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Turkan S, Kulasek M, Zienkiewicz A, Mierek-Adamska A, Skrzypek E, Warchoł M, Szydłowska-Czerniak A, Bartoli J, Field B, Dąbrowska GB. Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is a new player in Brassica napus L. seed development. Food Chem 2024; 436:137648. [PMID: 37852071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed oil, constituting 12% of global vegetable oil production, is susceptible to quality degradation due to stress-induced incomplete seed degreening, fatty acid oxidation, or poor nutrient accumulation. We hypothesise that the hyperphosphorylated nucleotide alarmone ppGpp (guanosine tetraphosphate), acts as a pivotal regulator of these processes, given its established roles in nutrient management, degreening, and ROS regulation in leaves. Using qPCR, UHPLC-MS/MS, and biochemical methods, our study delves into the impact of ppGpp on seed nutritional value. We observed a positive correlation between ppGpp levels and desiccation, and a negative correlation with photosynthetic pigment levels. Trends in antioxidant activity suggest that ppGpp may negatively influence peroxidases, which are safeguarding against chlorophyll decomposition. Notably, despite increasing ppGpp levels, sugars, proteins and oils appear unaffected. This newfound role of ppGpp in seed development suggests it regulates the endogenous antioxidant system during degreening and desiccation, preserving nutritional quality. Further validation through mutant-based research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Edyta Skrzypek
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marzena Warchoł
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Julia Bartoli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, UMR7255, IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Ben Field
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Grażyna B Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Kumari RM, Khatri A, Chaudhary R, Choudhary V. Concept of lipid droplet biogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151362. [PMID: 37742390 PMCID: PMC7615795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are functionally conserved fat storage organelles found in all cell types. LDs have a unique structure comprising of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids (fat), triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol esters (CE) surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. LD surface is decorated by a multitude of proteins and enzymes rendering this compartment functional. Accumulating evidence suggests that LDs originate from discrete ER-subdomains, demarcated by the lipodystrophy protein seipin, however, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. LD biogenesis factors together with biophysical properties of the ER membrane orchestrate spatiotemporal regulation of LD nucleation and growth at specific ER subdomains in response to metabolic cues. Defects in LD formation manifests in several human pathologies, including obesity, lipodystrophy, ectopic fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular events during initial stages of eukaryotic LD assembly and discuss the critical role of factors that ensure fidelity of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mankamna Kumari
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amit Khatri
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ritika Chaudhary
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vineet Choudhary
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India.
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Zhang F, Li Z, Zhou J, Gu Y, Tan X. Comparative study on fruit development and oil synthesis in two cultivars of Camellia oleifera. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:348. [PMID: 34301189 PMCID: PMC8299657 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oil-tea tree (Camellia oleifera Abel.) is a woody tree species that produces edible oil in the seed. C. oleifera oil has high nutritional value and is also an important raw material for medicine and cosmetics. In China, due to the uncertainty on maturity period and oil synthesis mechanism of many C. oleifera cultivars, growers may harvest fruits prematurely, which could not maximize fruit and oil yields. In this study, our objective was to explore the mechanism and differences of oil synthesis between two Camellia oleifera cultivars for a precise definition of the fruit ripening period and the selection of appropriate cultivars. RESULTS The results showed that 'Huashuo' had smaller fruits and seeds, lower dry seed weight and lower expression levels of fatty acid biosynthesis genes in July. We could not detect the presence of oil and oil bodies in 'Huashuo' seeds until August, and oil and oil bodies were detected in 'Huajin' seeds in July. Moreover, 'Huashuo' seeds were not completely blackened in October with up to 60.38% of water and approximately 37.98% of oil in seed kernels whose oil content was much lower than normal mature seed kernels. The oil bodies in seed endosperm cells of 'Huajin' were always higher than those of 'Huashuo' from July to October. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed that C. oleifera 'Huashuo' fruits matured at a lower rate compared to 'Huajin' fruits and that 'Huajin' seeds entered the oil synthesis period earlier than 'Huashuo' seeds. Moreover, 'Huashuo' fruits did not mature during the Frost's Descent period (October 23-24 each year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Ecological Non-Wood Forestry Industry of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Junqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Ecological Non-Wood Forestry Industry of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Yiyang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Ecological Non-Wood Forestry Industry of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Ecological Non-Wood Forestry Industry of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin S. Fuller
- Department of Botany University of California Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rudolf Reichle
- Department of Botany University of California Berkeley, California 94720
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Qi B, Ding J, Wang Z, Li Y, Ma C, Chen F, Sui X, Jiang L. Deciphering the characteristics of soybean oleosome-associated protein in maintaining the stability of oleosomes as affected by pH. Food Res Int 2017; 100:551-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brocard L, Immel F, Coulon D, Esnay N, Tuphile K, Pascal S, Claverol S, Fouillen L, Bessoule JJ, Bréhélin C. Proteomic Analysis of Lipid Droplets from Arabidopsis Aging Leaves Brings New Insight into Their Biogenesis and Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:894. [PMID: 28611809 PMCID: PMC5447075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cell compartments specialized for oil storage. Although their role and biogenesis are relatively well documented in seeds, little is known about their composition, structure and function in senescing leaves where they also accumulate. Here, we used a label free quantitative mass spectrometry approach to define the LD proteome of aging Arabidopsis leaves. We found that its composition is highly different from that of seed/cotyledon and identified 28 proteins including 9 enzymes of the secondary metabolism pathways involved in plant defense response. With the exception of the TRIGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL2 protein, we did not identify enzymes implicated in lipid metabolism, suggesting that growth of leaf LDs does not occur by local lipid synthesis but rather through contact sites with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other membranes. The two most abundant proteins of the leaf LDs are the CALEOSIN3 and the SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE1 (AtSRP1); both proteins have structural functions and participate in plant response to stress. CALEOSIN3 and AtSRP1 are part of larger protein families, yet no other members were enriched in the LD proteome suggesting a specific role of both proteins in aging leaves. We thus examined the function of AtSRP1 at this developmental stage and found that AtSRP1 modulates the expression of CALEOSIN3 in aging leaves. Furthermore, AtSRP1 overexpression induces the accumulation of triacylglycerol with an unusual composition compared to wild-type. We demonstrate that, although AtSRP1 expression is naturally increased in wild type senescing leaves, its overexpression in senescent transgenic lines induces an over-accumulation of LDs organized in clusters at restricted sites of the ER. Conversely, atsrp1 knock-down mutants displayed fewer but larger LDs. Together our results reveal that the abundancy of AtSRP1 regulates the neo-formation of LDs during senescence. Using electron tomography, we further provide evidence that LDs in leaves share tenuous physical continuity as well as numerous contact sites with the ER membrane. Thus, our data suggest that leaf LDs are functionally distinct from seed LDs and that their biogenesis is strictly controlled by AtSRP1 at restricted sites of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysiane Brocard
- Plant Imaging Platform, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, US4 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Françoise Immel
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Denis Coulon
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux INPTalence, France
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Karine Tuphile
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Pascal
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Proteome Platform, Functional Genomic Center of Bordeaux, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Laëtitia Fouillen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200Villenave d'Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Claire Bréhélin
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7
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Hurlock AK, Roston RL, Wang K, Benning C. Lipid trafficking in plant cells. Traffic 2014; 15:915-32. [PMID: 24931800 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells contain unique organelles such as chloroplasts with an extensive photosynthetic membrane. In addition, specialized epidermal cells produce an extracellular cuticle composed primarily of lipids, and storage cells accumulate large amounts of storage lipids. As lipid assembly is associated only with discrete membranes or organelles, there is a need for extensive lipid trafficking within plant cells, more so in specialized cells and sometimes also in response to changing environmental conditions such as phosphate deprivation. Because of the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the inherent recalcitrance of membrane lipid transporters, the mechanisms of lipid transport within plant cells are not yet fully understood. Recently, several new proteins have been implicated in different aspects of plant lipid trafficking. While these proteins provide only first insights into limited aspects of lipid transport phenomena in plant cells, they represent exciting opportunities for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Hurlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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8
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Thomas E, Konar RN, Street HE. Fine structural studies of embryogenesis in a callus ofRanunculus sceleratus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00378941.1973.10839204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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NIEUWDORP PJ, BUYS MIEKC. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE SCUTELLUM OF BARLEY II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1964.tb00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in plants: Thematic Review Series: Lipid Droplet Synthesis and Metabolism: from Yeast to Man. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:215-26. [PMID: 22045929 PMCID: PMC3269164 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r021436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentation of neutral lipids in plants is mostly associated with seed tissues, where triacylglycerols (TAGs) stored within lipid droplets (LDs) serve as an essential physiological energy and carbon reserve during postgerminative growth. However, some nonseed tissues, such as leaves, flowers and fruits, also synthesize and store TAGs, yet relatively little is known about the formation or function of LDs in these tissues. Characterization of LD-associated proteins, such as oleosins, caleosins, and sterol dehydrogenases (steroleosins), has revealed surprising features of LD function in plants, including stress responses, hormone signaling pathways, and various aspects of plant growth and development. Although oleosin and caleosin proteins are specific to plants, LD-associated sterol dehydrogenases also are present in mammals, and in both plants and mammals these enzymes have been shown to be important in (steroid) hormone metabolism and signaling. In addition, several other proteins known to be important in LD biogenesis in yeasts and mammals are conserved in plants, suggesting that at least some aspects of LD biogenesis and/or function are evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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van der Schoot C, Paul LK, Paul SB, Rinne PLH. Plant lipid bodies and cell-cell signaling: a new role for an old organelle? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1732-8. [PMID: 22057325 PMCID: PMC3329345 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipid droplets are found in seeds and in post-embryonic tissues. Lipid droplets in seeds have been intensively studied, but those in post-embryonic tissues are less well characterised. Although known by a variety of names, here we will refer to all of them as lipid bodies (LBs). LBs are unique spherical organelles which bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum, and are composed of a single phospholipid (PL) layer enclosing a core of triacylglycerides. The PL monolayer is coated with oleosin, a structural protein that stabilizes the LB, restricts its size, and prevents fusion with adjacent LBs. Oleosin is uniquely present at LBs and is regarded as a LB marker. Although initially viewed as simple stores for energy and carbon, the emerging view is that LBs also function in cytoplasmic signalling, with the minor LB proteins caleosin and steroleosin in a prominent role. Apart from seeds, a variety of vegetative and floral structures contain LBs. Recently, it was found that numerous LBs emerge in the shoot apex of perennial plants during seasonal growth arrest and bud formation. They appear to function in dormancy release by reconstituting cell-cell signalling paths in the apex. As apices and orthodox seeds proceed through comparable cycles of dormancy and dehydration, the question arises to what degree LBs in apices share functions with those in seeds. We here review what is known about LBs, particularly in seeds, and speculate about possible unique functions of LBs in post-embryonic tissues in general and in apices in particular.
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Schmidt MA, Herman EM. Suppression of soybean oleosin produces micro-oil bodies that aggregate into oil body/ER complexes. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:910-24. [PMID: 19825592 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Using RNAi, the seed oil body protein 24-kDa oleosin has been suppressed in transgenic soybeans. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms micro-oil bodies about 50 nm in diameter that coalesce with adjacent oil bodies forming a hierarchy of oil body sizes. The oil bodies in the oleosin knockdown form large oil body-ER complexes with the interior dominated by micro-oil bodies and intermediate-sized oil bodies, while the peripheral areas of the complex are dominated by large oil bodies. The complex merges to form giant oil bodies with onset of seed dormancy that disrupts cell structure. The transcriptome of the oleosin knockdown shows few changes compared to wild-type. Proteomic analysis of the isolated oil bodies of the 24-kDa oleosin knockdown shows the absence of the 24-kDa oleosin and the presence of abundant caleosin and lipoxygenase. The formation of the micro-oil bodies in the oleosin knockdown is interpreted to indicate a function of the oleosin as a surfactant.
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15
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Katavic V, Agrawal GK, Hajduch M, Harris SL, Thelen JJ. Protein and lipid composition analysis of oil bodies from twoBrassica napus cultivars. Proteomics 2006; 6:4586-98. [PMID: 16847873 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oil bodies were purified from mature seed of two Brassica napus crop cultivars, Reston and Westar. Purified oil body proteins were subjected to both 2-DE followed by LC-MS/MS and multidimensional protein identification technology. Besides previously known oil body proteins oleosin, putative embryo specific protein ATS1, (similar to caleosin), and 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein (steroleosin), several new proteins were identified in this study. One of the identified proteins, a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase, is similar to a triacylglycerol-associated factor from narrow-leafed lupin while the other, a protein annotated as a myrosinase associated protein, shows high similarity to the lipase/hydrolase family of enzymes with GDSL-motifs. These similarities suggest these two proteins could be involved in oil body degradation. Detailed analysis of the two other oil body components, polar lipids (lipid monolayer) and neutral lipids (triacylglycerol matrix) was also performed. Major differences were observed in the fatty acid composition of polar lipid fractions between the two B. napus cultivars. Neutral lipid composition confirmed erucic acid and oleic acid accumulation in Reston and Westar seed oil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Katavic
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Biochemistry, Columbia 65211, USA
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16
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Siloto RMP, Findlay K, Lopez-Villalobos A, Yeung EC, Nykiforuk CL, Moloney MM. The accumulation of oleosins determines the size of seed oilbodies in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:1961-74. [PMID: 16877495 PMCID: PMC1533971 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the oilbody proteins in developing and germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triacylglycerol surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Indirect observations have suggested that oleosins maintain oilbodies as small single units preventing their coalescence during seed desiccation. To understand the role of oleosins during seed development or germination, we created lines of Arabidopsis in which a major oleosin is ablated or severely attenuated. This was achieved using RNA interference techniques and through the use of a T-DNA insertional event, which appears to interrupt the major (18 kD) seed oleosin gene of Arabidopsis and results in ablation of expression. Oleosin suppression resulted in an aberrant phenotype of embryo cells that contain unusually large oilbodies that are not normally observed in seeds. Changes in the size of oilbodies caused disruption of storage organelles, altering accumulation of lipids and proteins and causing delay in germination. The aberrant phenotypes were reversed by reintroducing a recombinant oleosin. Based on this direct evidence, we have shown that oleosins are important proteins in seed tissue for controlling oilbody structure and lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M P Siloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Wältermann M, Steinbüchel A. Neutral lipid bodies in prokaryotes: recent insights into structure, formation, and relationship to eukaryotic lipid depots. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:3607-19. [PMID: 15901682 PMCID: PMC1112053 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.11.3607-3619.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Wältermann
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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18
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Müllner H, Zweytick D, Leber R, Turnowsky F, Daum G. Targeting of proteins involved in sterol biosynthesis to lipid particles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1663:9-13. [PMID: 15157604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three enzymes of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, namely Erg1p, Erg6p and Erg7p, are located in lipid particles. Whereas Erg1p (squalene epoxidase) is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to a significant amount, only traces of Erg6p (sterol C-24 methyltransferase) and Erg7p (lanosterol synthase) are found in the ER. We have chosen these three Erg-proteins as typical representatives of lipid particle proteins to study targeting to their destination. Lipid particle proteins do not contain obvious targeting motifs, but the only common structural feature is the presence of one or two hydrophobic domains near the C-termini. We constructed truncated versions of Erg1p, Erg6p and Erg7p to test the role of these hydrophobic domains in subcellular distribution. Our results demonstrate that lack of the hydrophobic domains prevents at least in part the association of the proteins with lipid particles and causes their retention to the ER. This result strongly supports the view that ER and lipid particles are related organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie Müllner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Zweytick D, Athenstaedt K, Daum G. Intracellular lipid particles of eukaryotic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1469:101-20. [PMID: 10998572 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we describe characterization of intracellular lipid particles of three different eukaryotic species, namely mammalian cells, plants and yeast. Lipid particles of all types of cells share a general structure. A hydrophobic core of neutral lipids is surrounded by a membrane monolayer of phospholipids which contains a minor amount of proteins. Whereas lipid particles from mammalian cells and plants harbor specific classes of polypeptides, mainly perilipins and oleosins, respectively, yeast lipid particles contain a more complex set of enzymes which are involved in lipid biosynthesis. Function of lipid particles as storage compartment and metabolic organelle, and their interaction with other subcellular fractions are discussed. Furthermore, models for the biogenesis of lipid particles are presented and compared among the different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zweytick
- Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Cytochemical and ultrastructural differences between intraspecific compatible and incompatible pollinations inRaphanus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1973.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the behaviour of pollen on the style ofRaphanus, following compatible and incompatible intraspecific pollinations, has revealed the self-incompatibility system in this species to be composed of at least three stages. The first, on which no information has been obtained in this study, involves the germination of the grain. The second stage concerns the ability of the pollen tube to penetrate the cuticle of the stigmatic papilla. It is possible that cutinase is deficient in incompatible pollen tubes but, in most instances, the outer layers of the stigmatic wall are penetrated. The third stage involves the interaction of substances secreted by the pollen tube with products of the stigmatic cytoplasm. The interaction is swiftly followed by the deposition, in the stigma, of a layered callosic body. This is formed immediately under the point of penetration and takes about 6 h to develop fully. Development of the pollen tube ceases as the first layers of callose are laid down. It is possible that the substances in the pollen responsible for the initiation of the second two stages are held in the tapetally synthesized tryphine, thus accounting for the sporophytic control of pollen compatibility in this species. The mature stigma contains large numbers of crystalline protein bodies, but it is not known whether they play any role in the self-incompatibility system.
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22
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23
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Napier JA, Stobart AK, Shewry PR. The structure and biogenesis of plant oil bodies: the role of the ER membrane and the oleosin class of proteins. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 31:945-56. [PMID: 8843938 DOI: 10.1007/bf00040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Napier
- Cell Biology Department, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, UK
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Murphy
- Department of Brassica and Oilseeds Research, John Innes Centre, Norwich, U.K
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25
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Krasowski MJ, Owens JN. SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE APICAL ZONATION AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF COASTAL DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 1990; 77:245-260. [PMID: 30139067 DOI: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1989] [Accepted: 08/31/1989] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The apical meristems of one-year-old container-grown seedlings of coastal Douglas fir were studied in two years during embryonic shoot development, dormancy, and dormancy release by light and electron microscopy. Apical zonation was evident at all times but prominence of some zones varied. Vacuolation was an important zone-characteristic and was not an artifact created by lipid extraction. During late summer and fall the plasma membrane was relatively smooth, ER not abundant, nuclear membranes irregular, and lipid bodies sparse. Numerous autophagic vacuoles occurred in apical cells. These diminished after bud scale initiation was completed in September and reappeared again in midwinter. Maximum starch accumulation was in the fall then it decreased during the winter and remained low during cold storage. The number of lipid bodies gradually increased in late fall and was large in winter. A single night of -1 C caused an increase in the number of lipid bodies. Plastids contained electron-dense material which accumulated further under subfreezing temperatures and eventually appeared to be released during winter into the cytoplasm and arranged into small globules along the cisternae of the ER. Granular protein bodies were observed at this time as well as deposits of electron-dense material on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and in cell walls. During winter, the plasma membrane became convoluted, short cisternae of the ER abundant, the nuclear membranes evenly separated, and nucleolar components aggregated. At the end of dormancy, ribosomes and starch grains became very abundant. Most lipid bodies diminished by budbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Krasowski
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J N Owens
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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26
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Murphy DJ. A highly active soluble diacylglycerol synthesizing system from developing rapeseed, Brassica napus L. Lipids 1988; 23:157-63. [PMID: 3374270 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of the enzymes of triacylglycerol biosynthesis has been studied in developing oilseed rape. All in vitro enzymatic activities from oleoyl-CoA to triacylglycerol were sufficient to account for the known rate of oleate deposition in triacylglycerol in vivo. The enzymatic activities from oleoyl-CoA to diacylglycerol preferentially were localized in a 150,000 g supernatant fraction, while the diacylglycerol acyl-transferase mostly was associated with the microsomal (20,000 g pellet and 150,000 g pellet) and oil-body fractions. The soluble (150,000 g supernatant) fraction rapidly incorporated oleate from [1-14C]oleoyl-CoA into diacylglycerol with rates of 40 nm min-1 g-1 FW at 20 microM oleoyl-CoA. The pH optimum was 7.5-9.0, and normal saturation kinetics were seen with oleoyl-CoA; the S0.5 was about 32 microM. Exogenous acyl acceptors, such as glycerol 3-phosphate, lysophosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidyl-choline stimulated oleate incorporation into diacylglycerol. The detergents Triton X-100 and sodium cholate inhibited diacylglycerol formation at concentrations in the region of their critical micellar concentration, while n-octyl-beta, D-glyco-pyranoside had no effect, even at high concentration. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of oil-body formation in developing oilseeds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Murphy
- Department of Botany, University of Durham, U.K
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27
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Herman EM. Immunogold-localization and synthesis of an oil-body membrane protein in developing soybean seeds. PLANTA 1987; 172:336-45. [PMID: 24225917 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1986] [Accepted: 06/17/1987] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a major oil-body membrane brotein was studied in maturing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cotyledons. The membrane contained four abundant proteins with apparent molecular mass (Mr) of 34000, 24000, 18000 and 17000. The Mr=24000 protein (mP 24) was selected for more detailed analysis. The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and isolated from the gel by electroelution or chemical hydrolysis of gel crosslinks. It was then used to elicit rabbit antibodies which were judged to be specific when assayed by SDS-PAGE-immunoblot procedures. The mP 24 was localized in immature soybean cotyledon cells by indirect immunogold procedures on thin sections of Lowicryl- and LR-White-embedded tissue. Indirect labeling with the primary antiserum followed by colloidal gold-protein A showed specific labeling of the oil-body membrane and an absence of label on the other subcellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Parallel tissue samples were studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Although segments of the ER were observed to be closely juxtaposed to the oil bodies, continuity between the two organelles was not observed. The synthesis of mP 24 was studied by in-vitro translation and in-vivo labeling with [(3)H]leucine followed by indirect immunoaffinity isolation of the labeled products. The SDS-PAGE fluorography results indicated that the primary translation product and the in-vivo synthesized protein have the same Mr, and this is also the same Mr as the protein in the mature membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Herman
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 20705, Beltsville, MD, USA
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28
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Stobart AK, Stymne S, Höglund S. Safflower microsomes catalyse oil accumulation in vitro: A model system. PLANTA 1986; 169:33-37. [PMID: 24232426 DOI: 10.1007/bf01369772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1985] [Accepted: 03/27/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing cotyledons of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed catalyse the formation of triacylglycerol fromsn-glycerol 3-phosphate and linoleoyl-CoA. Conditions of incubation were achieved in which the rate of triacylglycerol synthesis approached activities which were compatible with oil accumulation observed in vivo. Reaction mixtures which contained the microsomes took on a white soup-like appearance as triacylglycerol synthesis proceeded and sufficient oil was produced to form a white fat-pad at the surface after centrifugation. The development of the oil bodies in the microsomal membranes was studied by electron microscopy and showed that lipid droplets were formed in or on the membrane surface and were then released as apparently naked entities into the surrounding medium. The ontogeny of the oil droplet in vitro is discussed in terms of oil-body formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Stobart
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7009, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Cellular Changes during Microsporogenesis, Vegetative and Generative Cell Formation: A Review Based on Ultrastructure and Histochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Subcellular localization of triacylglycerol synthesis in spinach leaves. Lipids 1984; 19:117-21. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02534501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1983] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Wanner G, Köst HP. «Membrane Storage» of the Red Alga Porphyridium cruentum During Nitrate- and Sulphate Starvation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(84)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Franceschi VR, Lucas WJ. The glycosome of Chara: ultrastructure, development, and composition. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1981; 75:218-28. [PMID: 6167739 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(81)80137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Wanner G, Formanek H, Theimer RR. The ontogeny of lipid bodies (spherosomes) in plant cells : Ultrastructural evidence. PLANTA 1981; 151:109-23. [PMID: 24301718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/1980] [Accepted: 09/25/1980] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Maturing embryos of 16 oil plants, anise suspension culture cells, and Neurospora crassa cells were prepared for electron microscopy at different stages during massive lipid accumulation. Lipid-rich structures of certain species were best preserved by dehydration of fixed tissues in ethanol without propylene oxide, embedding in Spurr's Medium, and polymerization at room temperature. In all cells examined, spherical lipid bodies (spherosomes) showed a moderately osmiophilic, amorphous matrix and displayed a delimiting half-unit membrane when sectioned medially. Associations with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were viewed at any stage during lipid body development but with different frequency in the different plant species. Plastids of fat-storing cells exhibited conspicuously undulate outer and inner envelope membranes that formed multiple contact sites with each other and protuberances into both cytoplasm and stroma. Some species, e.g., Linum, have plastids with tubular structures that connect the inner membrane to the thylakoid system; in addition, in the stroma vesicles fusing with or apparently passing through the envelope were observed. The outer envelope membrane may be associated with ER-like cytoplasmic membrane structures. In addition, lipid bodies of various sizes were found in contact with the plastid envelope. The ultrastructural observations are interpreted to match the published biochemical evidence, indicating that both plastids and ER may be involved in the synthesis of storage lipids and lipid body production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wanner
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, Menzinger Straße 67, D-8000, München 19, Federal Republic of Germany
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34
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Sitte P. Role of Lipid Self-Assembly in Subcellular Morphogenesis. CYTOMORPHOGENESIS IN PLANTS 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8602-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Bair
- ; Department of Food Technology; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011
- Firto-Lay Div.; PepsiCo Inc.; 900 North Loop 12 Irving TX 75061
| | - H. E. Snyder
- ; Department of Food Technology; Iowa State University; Ames IA 50011
- ; Department of Horticultural Food Science; Univ. of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR 72701
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36
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Christiansen K. Triacylglycerol synthesis in lipid particles from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 530:78-90. [PMID: 356890 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(78)90128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol synthesis has been studied in a lipid particle preparation of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and compared with the synthesis in other subcellular fractions. Fatty acid-CoA ligase (AMP) (EC 6.2.1.3) activity and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase activity (EC 2.3.1.15) were present in all the subcellular fractions tested but the highest specific activities of both enzymes were observed with the lipid particle fraction. The products of the glycerol 3-phosphate acylation indicate that triacyglycerol synthesis proceeds through the phosphatidic acid pathway. However, only a small and nearly constant amount of lysophosphatidic acid was found with the lipid particle fraction while the other subcellular fraction produced lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acid with a more pronounced precursor/product relationship. Triacylglycerol synthesis from endogenous diacylglycerol present in the lipid particle was also demonstrated.
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37
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38
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Bergfeld R, Hong YN, Kühnl T, Schopfer P. Formation of oleosomes (storage lipid bodies) during embryogenesis and their breakdown during seedling development in cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. PLANTA 1978; 143:297-307. [PMID: 24408469 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1978] [Accepted: 07/10/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopic and biochemical investigations of developing embryonic mustard cotyledons provided no evidence for the widely accepted hypothesis that oleosomes of fat-storing tissues originate from the endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a unit- or half-unit membrane. In contrast, it was found that the first lipid droplets appear (about 12-14 d after pollination) in the ground cytoplasm near the surface of plastids. Subsequently these nascent lipid droplets, which lack any detectable boundary structure at this stage, become encircled by a cisterna of rough endoplasmic reticulum. At the same time an osmiophilic coat of about 3 nm thickness becomes detectable at the lipid/water interface. In the cotyledon cells of germinating seedlings a centrifugally moving front of fat degradation moves from the central vacuoles(s) towards the cell periphery, leaving behind collapsed coats of oleosomes which are depleted of their lipid contents (saccules). Although saccules appear tripartite in cross section, they are structurally different from endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The oleosome coats can be isolated from oleosome preparations by extracting lipids with organic solvents. The coat material is insoluble in detergents like Triton X-100 or deoxycholate and shows a tripartite, lamellar structure (similar to collapsed saccules) under the electron microscope. Upon dissolution with dodecylsulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a polypeptide composition (9 major bands) which is qualitatively different from that of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Also the buoyant densities of defatted oleosome coats and defatted endoplasmic reticulum membranes are very different. It is concluded that oleosome lipids accumulate in the ground cytoplasm and are bounded by a lamellar structure originating de novo from proteinaceous elements synthesized by specific regions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergfeld
- Biologisches Institut II, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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39
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Kleinig H, Steinki C, Kopp C, Zaar K. Oleosomes (Spherosomes) from Daucus carota suspension culture cells. PLANTA 1978; 140:233-237. [PMID: 24414559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1977] [Accepted: 02/16/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated oleosomes from Daucus carota L. cells are lipid droplets consisting mainly of triacylglycerols (>97%) and very little protein (1-2%). The boundary between the lipid phase and the cytosol, which is visible on electron micrographs, is not built up by a true phospholipid-containing unit or half unit membrane. Enzymatic activities of lipid metabolism were not found to be associated with oleosomes with the exception of very low (contaminating) acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) and relatively high acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2) activities. The triacylglycerols exhibited a half life time of about 70 h, which is below the generation time of the cells (80-90 h). The fatty acid pattern of triacylglycerols was very similar to that of polar cellular membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kleinig
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie, Institut für Biologie II der Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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40
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Pueschel CM. Unusual lipid bodies in the red alga Palmaria palmata (= Rhodymenia palmata). JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 60:328-34. [PMID: 197254 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Touma-Touchan H. [Biochemical and ultrastructural studies of the lipids of the cotton seed]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 58:271-88. [PMID: 850293 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)90019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Kyle DJ, Styles ED. Development of aleurone and sub-aleurone layers in maize. PLANTA 1977; 137:185-93. [PMID: 24420652 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1977] [Accepted: 08/22/1977] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron-microscope studies indicate that the aleurone tissue of maize (Zea mays L.) starts developing approximately 10-15 days after pollination in stocks that take ca. 40 days for the aleurone to mature completely. Development commences when specialized endosperm cells adjacent to the maternal nucellar layer start to differentiate. Differentiation is characterized by the formation of aleurone protein bodies and spherosomes. The protein bodies of the aleurone layer have a vacuolar origin whereas the protein bodies of the immediate underlying endosperm cells appear to develop from protrusions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, two morphologically and developmentally distinct types of protein bodies are present in these adjacent tissues. The spherosomes of the aleurone layer form early in the development of this tissue and increase in number as the tissue matures. During the final stages of maturation, these spherosomes become closely apposed to the aleurone grains and the plasma membrane. No further changes are apparent in the structure of the aleurone cells after 40 days from pollination when the caryopsis begins to desiccate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kyle
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, V8W 2Y2, Victoria, B.C., Canada
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43
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Stumpf PK. Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by maturing Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1975; 52:4844-490A. [PMID: 1184911 DOI: 10.1007/bf02639203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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44
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Appleby RS, Gurr MI, Nichols BW. Studies on seed-oil triglycerides. Factors controlling the biosynthesis of fatty acids and acyl lipids in subcellular organelles of maturing Crambe abyssinica seeds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 48:209-16. [PMID: 4155683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Werker E, Vaughan JG. Anatomical and ultrastructural changes in aleurone and myrosin cells of Sinapis alba during germination. PLANTA 1974; 116:243-255. [PMID: 24458193 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the embryo of Sinapis alba L. include either aleurone or myrosin grains and all cells contain oil bodies. Aleurone grains and oil bodies are degraded during germination. The myrosin grains of each myrosin cell, on the other hand, gradually turn into one big vacuole containing the myrosin. Probably very little, if any, new myrosin is formed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl of the seedling after germination. No difference was found between aleurone and myrosin cells in the development of organelles. The cells of provascular bundles of the mature embryo contain different amounts of aleurone grains in different stages of development, and their organelles are more developed than those of all other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Werker
- Department of Botany, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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46
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Smith CG. The ultrastructural development of spherosomes and oil bodies in the developing embyro of Crambe abyssinica. PLANTA 1974; 119:125-142. [PMID: 24442452 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of the cotyledon cells of Crambe abyssinica was studied using the electron microscope.New evidence is presented, concerning the site of origin of the oil body. The spherosomes and oil bodies were found to be separate entities, with different sites of origin and function within the cell.The spherosomes, which were shown to be present in the cell before the onset of oil body formation, and formed from the endoplasmic reticulum, contains acid β glycerophosphatase. At least one of its functions is to supply a hydrolytic enzyme to the vacuoles in which the alcurone grains subsequently develop.Oil bodies were found to develop from small areas of particulate material in the cytoplasm 8-10 days after petal fall, and their function appears to be as sites of an oil storage product (triglyceride), which is synthesised during seed development.The development of the protein body is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Smith
- Unilever Research Laboratory Colworth/Welwyn, Colworth House, MK 44. ILQ, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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47
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Gurr MI, Blades J, Appleby RS, Smith CG, Robinson MP, Nichols BW. Studies on seed-oil triglycerides. Triglyceride biosynthesis and storage in whole seeds and oil bodies of Crambe abyssinica. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 43:281-90. [PMID: 4365180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Rest JA, Vaughan JG. The development of protein and oil bodies in the seed of Sinapis alba L. PLANTA 1972; 105:245-262. [PMID: 24477811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/1972] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. seed are the storage organs and first photosynthetic organs. The development of the cotyledon cell contents was studied using electron and light microscopy. From the heart shaped embryo (11 days from petal fall) to the mature seed, nine stages were examined.Both types of protein grains (designated aleurone grains and myrosin grains) were found to form within vacuoles, but the mode of protein accumulation differed with each type of grain.Oil bodies were apparent with the EM from 18 days onwards, but could not be seen to arise from the ER. They were granular in appearance at early stages, but later became electron transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rest
- Biology Department, Queen Elizabeth College (University of London), London, UK
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49
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Harman G, Granett A. Deterioration of stored pea seed: changes in germination, membrane permeability and ultrastructure resulting from infection by Aspergillus ruber and from aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(72)90010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hallam ND. Embryogenesis and germination in rye (Secale cereale L.) : 1. Fine structure of the developing embryo. PLANTA 1972; 104:157-166. [PMID: 24481699 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/1971] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the young embryo contain highly differentiated organelles. During maturation and dehydration, complexity is reduced, the many layers of endoplasmic reticulum associated with electron lucent bodies become reduced to a few residual crescents, lipid droplets distributed in the cytoplasm migrate to and become closely appressed to the plasmalemma, mitochondrial cristae are reduced in number and dictyosomes are compacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Hallam
- Agricultural Research Council Unit of Developmental Botany, Cambridge, UK
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