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Biswas DD, Martin RK, Brown LN, Mockenhaupt K, Gupta AS, Surace MJ, Tharakan A, Yester JW, Bhardwaj R, Conrad DH, Kordula T. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2) restricts neuroinflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:158. [PMID: 35718775 PMCID: PMC9208101 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune activation, neuroinflammation, and cell death are the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is well-documented that the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2) is induced by inflammatory stimuli and regulates adaptive and innate immune responses, cell death, and the production of inflammatory mediators. However, the impact of cIAP2 on neuroinflammation associated with MS and disease severity remains unknown.
Methods We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used mouse model of MS, to assess the effect of cIAP2 deletion on disease outcomes. We performed a detailed analysis on the histological, cellular, and molecular levels. We generated and examined bone-marrow chimeras to identify the cIAP2-deficient cells that are critical to the disease outcomes. Results cIAP2−/− mice exhibited increased EAE severity, increased CD4+ T cell infiltration, enhanced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression, and augmented demyelination. This phenotype was driven by cIAP2-deficient non-hematopoietic cells. cIAP2 protected oligodendrocytes from cell death during EAE by limiting proliferation and activation of brain microglia. This protective role was likely exerted by cIAP2-mediated inhibition of the non-canonical NLRP3/caspase-8-dependent myeloid cell activation during EAE. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cIAP2 is needed to modulate neuroinflammation, cell death, and survival during EAE. Significantly, our data demonstrate the critical role of cIAP2 in limiting the activation of microglia during EAE, which could be explored for developing MS therapeutics in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02527-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina D Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - LaShardai N Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Karli Mockenhaupt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Angela S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael J Surace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Anuj Tharakan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jessie W Yester
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Reetika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Enrich-Bengoa J, Manich G, Valente T, Sanchez-Molina P, Almolda B, Solà C, Saura J, González B, Castellano B, Perálvarez-Marín A. TRPV2: A Key Player in Myelination Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073617. [PMID: 35408977 PMCID: PMC8999035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient potential receptor vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is widely expressed through the nervous system and specifically found in neuronal subpopulations and some glial cells. TRPV2 is known to be sensitized by methionine oxidation, which results from inflammation. Here we aim to characterize the expression and regulation of TRPV2 in myelination pathologies, such as hypomyelination and demyelination. We validated the interaction between TRPV2 and its putative interactor Opalin, an oligodendrocyte marker, in mixed glial cultures under pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions. Then, we characterized TRPV2 time-course expression in experimental animal models of hypomyelination (jimpy mice) and de-/remyelination (cuprizone intoxication and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)). TRPV2 showed upregulation associated with remyelination, inflammation in cuprizone and EAE models, and downregulation in hypomyelinated jimpy mice. TRPV2 expression was altered in human samples of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Additionally, we analyzed the expression of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), an enzyme that reduces oxidated methionines in TRPV2, which we found increased in inflammatory conditions. These results suggest that TRPV2 may be a key player in myelination in accordance with the recapitulation hypothesis, and that it may become an interesting clinical target in the treatment of demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Enrich-Bengoa
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Gemma Manich
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Research Group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Experimental Sciences and Methodological Department, Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Sanchez-Molina
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Almolda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Berta González
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Medical Histology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Biophysics Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain;
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain; (G.M.); (T.V.); (P.S.-M.); (B.A.); (B.G.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-4504
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Mockenhaupt K, Gonsiewski A, Kordula T. RelB and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2021; 10:1609. [PMID: 34198987 PMCID: PMC8307460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation within the central nervous system involves multiple cell types that coordinate their responses by secreting and responding to a plethora of inflammatory mediators. These factors activate multiple signaling cascades to orchestrate initial inflammatory response and subsequent resolution. Activation of NF-κB pathways in several cell types is critical during neuroinflammation. In contrast to the well-studied role of p65 NF-κB during neuroinflammation, the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types and its roles during neuroinflammatory response are less understood. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of RelB activation in specific cell types of the CNS and the specialized effects this transcription factor exerts during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA; (K.M.); (A.G.)
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Almsned F, Lipsky RH, Jafri MS. Transcriptomic analysis of Multiple Sclerosis patient-derived monocytes by RNA-Sequencing for candidate gene discovery. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wang J, Saraswat D, Sinha AK, Polanco J, Dietz K, O'Bara MA, Pol SU, Shayya HJ, Sim FJ. Paired Related Homeobox Protein 1 Regulates Quiescence in Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitors. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3435-3450.e6. [PMID: 30566868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) persist into adulthood as an abundant precursor population capable of division and differentiation. The transcriptional mechanisms that regulate hOPC homeostasis remain poorly defined. Herein, we identify paired related homeobox protein 1 (PRRX1) in primary PDGFαR+ hOPCs. We show that enforced PRRX1 expression results in reversible G1/0 arrest. While both PRRX1 splice variants reduce hOPC proliferation, only PRRX1a abrogates migration. hOPC engraftment into hypomyelinated shiverer/rag2 mouse brain is severely impaired by PRRX1a, characterized by reduced cell proliferation and migration. PRRX1 induces a gene expression signature characteristic of stem cell quiescence. Both IFN-γ and BMP signaling upregulate PRRX1 and induce quiescence. PRRX1 knockdown modulates IFN-γ-induced quiescence. In mouse brain, PRRX1 mRNA was detected in non-dividing OPCs and is upregulated in OPCs following demyelination. Together, these data identify PRRX1 as a regulator of quiescence in hOPCs and as a potential regulator of pathological quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Darpan Saraswat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Anjali K Sinha
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jessie Polanco
- Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Karen Dietz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Melanie A O'Bara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Suyog U Pol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hani J Shayya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Neuroscience Program, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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6
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Gupta AS, Biswas DD, Brown LSN, Mockenhaupt K, Marone M, Hoskins A, Siebenlist U, Kordula T. A detrimental role of RelB in mature oligodendrocytes during experimental acute encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:161. [PMID: 31362762 PMCID: PMC6664766 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is firmly established that overactivation of the p65 (RelA) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor upregulates expression of inflammatory mediators in both immune and non-immune resident CNS cells and promotes inflammation during MS. In contrast to p65, NF-κB family member RelB regulates immune cell development and can limit inflammation. Although RelB expression is induced during inflammation in the CNS, its role in MS remains unknown. Methods To examine the role of RelB in non-immune CNS cells, we generated mice with RelB specifically deleted in astrocytes (RelBΔAST), oligodendrocytes (RelBΔOLIGO), or neural progenitor-derived cells (RelBΔNP). We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an accepted mouse model of MS, to assess the effect of RelB deletion on disease outcomes and performed analysis on the histological, cellular, and molecular level. Results Despite being a negative regulator of inflammation, conditional knockout of RelB in non-immune resident CNS cells surprisingly decreased the severity of EAE. This protective effect was recapitulated by conditional deletion of RelB in oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. Deletion of RelB in oligodendrocytes reduced disease severity, promoted survival of mature oligodendrocytes, and correlated with increased activation of p65 NF-κB. Conclusions These findings suggest that RelB fine tunes inflammation and cell death/survival during EAE. Importantly, our data points out the detrimental role RelB plays in controlling survival of mature oligodendrocytes, which could be explored as a viable option to treat MS in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1548-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - La Shardai N Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Karli Mockenhaupt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael Marone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Andrew Hoskins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Does the Gut Microbiota Influence Immunity and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7904821. [PMID: 28316999 PMCID: PMC5337874 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7904821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. Evaluation of the impact of gut microflora on the pathophysiology of MS. Results. The etiopathogenesis of MS is not fully known. Gut microbiota may be of a great importance in the pathogenesis of MS, since recent findings suggest that substitutions of certain microbial population in the gut can lead to proinflammatory state, which can lead to MS in humans. In contrast, other commensal bacteria and their antigenic products may protect against inflammation within the central nervous system. The type of intestinal flora is affected by antibiotics, stress, or diet. The effects on MS through the intestinal microflora can also be achieved by antibiotic therapy and Lactobacillus. EAE, as an animal model of MS, indicates a strong influence of the gut microbiota on the immune system and shows that disturbances in gut physiology may contribute to the development of MS. Conclusions. The relationship between the central nervous system, the immune system, and the gut microbiota relates to the influence of microorganisms in the development of MS. A possible interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system can be perceived through regulation by the endocannabinoid system. It may offer an opportunity to understand the interaction comprised in the gut-immune-brain axis.
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W. Smith A, K. Ray S, Das A, Nozaki K, Rohrer B, L. Banik N. Calpain inhibition as a possible new therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Volpe E, Sambucci M, Battistini L, Borsellino G. Fas-Fas Ligand: Checkpoint of T Cell Functions in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:382. [PMID: 27729910 PMCID: PMC5037862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) are two molecules involved in the regulation of cell death. Their interaction leads to apoptosis of thymocytes that fail to rearrange correctly their T cell receptor (TCR) genes and of those that recognize self-antigens, a process called negative selection; moreover, Fas–FasL interaction leads to activation-induced cell death, a form of apoptosis induced by repeated TCR stimulation, responsible for the peripheral deletion of activated T cells. Both control mechanisms are particularly relevant in the context of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where T cells exert an immune response against self-antigens. This concept is well demonstrated by the development of autoimmune diseases in mice and humans with defects in Fas or FasL. In recent years, several new aspects of T cell functions in MS have been elucidated, such as the pathogenic role of T helper (Th) 17 cells and the protective role of T regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, in this review, we summarize the role of the Fas–FasL pathway, with particular focus on its involvement in MS. We then discuss recent advances concerning the role of Fas–FasL in regulating Th17 and Treg cells’ functions, in the context of MS.
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Delaney CL, Feldman EL. Review ■ : Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Apoptosis in Glial Cell Biology. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent trophic factor capable of promoting both survival and differentiation of neurons and glia. This review examines the role of IGF-I and apoptosis in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis is an essential element of development, homeostasis, and disease. IGF-I protects oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from apoptosis during development and after apoptotic stimuli. Transgenic mouse models, which ablate or increase expression of IGF-I, have abnormal oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. A more thorough understanding of the protective mechanism of IGF-I in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will aid in its precise application in treating a variety of neurologic disorders. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:39-47, 2000
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Pramipexole, a Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor-Preferring Agonist, Prevents Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Development in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1033-1045. [PMID: 26801190 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most used animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) for the development of new therapies. Dopamine receptors can modulate EAE and MS development, thus highlighting the potential use of dopaminergic agonists in the treatment of MS, which has been poorly explored. Herein, we hypothesized that pramipexole (PPX), a dopamine D2/D3 receptor-preferring agonist commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), would be a suitable therapeutic drug for EAE. Thus, we report the effects and the underlying mechanisms of action of PPX in the prevention of EAE. PPX (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) from day 0 to 40 post-immunization (p.i.). Our results showed that PPX 1 mg/kg prevented EAE development, abolishing EAE signs by blocking neuroinflammatory response, demyelination, and astroglial activation in spinal cord. Moreover, PPX inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-1β, and TNF-α in peripheral lymphoid tissue. PPX was also able to restore basal levels of a number of EAE-induced effects in spinal cord and striatum, such as reactive oxygen species, glutathione peroxidase, parkin, and α-synuclein (α-syn). Thus, our findings highlight the usefulness of PPX in preventing EAE-induced motor symptoms, possibly by modulating immune cell responses, such as those found in MS and other T helper cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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12
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Lycium barbarum polysaccharide improves traumatic cognition via reversing imbalance of apoptosis/regeneration in hippocampal neurons after stress. Life Sci 2015; 121:124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Spitzbarth I, Cana A, Hahn K, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W. Associated occurrence of p75 neurotrophin receptor expressing aldynoglia and microglia/macrophages in long term organotypic murine brain slice cultures. Brain Res 2014; 1595:29-42. [PMID: 25446435 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth-promoting aldynoglia, characterized by the expression of the prototype immature Schwann cell marker p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) have been shown to occur in some demyelinating diseases. However, the mechanisms determining the emergence and fate of such cells are largely unknown. This study aimed at the identification of such cells and potential triggering factors using an in vitro slice culture approach. Organotypic cerebrum and brain stem slices of adult mice were cultivated for up to 18 days in vitro. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of p75(NTR), CD107b, periaxin, growth associated protein (GAP)-43, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was performed. The results for p75(NTR) were substantiated by the use of in situ hybridization. Cultivation was associated with a progressively increasing spontaneous occurrence of bi- to multipolar p75(NTR)-positive, but periaxin-negative glia, indicative of aldynoglial Schwann cell like cells. Similar cells stained intensely positive for GAP-43, a marker for non-myelinating Schwann cells. The number of p75(NTR) positive glia did not correlate with GFAP expression, but showed a strong correlation with a remarkable spontaneous response of CD107b positive phagocytic microglia/macrophages. Moreover, aldynoglial p75(NTR) immunoreactivity negatively correlated to neuronal p75(NTR) expression, which was lost during culturing. The present results demonstrate that the cultivation of organotypic murine brain slices is accompanied by a spontaneous response of both microglia/macrophages and p75(NTR) positive cells, suggestive of Schwann cell like aldynoglia. The findings highlights the role of microglia/macrophages, which seem to be an important triggering factor, facilitating the occurrence of this unique type of macroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Cana
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Jennings AR, Carroll WM. Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells in Chronic Demyelination of Multiple Sclerosis Optic Nerve. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:517-30. [PMID: 25175564 PMCID: PMC8028859 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports that chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis brain and spinal cord lesions contained immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells have generated major interest aimed at the potential for promotion of endogenous repair. Despite the prominence of the optic nerve as a lesion site and its importance in clinical disease assessment, no detailed studies of multiple sclerosis‐affected optic nerve exist. This study aims to provide insight into the cellular pathology of chronic demyelination in multiple sclerosis through direct morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of optic nerve in conjunction with observations from an experimental cat optic nerve model of successful remyelination. Myelin staining was followed by immunohistochemistry to differentially label neuroglia. Digitally immortalized sections were then analyzed to generate quantification data and antigenic phenotypes including maturational stages within the oligodendrocyte lineage. It was found that some chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis optic nerve lesions contained oligodendroglial cells and that heterogeneity existed in the presence of myelin sheaths, oligodendrocyte maturational stages and extent of axonal investment. The findings advance our understanding of oligodendrocyte activity in chronically demyelinated human optic nerve and may have implications for studies aimed at enhancement of endogenous repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ruth Jennings
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Rudko DA, Solovey I, Gati JS, Kremenchutzky M, Menon RS. Multiple sclerosis: improved identification of disease-relevant changes in gray and white matter by using susceptibility-based MR imaging. Radiology 2014; 272:851-64. [PMID: 24828000 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential of quantitative susceptibility (QS) and R2* mapping as surrogate biomarkers of clinically relevant, age-adjusted demyelination and iron deposition in multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS All study participants gave written informed consent, and the study was approved by the institutional review board. Quantitative maps of the magnetic resonance imaging susceptibility parameters (R2* and QS) were computed for 25 patients with either clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or relapsing-remitting MS, as well as for 15 age- and sex-matched control subjects imaged at 7 T. The candidate MR imaging biomarkers were correlated with Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS), time since CIS diagnosis, time since MS diagnosis, and age. RESULTS QS maps aided identification of significant, voxel-level increases in iron deposition in subcortical gray matter (GM) of patients with MS compared with control subjects. These voxel-level increases were not observed on R2* maps. Region-of-interest analysis of mean R2* and QS in subcortical GM demonstrated that R2* (R ≥ 0.39, P < .01) and QS (R ≥ 0.44, P < .01) were strongly correlated with EDSS. In white matter (WM), the volume of total WM damage (defined by a z score of less than -2.0 criterion, indicating demyelination) on QS maps correlated significantly with EDSS (R = 0.46, P = .02). Voxelwise QS also supported a significant contribution of age to demyelination in patients with MS, suggesting that age-adjusted clinical scores may provide more robust measures of MS disease severity compared with non-age-adjusted scores. CONCLUSION Using QS and R2* mapping, evidence of both significant increases in iron deposition in subcortical GM and myelin degeneration along the WM skeleton of patients with MS was identified. Both effects correlated strongly with EDSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rudko
- From the Department of Physics (D.A.R., R.S.M.), Center for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute (D.A.R., I.S., J.S.G., R.S.M.), and Department of Neurology, University Hospital (M.K.), University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St North, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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16
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Gao J, Wang H, Liu Y, Li YY, Chen C, Liu LM, Wu YM, Li S, Yang C. Glutamate and GABA imbalance promotes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus after stress. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:499-512. [PMID: 24675061 PMCID: PMC3976216 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD-related pathological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain poorly understood. Material/Methods We investigated the effect of a PTSD-like animal model induced by severe stress. The experimental rats received 20 inescapable electric foot shocks in an enclosed box for a total of 6 times in 3 days. The physiological state (body weight and plasma corticosterone concentrations), emotion, cognitive behavior, brain morphology, apoptosis, and balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were observed. Cell damages were examined with histological staining (HE, Nissl, and silver impregnation), while apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry using an Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Results In comparison with the sham litter-mates, the stressed rats showed decreased body weight, inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, increase in freezing response to trauma reminder, hypoactivity and anxiety-like behaviors in elevated plus maze and open field test, poor learning in Morris water maze, and shortened latency in hot-plate test. There were significant damages in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Imbalance between glutamate and GABA was more evident in the hippocampus than in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after severe traumatic stress is related to the imbalance between glutamate and GABA. Such modifications may resemble the profound changes observed in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Liang-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ya-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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17
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Hussien Y, Cavener DR, Popko B. Genetic inactivation of PERK signaling in mouse oligodendrocytes: normal developmental myelination with increased susceptibility to inflammatory demyelination. Glia 2014; 62:680-91. [PMID: 24481666 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disease in young adults. One important goal of MS research is to identify strategies that will preserve oligodendrocytes (OLs) in MS lesions. During active myelination and remyelination, OLs synthesize large quantities of membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which may result in ER stress. During ER stress, pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (elF2α), which activates the integrated stress response (ISR), resulting in a stress-resistant state. Previous studies have shown that PERK activity is increased in OLs within the demyelinating lesions of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Moreover, our laboratory has shown that PERK protects OLs from the adverse effects of interferon-γ, a key mediator of the CNS inflammatory response. Here, we have examined the role of PERK signaling in OLs during development and in response to EAE. We generated OL-specific PERK knockout (OL-PERK(ko/ko) ) mice that exhibited a lower level of phosphorylated elF2α in the CNS, indicating that the ISR is impaired in the OLs of these mice. Unexpectedly, OL-PERK(ko/ko) mice develop normally and show no myelination defects. Nevertheless, EAE is exacerbated in these mice, which is correlated with increased OL loss, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. These data indicate that although not needed for developmental myelination, PERK signaling provides protection to OLs against inflammatory demyelination and suggest that the ISR in OLs could be a valuable target for future MS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir Hussien
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Benkhoucha M, Molnarfi N, Schneiter G, Walker PR, Lalive PH. The neurotrophic hepatocyte growth factor attenuates CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:154. [PMID: 24344806 PMCID: PMC3881506 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests a deleterious role for CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. We have recently reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent neuroprotective factor, limits CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation by promoting tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and subsequently regulatory T cells. Whether HGF modulates cell-mediated immunity driven by MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells remains to be determined. Methods Here we examined whether HGF regulates antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses using an established model of murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. Results We found that HGF treatment of gp100-pulsed DCs reduced the activation of gp100-specific T cell receptor (Pmel-1) CD8+ T cells and subsequent MHC class I-restricted CTL-mediated cytolysis of gp100-pulsed target cells. The levels of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-γ, and the degranulation marker CD107a as well as Fas ligand were decreased among CD8+ T cells, suggestive of a dual inhibitory effect of HGF on the perforin/granzyme B- and Fas-based lytic pathways in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Treatment of CD8+ T cells with concanamycin A, a potent inhibitor of the perforin-mediated cytotoxic pathway, abrogated CTL cytotoxicity indicating that blockade of the perforin-dependent killing is a major mechanism by which HGF diminished cytolysis of gp100-pulsed target cells. Moreover, HGF suppressed the generation of effector memory CTLs. Conclusions Our findings indicate that HGF treatment limits both the generation and activity of effector CTL from naïve CD8+ T cells. Complementary to its impact on CD4+ T-cell CNS autoimmunity and myelin repair, our findings further suggest that HGF treatment could be exploited to control CD8+ T-cell-mediated, MHC I-restricted autoimmune dysfunctions such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrice H Lalive
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Jiang Y, Wu A, Zhu C, Pi R, Chen S, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhu D, Chen X. The protective effect of berberine against neuronal damage by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 and laminin degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurol Res 2013; 35:360-8. [PMID: 23540404 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the protective effect of berberine against neuronal damage in the brain parenchyma of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS EAE was induced in female C57 BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 amino acid peptide. The berberine treatment was initiated on the day of disease onset and administered daily until the mice were sacrificed. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, gelatin gel, and gelatin in situ zymography were analysed in this study. RESULTS Berberine reduced the TUNEL-positive neuronal cells of EAE mice. Gelatin gel and gelatin in situ zymography showed up-regulation of gelatinase activity, which was mainly located in neurons and colocalized with remarkable laminin degradation in EAE mice. Berberine significantly inhibited gelatinase activity and reduced the laminin degradation in EAE mice. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that berberine could provide protection against neuronal damage in EAE by inhibiting gelatinase activity and reducing laminin degradation. These findings provide further support that berberine can be a potential therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Abstract
There is little agreement among neuropathologists regarding the timing and nature of oligodendrocyte loss in multiple sclerosis (MS). This review describes changes that accompany acute oligodendrocyte loss in new lesions. Included is a description of the immunopathology of new lesions in 23 severe early cases selected from a bank of 300 MS autopsies. Oligodendrocytes in prephagocytic lesions exhibit cytopathic changes that include apoptosis of oligodendrocytes immunoreactive for caspase 3, phagocytosis of apoptotic oligodendrocytes, swelling of cells with abnormal nuclei, complement deposition, and lysis. These are nonspecific changes that provide no clue as to the cause of oligodendrocyte injury. Associated changes include the presence of enlarged immunoglobulin (IgG)(+) microglia and early macrophages, the presence nearby of a focus of inflammatory demyelination, an open blood-brain barrier, and the presence of rare CD8 T cells. Myelin contacted by IgG(+) macrophages is immunoreactive for complement but not for IgG. It is likely that macrophage activity in evolving white and gray matter plaques is scavenging activity directed at nonvital myelin secondary to oligodendrocytes loss. One feature of MS that is not understood is the extraordinarily close resemblance the disease shows pathologically to neuromyelitis optica (NMO), including that demyelination in both is secondary to a loss of caspase 3-positive apoptotic oligodendrocytes. These similarities raise the possibility that like NMO, MS is an autoimmune disease in which oligodendrocyte apoptosis is determined by injury to some other glial or mesenchymal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Prineas
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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21
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Elenein RGA, Sharer LR, Cook SD, Pachner AR, Michaels J, Hillen ME. A second case of Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis with vasculitis and extensive demyelination. Mult Scler 2011; 17:1531-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511414042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis is a rapidly progressive and malignant form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that usually leads to severe disability or death within weeks to months without remission. Few cases have been described in the literature since the original description by Marburg. The classic pathological findings usually include highly destructive zones of extensive demyelination, necrosis with dense cellular infiltrate, and giant reactive astrocytes. We report a case of a 31-year-old woman with Marburg’s variant of MS who, over a period of eight months, became totally disabled, blind, and quadriplegic, with vocal cord paralysis, requiring a tracheostomy. The patient underwent diagnostic stereotactic brain biopsy. Clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serologic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, and neuropathology are discussed. MRI showed extensive white matter involvement in the brain and spinal cord that continuously progressed over time. A diagnostic stereotactic brain biopsy revealed extensive active demyelination with unexpected finding of active vasculitis and fibrinoid necrosis with a vascular inflammatory cell infiltrate, including polymorphonuclear neutrophils and rare eosinophils. Serologic work-up for vasculitis and neuromyelitis optica was unremarkable and the CSF showed only one oligoclonal band (OCB) not present in serum. This is the second case of Marburg’s variant of MS that demonstrated both demyelination and vasculitis. In our case these features were demonstrated simultaneously, even though the demyelination was the predominant pathological finding. Since vasculitis is not a feature of classic MS, these findings pose the question as to whether Marburg’s variant of MS is a true variant or different entity altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania GA Elenein
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology, USA
| | - Leroy R Sharer
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, USA
| | - Stuart D Cook
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, USA
| | - Andrew R Pachner
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurosciences, USA
| | - Jennifer Michaels
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, USA
| | - Machteld E Hillen
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, USA
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22
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Mc Guire C, Volckaert T, Wolke U, Sze M, de Rycke R, Waisman A, Prinz M, Beyaert R, Pasparakis M, van Loo G. Oligodendrocyte-specific FADD deletion protects mice from autoimmune-mediated demyelination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7646-53. [PMID: 21068410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes (ODCs), the myelin-producing glial cells in the CNS, plays a central role in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. To investigate the mechanism behind ODC apoptosis in EAE, we made use of conditional knockout mice lacking the adaptor protein FADD specifically in ODCs (FADD(ODC-KO)). FADD mediates apoptosis by coupling death receptors with downstream caspase activation. In line with this, ODCs from FADD(ODC-KO) mice were completely resistant to death receptor-induced apoptosis in vitro. In the EAE model, FADD(ODC-KO) mice followed an ameliorated clinical disease course in comparison with control littermates. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration into the spinal cord parenchyma was significantly reduced, as was the extent of demyelination and proinflammatory gene expression. Collectively, our data show that FADD is critical for ODC apoptosis and the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Mc Guire
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Watzlawik J, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Importance of oligodendrocyte protection, BBB breakdown and inflammation for remyelination. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 10:441-57. [PMID: 20187865 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. A better understanding of why remyelination fails in MS is necessary to improve remyelination strategies. Remyelination is mediated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are widely distributed throughout the adult CNS. However, it is still unclear whether OPCs detectable in MS lesions survive the inflammatory response but are unable to myelinate or whether OPC and oligodendrocyte death is primarily responsible for remyelination failure and detectable OPCs enter demyelinated areas from adjacent tissue as the lesion evolves. Remyelination strategies should, therefore, focus on stimulation of differentiation or prevention of apoptosis, as well as establishment of a supportive environment for OPC-mediated remyelination, which may be especially important in chronically demyelinated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Watzlawik
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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Lincoln JA, Cook SD. An overview of gene-epigenetic-environmental contributions to MS causation. J Neurol Sci 2009; 286:54-7. [PMID: 19616791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review how environmental factors might interact with genes and epigenetic factors to trigger multiple sclerosis (MS), the latter probably by immune-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lincoln
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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25
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Tegla CA, Cudrici C, Rus V, Ito T, Vlaicu S, Singh A, Rus H. Neuroprotective effects of the complement terminal pathway during demyelination: implications for oligodendrocyte survival. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 213:3-11. [PMID: 19577811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is mediated by activated lymphocytes, macrophages/microglia, and complement. In MS, the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are the targets of the immune attack. Experimental evidence indicates that C5b-9 plays a role in demyelination during the acute phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Terminal complement C5b-9 complexes are capable of protecting OLGs from apoptosis. During chronic EAE complement C5 promotes axonal preservation, remyelination and provides protection from gliosis. These findings indicate that the activation of complement and C5b-9 assembly can also have protective roles during demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin A Tegla
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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26
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Bando Y, Takakusaki K, Ito S, Terayama R, Kashiwayanagi M, Yoshida S. Differential changes in axonal conduction following CNS demyelination in two mouse models. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 28:1731-42. [PMID: 18973589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic and disease model mice have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of demyelinating diseases. However, less attention has been given to elucidating changes in nerve conduction in these mice. We established an experimental system to measure the response latency of cortical neurons and examined changes in nerve conduction in cuprizone-induced demyelinating mice and in myelin basic protein-deficient shiverer mice. Stimulating and recording electrodes were placed in the right and left sensori-motor cortices, respectively. Electrical stimulation of the right cortex evoked antidromic responses in left cortical neurons with a latency of 9.38 +/- 0.31 ms (n = 107; mean +/- SEM). While response latency was longer in mice at 7 days and 4 weeks of cuprizone treatment (12.35 +/- 0.35 ms, n = 102; 11.72 +/- 0.29 ms, n = 103, respectively), response latency at 7 days and 4 weeks after removal of cuprizone was partially restored (10.72 +/- 0.45 ms, n = 106; 10.27 +/- 0.34 ms, n = 107, respectively). Likewise, electron microscopy showed cuprizone-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum and nearly complete remyelination after cuprizone removal. We also examined whether the myelin abnormalities in shiverer mice affected their response latencies. But there were no significant differences in response latencies in shiverer (9.83 +/- 0.24 ms, n = 103) and wild-type (9.33 +/- 0.22 ms, n = 112) mice. The results of these electrophysiological assessments imply that different demyelinating mechanisms, differentially affecting axon conduction, are present in the cuprizone-treated and shiverer mice, and may provide new insights to understanding the pathophysiology of demyelination in animal models in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Bando
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
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27
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Masumura M, Hata R, Akatsu H, Kosaka K, Yamamoto T, Nagai Y, Sawada T. Increasing in situ nick end labeling of oligodendrocytes in white matter of patients with Binswanger's disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 10:55-62. [PMID: 17903801 DOI: 10.1053/jscd.2001.24660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2000] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the presence of apoptotic cell death in many neurodegenerative diseases. However, in Binswanger's disease (BD), no information is available concerning the apoptosis-related pathologic changes that may occur in the white matter. To investigate whether apoptotic cell death is included in the pathophysiology of the white matter changes in BD, autopsied brains from patients with BD (n = 5) were compared with those of non-neurologic controls (n = 5). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used as a marker for cell damage with DNA fragmentation. A proteolipid protein (PLP) messenger RNA (mRNA) hybridization signal was also used as a sensitive and specific marker of oligodendrocytes as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity as a marker of astrocytes. There were frequent TUNEL-positive cells in the rarefied white matter of patients with BD. TUNEL-positive cells were found 15-fold more numerously in BD than in controls (P < .01). TUNEL-positive cells were presumably oligodendrocytes because of their coexpression with PLP mRNA. The numbers of GFAP-positive astrocytes were significantly decreased in BD compared with those in control subjects. The reduction in numbers of PLP mRNA-positive oligodendrocytes were also seen in BD, but these changes did not reach the level of significance. The pathologic alterations in BD brains include increased TUNEL-positive oligodendrocytes, associated with degradation of myelin. Although TUNEL-positive glial cells did not show typical apoptotic morphologic features, these findings suggest that increase in in situ nick end labeling of oligodendrocytes in white matter may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masumura
- Brain Function Research Institute, c/o National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Kalman B, Laitinen K, Komoly S. The involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:1-12. [PMID: 17493689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system. Major pathological characteristics include the loss of oligodendrocytes, demyelination and neuroaxonal depletion in association with inflammation. The complex pathophysiology of tissue loss is only partially understood. Here we discuss a variety of mitochondrion-driven mechanisms involved in immune regulation, oligodendrocyte depletion and neurodegeneration. The recognition of a mitochondrial link between inflammation and neurodegeneration underscores the importance of an early aggressive intervention for halting inflammation and preventing neurodegeneration, and identifies the mitochondrion as a potential target in neuroprotection.
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29
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Jana A, Pahan K. Oxidative stress kills human primary oligodendrocytes via neutral sphingomyelinase: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 2:184-93. [PMID: 18040843 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-007-9066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common human demyelinating disease of the central nervous system where oxidative stress has been proposed to play an important role in oligodendroglial death. However, molecular mechanisms that couple oxidative stress to the loss of oligodendrocytes are poorly understood. This study underlines the importance of neutral sphingomyelinase-ceramide pathway in mediating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and cell death of human primary oligodendrocytes. Various oxidative stress-inducing agents, such as, superoxide radical produced by hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, aminotriazole capable of inhibiting catalase and increasing intracellular level of H2O2, or reduced glutathione-depleting diamide induced the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase and the production of ceramide. It is interesting to note that antisense knockdown of neutral but not acidic sphingomyelinase ablated oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and cell death in human primary oligodendrocytes. This study identifies neutral but not acidic sphingomyelinase as a target for possible therapeutic intervention in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Jana
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Suite 320, 1735 West Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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30
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Bannerman P, Hahn A, Soulika A, Gallo V, Pleasure D. Astrogliosis in EAE spinal cord: derivation from radial glia, and relationships to oligodendroglia. Glia 2007; 55:57-64. [PMID: 17009237 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the accumulation of enlarged, multipolar glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) immunoreactive astroglia within and at the margins of the inflammatory demyelinative lesions. Whether this astrogliosis is due to both astroglial hyperplasia and hypertrophy or solely to astroglial hypertrophy is controversial. We now report that coincident with the first appearance of inflammation and clinical deficits in mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG peptide)-induced EAE, the radially oriented, bipolar, GFAP, and BLBP positive cells (adult radial glia) present in normal spinal cord white matter undergo mitosis and phenotypic transformation to hypertrophic astroglia. To facilitate visualization of relationships between these hypertrophic astroglia and dying and regenerating oligodendroglia, we used mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in cells of the oligodendroglial lineage. During the first week after onset of illness, markedly swollen EGFP+ cells without processes were seen within lesions, whereas EGFP+ cells that expressed immunoreactive cleaved caspase-3 were uncommon. These observations support the hypothesis that necrosis contributes to oligodendroglial loss early in the course of EAE. Later in the illness, EGFP+ cells accumulated amongst hypertrophic astroglia at the margins of the lesions, while the lesions themselves remained depleted of oligodendroglia, suggesting that migration of oligodendroglial lineage cells into the lesions was retarded by the intense perilesional gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannerman
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Research, UC Davis School of Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Abstract
One of the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) diseases in humans is multiple sclerosis (MS). The disease can be very debilitating with vision loss, motor and sensory disturbances, and cognitive impairment. The clinical course may present as a relapsing-remitting disease course, a progressive disease course, or a combination thereof. The etiology of MS is unknown. Though many viruses have been shown to be associated with MS, no one virus has ever been demonstrated to be the cause of MS. In addition, MS is thought to have an autoimmune component. Molecular mimicry is one hypothesis put forth which could reconcile the diverse pathology and etiology of MS. Molecular mimicry occurs when peptides from pathogens share sequence or structural similarities with self-antigens. Infection with various pathogens, each with its individual molecular mimic to a CNS antigen, may explain the inability of investigators to link one specific virus to MS. Molecular mimicry may be mediated through human leukocyte antigen class I- and class II-restricted T cells and antibodies, which may explain the diversity in phenotype. Aspects of molecular mimicry will be discussed in relation to each of these immune system components. Examples of various molecular mimics will be discussed with a particular focus on the CNS and MS. Molecular mimicry alone may not be able to induce disease; priming of the immune system by infection with a pathogen that carries a molecular mimic to self may have to be followed by a later nonspecific immunologic challenge in order for disease to be initiated. Recent research into this priming and triggering of disease will be discussed in relation to an animal model for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Paez PM, Garcia CI, Soto EF, Pasquini JM. Apotransferrin decreases the response of oligodendrocyte progenitors to PDGF and inhibits the progression of the cell cycle. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:359-71. [PMID: 16621163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the CNS, transferrin (Tf) is expressed by the oligodendroglial cells (OLGcs) and is essential for their development. We have previously shown that apotransferrin (aTf) accelerates maturation of OLGcs in vivo as well as in vitro. The mechanisms involved in this action appear to be complex and have not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate if Tf participates in the regulation of the cell cycle of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPcs). Primary cultures of OPcs were treated with aTf and/or with different combinations of mitogenic factors. Cell cycle progression was studied by BrdU incorporation, flow cytometry and by the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. Apotransferrin decreased the number of BrdU+ cells, increasing the cell cycle time and decreasing the number of cells in S phase. The cell cycle inhibitors p27kip1, p21cip1 and p53 were increased, and in agreement with these results, the activity of the complexes involved in G1-S progression (cyclin D/CDK4, cyclin E/CDK2), was dramatically decreased. Apotransferrin also inhibited the mitogenic effects of PDGF and PDGF/IGF on OPcs, but did not affect their proliferation rate in the presence of bFGF, bFGF/PDGF or bFGF/IGF. Our results indicate that inhibition of the progression of the cell cycle of OPcs by aTf, even in the presence of PDGF, leads to an early beginning of the differentiation program, evaluated by different maturation markers (O4, GC and MBP) and by morphological criteria. The modulation by aTf of the response of OPcs to PDGF supports the idea that this glycoprotein might act as a key regulator of the OLGc lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Paez
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Cudrici C, Niculescu F, Jensen T, Zafranskaia E, Fosbrink M, Rus V, Shin ML, Rus H. C5b-9 Terminal Complex Protects Oligodendrocytes from Apoptotic Cell Death by Inhibiting Caspase-8 Processing and Up-Regulating FLIP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3173-80. [PMID: 16493077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the terminal complement cascade involving C5 to C9 proteins has a beneficial role for oligodendrocytes (OLG) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, by protecting them from apoptotic cell death. We have previously shown that sublytic C5b-9 complexes, through posttranslational regulation of Bad, inhibit the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of the caspase-8 and Fas pathway in OLG apoptosis and the role of C5b-9 in this process. In a serum-free defined medium, OLG undergo apoptosis and differentiation concomitantly. Under this condition, we found that caspase-8 processing was increased in association with Bid cleavage and markedly reduced expression of cellular FLIP long isoform protein. The caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK inhibited cell death associated with differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to C5b-9 induced an inhibition of caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage, and a significant increase in expression of cellular FLIP long isoform. These C5b-9 effects were reversed by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. C5b-9 also down-regulated the expression of FasL and the Fas-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that C5b-9 through PI3K signaling can rescue OLG from Fas-mediated apoptosis by regulating caspase-8 processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Cudrici
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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34
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CONTI G, SCARPINI E, ROSTAMI A, LIVRAGHI S, CLERICI R, PICCIO L, SIGLIENTI I, BARON PL, PLEASURE D, SCARLATO G. Schwann Cell Apoptosis during Cell-Mediated Demyelination. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 883:518-519. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Wang J, Kawanokuchi J, Mitsuma N, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Interferon-gamma induces microglial-activation-induced cell death: a hypothetical mechanism of relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 22:33-9. [PMID: 16386911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse and remission are characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying mechanisms, however, remain uncertain. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) disturbs the immunological privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) by inducing major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in CNS cells and activating microglia to become antigen-presenting and effector cells. Thus, IFN-gamma and microglia are thought to play important roles in the initiation and development of MS. Here, we show that IFN-gamma induces microglial apoptosis as the activation-induced cell death. This microglial apoptosis was associated with the up-regulation of pro-apoptosis proteins, especially Bax. Microglial apoptosis was also observed in peak EAE mice, but not in early EAE mice. Therefore, IFN-gamma may act on microglia as part of a self-limiting negative feedback system. The activation and subsequent death of microglia induced by IFN-gamma may play pivotal roles in the mechanism of MS relapse and remission.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Coculture Techniques
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Feedback, Physiological/immunology
- Gliosis/immunology
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Gliosis/physiopathology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Models, Neurological
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/physiopathology
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Copray JCVM, Küst BM, Mantingh-Otter I, Boddeke HWGM. p75NTR independent oligodendrocyte death in cuprizone-induced demyelination in C57BL/6 mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:600-9. [PMID: 16281908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2005.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feeding C57Bl/6 J mice the copper chelator cuprizone leads to selective apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes and concomitant demyelination predominantly in the corpus callosum. The process of oligodendrocyte apoptosis in this animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS) involves early microglial activation, but no infiltration of T-lymphocytes. Therefore, this model could mimic early stages of oligodendrocyte degeneration Affected oligodendrocytes express the common neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR), a 'stress-receptor' which under certain circumstances can induce apoptosis. Only affected oligodendrocytes in MS lesions and MS animal models express this receptor. In order to study the significance of p75(NTR) in the fate of oligodendrocytes, we have exposed wild-type as well as p75(NTR)-knockout mice to a 0.2% (w/w) cuprizone diet and performed a comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the corpus callosum at various time points. Surprisingly, our results show that the absence of p75(NTR) did not alter cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte death (and subsequent de- or remyelination). Apparently, intracellular apoptosis pathways in adult oligodendrocytes do not require p75(NTR) activated signal transduction in the absence of T-lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C V M Copray
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Hövelmeyer N, Hao Z, Kranidioti K, Kassiotis G, Buch T, Frommer F, von Hoch L, Kramer D, Minichiello L, Kollias G, Lassmann H, Waisman A. Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes via Fas and TNF-R1 is a key event in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5875-84. [PMID: 16237080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, immunization with myelin Ags leads to demyelination and paralysis. To investigate which molecules are crucial for the pathogenesis of EAE, we specifically assessed the roles of the death receptors Fas and TNF-R1. Mice lacking Fas expression in oligodendrocytes (ODCs) were generated and crossed to TNF-R1-deficient mice. To achieve specific deletion of a loxP-flanked fas allele in ODCs, we generated a new insertion transgene, expressing the Cre recombinase specifically in ODCs. Fas inactivation alone as well as the complete absence of TNF-R1 protected mice partially from EAE induced by the immunization with myelin ODC glycoprotein. The double-deficient mice, however, showed almost no clinical signs of EAE after immunization. Histological analysis revealed that demyelination was suppressed in CNS tissue and that lymphocyte infiltration was notably reduced. We conclude that the death receptors Fas and TNF-R1 are major initiators of ODC apoptosis in EAE. Although only moderate reduction of lymphocyte infiltration into CNS tissue was observed, the absence of these receptors appears to confer protection from demyelination and development of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Colodner KJ, Montana RA, Anthony DC, Folkerth RD, De Girolami U, Feany MB. Proliferative Potential of Human Astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:163-9. [PMID: 15751231 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of studies have demonstrated proliferation of nonneoplastic astrocytes in experimental animal models, the proliferative potential of human astrocytes has not been well defined. Using double-label immunohistochemistry, we identified proliferating cells with the proliferation marker MIB-1 and astrocytes with glial fibrillary acidic protein staining in human biopsy and autopsy tissue. MIB-1 labeling of astrocytes was monitored in a variety of conditions containing significant numbers of reactive astrocytes, including infections, arteriovenous malformations, demyelinating lesions, metastatic tumors, and long-standing gliosis. Twenty-nine of a total of 54 cases showed no evidence of astrocyte-specific MIB-1 labeling despite prominent reactive changes. An average proliferation rate of 0.9% was present in the remaining 25 cases. Labeling indices were highest in infectious conditions and acute demyelinating lesions. We also examined astrocyte proliferation in 5 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Astrocytic labeling indices were notably elevated in these cases, with an average labeling index of 5.8%. We conclude that low, but appreciable, astrocytic proliferation may occur in nonneoplastic human astrocytes. These findings have implications for astrocyte function in the normal and disease states and for the diagnostic distinction between reactive lesions and low-grade astrocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Colodner
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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39
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Buntinx M, Moreels M, Vandenabeele F, Lambrichts I, Raus J, Steels P, Stinissen P, Ameloot M. Cytokine-induced cell death in human oligodendroglial cell lines: I. Synergistic effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:834-45. [PMID: 15160395 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Myelin and oligodendrocytes are considered the major targets of injury caused by a cell-mediated immune response. There is circumstantial evidence that proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) could have disease-promoting roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on the human oligodendroglial cell lines human oligodendroglioma (HOG) and MO3.13 were analyzed. When the oligodendroglial cell lines were cultured in the presence of IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, apoptotic cell death was observed in both cell lines after >24 hr incubation. Apoptosis was evidenced by a decrease in cell viability, apoptotic changes in cell and nucleus morphology, and disruption of the membrane asymmetry. Our data show that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion in both oligodendroglial cell lines and that their synergistic effect results in enhanced cell death. Understanding the regulation of cell death pathways in oligodendrocytes is critical for protecting myelin-producing cells and their associated axons during injury in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Buntinx
- Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut, Limburgs Universitair Centrum and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Belgium
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40
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Law M, Saindane AM, Ge Y, Babb JS, Johnson G, Mannon LJ, Herbert J, Grossman RI. Microvascular abnormality in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: perfusion MR imaging findings in normal-appearing white matter. Radiology 2004; 231:645-52. [PMID: 15163806 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2313030996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively determine hemodynamic changes in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) by using dynamic susceptibility contrast material-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conventional MR imaging (which included acquisition of pre- and postcontrast transverse T1-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and T2-weighted images) and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging were performed in 17 patients with RR-MS (five men and 12 women; median age, 38.4 years; age range, 27.6-56.9 years) and 17 control patients (seven men and 10 women; median age, 42.0 years; age range, 18.7-62.5 years). Absolute cerebral blood volume (CBV), absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) (referenced to an arterial input function by using an automated method) were determined in periventricular, intermediate, and subcortical regions of NAWM at the level of the lateral ventricles. Least-squares regression analysis (controlled for age and sex) was used to compare perfusion measures in each region between patients with RR-MS and control patients. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test were used to perform pairwise comparison of brain regions in terms of each perfusion measure. RESULTS Each region of NAWM in patients with RR-MS had significantly decreased CBF (P <.005) and prolonged MTT (P <.001) compared with the corresponding region in control patients. No significant differences in CBV were found between patients with RR-MS and control patients in any of the corresponding areas of NAWM examined. In control patients, periventricular NAWM regions had significantly higher CBF (P =.03) and CBV (P =.04) than did intermediate NAWM regions. No significant regional differences in CBF, CBV, or MTT were found in patients with RR-MS. CONCLUSION The NAWM of patients with RR-MS shows decreased perfusion compared with that of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Law
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, New York University Medical Center, MRI Department, Schwartz Building, Basement HCC, 530 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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41
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Barnett MH, Prineas JW. Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: pathology of the newly forming lesion. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:458-68. [PMID: 15048884 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 807] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the clinical and pathological findings in 12 patients with relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis, who died during or shortly after the onset of a relapse. Pathological changes not previously associated with the formation of new symptomatic lesions were observed in seven cases, namely, extensive oligodendrocyte apoptosis and microglial activation in myelinated tissue containing few or no lymphocytes or myelin phagocytes. No current laboratory model of multiple sclerosis, in particular, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, is known with these features, which raises the possibility of some novel process underlying new lesion formation in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Barnett
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia
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42
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Niculescu T, Weerth S, Niculescu F, Cudrici C, Rus V, Raine CS, Shin ML, Rus H. Effects of Complement C5 on Apoptosis in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5702-6. [PMID: 15100315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation is involved in the initiation of Ab-mediated inflammatory demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). At a sublytic dose, the C5b-9 membrane attack complex protects oligodendrocytes (OLG) from apoptosis. Using C5-deficient (C5-d) mice, we previously showed a dual role for C5: enhancement of inflammatory demyelination in acute EAE, and promotion of remyelination during recovery. In this study, we investigated the role of C5 in apoptosis in myelin-induced EAE. In acute EAE, C5-d and C5-sufficient (C5-s) mice had similar numbers of total apoptotic cells, whereas C5-s had significantly fewer than C5-d during recovery. In addition, although both groups of mice displayed TUNEL(+) OLG, there were significantly fewer in C5-s than in C5-d during both acute EAE and recovery. Gene array and immunostaining of apoptosis-related genes showed that Fas ligand expression was higher in C5-s. In C5-s mice, Fas(+) cells were also higher than in C5-d mice in acute EAE; however, these cells were significantly reduced during recovery. Together, these findings are consistent with the role of C5, possibly by forming the membrane attack complex, in limiting OLG apoptosis in EAE, thus promoting remyelination during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Niculescu
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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43
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Howe CL, Bieber AJ, Warrington AE, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. Antiapoptotic signaling by a remyelination-promoting human antimyelin antibody. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:120-31. [PMID: 14751777 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilizing the survival of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors within and near lesions in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating diseases is an important therapeutic goal. Previous studies have identified a human-derived monoclonal IgM antibody designated rHIgM22 that induces remyelination in a mouse model of MS. We provide evidence that this antibody, directed against myelin, induces antiapoptotic signaling in premyelinating oligodendrocytes and reduces caspase-3 activation and caspase gene expression in mice undergoing antibody-induced remyelination. This effect was dependent on calcium entry via CNQX-sensitive channels and on lipid raft integrity, and was correlated with suppression of JNK signaling. We conclude that rHIgM22 may induce remyelination via rescue of oligodendrocytes, and suggest that such autoantibody-mediated signaling may have important therapeutic implications for a variety of neurological diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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44
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Oleszak EL, Chang JR, Friedman H, Katsetos CD, Platsoucas CD. Theiler's virus infection: a model for multiple sclerosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:174-207. [PMID: 14726460 PMCID: PMC321460 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.1.174-207.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genetic background and environmental factors, very probably viruses, appear to play a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Lessons from viral experimental models suggest that many different viruses may trigger inflammatory demyelinating diseases resembling MS. Theiler's virus, a picornavirus, induces in susceptible strains of mice early acute disease resembling encephalomyelitis followed by late chronic demyelinating disease, which is one of the best, if not the best, animal model for MS. During early acute disease the virus replicates in gray matter of the central nervous system but is eliminated to very low titers 2 weeks postinfection. Late chronic demyelinating disease becomes clinically apparent approximately 2 weeks later and is characterized by extensive demyelinating lesions and mononuclear cell infiltrates, progressive spinal cord atrophy, and axonal loss. Myelin damage is immunologically mediated, but it is not clear whether it is due to molecular mimicry or epitope spreading. Cytokines, nitric oxide/reactive nitrogen species, and costimulatory molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Close similarities between Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease in mice and MS in humans, include the following: major histocompatibility complex-dependent susceptibility; substantial similarities in neuropathology, including axonal damage and remyelination; and paucity of T-cell apoptosis in demyelinating disease. Both diseases are immunologically mediated. These common features emphasize the close similarities of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease in mice and MS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia L Oleszak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106, USA.
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Bezerra MM, Brain SD, Greenacre S, Jerônimo SMB, de Melo LB, Keeble J, da Rocha FAC. Reactive nitrogen species scavenging, rather than nitric oxide inhibition, protects from articular cartilage damage in rat zymosan-induced arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:172-82. [PMID: 14662723 PMCID: PMC1574182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (PN) to inflammation in a zymosan-induced (1 mg, intra-articular, i.art.) rat model of arthritis was assessed by histopathology and by measuring the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the articular cartilage. 2. Progression of the chronic synovitis in zymosan-induced arthritis (ZYA) was associated with increased nitrite and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in the joint exudates that paralleled a progressive loss of the GAG content. An increase in 3-NT was also observed after i.art. PN. 3. The nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (25-75 mg x kg(-1)day(-1)) or the selective inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (50-100 mg x kg(-1)day(-1)) given 1 h before (prophylactic) or 3 days after (therapeutic) injection of the zymosan ameliorated the synovitis, but worsened the GAG loss, as measured at the end of the experiment (day 7). 4. The PN scavenger uric acid (100-250 mg x kg(-1) i.p. four times daily) given prophylactically until the end of the experiment (day 14), in a dose compatible with its PN scavenging activity, significantly decreased both the synovitis and the GAG loss. 5. In conclusion, PN formation is associated with cartilage damage in addition to proinflammatory activity in ZYA. NOS inhibitors and a PN scavenger were able to reduce the cellular infiltration, while displaying opposite effects on cartilage homeostasis either by enhancing or ameliorating the damage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Marques Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Susan D Brain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Stan Greenacre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | | | - Liana Batista de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Julie Keeble
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
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46
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Oleszak EL, Hoffman BE, Chang JR, Zaczynska E, Gaughan J, Katsetos CD, Platsoucas CD, Harvey N. Apoptosis of infiltrating T cells in the central nervous system of mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 2003; 315:110-23. [PMID: 14592764 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), DA strain, induces in susceptible strain of mice a biphasic disease consisting of early acute disease followed by late chronic demyelinating disease. Both phases of the disease are associated with inflammatory infiltrates of the central nervous system (CNS). Late chronic demyelinating disease induced by TMEV serves as an excellent model to study human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. During early acute disease, the virus is partially cleared from the CNS by CD3(+) T cells. These T cells express Fas, FasL, negligible levels of Bcl-2 proteins and undergo activation-induced cell death as determined by TUNEL assay leading to resolution of the inflammatory response. In contrast, during late chronic demyelinating disease, and despite dense perivascular and leptomeningeal infiltrates, only very few cells undergo apoptosis. Mononuclear cells infiltrating the CNS express Bcl-2. It appears that the lack of apoptosis of T cells during late chronic demyelinating disease leads to the accumulation of these cells in the CNS. These cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of the demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia L Oleszak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Hisahara S, Okano H, Miura M. Caspase-mediated oligodendrocyte cell death in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination. Neurosci Res 2003; 46:387-97. [PMID: 12871760 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by localized areas of demyelination. MS is believed to be an autoimmune disorder mediated by activated immune cells such as T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages/microglia. Lymphocytes are primed in the peripheral tissues by antigens, and clonally expanded cells infiltrate the CNS. They produce large amounts of inflammatory and cytokines that lead to demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although several studies have shown that oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelin-forming glial cells in the CNS, are sensitive to cell death stimuli, such as cytotoxic cytokines, anti-myelin antibodies, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress, in vitro, the mechanisms underlying injury to the OLGs in MS/EAE remain unclear. Transgenic mice that express the anti-apoptotic protein specifically in OLGs and caspase-11-deficient mice are significantly resistant to EAE induction. Histopathological analyses show that the number of caspase-activated OLGs and dead OLGs are reduced in the CNS of these mice. The numbers of infiltrating immune cells and the amounts of cytokines are also markedly reduced in EAE lesions. Therefore, caspase-mediated OLG death leads to the exacerbation of demyelination and the deterioration of neurological manifestations by inducing local inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hisahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
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48
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McBride CB, McPhail LT, Vanderluit JL, Tetzlaff W, Steeves JD. Caspase inhibition attenuates transection-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis in the developing chick spinal cord. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:383-97. [PMID: 12837623 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A developmental model of spinal cord injury in the embryonic chick was specifically developed to characterize the involvement of caspases in injury-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis remote from the lesion and the ability of caspase inhibitors to attenuate this process. Developmental apoptosis in the cervical spinal cord increased within the white matter between embryonic days 13 and 18, the period of myelination of this region. Spinal cord transection during this period induced a rapid increase in apoptotic cells in the ventral and lateral white matter over several millimeters caudal to the injury. Immunostaining identified large numbers of these cells as oligodendrocytes. Catalytic activity assays and immunostaining demonstrated caspase-3-like but not caspase-1-like activity to be involved in this apoptotic response. In vivo application of specific caspase inhibitors significantly attenuated transection-induced apoptosis. Thus, we describe a developmental period during which spinal oligodendrocytes exhibited a heightened, caspase-dependent sensitivity to transection-induced apoptosis that is attenuated by caspase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B McBride
- ICORD (International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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49
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Issa Y, Watts DC, Duxbury AJ, Brunton PA, Watson MB, Waters CM. Mercuric chloride: toxicity and apoptosis in a human oligodendroglial cell line MO3.13. Biomaterials 2003; 24:981-7. [PMID: 12504520 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A human-human oligodendroglial cell line MO3.13 was chosen in this study to model the loss of oligodendrocytes that occurs during episodes of multiple sclerosis. The influence of mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)) upon cell viability specifically the mode of cell death, whether by an active apoptotic mechanism or passive necrosis was determined by morphological and biochemical analysis. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity MTT assay showed that HgCl(2) had toxic effects on MO3.13 cells at levels of (5-25 microM) with approximately 50% cell death observed at 58 microM. Death of cells was dependent on both time and concentrations of HgCl(2). Differentiated MO3.13 cells exposed to low concentrations (25 microM) of HgCl(2) exhibited features of apoptotic cell death, including cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation. High doses of HgCl(2) (>100 microM) induced death with characteristics of necrosis. Biochemical analysis showed that HgCl(2) activated the caspase family of proteases. This was measured directly by cleavage of fluorescent substrates and by immunoblotting assay of caspase substrate proteins; alpha-fodrin, lamin B and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results indicate that HgCl(2) is toxic at low concentrations for oligodendroglial cells and that the MO3.13 cell line dies in an apoptotic manner when exposed to low concentrations of HgCl(2). However, blood mercury concentrations in vivo in a normal population with amalgam restorations are lower by a factor of some 500 times than those causing toxicity in vitro suggesting a good safety margin in respect of environmental uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Issa
- Turner Dental School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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50
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Tsunoda I, Kuang LQ, Fujinami RS. Induction of autoreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells during Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection: implications for autoimmunity. J Virol 2002; 76:12834-44. [PMID: 12438608 PMCID: PMC136689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12834-12844.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae and causes demyelinating disease in the spinal cords of infected mice. Although immune responses have been shown to play an important role in demyelination, the precise effector mechanism(s) is unknown. Potentially autoreactive cytotoxic cells could contribute to the destruction. We tested whether an autoreactive cell induced by TMEV infection mediated cytotoxicity by using a 5-h (51)Cr release assay in SJL/J mice. Spleen cells from TMEV-infected mice were stimulated with irradiated TMEV antigen-presenting cells and used as effector cells. The effector cells differed from conventional cytotoxic T cells since these cells could kill both TMEV-infected and uninfected syngeneic or semisyngenic cell lines (PSJLSV and BxSF11gSV) but could not kill an allogeneic cell line (C57SV). The TMEV-induced autoreactive cells were also different from conventional natural killer (NK) cells or lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, because they could kill neither NK cell-sensitive YAC-1 nor NK cell-resistant P815 and EL4 cells. Induction of autoreactive cells was not detected in vaccinia virus infection. The autoreactive killing required direct cell-to-cell contact and was mediated by a Fas-FasL pathway but not by a perforin pathway. The phenotype of the killer cells was CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(+). Intracerebral inoculation of the effector cells into naive mice caused meningitis and perivascular cuffing not only in the brain parenchyma but also in the spinal cord, with no evidence of viral antigen-positive cells. This is the first report demonstrating that TMEV can induce autoreactive cytotoxic cells that induce central nervous system pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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