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Genetic variation and intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans: A systematic review and a gene network analysis. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101164. [PMID: 35390434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal cholesterol absorption varies widely between individuals, which may translate into differences in responsiveness to cholesterol-lowering drugs or diets. Therefore, understanding the importance of genetic variation on cholesterol absorption rates and the complex intestinal cholesterol network is important. Based on a systematic review, genetic variants in seven genes (ABCG5, ABCG8, ABO, APOE, MTTP, NPC1L1, and LDLR) were identified that were associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption. No clear associations were found for variants in APOA4, APOB, CETP, CYP7A1, HMGCR, SCARB1, SLCO1B1, and SREBF1. The seven genes were used to construct an intestinal cholesterol absorption network. Finally, a network with fifteen additional genes (APOA1, APOA4, APOB, APOC2, APOC3, CETP, HSPG2, LCAT, LDLRAP1, LIPC, LRP1, OLR1, P4HB, SAR1B, and SDC1) was generated. The constructed network shows that cholesterol absorption is complex. Further studies are needed to validate and improve this network, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the wide inter-individual variability in intestinal cholesterol absorption and the development of personalized interventions.
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Ma P, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Yin Y, Wang S, Han R, Huo C, Deng H. Mifepristone (RU486) inhibits dietary lipid digestion by antagonizing the role of glucocorticoid receptor on lipase transcription. iScience 2021; 24:102507. [PMID: 34308280 PMCID: PMC8257970 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid digestion and absorption are tightly regulated to cope with metabolic demands among tissues. How these processes are coordinated is not well characterized. Here, we found that mifepristone (RU486) prevents lipid digestion both in flies and mice. In flies, RU486 administration suppresses lipid digestion by transcriptional downregulating Magro in guts. Similarly, intestinal lipid uptake in mice was also suppressed by RU486 through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Further studies showed that the pancreatic lipase Pnlip is a direct transcriptional target of GR in pancreas tissues. Glucocorticoid levels in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) are significantly lower than those fed on a conventional diet, and RU486 administration inhibits HFD-induced obesity both in mice and flies. Our findings identified a novel mechanism of RU486 functions as a GR antagonist systematically regulating lipid metabolism, providing new insight on the role of Glucocorticoid/GR in Cushing disease, diabetes, and other related metabolic syndromes. RU486 suppresses lipid digestion both in mice and flies. In flies, lipase Magro is transcriptionally suppressed by RU486 through dERR. In mice, intestinal lipid digestion is inhibited by RU486 through (GR)/PTL pathway in pancreas. RU486 alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity both in flies and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ma
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Qiying Liang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Youjie Yin
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Saifei Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Ruolei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Chunyu Huo
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Hansong Deng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
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Babilonia-Rosa MA, Neher SB. Purification, cellular levels, and functional domains of lipase maturation factor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:423-8. [PMID: 24909692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over a third of the US adult population has hypertriglyceridemia, resulting in an increased risk of atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, and metabolic syndrome. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a dimeric enzyme, is the main lipase responsible for TG clearance from the blood after food intake. LPL requires an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident, transmembrane protein known as lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1) for secretion and enzymatic activity. LMF1 is believed to act as a client specific chaperone for dimeric lipases, but the precise mechanism by which LMF1 functions is not understood. Here, we examine which domains of LMF1 contribute to dimeric lipase maturation by assessing the function of truncation variants. N-terminal truncations of LMF1 show that all the domains are necessary for LPL maturation. Fluorescence microscopy and protease protection assays confirmed that these variants were properly oriented in the ER. We measured cellular levels of LMF1 and found that it is expressed at low levels and each molecule of LMF1 promotes the maturation of 50 or more molecules of LPL. Thus we provide evidence for the critical role of the N-terminus of LMF1 for the maturation of LPL and relevant ratio of chaperone to substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Babilonia-Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Comparative Structures and Evolution of Vertebrate Carboxyl Ester Lipase (CEL) Genes and Proteins with a Major Role in Reverse Cholesterol Transport. CHOLESTEROL 2011; 2011:781643. [PMID: 22162806 PMCID: PMC3227413 DOI: 10.1155/2011/781643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile-salt activated carboxylic ester lipase (CEL) is a major triglyceride, cholesterol ester and vitamin ester hydrolytic enzyme contained within pancreatic and lactating mammary gland secretions. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures and gene locations for CEL genes, and encoded proteins using data from several vertebrate genome projects. A proline-rich and O-glycosylated 11-amino acid C-terminal repeat sequence (VNTR) previously reported for human and other higher primate CEL proteins was also observed for other eutherian mammalian CEL sequences examined. In contrast, opossum CEL contained a single C-terminal copy of this sequence whereas CEL proteins from platypus, chicken, lizard, frog and several fish species lacked the VNTR sequence. Vertebrate CEL genes contained 11 coding exons. Evidence is presented for tandem duplicated CEL genes for the zebrafish genome. Vertebrate CEL protein subunits shared 53-97% sequence identities; demonstrated sequence alignments and identities for key CEL amino acid residues; and conservation of predicted secondary and tertiary structures with those previously reported for human CEL. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the vertebrate CEL family of genes which were related to a nematode carboxylesterase (CES) gene and five mammalian CES gene families.
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Lampidonis AD, Rogdakis E, Voutsinas GE, Stravopodis DJ. The resurgence of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL) in mammalian lipolysis. Gene 2011; 477:1-11. [PMID: 21241784 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to store energy in the form of energy-dense triacylglycerol and to mobilize these stores rapidly during periods of low carbohydrate availability or throughout the strong metabolic demand is a highly conserved process, absolutely essential for survival. In the industrialized world the regulation of this pathway is viewed as an important therapeutic target for disease prevention. Adipose tissue lipolysis is a catabolic process leading to the breakdown of triacylglycerols stored in fat cells, and release of fatty acids and glycerol. Mobilization of adipose tissue fat is mediated by the MGL, HSL and ATGL, similarly functioning enzymes. ATGL initiates lipolysis followed by the actions of HSL on diacylglycerol, and MGL on monoacylglycerol. HSL is regulated by reversible phosphorylation on five critical residues. Phosphorylation alone, however, is not enough to activate HSL. Probably, conformational alterations and a translocation from the cytoplasm to lipid droplets are also involved. In accordance, Perilipin functions as a master regulator of lipolysis, protecting or exposing the triacylglycerol core of a lipid droplet to lipases. The prototype processes of hormonal lipolytic control are the β-adrenergic stimulation and suppression by insulin, both of which affect cytoplasmic cyclic AMP levels. Lipolysis in adipocytes is an important process in the management of body energy reserves. Its deregulation may contribute to the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other pathological situations. We, herein, discuss the metabolic regulation and function of lipases mediating mammalian lipolysis with a focus on HSL, quoting newly identified members of the lipolytic proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis D Lampidonis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
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Lampidonis AD, Argyrokastritis A, Stravopodis DJ, Voutsinas GE, Ntouroupi TG, Margaritis LH, Bizelis I, Rogdakis E. Cloning and functional characterization of the ovine Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) full-length cDNAs: An integrated approach. Gene 2008; 416:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aloulou A, Grandval P, De Caro J, De Caro A, Carrière F. Constitutive expression of human pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 47:415-21. [PMID: 16481202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-level constitutive expression of the human pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (HPLRP1) was achieved using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The HPLRP1 cDNA, including its original leader sequence, was subcloned into the pGAPZB vector and further integrated into the genome of P. pastoris X-33 under the control of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) constitutive promoter. A major protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa was found to be secreted into the culture medium and was identified using anti-HPLRP1 polyclonal antibodies as HPLRP1 recombinant protein. The level of expression reached 100-120 mg of HPLRP1 per liter of culture medium after 40 h, as attested by specific and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A single cation-exchange chromatography sufficed to obtain a highly purified recombinant HPLRP1 after direct batch adsorption onto S-Sepharose of the HPLRP1 present in the culture medium, at pH 5.5. N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis were carried out to monitor the production of the mature protein and to confirm that its signal peptide was properly processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aloulou
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 CNRS-Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, Marseille, France
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Perret B, Mabile L, Martinez L, Tercé F, Barbaras R, Collet X. Hepatic lipase:structure/function relationship, synthesis,and regulation. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r100020-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Ways JA, Cicila GT, Garrett MR, Koch LG. A genome scan for Loci associated with aerobic running capacity in rats. Genomics 2002; 80:13-20. [PMID: 12079278 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic capacity is a complex trait that defines the efficiency to use atmospheric oxygen as an electron acceptor in energy transfer. Copenhagen (COP) and DA inbred rat strains show a wide difference in a test for aerobic treadmill running and serve as contrasting genetic models for aerobic capacity. A genome scan was carried out on an F(2)(COP x DA) segregating population (n=224) to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with aerobic running capacity. Linkage analysis revealed a significant QTL on chromosome 16 (lod score, 4.0). A suggestive linkage was found near the p-terminus of chromosome 3 (lod score, 2.2) with evidence of an interaction with another QTL on chromosome 16 (lod score, 2.9). All three QTLs showed a dominant mode of inheritance in which the presence of at least one DA allele was associated with a greater distance run. These results represent the first aerobic capacity QTLs identified in genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ways
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, 43614-5804, USA
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10
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Boedeker JC, Doolittle MH, White AL. Differential effect of combined lipase deficiency (cld/cld) on human hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase secretion. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Lombardo D. Bile salt-dependent lipase: its pathophysiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:1-28. [PMID: 11514232 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Lombardo
- INSERM Unité 559, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, 27 Blv Jean Moulin, 13385 Cedex 05, Marseille, France.
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12
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Wang SP, Laurin N, Himms-Hagen J, Rudnicki MA, Levy E, Robert MF, Pan L, Oligny L, Mitchell GA. The adipose tissue phenotype of hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency in mice. OBESITY RESEARCH 2001; 9:119-28. [PMID: 11316346 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2001.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To directly ascertain the physiological roles in adipocytes of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; E.C. 3.1.1.3), a multifunctional hydrolase that can mediate triacylglycerol cleavage in adipocytes. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We performed constitutive gene targeting of the mouse HSL gene (Lipe), subsequently studied the adipose tissue phenotype clinically and histologically, and measured lipolysis in isolated adipocytes. RESULTS Homozygous HSL-/- mice have no detectable HSL peptide or cholesteryl esterase activity in adipose tissue, and heterozygous mice have intermediate levels with respect to wild-type and deficient littermates. HSL-deficient mice have normal body weight but reduced abdominal fat mass compared with normal littermates. Histologically, both white and brown adipose tissues in HSL-/- mice show marked heterogeneity in cell size, with markedly enlarged adipocytes juxtaposed to cells of normal morphology. In isolated HSL-/- adipocytes, lipolysis is not significantly increased by beta3-adrenergic stimulation, but under basal conditions in the absence of added catecholamines, the lipolytic rate of isolated HSL-/- adipocytes is at least as high as that of cells from normal controls. Cold tolerance during a 48-hour period at 4 degrees C was similar in HSL-/- mice and controls. Overnight fasting was well-tolerated clinically by HSL-/- mice, but after fasting, liver triglyceride content was significantly lower in HSL-/- mice compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS In isolated fat cells, the lipolytic rate after beta-adrenergic stimulation is mainly dependent on HSL. However, the observation of a normal rate of lipolysis in unstimulated HSL-/- adipocytes suggests that HSL-independent lipolytic pathway(s) exist in fat. Physiologically, HSL deficiency in mice has a modest effect under normal fed conditions and is compatible with normal maintenance of core body temperature during cold stress. However, the lipolytic response to overnight fasting is subnormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Center, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lammert F, Carey MC, Paigen B. Chromosomal organization of candidate genes involved in cholesterol gallstone formation: a murine gallstone map. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:221-38. [PMID: 11208732 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.20878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and family studies indicate that cholesterol gallstone formation is in part genetically determined. The major contribution to our current understanding of gallstone genes derives from animal studies, particularly cross-breeding experiments in inbred mouse strains that differ in genetic susceptibility to cholesterol gallstone formation (quantitative trait loci mapping). In this review we summarize how the combined use of genomic strategies and phenotypic studies in inbred mice has proven to be a powerful means of dissecting the complex pathophysiology of this common disease. We present a "gallstone map" for the mouse, consisting of all genetic loci that have been identified to confer gallstone susceptibility as well as putative candidate genes. Translation of the genetic loci and genes between mouse and human predicts chromosomal regions in the human genome that are likely to harbor gallstone genes. Both the number and the precise understanding of gallstone genes are expected to further increase with rapid progress of the genome projects, and multiple new targets for early diagnosis and prevention of gallstone disease should become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lammert
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Abstract
A differential pancreatic behavior observed between male and female mice in diabetes and pancreatitis led us to study the gene and protein expressions of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic proteins in normal mice. We compared the levels of expression of six pancreatic genes and of four of the corresponding proteins in male and female mice OF1. Amylase gene expression was found to be significantly higher in females than in males, whereas trypsinogen and lipase gene expression were significantly lower. For chymotrypsinogen, reg, and insulin the differences were not significant. This sexual dimorphism did not exist in rat pancreas, where no gender difference was observed. After characterization of mice enzymes by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and antibodies directed to the closely related human pancreatic enzymes, we have compared the levels of these proteins in mice pancreatic homogenates. No significant difference was observed between males and females at the level of protein expression. These data suggest a hormonal sexual difference in the regulation of pancreatic protein synthesis at the pre- and posttranscriptional levels in normal mice, which may play a role in the development of mice pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sanchez
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Glandes Exocrines, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
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Yang Y, Sanchez D, Figarella C, Lowe ME. Discoordinate expression of pancreatic lipase and two related proteins in the human fetal pancreas. Pediatr Res 2000; 47:184-8. [PMID: 10674344 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200002000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lipase gene family contains a large number of members. Among the most closely related are pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) and two pancreatic lipase-related proteins (PLRP1 and PLRP2). Previous studies in rodents demonstrated divergent temporal expression of the genes encoding these proteins. PLRP1 and PLRP2 were expressed in fetal pancreas, whereas PTL was not expressed until pups were several weeks old. To determine whether the human pancreas has a similar expression pattern for these genes, we determined the levels of each mRNA in fetal pancreas at various ages. A reverse transcriptase-PCR method was developed and used to quantify the mRNA levels for the three species normalized to the mRNA encoding cyclophillin. The mRNA encoding PLRP1 and PLRP2 was present by 16 wk in the fetal pancreas. In contrast, the mRNA encoding PTL was not present in the fetal pancreas. This pattern of expression suggests that the genes encoding theses proteins have different regulatory elements controlling temporal expression and provides another example of nonparallel expression of genes encoding pancreatic exocrine proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Schultz CJ, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Scow RO. Adrenal and liver in normal and cld/cld mice synthesize and secrete hepatic lipase, but the lipase is inactive in cld/cld mice. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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cld and lec23 are disparate mutations that affect maturation of lipoprotein lipase in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Aleman-Gomez JA, Colwell NS, Vyas K, Borecki I, Shonfeld G, Lange LG, Kumar VB. Relationship of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene structure with lipid phenotypes. Life Sci 1999; 64:2419-27. [PMID: 10374906 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cholesterol esterase is one of the enzymes that plays a pivotal role in cholesterol absorption. Differences in the genotype of this enzyme could affect the susceptibility of individuals to dyslipidemia and/or cardiovascular disease. We undertook this study to investigate if any correlation exists between restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene and serum lipid levels. DNA from 96 healthy adults was restricted with Stu I, Southern blotted, and probed with cDNA of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Results revealed six distinct patterns which were classified as A, B, C, D, E, and F which had a population frequency of 1%, 34.5%, 49%, 12.5%, 1% and 2% respectively. Correlation of the distribution of lipid and lipoprotein levels by pattern and sex revealed a significant interaction between pattern type and HDL (p=0.03) in the most common group (group C) for males. Male patients of pattern C tended to have a lower LDL cholesterol than non-pattern C males (p=0.07); in addition, 80% of all males in the study population with LDL cholesterol under 100 mg/dl were found in pattern C. Thus, the most common Stu I RFLP genotype is associated with a favorable lipid phenotype. This report shows an association between the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase genotype and serum lipid levels. Further analysis of a larger study group with Stu I and alternative polymorphic restriction enzymes is warranted, to confirm this biologically plausible result.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Aleman-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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De Caro J, Carrière F, Barboni P, Giller T, Verger R, De Caro A. Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1) is present in the pancreatic juice of several species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1387:331-41. [PMID: 9748646 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1) was purified from human, canine, porcine and rat pancreatic juices. The four PLRP1s were identified using microsequencing methods after performing gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA-54 followed by chromatography on Heparin-Sepharose cation-exchanger. Polyclonal antibodies specific to human PLRP1 (HPLRP1) were raised in the rabbit using a synthetic decapeptide from HPLRP1. The results of Western blotting analysis showed that these antibodies recognized native HPLRP1 and recombinant HPLRP1 produced by insect cells, and cross-reacted only with rat PLRP1 (RPLRP1). No significant lipolytic activity was observed with native canine PLRP1 and recombinant HPLRP1 on various glycerides, phospholipid and vitamin esters, or on cholesterol esters. It was established for the first time that this protein is secreted in variable amounts by the adult exocrine pancreas of several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Caro
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025 de l'IFRC 1 du CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Anthonsen HW, Baptista A, Drabløs F, Martel P, Petersen SB, Sebastião M, Vaz L. Lipases and esterases: a review of their sequences, structure and evolution. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 1998; 1:315-71. [PMID: 9704093 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)70056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a brief review on the enzyme family of lipases and esterases. The sequences, 3D structures and pH dependent electrostatic signatures are presented and analyzed. Since the family comprises more than 100 sequences, we have tried to focus on the most interesting features from our perspective, which translates into finding similarities and differences between members of this family, in particular in and around the active sites, and to identify residues that are partially or totally conserved. Such residues we believe are either important for maintaining the structural scaf-fold of the protein or to maintain activity or specificity. The structure function relationship for these proteins is therefore of central interest. Can we uniquely identify a protein from this large family of sequences--and if so, what is the identifier? The protein family displays some highly complex features: many of the proteins are interfacially activated, i.e. they need to be in physical contact with the aggregated substrate. Access to the active site is blocked with either a loop fragment or an alpha-helical fragment in the absence of interfacial contact. Although the number of known, relevant protein 3D structures is growing steadily, we are nevertheless faced with a virtual explosion in the number of known or deduced amino acid sequences. It is therefore unrealistic to expect that all protein sequences within the foreseeable future will have their 3D structure determined by X-ray diffractional analysis or through other methods. When feasible the gene and/or the amino acid sequences will be analyzed from an evolutionary perspective. As the 3D folds are often remarkably similar, both among the triglyceride lipases as well as among the esterases, the functional diversities (e.g. specificity) must originate in differences in surface residue utilization, in particular of charged residues. The pH variations in the isopotential surfaces of some of the most interesting lipases are presented and a qualitative interpretation proposed. Finally we illustrate that NMR has potential for becoming an important tool in the study of lipases, esterases and their kinetics.
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Scow RO, Schultz CJ, Park JW, Blanchette-Mackie EJ. Combined lipase deficiency (cld/cld) in mice affects differently post-translational processing of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and pancreatic lipase. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 93:149-55. [PMID: 9720257 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), which act on plasma lipoproteins, belong to the same gene family as pancreatic lipase. LPL is synthesized in heart, muscle and adipose tissue, while HL is synthesized primarily in liver. LPL is also synthesized in liver of newborn rodents. The active form of LPL is a dimer, whereas that of HL has not been established. Combined lipase deficiency (CLD) is an autosomal recessive mutation (cld) in mice which impairs post-translational processing of LPL and HL. Cld/cld mice have very low LPL and HL activities (< 5% of normal), yet normal pancreatic lipase activity. They develop massive hypertriglyceridemia and die within 3 days after birth. The CLD mutation allows synthesis, glycosylation and dimerization of LPL, but blocks activation and secretion of the lipase. Thus, dimerization per se does not result in production of active LPL. Immunofluorescence studies showed that LPL is retained in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cld/cld cells. Translocation of Golgi components to ER by treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) enabled synthesis of active LPL in cultured cld/cld brown adipocytes. Thus, production of inactive LPL in cld/cld cells results from inability of the cells to transport LPL from ER. The CLD mutation allows synthesis and glycosylation of HL, but blocks activation of the lipase. Immunofluorescence studies located HL mostly outside of cells in liver, liver cell cultures and incubated adrenal tissue of normal and cld/cld mice and mostly inside of cells in liver cell cultures and adrenal tissues treated with monensin (to block secretion of protein). These findings demonstrate synthesis and secretion of HL by both liver and adrenal cells of normal and cld/cld mice. Thus, the CLD mutation allows secretion of inactive HL by liver and adrenals. However, it does not block synthesis or secretion of active pancreatic lipase. Our findings indicate that LPL, HL and pancreatic lipase, although closely related, are processed differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Scow
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Sztrolovics R, Wang SP, Lapierre P, Chen HS, Robert MF, Mitchell GA. Hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe): sequence analysis of the 129Sv mouse Lipe gene. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:86-9. [PMID: 9060404 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe) catalyzes both the release lease of fatty acids from storage triglycerides in adipocytes and the liberation of cholesterol from cholesterol esters in steroidogenic tissues. Lipe activity is regulated in a tissue-, development- and hormone-specific fashion, the latter in large part by serine phosphorylation. We cloned and sequenced the Lipe gene from the 129Sv strain mouse, including 2.7 kb of the 5' nontranslated region. The primary transcript of the 129Sv Lipe locus spans 9.6 kb and contains 9 exons. We studied the curious hypervariable region immediately 5' to the regulatory serine residues by aligning the peptide and nucleic acid sequences of mouse, human, and rat Lipe. We propose that much of the variability is attributable to differences in the copy number of a 12-nucleotide repeat that shifts the intron 7 acceptor splice site. Introns 1 and 7 contain B1 elements, which in intron 7 are immediately adjacent to a tetranucleotide repeat. The mouse Lipe promoter region contains numerous potential binding motifs for factors implicated in adipose tissue expression and hormone responsiveness including adipocyte determination- and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1/SREBP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sztrolovics
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Ste-Justine, Montreal Quebec, Canada
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23
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Hui DY. Molecular biology of enzymes involved with cholesterol ester hydrolysis in mammalian tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1303:1-14. [PMID: 8816847 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267-0529, USA
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24
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Pravenec M, Kren V, Wang J, Bottger A, van Zutphen LF, Kurtz TW. Linkage mapping of the carboxyl ester lipase gene (Cel) to rat chromosome 3. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:559-60. [PMID: 8672150 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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25
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Boring L, Gosling J, Monteclaro FS, Lusis AJ, Tsou CL, Charo IF. Molecular cloning and functional expression of murine JE (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and murine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha receptors: evidence for two closely linked C-C chemokine receptors on chromosome 9. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7551-8. [PMID: 8631787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.13.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated cDNA clones that encode two closely related, murine C-C chemokine receptors. Both receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane domain family of receptors and are most closely related to the human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor. Expression of each of the receptors was detected in murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines, but not in nonhematopoietic lines. Expression of these receptors in Xenopus oocytes revealed that one receptor signaled in response to low nanomolar concentrations of murine JE, whereas the second receptor was activated by murine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha and the human chemokines MIP-1beta and RANTES. Binding studies revealed high affinity binding of radiolabeled mJE to the mJE receptor and murine MIP-1alpha to the second receptor. Chromosomal localization indicated that the two receptor genes were clustered within 80 kilobases of each other on mouse chromosome 9. Creation of receptor chimeras suggested that the amino terminus was critically involved in mediating signal transduction and ligand specificity of the mJE receptor, but not the mMIP-1alpha receptor. The identification and cloning of two functional murine chemokine receptors provides important new tools for investigating the roles of these potent cytokines in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Library
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Kidney
- Kinetics
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muridae/genetics
- Oocytes/physiology
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- L Boring
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA
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26
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Langin D, Holm C, Lafontan M. Adipocyte hormone-sensitive lipase: a major regulator of lipid metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc 1996; 55:93-109. [PMID: 8832784 DOI: 10.1079/pns19960013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Langin
- Unité INSERM 317, Institut Louis Bugnard, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier, CHR Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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27
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Reue K, Doolittle MH. Naturally occurring mutations in mice affecting lipid transport and metabolism. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Lafontan M, Langin D. Cellular aspects of fuel mobilization and selection in white adipocytes. Proc Nutr Soc 1995; 54:49-63. [PMID: 7568265 DOI: 10.1079/pns19950037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lafontan
- Unité INSERM 317, Institut Louis Bugnard, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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