1
|
Premachandran K, Srinivasan TS. A brief review on oryzacystatin: a potent phytocystatin for crop management. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1799-1807. [PMID: 36471210 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are a type of proteinase inhibitor which are extensively studied for their specific inhibitory action against cysteine protease enzymes (CP) of insects and pathogens. Oryzacystatins (OC), a phytocystatin from rice inhibits CP in a reversible manner with its conserved tripartite wedge. OCs have important role in plant innate defense mechanism through phytohormonal signalling pathways. OC are induced in response to both biotic and abiotic stress conditions and are used to develop transgenic plants exhibiting resistance against stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the structure and mechanism of action of oryzacystatins, their possible role in plant physiology, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanism in plants and their potential application strategies for future crop management studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamanikumar Premachandran
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Thanga Suja Srinivasan
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rasoolizadeh A, Goulet MC, Guay JF, Cloutier C, Michaud D. Population-associated heterogeneity of the digestive Cys protease complement in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 106:125-133. [PMID: 28267460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects use complex protease complements to process plant proteins, useful to adjust their digestive functions to the plant diet and to elude the antidigestive effects of dietary protease inhibitors. We here assessed whether basic profiles and diet-related adjustments of the midgut protease complement may vary among populations of the insect herbivore Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Two laboratory colonies of this insect were used as models, derived from insect samples collected in potato fields ∼1200km distant from each other in North America. Synchronized 4th-instar larvae reared on potato were kept on this plant, or switched to tomato or eggplant, to compare their midgut cathepsin activities and content of intestain Cys proteases under different diet regimes. Cathepsin D activity, cathepsin L activity, cathepsin B activity and total intestain content shortly after larval molting on potato leaves were about two times lower in one population compared to the other. By comparison, cathepsin D activity, cathepsin B activity, total intestain content and relative abundance of the most prominent intestain families were similar in the two populations after three days regardless of the plant diet, unlike cathepsin L activity and less prominent intestain families showing population-associated variability. Variation in Cys protease profiles translated into the differential efficiency of a Cys protease inhibitor, tomato cystatin SlCYS8, to inhibit cathepsin L activity in midgut extracts of the two insect groups. Despite quantitative differences, SlCYS8 single variants engineered to strongly inhibit Cys proteases showed improved potency against cathepsin L activity of either population. These data suggest the feasibility of designing cystatins to control L. decemlineata that are effective against different populations of this insect. They underline, on the other hand, the practical relevance of considering natural variability of the protease complement among L. decemlineata target populations, eventually determinant in the success or failure of cystatin-based control strategies on a large-scale basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Rasoolizadeh
- Département de phytologie, CRIV-Biotechnologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Goulet
- Département de phytologie, CRIV-Biotechnologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Conrad Cloutier
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominique Michaud
- Département de phytologie, CRIV-Biotechnologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cingel A, Savić J, Lazarević J, Ćosić T, Raspor M, Smigocki A, Ninković S. Co-expression of the proteinase inhibitors oryzacystatin I and oryzacystatin II in transgenic potato alters Colorado potato beetle larval development. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:768-780. [PMID: 27265305 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has shown a remarkable adaptability to a variety of control measures. Although oryzacystatin I and II (OCI and OCII) have potential in controlling pests that use cysteine proteinases for food digestion, expression of a single OC gene in potato exhibited a minimal or no effect on CPB fitness traits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of coexpressed OCI and OCII in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Desiree, Dragačevka and Jelica on CPB larvae. Growth parameters, consumption rates and food utilization, as well as activity of proteases of CPB larvae were assayed. Second and third instar larvae fed on transformed leaves molted earlier and had higher relative growth and consumption rates than larvae fed on nontransformed leaves, while efficiency of food utilization was unaffected. In contrast, fourth instar maximum weight gain and amount of leaves consumed were about 20% lower for the larvae fed on transgenic potato. Analysis of total protease activity of third instar larvae revealed reduction in overall proteolytic activity measured by azocasein hydrolysis, accompanied with inhibition of cysteine proteinase activity 24 h after ingestion of potato leaves expressing OCI and OCII. However, after long-term feeding on transformed leaves proteolytic activities of larvae became similar to the controls. Although feeding on OCI/OCII leaves did not affect larval survival, coexpression of OC genes reduced the development time and thus significantly decreased plant damage caused by CPB larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Cingel
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martin Raspor
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ann Smigocki
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martinez M, Santamaria ME, Diaz-Mendoza M, Arnaiz A, Carrillo L, Ortego F, Diaz I. Phytocystatins: Defense Proteins against Phytophagous Insects and Acari. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1747. [PMID: 27775606 PMCID: PMC5085774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review deals with phytocystatins, focussing on their potential role as defence proteins against phytophagous arthropods. Information about the evolutionary, molecular and biochemical features and inhibitory properties of phytocystatins are presented. Cystatin ability to inhibit heterologous cysteine protease activities is commented on as well as some approaches of tailoring cystatin specificity to enhance their defence function towards pests. A general landscape on the digestive proteases of phytophagous insects and acari and the remarkable plasticity of their digestive physiology after feeding on cystatins are highlighted. Biotechnological approaches to produce recombinant cystatins to be added to artificial diets or to be sprayed as insecticide-acaricide compounds and the of use cystatins as transgenes are discussed. Multiple examples and applications are included to end with some conclusions and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Maria Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Laura Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Felix Ortego
- Departamento de Biologia Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Mao J, Liu F, Zeng F. Expression of a nematode symbiotic bacterium-derived protease inhibitor protein in tobacco enhanced tolerance against Myzus persicae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1981-9. [PMID: 22833276 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins of a protease inhibitor from an entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacterium (PIN1) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum cv. Samsun NN). The PIN1-GFP protein expressed under the control of the CaMV-35S promoter was detected in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants. The effect of PIN1 on anti-pest activity for Myzus persicae was tested by feeding neonate aphids on three independent homozygous lines. For nymphs fed on PIN1-GFP-expressing plants, no effects on insect survival were observed but average insect weight and fecundity were significantly reduced. The aphid biomass was decreased by 30-35 % compared to those reared on control plants. The effects of PIN1 on M. persicae were correlated with the decrease of the leucine aminopeptidase and total protease activities of whole insect extracts. Furthermore, an increase in polyphenoloxidase activity was observed in PIN1-GFP-expressing plants. These results revealed that the transgenic expression of PIN1 in tobacco enhanced tolerance against aphids. Key message This study suggests that entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacterium is another valuable resource of protease inhibitors which can be engineered into plants for insect pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Macedo MLR, Freire MDGM, Franco OL, Migliolo L, de Oliveira CFR. Practical and theoretical characterization of Inga laurina Kunitz inhibitor on the control of Homalinotus coriaceus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 158:164-72. [PMID: 21094272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Digestive endoprotease activities of the coconut palm weevil, Homalinotus coriaceus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were characterized based on the ability of gut extracts to hydrolyze specific synthetic substrates, optimal pH, and hydrolysis sensitivity to protease inhibitors. Trypsin-like proteinases were major enzymes for H. coriaceus, with minor activity by chymotrypsin proteinases. More importantly, gut proteinases of H. coriaceus were inhibited by trypsin inhibitor from Inga laurina seeds. In addition, a serine proteinase inhibitor from I. laurina seeds demonstrated significant reduction of growth of H. coriaceus larvae after feeding on inhibitor incorporated artificial diets. Dietary utilization experiments show that 0.05% I. laurina trypsin inhibitor, incorporated into an artificial diet, decreases the consumption rate and fecal production of H. coriaceus larvae. Dietary utilization experiments show that 0.05% I. laurina trypsin inhibitor, incorporated into an artificial diet, decreases the consumption rate and fecal production of H. coriaceus larvae. We have constructed a three-dimensional model of the trypsin inhibitor complexed with trypsin. The model was built based on its comparative homology with soybean trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitor of I. laurina shows structural features characteristic of the Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor. In summary, these findings contribute to the development of biotechnological tools such as transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mulligan EA, Ferry N, Jouanin L, Romeis J, Gatehouse AMR. Characterisation of adult green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) digestive physiology: impact of a cysteine protease inhibitor and a synthetic pyrethroid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:325-336. [PMID: 19924733 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of concern regarding potential non-target effects of GM crops, few studies have compared GM pest control with conventional methods. The impacts of cypermethrin and oilseed rape expressing oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1) were compared in this study on the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). RESULTS Adults fed purified rOC-1 showed a subtle shift in digestive protease profile, with an increasing reliance on serine proteases (chymotrypsin), increase in aspartic proteases and a slight reduction in elastase activity. Although there were no effects on mortality, onset of oviposition was delayed; however, once egg production commenced, egg laying and hatching success rates were comparable with those of controls. Oryzacystatin-1 expressed in pollen showed no detrimental effects. Cypermethrin had no effect on mortality owing to high levels of non-specific esterase activity resulting in partial breakdown of the insecticide. In spite of this, there was a significant delay in onset of oviposition and a significant reduction in egg production and viability. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential for pest management to impact on predators, but importantly it highlights the ability of the predator to detoxify/respond to treatments with different modes of action. In this case, exposure to an insecticide carried a greater fitness cost than exposure to a protease inhibitor expressed in transgenic crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Mulligan
- Institute of Research and Environmental Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle Upon-Tyne, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo M, Wang Z, Li H, Xia KF, Cai Y, Xu ZF. Overexpression of a weed (Solanum americanum) proteinase inhibitor in transgenic tobacco results in increased glandular trichome density and enhanced resistance to Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1896-1910. [PMID: 19468345 PMCID: PMC2680653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10041896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we produced transgenic tobacco plants by overexpressing a serine proteinase inhibitor gene, SaPIN2a, from the American black nightshade Solanum americanum under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. SaPIN2a was properly transcribed and translated as indicated by Northern blot and Western blot analyses. Functional integrity of SaPIN2a in transgenic plants was confirmed by proteinase inhibitory activity assay. Bioassays for insect resistance showed that SaPIN2a-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants were more resistant to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) larvae, two devastating pests of important crop plants, than the control plants. Interestingly, overexpression of SaPIN2a in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in a significant increase in glandular trichome density and a promotion of trichome branching, which could also provide an additional resistance mechanism in transgenic plants against insect pests. Therefore, SaPIN2a could be used as an alternative proteinase inhibitor for the production of insect-resistant transgenic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Huapeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Kuai-Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yinpeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Molecular Breeding of Energy Plants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kiggundu A, Goulet MC, Goulet C, Dubuc JF, Rivard D, Benchabane M, Pépin G, van der Vyver C, Kunert K, Michaud D. Modulating the proteinase inhibitory profile of a plant cystatin by single mutations at positively selected amino acid sites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:403-13. [PMID: 16965553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinase inhibitors of the cystatin superfamily have several important functions in plants, including the inhibition of exogenous cysteine proteinases during herbivory or infection. Here we used a maximum-likelihood approach to assess whether plant cystatins, like other proteins implicated in host-pest interactions, have been subject to positive selection during the course of their evolution. Several amino acid sites were identified as being positively selected in cystatins from either Poaceae (monocots) and Solanaceae (dicots). These hypervariable sites were located at strategic positions on the protein: on each side of the conserved glycine residues in the N-terminal trunk, within the first and second inhibitory loops entering the active site of target enzymes, and surrounding the larfav motif, a sequence of unknown function conserved among plant cystatins. Supporting the assumption that positively selected, hypervariable sites are indicative of amino acid sites implicated in functional diversity, mutants of the 8th cystatin unit of tomato multicystatin including alternative residues at positively selected sites in the N-terminal trunk exhibited highly variable affinities for the cysteine proteases papain, cathepsin B and cathepsin H. Overall, these observations support the hypothesis that plant cystatins have been under selective pressure to evolve in response to predatory challenges by herbivorous enemies. They also indicate the potential of site-directed mutagenesis at positively selected sites for the generation of cystatins with improved binding properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kiggundu
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Botany Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Mulligan EA, Ferry N, Jouanin L, Walters KF, Port GR, Gatehouse AM. Comparing the impact of conventional pesticide and use of a transgenic pest-resistant crop on the beneficial carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:999-1012. [PMID: 16906504 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of a chemical pesticide control method has been compared with that of transgenic plants expressing a protease inhibitor conferring insect resistance by utilising a tritrophic system comprising the crop plant Brassica napus (L.) (Oilseed rape), the pest mollusc Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) and the predatory carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger). Cypermethrin, as the most widely used pesticide in UK oilseed rape (OSR) cultivation, was selected as the conventional treatment. OSR expressing a cysteine protease inhibitor, oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1), was the transgenic comparator. In feeding trials, D. reticulatum showed no significant long-term effects on measured life history parameters (survival, weight gain, food consumption) as a result of exposure to either the cypermethrin or OC-1 treatment. However, D. reticulatum was able to respond to the presence of the dietary inhibitor by producing two novel proteases following exposure to OC-1-expressing OSR. Similarly, P. melanarius showed no detectable alterations in mortality, weight gain or food consumption when feeding on D. reticulatum previously fed either pesticide-contaminated or GM plant material. Furthermore, as with the slug, a novel form of protease, approximately M(r) 27 kDa, was induced in the carabid in response to feeding on slugs fed OC-1-expressing OSR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Mulligan
- Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, School of Biology, University of Newcastle Upon-Tyne, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cowgill SE, Atkinson HJ. A sequential approach to risk assessment of transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors: effects on nontarget herbivorous insects. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:439-49. [PMID: 12885165 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024215922148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors expressed in transgenic plants can provide enhanced levels of resistance to important pest species. A sequential approach for testing the effects of protease inhibitor-expressing crops on nontarget herbivorous insects has been developed. The approach consists of five tiers. The first two tiers comprise the selection phase. In tier one, field surveys are used to characterise the nontarget invertebrate fauna of a crop. In tier 2, histochemical assays are used to identify the subset of herbivores with a particular class of digestive proteolytic enzymes. In the assessment phase a combination of laboratory 'worst-case scenario' studies (tier 3) and controlled environment or small-scale field trials (tier 4) are used to evaluate the impact of the protease inhibitor-expressing plants on the selected nontarget species. In the final tier, field trials are used to compare the relative effect of transgenic plants and current management practices, such as pesticide use, on selected species. The first four tiers of the approach are described using potatoes expressing cystatins, a family of cysteine proteinase inhibitors, as an example. Although the plants have enhanced levels of resistance to potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis, the results establish that they have negligible impact on the nontarget herbivorous insect, Eupteryx aurata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Cowgill
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim JH, Mullin CA. Impact of cysteine proteinase inhibition in midgut fluid and oral secretion on fecundity and pollen consumption of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 52:139-154. [PMID: 12587142 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases predominate in the midgut fluid (MF) and oral secretion (OS) of adult western corn rootworm (WCR) based on their mild acidic pH optima (pH 6.0), enhanced activities after treatment with thiol reducing agents, and inhibition by selective cysteine proteinase inhibitors (PIs). Four cysteine PIs including E-64, calpeptin, calpain inhibitor II, and leupeptin (also a serine PI) strongly inhibited azocaseinolytic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both the MF and OS. The most significant effect on adult female WCR of cysteine PI consumption with corn pollen was the reduction in fecundity, but female survival was not apparently affected. Mean fresh weights for all PI-fed females were also lower than control groups. All PI-fed groups [E-64, calpain inhibitor I (Cal I) and leupeptin] had a significantly lower daily egg production than respective corn pollen-fed controls. E-64 was more potent than leupeptin and Cal I on inhibiting fecundity, which correlates with their relative anti-proteinase potency in vitro. E-64, Cal I, and leupeptin at 1.5-2 nmol/beetle/day reduced fecundity down to 25-45% of control values. Reduced egg production by PI-fed beetles results from a combination of the direct inhibition of protein digestion and a post-ingestive negative feedback mechanism, which reduces food intake. The supplement of ten essential amino acids into the E-64-treated pollen enhanced up to 3.7-fold the number of eggs laid compared to the E-64-fed group without these amino acids, suggesting that egg production is dependent on the supply of essential amino acids from corn pollen proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hak Kim
- Pesticide Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ferry N, Raemaekers RJM, Majerus MEN, Jouanin L, Port G, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AMR. Impact of oilseed rape expressing the insecticidal cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin on the beneficial predator Harmonia axyridis (multicoloured Asian ladybeetle). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:493-504. [PMID: 12535099 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insect-resistant transgenic plants have been suggested to have deleterious effects on beneficial predators through transmission of the transgene product by the pest to the predator. To test this hypothesis, effects of oilseed rape expressing the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin-1 (OC-1) on the predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis were investigated using diamondback moth Plutella xylostella as the pest species. As expected, oilseed rape expressing OC-1 had no effects on either development or survival of the pest, which utilizes serine digestive proteases. Immunoassays confirmed accumulation of the transgene product in pest larval tissues at levels of up to 3 ng per gut. Characterization of proteolytic digestive enzymes of H. axyridis demonstrated that larvae and adults utilize cysteine and aspartic proteases; the former activity was completely inhibited by oryzacystatin in vitro. However, when H. axyridis larvae consumed prey reared on OC-1 expressing plants over their entire life cycle, no significant effects upon survival or overall development were observed. The inhibitor initially stimulated development, with a shortening of the developmental period of the second instar by 27% (P < 0.0001) accompanied by a 36% increase in weight of second instar larvae (P = 0.007). OC-1 had no detrimental effects on reproductive fitness of adult H. axyridis. Interestingly there was a significant increase in consumption of OC-1 dosed prey. The results show that prey reared on transgenic plants expressing a protein which inhibited ladybird digestive enzymes in vitro had no effects in vivo; the ladybird was able to up-regulate digestive proteases in response to the inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ferry
- School of Biology, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cowgill SE, Wright C, Atkinson HJ. Transgenic potatoes with enhanced levels of nematode resistance do not have altered susceptibility to nontarget aphids. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:821-7. [PMID: 11972767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinase inhibitors (cystatins) confer resistance to plant-parasitic nematodes when expressed in transgenic plants. The survival and growth of nymphs of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, were adversely affected when cystatins were added to artificial diets. When aphids were clip-caged onto transgenic plants expressing chicken egg white cystatin (CEWc) there was no adverse effect on aphid fitness. Field populations of aphids on transgenic Desiree potatoes, expressing CEWc or a modified version of oryzacystatin I, were not significantly different from populations on control Desiree plants. The effect of other nematode management options on aphid numbers was also studied. A conventionally bred cultivar, with partial nematode resistance, supported higher populations of aphids than the transgenic lines at the beginning of the sampling period. Peak aphid densities on the untreated control and untreated transgenic lines were 7 and 5.2 aphids per plant. Aldicarb, commonly used to control nematodes on potatoes, reduced the value to less than 0.2 aphids per plant. The results demonstrate that levels of expression in the plant tissue actually consumed are important in determining the risk of cystatins to nontarget invertebrates. The study also highlights the importance of including currently used management options in any assessment of the impact of transgenic plants on nontarget organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Cowgill
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schuler TH, Denholm I, Jouanin L, Clark SJ, Clark AJ, Poppy GM. Population-scale laboratory studies of the effect of transgenic plants on nontarget insects. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:1845-53. [PMID: 11472551 DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on beneficial insects have, to date, concentrated mainly on either small-scale "worst case scenario" laboratory experiments or on field trials. We present a laboratory method using large population cages that represent an intermediate experimental scale, allowing the study of ecological and behavioural interactions between transgenic plants, pests and their natural enemies under more controlled conditions than is possible in the field. Previous studies have also concentrated on natural enemies of lepidopteran and coleopteran target pests. However, natural enemies of other pests, which are not controlled by the transgenic plants, are also potentially exposed to the transgene product when feeding on hosts. The reduction in the use of insecticides on transgenic crops could lead to increasing problems with such nontarget pests, normally controlled by sprays, especially if there are any negative effects of the transgenic plant on their natural enemies. This study tested two lines of insect-resistant transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) for side-effects on the hymenopteran parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and its aphid host, Myzus persicae. One transgenic line expressed the delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and a second expressed the proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I (OC-I) from rice. These transgenic plant lines were developed to provide resistance to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, respectively. No detrimental effects of the transgenic oilseed rape lines on the ability of the parasitoid to control aphid populations were observed. Adult parasitoid emergence and sex ratio were also not consistently altered on the transgenic oilseed rape lines compared with the wild-type lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Schuler
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Leo F, Bonadé-Bottino M, Ceci LR, Gallerani R, Jouanin L. Effects of a mustard trypsin inhibitor expressed in different plants on three lepidopteran pests. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 31:593-602. [PMID: 11267898 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of mustard trypsin inhibitor MTI-2 expressed at different levels in transgenic tobacco, arabidopsis and oilseed rape lines have been evaluated against three different lepidopteran insect pests. 1. Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae were the most sensitive to the ingestion of MTI-2. The inhibitor expressed at high levels in arabidopsis plants caused rapid and complete mortality. High mortality and significantly delayed larval development were also detectable in oilseed rape expressing MTI-2 at lower levels. 2. Mamestra brassicae (L.) larvae were sensitive only at high MTI-2 expression level, as obtained in transgenic tobacco and arabidopsis, whereas no effects were observed for larvae fed on plants showing relatively low expression levels such as those of oilseed rape lines. 3. Feeding bioassays with Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae were carried out using the same oilseed rape lines, showing that at these low expression levels no mortality was observed although a delay in larval development did occur. The levels of insect gut proteolytic activities of the larvae still alive at the end of a 7 day feeding bioassay were usually higher than in the controls, but no new proteinases were expressed in any case. The combined results described in this paper demonstrate altogether the relevance of a case-by-case analysis [target insects and proteinase inhibitor (PI) level of expression in planta] in a PI-based strategy for plant protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F De Leo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cloutier C, Jean C, Fournier M, Yelle S, Michaud D. Adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata compensate for nutritional stress on oryzacystatin I-transgenic potato plants by hypertrophic behavior and over-production of insensitive proteases. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 44:69-81. [PMID: 10861867 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6327(200006)44:2<69::aid-arch2>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors have been proposed as potential control molecules that could be engineered into potato plants for developing crops resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a major pest of potato and other Solanaceae. In this study, we examined the effects of feeding young female beetles with foliage from a cultivar of the "Kennebec" potato line (K52) transformed with a gene encoding oryzacystatin I (OCI), a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor with proven activity against cathepsin H-like enzymes of larvae and adults of the potato beetle. To evaluate the insect's performance, we collected data over a 16-d postemergence period on survival, diapause incidence, foliage consumption, weight gain, and oviposition of females. Tested individuals were fed untransformed (control) and OCI-transformed foliage at two stages of potato leaf differentiation, corresponding to "low" and "high" levels of OCI expression in leaves of K52. The OCI-expressing foliage did not affect female survival (close to 100%), incidence of diapause (15-30%), relative growth rate (RGR) during postemergence growth (5-9% d(-1)) or maximum weight reached (140-160 mg). Neither did it affect female reproductive fitness as measured by preoviposition time (8-9 d), 16-d fecundity (220-290 eggs), or egg eclosion incidence (86-91%). However, nutritional stress to females feeding on OCI foliage was evident, as reflected in their lower efficiency of conversion of ingested foliage (ECI) during postemergence growth, increased foliage consumed per egg laid (up to 119% more), and adaptation of their digestive proteolytic system to the inhibitory effect of OCI. Interestingly, beetles fed foliage expressing the highest level of OCI reacted rapidly to the presence of OCI by producing OCI-insensitive proteases, and exhibiting strong hypertrophic behavior by ingestion of 2.4-2.5 times more OCI rich foliage apparently as a compensatory response for nutritional stress due to the protease inhibitor in their diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Recent research shows partially overlapping signal transduction pathways controlling responses to wounding, insects, and pathogens. Chemical and behavioral assays show that plants release herbivore-specific volatiles, and that parasitic wasps can distinguish between these emission patterns. QTL mapping and candidate gene studies are beginning to identify polymorphic resistance genes, and ecological analyses provide information on the physiological and fitness costs of resistance. Such multidisciplinary approaches can elucidate the physiological causes and ecological consequences of plant-herbivore interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H U Stotz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Okologie, Tatzendpromenade 1a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
De Leo F, Bonade-Bottino, Ceci, Gallerani, Jouanin. Opposite effects on spodoptera littoralis larvae of high expression level of a trypsin proteinase inhibitor in transgenic plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 118:997-1004. [PMID: 9808744 PMCID: PMC34810 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.3.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/1998] [Accepted: 08/17/1998] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This work illustrates potential adverse effects linked with the expression of proteinase inhibitor (PI) in plants used as a strategy to enhance pest resistance. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) and Arabidopsis [Heynh.] ecotype Wassilewskija) transgenic plants expressing the mustard trypsin PI 2 (MTI-2) at different levels were obtained. First-instar larvae of the Egyptian cotton worm (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.) were fed on detached leaves of these plants. The high level of MTI-2 expression in leaves had deleterious effects on larvae, causing mortality and decreasing mean larval weight, and was correlated with a decrease in the leaf surface eaten. However, larvae fed leaves from plants expressing MTI-2 at the low expression level did not show increased mortality, but a net gain in weight and a faster development compared with control larvae. The low MTI-2 expression level also resulted in increased leaf damage. These observations are correlated with the differential expression of digestive proteinases in the larval gut; overexpression of existing proteinases on low-MTI-2-expression level plants and induction of new proteinases on high-MTI-2-expression level plants. These results emphasize the critical need for the development of a PI-based defense strategy for plants obtaining the appropriate PI-expression level relative to the pest's sensitivity threshold to that PI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Leo F
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Moleculare, Universita di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy (F.D.L., R.G.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|