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Fineran BA. Fracture faces of the tonoplast in root tips after various conditions of pretreatment prior to freeze-etching. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1972.tb01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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LIU TP, DAVIES DM. Ultrastructural Architecture and Organization of the Spore Envelope during Development inThelohania bracteata(Strickland, 1913) after Freeze-Etching*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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LIU TP, DAVIES DM. Fine Structure of Developing Spores ofThelohania bracteata(Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) Emphasizing Polar-Filament Formation*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Meyer HW, Richter W. Zum Mechanismus des Membranwachstums. Untersuchungen an Bakterien mit der Gefrierätzung. J Basic Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19710110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy is especially useful for investigation of lipid structures by the advantageous fracture course within hydrophobic zones. Freezing is, on the other hand, a restriction because the structures of lamellar and non-lamellar phase states with disordered acyl chains (L(alpha), H(II,) cubic) are difficult to preserve. An important aspect of this method is therefore the lipid structure of phase states with ordered acyl chains (crystal, gel), and with a different degree of hydration. Freeze-fracture of pure lipid systems creates a valid representation of the structure of non-lamellar phases and of the general structure of the "lamellar" lipid bilayer, and lamellar phases with characteristic deformations (ripples, curvatures, plane sectors) can be identified. Fracture through the hydrophobic bilayer centre of biological membranes reveals characteristic protein components, the intramembraneous particles (IMPs). The lateral distribution of the IMPs is a helpful marker for fluid and rigid phase states, also without deformation of the lamella. The overall history and the present state of knowledge concerning the different structures revealed by the freeze-fracture and freeze-etch techniques in lipid systems, and to a limited extent in biological membranes, is reviewed, taking into account studies from our own laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Meyer
- Institut für Ultrastrukturforschung, Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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Bonilla E, Schotland DL, Di Mauro S. Ultrastructural study of globular inclusions in human skeletal muscle mitochondria. Acta Neuropathol 1980; 52:35-40. [PMID: 6254319 DOI: 10.1007/bf00687226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Limb muscle biopsies from a patient with Luft's disease and a patient with a slowly progressive neuromuscular disorder since infancy revealed by conventional electron microscopy the presence of globular inclusions in the mitochondria as one of the most prominent morphological findings. Electron cytochemical studies on fresh tissue blocks showed no cytochrome c oxidase activity within the globular inclusions. The study of strontium uptake supported by either NAD and flavo-protein linked substrates in freshly isolated mitochondria fractions showed no electron-dense needles within the globular inclusions. Attempts to remove the inclusions with pepsin and with pronase on ultrathin sections failed but they were partially and totally removed by treatment of the sections with hydrogen peroxide. Freeze fracture studies showed the globular inclusions consisted of amorphous and lamellar material. The results suggest that the globular inclusions in muscle mitochondria may consist primarily of lipid.
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Manabe T. Freeze-fracture study of alveolar lining layer in adult rat lungs. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1979; 69:86-97. [PMID: 583055 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(79)80044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Kruger L, Stolinski C, Martin BG, Gross MB. Membrane specializations and cytoplasmic channels of Schwann cells in mammalian peripheral nerve as seen in freeze-fracture replicas. J Comp Neurol 1979; 186:571-601. [PMID: 15116690 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901860406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Schwann cells in rat, rabbit and human fetal nerves were studied using several cryoprotective agents for electron microscopic study of freeze-fracture replicas. The findings in fixed and unfixed tissue reveal surface plasmalemma caveolar specializations and the outer layer membrane junctional complexes found in non-mammalian species. The plasmalemma also reveals a complex arrangement of contours outlining cytoplasmic channel networks distinct from the long-recognized Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and paranodal cytoplasmic loops. A specialized interconnected channel system in the outer "loose" myelin layer displays relatively uniform dimensions comparable in diameter to nodal microvilli, paranodal loops and some incisures. An adaxonal tubular channel system constituting the "axon-Schwann network" is found in the internodal region in addition to other variants of the adaxonal Schwann plasmalemma. The several forms of sequestration of Schwann cell cytoplasm presumably underlie the specialized needs of cytoplasmic continuity in a dynamic functional entity in which large domains of cytoplasm have been displaced by the formation of compact myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kruger
- Departments of Anatomy and Anesthesiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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Sunamoto J, Kondo H, Yoshimatsu A. Liposomal membrane. I. Chemical damage of liposomal membranes with functional detergent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 510:52-62. [PMID: 667037 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction and reaction between liposomal membrane and a functional detergent, N-hexadecyl-N-(imidazol-4-yl)methyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride hydroperchlorate (Im-I), have been investigated in conjunction with the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated as a marker in the bilayers of liposomes. Im-I carries an imidazole moiety and was expected to behave as a simple lipase model. The reaction with Im-I significantly enhanced the leakage of bromothymol blue encapsulated in the egg lecithin and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes. During the course of reaction with Im-I, the formation of acyl-imidazole intermediate was clearly identified, which was certainly connected with the bromothymol blue release. From various kinetic results on bromothymol blue release and acyl-imidazole formation, it has been suggested that the bromothymol blue release from liposomal bilayer may be caused by the local and instantaneous decomposition of lipids when Im-I penetrates into the bilayer. However, it has also been demonstrated that the immediate reconstruction of liposomes retains the barrier function to protect against the further release of bromothymol blue.
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Manabe T. A freeze-fracture study of tubular myelin in fetal rabbit lung. Pathol Int 1978; 28:379-91. [PMID: 210619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1978.tb01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A freeze-fracture replication study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between intracellular lamellar bodies of type II alveolar epithelial cells and intra-alveolar contents in late gestation rabbit fetuses. The interior of the inclusion bodies was composed of multiple stacks and/or whorls of membranes devoid of membrane-associated particles, while the limiting membrane of intracellular lamellar inclusion bodies was studied with membrane-associated particles of 150A diameter. The intra-alveolar contents were comprised of two components; spherical bodies, and tubular elements. Spherical bodies were identical to the internal contents of the lamellar bodies and also were devoid of membrane-associated particles. Tubular elements mostly appeared rectangular on cross-fractured faces, but triangular and hexagonal forms could also be seen. These tubules rested on the surfaces of the spherical bodies and appeared to be formed of the outer lipid monolayer of spherical bodies. The present observations suggest that the tubular element of the alveolar contents is formed through the interaction between the discharged lamellar body content and the alveolar fluid.
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Kikkawa Y, Manabe T. The freeze-fracture study of alveolar type II cells and alveolar content in fetal rabbit lung. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1978; 190:627-37. [PMID: 205142 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-fracture replication technique was utilized to study the morphology of type II alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar contents in the late gestation of rabbit fetuses. It was shown that the lamellar inclusion bodies of type II cells were enveloped by the usual type of unit membrane with membrane-associated particles of 15 nm diameter. The interior of the inclusion bodies was composed of multiple stacks and/or whorls of membranes which were devoid of membrane-associated particles. Small vesicles within the inclusion were found more frequently with this technique than in chemically fixed thin-sectioned preparations. The intra-alveolar contents were comprised of two components; sperical bodies, which were identical to the internal contents of the lamellar bodies of type II cells, and tubular elements. These tubules most often appeared rectangular on cross-fractured faces. Triangular hexagonal fracture faces were also noted. The tubules were seen to rest on the surfaces of the spherical components. Our observations suggest that the tubular element of alveolar contents is formed through the interaction between the discharged lamellar body content and the alveolar fluid, and further suggest that at least the major constituent of type II cell lamellar bodies is lipid not bound to protein. Three new observations were made in this study; the absence of membrane-associated particles on the interior of the lamellae of the inclusions, the cross-fractured profiles of tubular elements of the alveolar contents, and the occasional multicompartmental nature of type II cell inclusions.
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Abstract
The freeze-fracture technique is now widely used in the study of membranes, but it should be stressed that it shows internal hydrophobic planes of membranes, prepared under physical conditions far removed from those prevailing in vivo. Hence there is considerable potential for artefact. Work on the membrane lipid component, the intramembrane particles, and their aggregation under certain conditions, is reviewed in the context of fact versus artefact. Particular attention is paid to the results of complementary replica experiments, performed in the author's laboratory and elsewhere, which indicate that lipid collapse and protein particle deformation contribute to the appearance of the membrane fracture face seen in the final replica. A model, showing the effects of freeze-fracturing on membranes, is presented.
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Shamoo AE, Goldstein DA. Isolation of ionophores from ion transport systems and their role in energy transduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 472:13-53. [PMID: 141944 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(77)90013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Forge A, Lydon J, Tiddy G. A study of the structure of the C phase in the sodium octanoate/decanol/water system using electron microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(77)90356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wade JB, DiScala VA, Karnovsky MJ. Membrane structural specialization of the toad urinary bladder revealed by the freeze-fracture technique. I. The granular cell. J Membr Biol 1975; 22:385-402. [PMID: 808631 DOI: 10.1007/bf01868182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the toad urinary bladder by freeze-fracture electron-microscopy demonstrates structural specialization of the granular cell's luminal membrane compared to its basal membrane. Although both membranes appear to possess about 1,700 intramembranous particles per mum2, those of the luminal membrane tend to be significantly larger in size. In addition, the fracturing properties of the two membranes are markedly different: the majority of particles are found on fracture face B (outer membrane face), in the case of the luminal membrane, and the majority are found on fracture face A (inner membrane face), in the case of the basal membrane. While the two fracture faces of the basal membrane possess a similar distribution of particle sizes, in the case of the luminal membrane the B face was found to possess particles generally larger than those found on the A face. It was established that the probability of luminal membrane particles adhering to face B instead of face A is closely correlated with the size of the particle. The structural specialization of the granular cell's luminal membrane may have an important relationship to the characteristic permeability properties of this membrane and the capacity of this cell type to respond physiologically to the hormone vasopressin.
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Abstract
A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands has revealed a high density (approx. 4500/mu2) of intramembraneous particles (80-110 A) in both the apical and basal membranes. Most of the particles were associated with the A face. The density of the stalked surface particles which coat the cytoplasmic surface of the apical membrane. The possible significance of these particles in ion transport is discussed.
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20
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Vail W, Papahadjopoulos D, Moscarello M. Interaction of a hydrophobic protein with liposomes evidence for particles seen in freeze fracture as being proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bray DF, Nakamura K, Costerton JW, Wagenaar EB. Ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas eugametos as revealed by freeze-etching: cell wall, plasmalemma and chloroplast membrane. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 47:125-41. [PMID: 4825817 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)80065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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23
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Newman HN, Britton AH. Ultrastructure of selected bacteria isolated from dental plaque as revealed by freeze-etching. J Dent Res 1973; 52:1194-201. [PMID: 4202424 DOI: 10.1177/00220345730520060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Freeze-etching was used to study the ultrastructure of several isolates representative of morphologic types of bacteria found in dental plague. It is a useful technique for ultrastructural examination of apparently viable bacteria, and it has possible applications in the study of the structural appearance and interrelationships of oral bacteria in plaque.
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Lundberg B. The visualization of a lamellar and a cubic mesophase in the monoolein—water system by freeze-etching. Chem Phys Lipids 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(73)90023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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McNutt NS, Weinstein RS. Membrane ultrastructure at mammalian intercellular junctions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:45-101. [PMID: 4122630 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Bessis M, Weed RI. The structure of normal and pathologic erythrocytes. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1973; 14:35-91. [PMID: 4125146 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-005214-1.50006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Roland JC. The relationship between the plasmalemma and plant cell wall. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1973; 36:45-92. [PMID: 4128634 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Gonococci have been studied by electron microscopy after freeze-cleavage, freeze-etching and the findings correlated with those obtainable through thin sectioning and negative staining. The outer membrane of the cell wall is composed of round to hexagonal subunits 80 A in diameter. This membrane is also punctuated by 80-A holes visible on the exterior of the organism and extending into the substance or through the outer membrane. Pili coursing over the surface of the organisms appear to maintain a close anatomical relationship with the cell wall. In some instances, the surfaces of the organisms are virtually covered by a layer of pili.
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30
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Zingsheim HP. Membrane structure and electron microscopy. The significance of physical problems and techniques (freeze etching). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 265:339-66. [PMID: 4573968 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(72)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Pinto da Silva P, Branton D. Membrane intercalated particles: the plasma membrane as a planar fluid domain. Chem Phys Lipids 1972; 8:265-78. [PMID: 4339479 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(72)90054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Lydon JE, Robinson DG. The structure of cholesteryl ester mesophases revealed by freeze-fracturing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 260:298-311. [PMID: 4552056 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(72)90041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Liu T, Davies D. Fine structure of frozen-etched lipid granules in the fat body of an insect. J Lipid Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lickfeld KG, Achterrath M, Hentrich F, Kolehmainen-Seveus L, Persson A. [The fine structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as analyzed by freeze etching, ultramicrotomy, and cryo-ultramicrotomy]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 38:27-45. [PMID: 4621604 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Stewart PS, Puppione DL, Patton S. The presence of microvilli and other membrane fragments in the non-fat phase of bovine milk. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 123:161-7. [PMID: 4332347 DOI: 10.1007/bf02583470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Forte T, Forte JG. A freeze-fracture study of bullfrog gastric oxyntic cells. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 37:322-34. [PMID: 4331148 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Untersee P, Gil J, Weibel ER. Visualization of extracellular lining layer of lung alveoli by freeze-etching. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1971; 13:171-85. [PMID: 5171649 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(71)90088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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James R, Branton D. The correlation between the saturation of membrane fatty acids and the presence of membrane fracture faces after osmium fixation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 233:504-12. [PMID: 5165434 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Reith A, Oftebro R. Structure of HeLa cells after treatment with glycerol as revealed by freeze-etching and electron microscopic methods. Exp Cell Res 1971; 66:385-95. [PMID: 4326614 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(71)90692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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DeVoe IW, Costerton JW, MacLeod RA. Demonstration by freeze-etching of a single cleavage plane in the cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium. J Bacteriol 1971; 106:659-71. [PMID: 4929873 PMCID: PMC285143 DOI: 10.1128/jb.106.2.659-671.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the examination of protoplasts of a gram-negative bacterium classified as a Pseudomonas sp. by freeze-etching, we found a smooth external surface which is not seen if the preparations are not "etched." This external structure is seen as a sleeve surrounding and connecting the cells in unetched preparations, and we present evidence that it is a eutectic formed during the freezing of the specimen. In the system used in this study, the four layers of the cell wall of a gram-negative bacterium can be removed from the cell. The single cell wall cleavage plane is not affected by the removal of the loosely bound outer layer or of the peptidoglycan layer, but it is lost when the outer double track layer and the underlying soluble layer are simultaneously removed. Thus, we conclude that it is one of these two layers which is responsible for the cleavage plane which exposes variable areas of a smooth surface in the cell wall. This cell wall cleavage plane is more likely to deflect the actual cleavage of the frozen cell when cells are relatively old or when they are suspended in sucrose.
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Orci L, Matter A, Rouiller C. A comparative study of freeze-etch replicas and thin sections of rat liver. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 35:1-19. [PMID: 4931424 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Freeze-Etching Technique for the Study of Virus Ultrastructure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-470205-9.50021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Structure of Membranes and Role of Lipids Therein1 1Contribution No. 358, Animal Research Institute. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024909-1.50011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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46
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47
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Meyer HW, Richter W. [Mechanisms of membrane growth. Bacterial studies with freeze-etching]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 11:397-413. [PMID: 5003888 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Fineran BA. Organization of the tonoplast in frozen-etched root tips. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1970; 33:574-86. [PMID: 4923166 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(70)90182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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McNutt NS, Weinstein RS. The ultrastructure of the nexus. A correlated thin-section and freeze-cleave study. J Cell Biol 1970; 47:666-88. [PMID: 5531667 PMCID: PMC2108148 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.47.3.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A correlation is made between the appearances of the nexus ("gap junction") as revealed by thin-section and by freeze-cleave electron microscopy techniques. These methods reveal different aspects of a complex subunit assembly forming the nexus membranes. In thin sections, the nexus is formed by the very close apposition of two "unit" membranes. The electron-opaque tracer, colloidal lanthanum hydroxide, outlines an aspect of electron-lucent subunits that project into the central region of the nexus. The freeze-cleave technique demonstrates novel membrane faces that are generated from within the interior of plasma membranes by splitting them into two lamellae (Lm): Lm 1 adjacent to the cytoplasm, and Lm 2 adjacent to the extracellular space. Each of the two membranes forming the nexus can be split into these two lamellae. On the new face of Lm 1, particles approximately 50 A in diameter are closely packed in an array which is often hexagonal with a 90-100 A center-to-center spacing. The two apposed lamellae (Lm 2-Lm 2) of the nexus are constructed of sheets of subunits in a similar array. The Lm 1 particles appear to extend into the Lm 2 subunits to form macromolecular complexes. The Lm 2 subunits extend to the center of the nexus to form the contacts outlined by lanthanum in sections. It is postulated that central hydrophilic channels may extend through the subunit assembly to provide a direct route for intercellular communication.
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Deamer DW, Leonard R, Tardieu A, Branton D. Lamellar and hexagonal lipid phases visualized by freeze-etching. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 219:47-60. [PMID: 5528829 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(70)90060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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