinity of hemoglobins to spectrin. HbE rich hemolysates also induced greater leakage of entrapped carboxyfluorescein (CF) from phospholipid membranes containing aminophospholipids. Results from this study indicate the roles of skeletal proteins and aminophospholipids, particularly under oxidative stress conditions to be important in the premature destruction of erythrocytes in hemoglobin disorders, e.g. HbEbeta-thalassaemia.
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Pawlowski PH, Burzyńska B, Zielenkiewicz P. Theoretical model of thalassemic erythrocyte shape transformation. J Theor Biol 2008; 254:575-9. [PMID: 18652835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier model of reticulocyte shape transformation [Pawlowski, P.H., Burzynska, B., Zielenkiewicz, P., 2006. Theoretical model of reticulocyte to erythrocyte shape transformation. J. Theor. Biol. 243, 24-38] was applied to explain the morphological properties of thalassemic erythrocytes. Modification of the standard set of parameters of the model, describing minimal cell volume, membrane bending rigidity, and membrane tension, allowed for simulation of development of alpha- and beta-thalassemic cells from splenectomized and nonsplenectomized individuals. This resulted in observation of thin rim discocytes, tailed erythrocytes and oval forms, as well as in differentiation of time of the cell shape metamorphosis. A comparative analysis of the susceptibility of thalassemic and normal erythrocytes to undergo deformation as well of their stability was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr H Pawlowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
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11
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Yu X, Kong Y, Dore LC, Abdulmalik O, Katein AM, Zhou S, Choi JK, Gell D, Mackay JP, Gow AJ, Weiss MJ. An erythroid chaperone that facilitates folding of alpha-globin subunits for hemoglobin synthesis. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1856-65. [PMID: 17607360 PMCID: PMC1904324 DOI: 10.1172/jci31664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte precursors produce abundant alpha- and beta-globin proteins, which assemble with each other to form hemoglobin A (HbA), the major blood oxygen carrier. alphaHb-stabilizing protein (AHSP) binds free alpha subunits reversibly to maintain their structure and limit their ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, loss of AHSP aggravates the toxicity of excessive free alpha-globin caused by beta-globin gene disruption in mice. Surprisingly, we found that AHSP also has important functions when free alpha-globin is limited. Thus, compound mutants lacking both Ahsp and 1 of 4 alpha-globin genes (genotype Ahsp(-/-)alpha-globin*(alpha/alphaalpha)) exhibited more severe anemia and Hb instability than mice with either mutation alone. In vitro, recombinant AHSP promoted folding of newly translated alpha-globin, enhanced its refolding after denaturation, and facilitated its incorporation into HbA. Moreover, in erythroid precursors, newly formed free alpha-globin was destabilized by loss of AHSP. Therefore, in addition to its previously defined role in detoxification of excess alpha-globin, AHSP also acts as a molecular chaperone to stabilize nascent alpha-globin for HbA assembly. Our findings illustrate what we believe to be a novel adaptive mechanism by which a specialized cell coordinates high-level production of a multisubunit protein and protects against various synthetic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yi Kong
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Louis C. Dore
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anne M. Katein
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Suiping Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - John K. Choi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Gell
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Sanghani SP, Haldankar VA. Comparative analysis of RBC membrane fatty acids, proteins and glycophorin in patients with heterozygous beta thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. Indian J Clin Biochem 2006; 21:28-33. [PMID: 23105609 PMCID: PMC3453978 DOI: 10.1007/bf02912907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipid and protein composition was compared in erythrocytes from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and heterozygous beta thalassemia patients. The study was planned to correlate the influence of iron deficiency with the intrinsic defect of the heterozygous condition on the membrane structural integrity as well as to investigate whether there are differences in membrane changes between the two conditions. Results indicate high levels of saturated fatty acids and low unsaturated fatty acids in both disorders although arachidonic acid and the unsaturation index were lower in heterozygous thalassemia than IDA. Nevertheless, neither of the conditions provoked any alterations in membrane protein or glycophorin suggesting alterations in the lipid moiety only. Present findings indicate that irrespective to the etiology, both, iron deficiency and the heterozygous condition show a common pattern of lipid derangement, which may in turn result in increased membrane rigidity and decreased cellular deformability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sanghani
- Department of Biochemistry, Mumbai Central, Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Hospital, 400008 Mumbai
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13
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Scott MD. H2O2 injury in beta thalassemic erythrocytes: protective role of catalase and the prooxidant effects of GSH. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1264-72. [PMID: 16545695 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox-mediated injury is an important pathway in the destruction of beta thalassemic red blood cells (RBC). Because of the autoxidation of the unstable hemoglobin chains and subsequent release of globin free heme and iron, significant amounts of superoxide (O2-) and, more importantly, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are generated intracellularly. Hence, catabolism of H2O2 is crucial in preventing cellular injury. Removal of H2O2 is mediated via two primary pathways: GSH-dependent glutathione peroxidase or catalase. Importantly, both pathways are ultimately dependent on NADPH. In the absence of any exogenous oxidants, model thalassemic RBC demonstrated significantly decreased GSH levels (P < 0.001 at 20 h). Perhaps of greater pathophysiologic importance, however, was the finding that the model thalassemic RBC exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) decreased catalase activity. Following 20 h incubation at 37 degrees C only 61.5 +/- 2.9% of the initial catalase activity remained in the alpha-hemoglobin chain-loaded cells versus 104.6 +/- 4.5 and 108.2 +/- 3.2% in the control and control-resealed cells, respectively. The mechanism underlying the loss of both catalase activity and GSH appears to be the same in that both catabolic pathways require adequate NADPH levels. As shown in this study, model beta thalassemic cells are unable to maintain a normal ( approximately 1.0) NADPH/NADP(total) ratio and, after 20 h, the model beta thalassemic cells have a significantly (P < 0.001) lower ratio ( approximately 0.5) which is quite similar to a G6PD-deficient RBC. In support of these findings, direct inactivation of catalase gives rise to significantly increased oxidant damage. In contrast, GSH depletion is not closely associated with oxidant sensitivity. Indeed, the consumption of GSH noted in the thalassemic RBC may be via a prooxidant pathway as augmentation of cellular GSH levels actually enhances alpha-hemoglobin chain-mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services and the Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z3.
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14
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Kong Y, Zhou S, Kihm AJ, Katein AM, Yu X, Gell DA, Mackay JP, Adachi K, Foster-Brown L, Louden CS, Gow AJ, Weiss MJ. Loss of alpha-hemoglobin-stabilizing protein impairs erythropoiesis and exacerbates beta-thalassemia. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1457-66. [PMID: 15545996 PMCID: PMC525742 DOI: 10.1172/jci21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) A production during red blood cell development is coordinated to minimize the deleterious effects of free alpha- and beta-Hb subunits, which are unstable and cytotoxic. The alpha-Hb-stabilizing protein (AHSP) is an erythroid protein that specifically binds alpha-Hb and prevents its precipitation in vitro, which suggests that it may function to limit free alpha-Hb toxicities in vivo. We investigated this possibility through gene ablation and biochemical studies. AHSP(-/-) erythrocytes contained hemoglobin precipitates and were short-lived. In hematopoietic tissues, erythroid precursors were elevated in number but exhibited increased apoptosis. Consistent with unstable alpha-Hb, AHSP(-/-) erythrocytes contained increased ROS and evidence of oxidative damage. Moreover, purified recombinant AHSP inhibited ROS production by alpha-Hb in solution. Finally, loss of AHSP worsened the phenotype of beta-thalassemia, a common inherited anemia characterized by excess free alpha-Hb. Together, the data support a model in which AHSP binds alpha-Hb transiently to stabilize its conformation and render it biochemically inert prior to Hb A assembly. This function is essential for normal erythropoiesis and, to a greater extent, in beta-thalassemia. Our findings raise the possibility that altered AHSP expression levels could modulate the severity of beta-thalassemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kong
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Datta P, Chakrabarty SB, Chakrabarty A, Chakrabarti A. Interaction of erythroid spectrin with hemoglobin variants: implications in beta-thalassemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 30:248-53. [PMID: 12737941 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the few studies, producing contradictory results, done on the interaction of erythroid membrane skeletal spectrin with hemoglobin (Hb), none has been able to provide a quantitative estimate of the association of spectrin with Hb. In this work, studies on the interactions of erythroid spectrin with Hb have been elaborated upon using a novel fluorescence technique. The concentration-dependent change in the fluorescence intensity of fluorescein-conjugated spectrin (F-spectrin) in presence of oxy-Hb indicated binding with a dissociation constant of approximately 20 microM that has been directly evaluated from the increase in the extent of quenching of the fluorescein fluorescence of F-spectrin by reverse titration with the increasing concentrations of different Hb samples isolated from both normal and beta-thalassemic patients. The Hb compositions, with major components of the normal HbA, the fetal HbF, and the variant HbA2, of each individual were estimated using the Variant HPLC device of Bio-Rad. Results of the present study indicated that the dissociation constant, K(d), of spectrin binding to Hb decreased from 19.5 +/- 2 microM in normal individuals to of 6.5 +/- 0.5 microM in the presence of 73% HbA2 along with coeluted variants in the blood samples of patients suffering from beta-thalassemia, indicating differential interactions of the Hb variants with spectrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Datta
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, India
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16
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Imren S, Payen E, Westerman KA, Pawliuk R, Fabry ME, Eaves CJ, Cavilla B, Wadsworth LD, Beuzard Y, Bouhassira EE, Russell R, London IM, Nagel RL, Leboulch P, Humphries RK. Permanent and panerythroid correction of murine beta thalassemia by multiple lentiviral integration in hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14380-5. [PMID: 12391330 PMCID: PMC137892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212507099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving long-term pancellular expression of a transferred gene at therapeutic level in a given hematopoietic lineage remains an important goal of gene therapy. Advances have recently been made in the genetic correction of the hemoglobinopathies by means of lentiviral vectors and large locus control region (LCR) derivatives. However, panerythroid beta globin gene expression has not yet been achieved in beta thalassemic mice because of incomplete transduction of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and position effect variegation of proviruses integrated at a single copy per genome. Here, we report the permanent, panerythroid correction of severe beta thalassemia in mice, resulting from a homozygous deletion of the beta major globin gene, by transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow transduced with an HIV-1-derived [beta globin gene/LCR] lentiviral vector also containing the Rev responsive element and the central polypurine tract/DNA flap. The viral titers produced were high enough to achieve transduction of virtually all of the hematopoietic stem cells in the graft with an average of three integrated proviral copies per genome in all transplanted mice; the transduction was sustained for >7 months in both primary and secondary transplants, at which time approximately 95% of the red blood cells in all mice contained human beta globin contributing to 32 +/- 4% of all beta-like globin chains. Hematological parameters approached complete phenotypic correction, as assessed by hemoglobin levels and reticulocyte and red blood cell counts. All circulating red blood cells became and remained normocytic and normochromic, and their density was normalized. Free alpha globin chains were completely cleared from red blood cell membranes, splenomegaly abated, and iron deposit was almost eliminated in liver sections. These findings indicate that virtually complete transduction of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment can be achieved by high-titer lentiviral vectors and that position effect variegation can be mitigated by multiple events of proviral integration to yield balanced, panerythroid expression. These results provide a solid foundation for the initiation of human clinical trials in beta thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Imren
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Payen E, Bettan M, Rouyer-Fessard P, Beuzard Y, Scherman D. Improvement of mouse beta-thalassemia by electrotransfer of erythropoietin cDNA. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:295-300. [PMID: 11274756 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new intramuscular DNA electrotransfer method for erythropoietin (EPO) expression was evaluated in the natural mouse model of human beta-thalassemia (Hbb-thal1) in terms of its ability to reverse the anemia and improve the thalassemic features of erythrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intramuscular injection of small amounts of a plasmid encoding mouse EPO, immediately followed by controlled electric pulses, was used. RESULTS This procedure induced very high hematocrit levels in beta-thalassemic mice compared to nonelectrotransferred mice. The hematocrit increase was dose dependent, still increased 4 months after injection of plasmid DNA, and associated with a high transgenic EPO blood level in all mice (up to 2500 mU/mL of plasma). EPO gene electrotransfer not only led to a long-lasting and dose-dependent increase in the hematocrit but also to a 100% increase in the lifespan of erythrocytes of thalassemic mice. This was related to a nearly complete reestablishment of alpha/beta globin chain balance, as demonstrated by a marked decrease in unpaired alpha globin chain. Eight months after the first electrotransfer of pCMV-mEPO plasmid, reinjection of the same construct raised the hematocrit to a level close to that observed following the first electrotransfer. CONCLUSION This is the first description of the use of plasmid DNA to achieve long-term improvement in a mouse model of a human genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Payen
- Laboratoire Expérimental de Thérapie Génique, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.
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18
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De Manisha, Banerjee D, Talukdar G, Bhattacharya DK. A study of spectrin and lipid peroxidation of red blood cell membrane in thalassaemia carrier. Indian J Clin Biochem 1999; 14:207-12. [PMID: 23105220 PMCID: PMC3453575 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to understand the lipid peroxidation of RBC membrane and the spectrin protein content of RBC membrane cytoskeleton of thalassaemic carrier state (trait) of β and hemoglobin E variant (HbE). We have measured the hemoglobin (Hb), malondialdehyde (MDA) and spectrin content of RBC membrane of thalassaemic carrier. The spectrin content (α and β band) of both β and HbE carrier was not changed than normal individuals. However, lipid peroxidation of RBC membrane was significantly increased in both β and HbE trait, and Hb level was also decreased in thalassaemic carrier. It may be assumed that oxidative damage by excess lipid peroxidation may have no role on irreversible membrane damage in β thalassaemia and HbE thalassaemia carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Manisha
- Thalassaemia Counselling Department, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Science, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratisthan, 99, Sarat Bose Road, 700 026 Calcutta, India
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19
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Cappellini MD, Tavazzi D, Duca L, Graziadei G, Mannu F, Turrini F, Arese P, Fiorelli G. Metabolic indicators of oxidative stress correlate with haemichrome attachment to membrane, band 3 aggregation and erythrophagocytosis in beta-thalassaemia intermedia. Br J Haematol 1999; 104:504-12. [PMID: 10086787 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Haematological data, genotype, transfusion requirements, metabolic indicators of oxidative stress (flux via hexose-monophosphate shunt (HMPS); steady state level of GSH and GSSG, NADPH and NADP; activity of anti-oxidant enzymes), parameters of membrane damage (aggregated band 3; membrane-bound haemichromes, autologous immunoglobulins (Igs) and C3 complement fragments) and erythrophagocytosis were measured in erythrocytes (RBC) of 15 beta-thalassaemia intermedia patients (nine splenectomized) with low, if any, transfusion requirements. Patients presented increased aggregated band 3, bound haemichromes, Igs and C3 complement fragments, and increased erythrophagocytosis. Bound haemichromes strongly correlated with aggregated band 3. Anti-band 3 Igs were predominantly associated with aggregated band 3. Erythrophagocytosis positively correlated with aggregated band 3, haemichromes and Igs, suggesting the involvement of haemichrome-induced band 3 aggregation in phagocytic removal of beta-thalassaemic RBC. Splenectomized patients showed higher degrees of membrane damage and phagocytosis, significantly higher numbers of circulating RBC precursors, and tendentially higher numbers of reticulocytes. Basal flux via HMPS was increased twofold, but HMPS stimulation by methylene blue was decreased, as was the glucose flux via HMPS. GSH was remarkably decreased, whereas NADPH was increased. Except for unchanged catalase and glutathione reductase, anti-oxidant enzymes had increased activity. Negative correlation between HMPS stimulation by methylene blue and bound haemichromes indicated that the ability to enhance HMPS may counteract haemichrome precipitation and limit consequent membrane damage leading to erythrophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cappellini
- Hereditary Anaemia Centre, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Milano Medical School, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
Most of the major clinical manifestations of the beta-thalassaemias can be related to the deleterious effects of imbalanced globin chain synthesis on erythroid maturation and red cell survival. The destruction of red cell progenitors and their progeny results from an extremely complex series of mechanisms all related to the presence of excess alpha-globin chain production. These include mechanical damage, interference with cell division and oxidative destruction of both organelles and components of the red cell membrane. The unequal distribution of gamma-globin chains between different precursors, and the intense selection of those with relatively higher levels of gamma chain production, lead to an extremely heterogeneous cell population in the peripheral blood. Iron overload, due to increased gastrointestinal absorption and blood transfusion is the major cause of tissue damage, morbidity and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weatherall
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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21
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Abstract
AbstractHemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS) is the most common nondeletional α-thalassemic mutation and is an important cause of HbH-like disease in Southeast Asia. HbCS variants have an almost normal mean cell volume (MCV) and the anemia is more severe when compared with other α-thalassemic variants. We explored the pathobiology of HbCS red blood cells (RBCs) because the underlying cause(s) of this MCV “normalizing” effect of HbCS and the more severe anemia are not fully explained. HbCS containing RBCs are distinctly overhydrated relative to deletional α-thalassemia variants, and the derangement of volume regulation and cell hydration occurs early in erythroid maturation and is fully expressed at the reticulocyte stage. Furthermore, the membrane rigidity and membrane mechanical stability of HbCS containing RBCs is increased when compared with HbH and α-thalassemia-1 trait RBCs. In seeking the cause(s) underlying these cellular alterations we analyzed membranes from HbCS and deletional α-thalassemic variants and found that in addition to oxidized β-globin chains, oxidized αcs-globin chains are also associated with the membranes and their skeletons in HbCS containing RBCs. We propose that the membrane pathology of HbCS variants is caused by combination of the deleterious effects induced by membrane-bound oxidized αcs- and β-globin chains. The membrane alterations induced by αcs chains are more akin to those induced by βA-globin chains than those induced by the αA-globin chains that accumulate in the β-thalassemias. Thus, each globin chain, αcs, αA, βA, appears to produce its own form of membrane perturbation.
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22
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Abstract
Hemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS) is the most common nondeletional α-thalassemic mutation and is an important cause of HbH-like disease in Southeast Asia. HbCS variants have an almost normal mean cell volume (MCV) and the anemia is more severe when compared with other α-thalassemic variants. We explored the pathobiology of HbCS red blood cells (RBCs) because the underlying cause(s) of this MCV “normalizing” effect of HbCS and the more severe anemia are not fully explained. HbCS containing RBCs are distinctly overhydrated relative to deletional α-thalassemia variants, and the derangement of volume regulation and cell hydration occurs early in erythroid maturation and is fully expressed at the reticulocyte stage. Furthermore, the membrane rigidity and membrane mechanical stability of HbCS containing RBCs is increased when compared with HbH and α-thalassemia-1 trait RBCs. In seeking the cause(s) underlying these cellular alterations we analyzed membranes from HbCS and deletional α-thalassemic variants and found that in addition to oxidized β-globin chains, oxidized αcs-globin chains are also associated with the membranes and their skeletons in HbCS containing RBCs. We propose that the membrane pathology of HbCS variants is caused by combination of the deleterious effects induced by membrane-bound oxidized αcs- and β-globin chains. The membrane alterations induced by αcs chains are more akin to those induced by βA-globin chains than those induced by the αA-globin chains that accumulate in the β-thalassemias. Thus, each globin chain, αcs, αA, βA, appears to produce its own form of membrane perturbation.
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23
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Gabbianelli R, Falcioni G, Santroni AM, Caulini G, Greci L, Damiani E. Effect of aromatic nitroxides on hemolysis of human erythrocytes entrapped with isolated hemoglobin chains. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23:278-84. [PMID: 9199890 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model of thalassemia was produced by entrapment of isolated hemoglobin chains in human erythrocytes, thus subjecting the loaded cells to oxidative stress. The presence of these unpaired chains induced physico-chemical modifications at the membrane level as studied by laurdan fluorescence. The polarity of the lipid bilayer was shown to decrease with a concomitant shift towards a gel phase in alpha-loaded erythrocytes. The determination of conjugated dienes before the hemolytic event was used as an oxidation index; the results obtained demonstrate that beta thalassemia is associated with oxidative stress. Furthermore, the presence of indolinic and quinolinic nitroxide radicals, a new class of antioxidants, in suspensions of alpha-loaded erythrocytes protected the erythrocytes from the hemolytic event. However, the protective effect exerted by the nitroxide radicals is not related to effects on membrane polarity and lipid peroxidation, even though a chemiluminescence study has demonstrated the superoxide scavenging activity of these nitroxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gabbianelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare Cellulare Animale, Università, Camerino, Italy
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24
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Clarebout G, Gamain B, Slomianny C, Camus D, Dive D. The course of Plasmodium berghei, P. chabaudi and P. yoelii infections in beta-thalassaemic mice. Parasitology 1996; 112 ( Pt 3):269-76. [PMID: 8728990 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000065781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of acclimatization of Plasmodium in beta-thalassaemic mice, we used a mouse model of beta-thalassaemia (DBA/2J/beta-thal/beta-thal), similar to that observed in humans. We acclimatized 3 rodent malarias (P. berghei, P. chabaudi and P. yoelii) in DBA/2J and DBA/2J/beta-thal mice lines, by 4 intraperitoneal serial transfers. All 3 rodent malarias developed in red blood cells of beta-thalassaemic mice without losing their virulence. There was no delay in infection and peaks of parasitaemia were similar in beta-thalassaemic and normal mice. The mortality occurred earlier in beta-thalassaemic mice than in control mice for P. berghei and P. chabaudi. The difference was more pronounced for P. yoelii NS where normal mice did not die. These results could be explained by a failure of erythropoiesis in beta-thalassaemic mice, which are unable to compensate for the destruction of red blood cells by the parasites, and the mice died of anaemia. Ultrastructural examination of the rodent malaria parasites in beta-thalassaemic RBC showed a normal development even in the presence of Heinz bodies. In conclusion, no effective protection against malaria was provided by the beta-thalassaemia in this mouse model.
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25
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Scott MD, Eaton JW. Thalassaemic erythrocytes: cellular suicide arising from iron and glutathione-dependent oxidation reactions? Br J Haematol 1995; 91:811-9. [PMID: 8547123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both beta-thalassaemic red blood cells and normal red blood cells (RBC) artificially loaded with unpaired alpha-haemoglobin chains exhibit increased amounts of membrane-bound haem and iron. In the model beta-thalassaemic RBC the amount of free haem and iron was as much as 20 times that which could have been contributed by the entrapped alpha-haemoglobin chains alone. This excess haem/iron arises from destabilization of haemoglobin via reactions between ferric iron (Fe3+), initially contributed by the unpaired alpha chains, and cytoplasmic constituents, primarily reduced glutathione (GSH). Indeed, in the presence of Fe3+ (100 microM) addition of even small amounts of GSH (0.5 mM) to dilute RBC haemolysates (0.15 mg haemoglobin/dl) greatly accelerated methaemoglobin formation. In contrast, lysates from GSH-depleted RBC demonstrated a significantly reduced rate of iron-mediated haemoglobin oxidation which was reversible by addition of GSH. The initiation, and subsequent propagation, of Fe(3+)-mediated haemoglobin oxidation was significantly inhibited by iron chelators. Finally, Fe(3+)-driven haemoglobin oxidation was synergized by low amounts of H2O2, an oxidant spontaneously generated in thalassaemic RBC. To summarize, the release of small amounts of free iron from unpaired alpha-haemoglobin chains in the beta-thalassaemic RBC can initiate self-amplifying redox reactions which simultaneously deplete cellular reducing potential (e.g. GSH), oxidize additional haemoglobin, and accelerate the red cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, New York, USA
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26
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Abstract
Although rapid technical advances have taken place in the diagnosis of beta-thalassemia, still the hematological factors were found to be suitable screening test in areas like Indian subcontinent where a high prevalence of beta-thalassemia trait was observed. Among various thalassemias reported in Asian Indians, beta-thalassemia account for about 80% and is responsible for very high infantile mortality. Despite this, little is known about the hematological status of beta-thalassemias among this ethnic group which is associated with more than five different predominant beta-globin mutation with high frequency and variable number of rare ones. The present study is the first report of hematological status of beta-thalassemia among this ethnic group particularly from Tamil Nadu, Southern India, who are still practising high degree of consanguinity. In the present study, a total number of 364 beta-thalassemics were investigated. This includes 84 cases of homozygous beta-thalassemias and the remaining 280 were heterozygotes. The hematological factors such as red cell indices, hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 were assessed. The results revealed a wide spectrum of hematological variables ranging from severe form as that of Mediterranean thalassemias to very mild form of anemia as that of African Negro population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mohan
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio 78284-7800
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27
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Abstract
The thalassemias are extremely heterogeneous in terms of their clinical severity, and their underlying pathophysiology relates directly to the extent of accumulation of excess unmatched globin chains: alpha in beta thalassemia and beta in the alpha thalassemias. However, the accumulation of each separate globin chain affects red cell membrane material properties and the state of red cell hydration very differently. These observations presumably account for the varying extent of ineffective erythropoiesis and peripheral blood hemolysis in the major variants of thalassemia. The thalassemias are a worldwide group of inherited disorders of globin-chain synthesis that developed in multiple geographic regions, probably because they provided partial protection against malaria. In normal assembly of adult hemoglobin (HbA-alpha 2 beta 2), alpha and beta globin are synthesized by genes on different chromosomes, whereas heme is synthesized primarily on mitochondria. The synthesis of these chains is very tightly coordinated so that the ratio of alpha globin to beta globin (beta in this case including the beta-like globins delta and gamma) is normally 1 +/- 0.05. Furthermore, specific erythroid proteases are designed to attack and destroy excess alpha or beta globin chains, demonstrating the deleterious impact of the accumulation of excess unmatched globin chains. In beta thalassemia, production of beta globin decreases and excess alpha globin accumulates. In alpha thalassemia, on the other hand, this process occurs in reverse. Perhaps in these disorders more than any others, molecular biologists have documented the deletional and transcriptional events leading to diminished synthesis of specific classes of globin chains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Schrier
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5112
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28
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Müller P, Zachowski A, Beuzard Y, Devaux PF. Transmembrane mobility and distribution of phospholipids in the membrane of mouse beta-thalassaemic red blood cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1151:7-12. [PMID: 8395215 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using spin-labelled lipid analogues, the transmembrane mobility and distribution of phospholipids in normal and beta-thalassaemic murine red blood cells were investigated. The velocities of spin-labelled phosphatidylserine (PS*) and spin-labelled phosphatidylethanolamine (PE*) active transport into the inner leaflet were not significantly different between normal and pathological cells. The stationary distribution of PE* in thalassaemic erythrocytes (79.5 +/- 2.0% inside) differed from that of control cells (91.1 +/- 1.6% inside), while that of PS* was unaffected. In thalassaemic cells the passive diffusion of spin-labelled phosphatidylcholine (PC*) was accelerated 4-fold and its stationary distribution was shifted to 34.5 +/- 2.3% inside compared to 19.5 +/- 1.6% in control cells. Spin-labelled sphingomyelin (SM*), which showed no inward movement in normal cells, diffused partially towards the inner leaflet of thalassaemic erythrocyte membranes. These results indicate that modifications of the transverse lipid organisation in beta-thalassaemic red blood cells are due to changes in passive diffusion movements, and not to changes in aminophospholipid translocase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Müller
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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Scott MD, Rouyer-Fessard P, Ba MS, Lubin BH, Beuzard Y. Alpha- and beta-haemoglobin chain induced changes in normal erythrocyte deformability: comparison to beta thalassaemia intermedia and Hb H disease. Br J Haematol 1992; 80:519-26. [PMID: 1581237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The alpha- and beta-thalassaemias are characterized by decreased erythrocyte deformability. To determine what effects excess alpha- and beta-haemoglobin (globin) chains have on cellular and membrane deformability, purified haem-containing alpha- and beta-chains were entrapped within normal erythrocytes. Entrapment of purified alpha-chains in normal erythrocytes resulted in a significant decrease in cellular and membrane deformability similar to that observed in beta-thalassaemia intermedia. The decreased deformability was correlated with alpha-chain membrane deposition, an alteration in membrane proteins and a decrease in membrane reactive thiol groups. These changes in membrane and cellular deformability were time dependent and closely correlated with membrane alpha-chain deposition. The membrane changes and the loss of membrane deformability appeared to account for the loss of cellular deformability in the alpha-chain loaded cells. While both beta-chain loaded and Hb H erythrocytes demonstrated a significant loss of cellular deformability, this loss was less pronounced than in the alpha-chain loaded and beta-thalassaemic cells and may arise from either the increased intracellular viscosity of the beta-chain loaded cells or to the smaller amount of membrane bound globin. In summary, these studies demonstrate that alteration of cellular and membrane deformability occurs very rapidly and as a direct consequence of the autoxidation and membrane binding of the unpaired globin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scott
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA 94609
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Scott MD. Entrapment of purified alpha-hemoglobin chains in normal erythrocytes as a model for human beta thalassemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 326:139-48. [PMID: 1295299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3030-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entrapment of purified alpha-hemoglobin chains within normal erythrocytes resulted in structural and functional changes very similar to those observed in human beta thalassemic erythrocytes (Table 1). Membrane proteins and reactive thiol groups were decreased in a pattern similar to that observed in vivo in beta thalassemia. In addition, the alpha-chain loaded cells exhibited evidence of enhanced oxidant stress. Functionally, entrapment of alpha-chains resulted in the loss of cellular and membrane deformability, an important pathologic characteristic of the beta thalassemic erythrocytes. These results also demonstrate that the loss of membrane proteins and thiols as well as the functional loss of cellular and membrane deformability characteristic of the beta thalassemic cell occur very rapidly in the presence of soluble alpha-chains. Utilizing this model of the thalassemic erythrocyte, it is now possible to directly investigate the mechanisms underlying the cellular pathophysiology induced by excess alpha-chains. An understanding of these mechanisms may allow for the development of therapeutic interventions that would improve effective erythropoiesis and prolong erythrocyte survival in the peripheral circulation of individuals with beta thalassemia. Successful therapeutic interventions would diminish the frequency and/or necessity of blood transfusions and chelation therapy in beta thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scott
- Children's Hospital Oakland, Research Institute, CA
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Rouyer-Fessard P, Scott MD, Leroy-Viard K, Garel MC, Bachir D, Galacteros F, Beuzard Y. Fate of alpha-hemoglobin chains and erythrocyte defects in beta-thalassemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 612:106-17. [PMID: 2291540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb24296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fate of alpha-hemoglobin chains and the cause of membrane protein defects in thalassemic erythrocytes have been studied in: (1) human beta-thalassemia syndromes, (2) mouse beta-thalassemia, and (3) normal human erythrocytes loaded with purified alpha-hemoglobin chains. The similarity and differences observed in these three systems underline the importance of insoluble alpha chains and the direct relationship between the amount of these chains and the membrane protein defects. Indeed, in addition to the alpha/non-alpha ratio of globin chain synthesis, the proteolysis and instability of alpha chains are major factors in modulating the cellular defects.
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32
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Mouse beta thalassemia, a model for the membrane defects of erythrocytes in the human disease. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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33
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Scott MD, Rouyer-Fessard P, Lubin BH, Beuzard Y. Entrapment of purified alpha-hemoglobin chains in normal erythrocytes. A model for beta thalassemia. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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