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Schwartz-Duval AS, Wen R, Srivastava I, Moitra P, Pan D. A Simplistic Single-Step Method for Preparing Biomimetic Nanoparticles from Endogenous Biomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46464-46477. [PMID: 34569780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many works utilize products isolated from nature as capping agents to functionalize gold nanoparticles for targeting and therapeutic applications. Some of the most advanced of these strategies utilize complex multicomponent biomaterials, such as whole cell-membranes, for nanoparticle functionalization strategies for evading or initializing immune response as well as for targeting. Strategies like these, wherein whole cell membrane is utilized for functionalization, take advantage of the complexity of the protein-lipid content and organization, which cells normally use for communication and interaction (instilling these capacities to nanoparticle vectors). Many approaches for achieving this in functionalizing the surface of nanoparticles rely on multistep processes, which necessitate the addition and then removal of synthetic molecules, heating, or pH modifications. These processes can have deleterious modifying effects on the functionalizing biomolecules, resulting in loss of product and time during each purification step, as well as potentially changing the biomolecule functionality toward a nondesirable effect. Here, we describe methods for forming gold nanoparticles at room temperature in a single step, functionalized with proteins, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). This process enables formation of nanoparticles that can be functionalized by individual proteins (demonstrated with FBS) or whole cells membrane (extracted from B16F10 cells). This work is derivative from observations found in the literature by us and others, that mammalian cells are capable of producing gold nanoparticles from ionic gold without the supplementation of chemical species. The products of this single-step synthesis described herein have been optimized to maintain biomolecule integrity and so that there are no further purification steps required. To characterize the nanoparticles in terms of their shape, size, surface functionality, and biomolecule integrity throughout development, we employed light-based spectroscopy techniques, molecular modeling, electron microscopy, light scattering, and gel electrophoresis techniques. In order to compare the optimized biomolecule-functionalized nanoparticles against current standards (which require synthetic linkers, heating, or pH manipulation), we employed metabolic and live/dead assays as well as light-based microscopy/spectroscopy in vitro. In comparing our synthetic process against others for forming gold nanoparticles functionalized with complex biomolecule components (whole-cell membrane), we found that this process had superior particle internalization. Our strategy has similar outlets for application to these other works, however, because this process is entirely reliant on endogenous biomaterials and has additional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Schwartz-Duval
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rachele Wen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Research Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Research Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Morrison CS, Paskaleva EE, Rios MA, Beusse TR, Blair EM, Lin LQ, Hu JR, Gorby AH, Dodds DR, Armiger WB, Dordick JS, Koffas MAG. Improved soluble expression and use of recombinant human renalase. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242109. [PMID: 33180865 PMCID: PMC7660482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical bioreactor systems have enjoyed significant attention in the past few decades, particularly because of their applications to biobatteries, artificial photosynthetic systems, and microbial electrosynthesis. A key opportunity with electrochemical bioreactors is the ability to employ cofactor regeneration strategies critical in oxidative and reductive enzymatic and cell-based biotransformations. Electrochemical cofactor regeneration presents several advantages over other current cofactor regeneration systems, such as chemoenzymatic multi-enzyme reactions, because there is no need for a sacrificial substrate and a recycling enzyme. Additionally, process monitoring is simpler and downstream processing is less costly. However, the direct electrochemical reduction of NAD(P)+ on a cathode may produce adventitious side products, including isomers of NAD(P)H that can act as potent competitive inhibitors to NAD(P)H-requiring enzymes such as dehydrogenases. To overcome this limitation, we examined how nature addresses the adventitious formation of isomers of NAD(P)H. Specifically, renalases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of 1,2- and 1,6-NAD(P)H to NAD(P)+, yielding an effective recycling of unproductive NAD(P)H isomers. We designed several mutants of recombinant human renalase isoform 1 (rhRen1), expressed them in E. coli BL21(DE3) to enhance protein solubility, and evaluated the activity profiles of the renalase variants against NAD(P)H isomers. The potential for rhRen1 to be employed in engineering applications was then assessed in view of the enzyme’s stability upon immobilization. Finally, comparative modeling was performed to assess the underlying reasons for the enhanced solubility and activity of the mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S. Morrison
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Paskaleva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Marvin A. Rios
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Beusse
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaina M. Blair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lucy Q. Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - James R. Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Aidan H. Gorby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - David R. Dodds
- BiochemInsights, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSD); (MAGK)
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSD); (MAGK)
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Beaupre BA, Hoag MR, Roman J, Försterling FH, Moran GR. Metabolic function for human renalase: oxidation of isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H that are inhibitory to primary metabolism. Biochemistry 2015; 54:795-806. [PMID: 25531177 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently identified flavoprotein that has been associated with numerous physiological maladies. There remains a prevailing belief that renalase functions as a hormone, imparting an influence on vascular tone and heart rate by oxidizing circulating catecholamines, chiefly epinephrine. This activity, however, has not been convincingly demonstrated in vitro, nor has the stoichiometry of this transformation been shown. In prior work we demonstrated that renalase induced rapid oxidation of low-level contaminants of β-NAD(P)H solutions ( Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2013) Biochemistry 52 , 8929 - 8937 ; Beaupre, B. A. et al. (2013) J. Am. Chem. Soc . 135 , 13980 - 13987 ). Slow aqueous speciation of β-NAD(P)H resulted in the production of renalase substrate molecules whose spectrophotometric characteristics and equilibrium fractional accumulation closely matched those reported for α-anomers of NAD(P)H. The fleeting nature of these substrates precluded structural assignment. Here we structurally assign and identify two substrates for renalase. These molecules are 2- and 6-dihydroNAD(P), isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H that arise either by nonspecific reduction of β-NAD(P)(+) or by tautomerization of β-NAD(P)H (4-dihydroNAD(P)). The pure preparations of these molecules induce rapid reduction of the renalase flavin cofactor (230 s(-1) for 6-dihydroNAD, 850 s(-1) for 2-dihydroNAD) but bind only a few fold more tightly than β-NADH. We also show that 2- and 6-dihydroNAD(P) are potent inhibitors of primary metabolism dehydrogenases and therefore conclude that the metabolic function of renalase is to oxidize these isomeric NAD(P)H molecules to β-NAD(P)(+), eliminating the threat they pose to normal respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3209, United States
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Gould KG, Engel PC. Modification of mouse testicular lactate dehydrogenase by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Biochem J 1980; 191:365-71. [PMID: 6786279 PMCID: PMC1162226 DOI: 10.1042/bj1910365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Mouse C4 lactate dehydrogenase treated in the dark with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at pH8.7 and 25 degrees C loses activity gradually; 1mM-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate causes 83% inactivation, and higher concentrations of the reagent cause no further loss of activity. 2. The final extent of inactivation is very pH-dependent, greater inactivation occurring at the high pH values. 3. Inactivation may be fully reversed by addition of cysteine, or made permanent by reducing the enzyme with NaBH4. 4. The absorption spectrum of inactivated reduced enzyme indicates modification of lysine residues. Inactivation by 80% corresponds to modification of at least 1.8 mol of lysine/mol of enzyme subunit. 5. There is no loss of free thiol groups after inactivation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and reduction of the enzyme. 6. NAD+ or NADH gives complete protection against inactivation. protection studies with coenzyme fragments indicate that the AMP moiety is largely responsible for the protective effect. Lactate (10 mM) gives no protection in the absence of added nucleotides, but greatly enhances the protection given by ADP-ribose (1 mM). Thus ADP-ribose is able to trigger the binding of lactate. 7. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate also acts as a non-covalent inhibitor of mouse C4 lactate dehydrogenase. The inhibition is non-competitive with respect to both NAD+ and lactate. 8. Km values for the enzyme at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C, with the non-varied substrate saturating, are 0.3 mM-lactate and 5 microM-NAD+. 9. These results are discussed and compared with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate modification of other lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and related dehydrogenases.
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