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Souza AC, Lube GV, Jarcovis RDLM, de Araujo LD, da Silva J, Lourenço RA. A comprehensive review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian coastal environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116304. [PMID: 38583223 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This study provides an overview of the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal regions of Santos Basin, located in Brazil's Southeast region, the country's most industrialized area. The analysis is based on data compiled from various studies in this area since 2000. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the SCOPUS database, encompassing peer-reviewed scientific journals from publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Nature, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Most of these studies have focused on the sediment compartment due to its role as the primary repository for organic matter and, consequently, PAHs in the marine environment. However, the bioavailability of organic contaminants in sediment is generally lower compared to water and suspended particulate matter, which has received less attention in the context of Santos Basin. The literature search also includes studies evaluating PAH concentrations in organisms to investigate the bioaccumulation rates of these compounds. Data presented in this review primarily originates from coastal and estuarine areas within Santos Basin, with occasional extensions to the continental shelf. The majority of publications are centered on studies conducted in the southeastern Brazilian states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where the highest levels of PAH contamination across all environmental compartments are typically observed. Santa Catarina, on the other hand, is the coastal region with fewer studies. The regions where most of the studies involving PAHs in the Santos Basin are concentrated in areas where public university research centers are located, a pattern that repeats throughout the Brazilian coast. In areas far from universities, little is known about the environmental status of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Câmara Souza
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Vieira Lube
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Raphael De Lucca Marcello Jarcovis
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Ligia Dias de Araujo
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Josilene da Silva
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Rafael André Lourenço
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IO-USP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, Brazil.
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Dehvari M, Takdastan A, Jorfi S, Ahmadi M, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Babaei AA. Distribution of total petroleum hydrocarbons in superficial sediments of Karun River Basin, southwest of Iran: spatial and seasonal variations, source identification, and ecological risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:71-82. [PMID: 34781808 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.2000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) are common environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystems that tend to adsorb onto the sediments. This study aimed to monitor the concentration and assessment of contamination level of TPHs in the sediments of Karun River and Bahmanshir estuary, which will eventually flow into the Persian Gulf. GIS-mapping technique was used to indicate the distribution of TPHs. The samples were collected during dry and wet seasons at 15 monitoring stations. - The maximum amount of TPHs was obtained at station No. 14 in the dry season (225.29 μg/g). The indices of determining the pollution source showed that hydrocarbons in polluted areas were mainly of biogenic origin. Compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and contamination factor (Cf), the study area sediments were in the conditions of moderate pollution and had a low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Dehvari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Takdastan
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sahand Jorfi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Barroso GC, Abril G, Machado W, Abuchacra RC, Peixoto RB, Bernardes M, Marques GS, Sanders CJ, Oliveira GB, Oliveira Filho SR, Amora-Nogueira L, Marotta H. Linking eutrophication to carbon dioxide and methane emissions from exposed mangrove soils along an urban gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157988. [PMID: 35963403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are one of the most important but threatened blue carbon ecosystems globally. Rapid urban growth has resulted in nutrient inputs and subsequent coastal eutrophication, associated with an enrichment in organic matter (OM) from algal and sewage sources and substantial changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment on mangrove soil OM composition and GHG emissions, such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), are still poorly understood. Here, we aim to evaluate the relationships between CO2 and CH4 efflux with OM composition in exposed soils from three mangrove areas along watersheds with different urbanization levels (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). To assess spatial (lower vs. upper intertidal zones) and seasonal (summer vs. winter) variability, we measured soil-air CO2 and CH4 fluxes at low spring tide, analyzing elementary (C, N, and P), isotopic (δ13C and δ15N), and the molecular (n-alkanes and sterols) composition of surface soil OM. A general trend of OM composition was found with increasing urban influence, with higher δ15N (proxy of anthropogenic N enrichment), less negative δ13C, more short-chain n-alkanes, lower C:N ratio (proxies of algal biomass), and higher epicoprostanol content (proxies of sewage-derived OM). The CO2 efflux from exposed soils increased greatly in median (25/75 % interquartile range) from 4.6 (2.9/8.3) to 24.0 (21.5/32.7) mmol m-2 h-1 from more pristine to more urbanized watersheds, independent of intertidal zone and seasonality. The CO2 fluxes at the most eutrophicated site were among the highest reported worldwide for mangrove soils. Conversely, CH4 emissions were relatively low (three orders of magnitude lower than CO2 fluxes), with high peaks in the lower intertidal zone during the rainy summer. Thus, our findings demonstrate the influence of coastal eutrophication on global warming potentials related to enhanced heterotrophic remineralization of blue carbon within mangrove soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Barroso
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil
| | - Gwenaël Abril
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), FRE 2020, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Wilson Machado
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Abuchacra
- Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil; Department of Geography, Graduate Program in Geography, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ/FFP), Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470 São Gonçalo, 24435-005 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta B Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bernardes
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Marques
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil
| | - Christian J Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2540, Australia
| | - Gabriela B Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Oliveira Filho
- Physical Geography Laboratory (LAGEF-UFF), Department of Geography, Graduate Program in Geography, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-346, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Amora-Nogueira
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil; Physical Geography Laboratory (LAGEF-UFF), Department of Geography, Graduate Program in Geography, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-346, Brazil
| | - Humberto Marotta
- Graduate Program in Geosciences (Environmental Geochemistry), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n, 24020-007 Niterói, Brazil; Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG-UFF)/Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Biomass and Water Management Research Center (NAB-UFF), Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Edmundo March, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-310, Brazil; Physical Geography Laboratory (LAGEF-UFF), Department of Geography, Graduate Program in Geography, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza, s/n°, Niterói, RJ 24210-346, Brazil.
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Abessa DMS, Rachid BRF, Zaroni LP, Gasparro MR, Pinto YA, Bícego MC, Hortellan MA, Sarkis JES, Muniz P, Moreira LB, Sousa ECPM. Natural factors and chemical contamination control the structure of macrobenthic communities in the Santos Estuarine System (SP, Brazil). COMMUNITY ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/168.2019.20.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. S. Abessa
- UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista. Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - B. R. F. Rachid
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
- BR Ambiental. Rua Corinto, 739, sala 91-a, São Paulo, SP, 05586-069, Brazil
| | - L. P. Zaroni
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M. R. Gasparro
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Y. A. Pinto
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M. C. Bícego
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M. A. Hortellan
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-900 São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - J. E. S. Sarkis
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-900 São Paulo – SP, Brazil
| | - P. Muniz
- Sección Oceanología, Facultad de Ciencias – UdelaR, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - L. B. Moreira
- UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista. Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
| | - E. C. P. M. Sousa
- Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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Fontenelle FR, Taniguchi S, da Silva J, Lourenço RA. Environmental quality survey of an industrialized estuary and an Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve through a comparative appraisal of organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:339-348. [PMID: 30807939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of the concentrations, bioavailability and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was performed in the industrialized estuary of Santos-São Vicente and in the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine lagoon system, considered an Atlantic forest biosphere reserve, using different approaches. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bivalves (Crassostrea brasiliana) were deployed in both estuarine systems. Samples of water, suspended particulate material (PM), and sediments were also collected in these regions. The concentrations of PAHs in the water and in the PM from both estuarine systems were similar. In the sediment, the concentrations of PAHs and POPs were higher in the estuary of Santos-São Vicente than in the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine lagoon system. The accumulation of PAHs and POPs by the SPMD and C. brasiliana revealed that in both regions the bioavailability of contaminants was similar. Because of the hydrophobicity of the organic compounds, each matrix responded in a different manner to the source of the contaminants; C. brasiliana and sediment were primarily associated with 4-5 ring-PAHs that represent pyrolytic sources of hydrocarbons, whereas water and the SPMDs were correlated with the 2-3 ring-PAHs, which represent petrogenic sources. The PM produced an intermediated concentration among these compartments and was related to the concentration of POPs. Because no significant differences between the mean concentrations of contaminants in both studied regions were observed, anthropogenic effects currently impact the Cananéia-Iguape lagoon system, which was initially considered a pristine area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Ribeiro Fontenelle
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Josilene da Silva
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Andre Lourenço
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Moreira LB, de Camargo JBDA, Belletato Marques B, Martins CC, de Souza Abessa DM. Multiple lines of evidence of sediment quality in an urban Marine Protected Area (Xixová-Japuí State Park, SP, Brazil). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4605-4617. [PMID: 30560531 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) aim to protect habitats, biodiversity, and ecological processes as a conservation tool. These areas have been affected by contamination, which threats the biodiversity and ecological functioning. In this study, we evaluated the sediment quality of Xixová-Japuí State Park (XJSP), an MPA located in an urbanized Bay (Santos, Southeast Brazil) by integrating multiple lines-of-evidence. Six sites were selected within the XJSP and analyzed for sediment chemistry, toxicity, and benthic community descriptors using Sediment Quality Triad approach (SQT). Whole-sediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) was employed as a complementary line of evidence to confirm the presence of domestic effluent discharges as a potential stressor. The SQT showed that sediments collected within XJSP are impacted by contaminants, exhibiting chronic toxicity and changes in benthic community. TIE results indicated that trace metals, organic contaminants, and ammonia contributed to the observed effects. Our results also indicate a lack of effectiveness of MPA in protecting the biodiversity due to the contamination sources, which requires efforts to pollution control in order to ensure the environmental conservation and management plan goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Buruaem Moreira
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil.
| | - Júlia Beatriz Duarte Alves de Camargo
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Belletato Marques
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar, s/n°, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pça. Infante D. Henrique s/n°, São Vicente, SP, 11330-900, Brazil
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Tapia-Morales S, López-Landavery EA, Giffard-Mena I, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Gómez-Reyes RJE, Díaz F, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Transcriptomic response of the Crassostrea virginica gonad after exposure to a water-accommodation fraction of hydrocarbons and the potential implications in reproduction. Mar Genomics 2018; 43:9-18. [PMID: 30409725 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Crassostrea virginica oyster has biological and economic importance in the Gulf of Mexico, an area with a high extraction and production of hydrocarbons. Exposure to hydrocarbons affects the reproductive processes in bivalves. In C. virginica, the effect of hydrocarbons on the gonad of the undifferentiated organism has not been evaluated to determine the possible damage during the maturation process. To evaluate this effect, RNA-seq data was generated from C. virginica gonads exposed to a 200 μg/L of hydrocarbons at different exposure times (7, 14 and 21 days) and a control treatment (without hydrocarbons). The analysis of the gonad transcriptome showed the negative effect of hydrocarbons on maturation, with a sub-expression of 22 genes involved in different stages of this process. Additionally, genes in the immune system were down-regulated, which may indicate that exposure to hydrocarbons causes immunosuppression in bivalves. A group of oxidative stress genes was also reduced. These data contribute to a better understanding of the effect of hydrocarbons on the reproductive process in bivalves and, at the same time, allow us to identify possible biomarkers associated with hydrocarbon contamination in the gonad of C. virginica.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tapia-Morales
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Laboratorio de Genómica Marina, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Laboratorio de Patología Experimental Acuícola, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - E A López-Landavery
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Laboratorio de Genómica Marina, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - I Giffard-Mena
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Laboratorio de Patología Experimental Acuícola, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - N Ramírez-Álvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - R J E Gómez-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Laboratorio de Genómica Marina, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - F Díaz
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Laboratorio de Genómica Marina, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico
| | - C E Galindo-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Laboratorio de Genómica Marina, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, B. C., Mexico.
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8
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Santos LO, Santos AG, de Andrade JB. Methodology to examine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in sediments of the Paraguaçu River (Bahia, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:248-256. [PMID: 30509805 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments usually require large sample sizes (grams) and solvent volumes (at least 100 mL) through the employment of Soxhlet extraction, which is both time (hours) and energy consuming, among other disadvantages. We developed a new analytical protocol for the determination of PACs in sediments using microextraction, which requires small sample masses (25 mg), 500 μL of acetonitrile-dichloromethane mix and sonication for 23 min, followed by GC-MS analysis. The method was validated using the certified reference material SRM 1941b - NIST organic marine sediment, as well as internal deuterated standards. Seventeen PAHs, seven nitro-PAHs and one quinone were detected and quantified. The mean concentrations were 90.4 ng g-1 for PAHs, 179.2 ng g-1 for nitro-PAHs and 822.5 ng g-1 for quinones. The proposed method showed good sensitivity, linearity, precision and accuracy for the determination of PAC in sediments samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Oliveira Santos
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, 45613-204 Itabuna, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Canela, 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Aldenor Gomes Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Canela, 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Canela, 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente, UFBA, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; SENAI-CIMATEC University Center, 41650-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Dauner ALL, Dias TH, Ishii FK, Libardoni BG, Parizzi RA, Martins CC. Ecological risk assessment of sedimentary hydrocarbons in a subtropical estuary as tools to select priority areas for environmental management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:417-425. [PMID: 29945103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, distribution, and ecological risk of hydrocarbons, as well as bulk parameters, were determined in surface sediments of the Babitonga Bay, a subtropical human-impacted estuary in South Atlantic. Total aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranged between 0.8 and 201.2 μg g-1 and from 8.7 to 5489 ng g-1, respectively. Saguaçú Lagoon, the region near the ferry boat and the vicinity of São Francisco harbour (SFH), presented high hydrocarbon concentrations. Despite the low accumulation trend in this region, the SFH and city may act as a punctual hydrocarbon source. The inner portion of the estuary had the finest sediment grains and the highest concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, indicating its importance as a depositional and cumulative area. The occurrence of unresolved complex mixture suggested chronic oil contamination. Petrogenic (based on the high percentage of alkylated PAHs) and pyrolytic (according to the diagnostic ratios of PAH isomer pairs) sources were confirmed. Ecological risk assessment was evaluated by the risk quotient (RQ). All samples had at least one priority PAH present at above the negligible concentration, including naphthalene, which was observed in all samples. Only the sites near the ferry boat and at the Saguaçú Lagoon contained compounds with concentrations above their maximum permissible concentrations, while all other sampling sites are classified as "Low-risk." The spatial distribution of RQs coincides with PAHs distribution, indicating that the regions near SFH, ferry-boat, and the Saguaçú Lagoon should be considered to be priority areas when making environmental monitoring policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L L Dauner
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais H Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda K Ishii
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruno G Libardoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Parizzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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10
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Shirmohammadi M, Salamat N, Ronagh MT, Movahedinia A, Hamidian G. Using cell apoptosis, micronuclei and immune alternations as biomarkers of phenanthrene exposure in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:37-47. [PMID: 29079206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the apoptosis and tissue changes in the spleen, as well as humoral immune-related parameters, micronuclei (MN) induction in blood cells and Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were investigated in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) after short-term exposure to phenanthrene (Phe). The fish were intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations (2, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) of Phe and tissue and blood samples were collected 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after injection. The concentrations of Phe in the fish liver increased 4 days after the experiment. EROD activity showed a pattern consistent with Phe concentration in the liver. Apoptotic index in the spleen increased dose dependently in Phe-exposed fish. Exposure to Phe caused significant decrease in the plasma level of immunoglobulin M, phagocytic and respiratory burst activity after 4 days of exposure. The frequency of MN in the erythrocytes of the treated fish was significantly higher than control. The main pathological alterations in the spleen included the increase in melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), destroyed red blood cell and hemorrhage. The degree of tissue changes in the spleen of the exposed fish ranged from slight to moderate damage. The size and number of MMCs in the spleen were significantly higher in Phe-treated fish compared to the control. Our results showed that Phe could suppress immune responses in fish, induce cell apoptosis, histological changes in the spleen and MN formation. This may suggest those parameters consider as useful biomarkers for monitoring of the health status of fish during exposure to Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ronagh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran; Department of Marine Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Pinheiro PPO, Massone CG, Carreira RS. Distribution, sources and toxicity potential of hydrocarbons in harbor sediments: A regional assessment in SE Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:6-17. [PMID: 28476352 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in harbors sediments from SE Brazil. The aims were to (i) compare harbors with distinct sizes and under the influence of different environmental pressures with respect to the sources and level of hydrocarbon contamination and (ii) evaluate the potential of adverse biological effects of sediment contamination by PAHs, based on sediment quality guidelines and toxicity equivalence quotient. The concentrations of total aliphatics (39.9μgg-1; 22.9-113μgg-1) and total PAHs (727ngg-1; 366-1760ngg-1) varied according to the size of and urban development around each harbor. Mixed contamination by petrogenic and pyrolytic hydrocarbons, and input of biogenic compounds, indicated the influence of both harbor activities and a myriad of urban, industrial and atmospheric inputs. The quality of sediment poses a risk to benthic biological communities, and, if dredged, this material may cause environmental damage in the waste disposal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P O Pinheiro
- Grupo de Oceanografia Química e Geoquímica, Departamento de Pesquisas, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Marinha do Brasil, Arraial do Cabo, RJ 28930-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- LabMAM, Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Renato S Carreira
- LaGOM, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil.
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12
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Santos LO, dos Anjos JP, Ferreira SL, de Andrade JB. Simultaneous determination of PAHS, nitro-PAHS and quinones in surface and groundwater samples using SDME/GC-MS. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Aliabadian M, Shadmehri Toosi A. Spatial distribution and composition of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hopanes in superficial sediments of the coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:195-223. [PMID: 28216134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first quantitative report on petroleum biomarkers from the coral reefs systems of the Persian Gulf. 120 reef surface sediment samples from ten fragile coral reef ecosystems were collected and analyzed for grain size, biogenic elements, elemental ratios, and petroleum biomarkers (n-alkanes, PAHs1 and Hopanes) to assess the sources and early diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter. The mean grain size of the reef sediments ranged from 13.56 to 37.11% (Clay), 26.92 to 51.73% (Sand) and 35.97 to 43.85% (Silt). TOC2 (3.35-9.72 mg.g-1) and TON3 (0.4-1.10 mg.g-1) were identified as influencing factors on the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons, whilst BC4 (1.08-3.28 mg.g-1) and TIN5 (0.13-0.86) did not exhibit any determining effect. Although BC and TIN demonstrated heterogeneous spatial distribution, TOC and TON indicated homogenous distribution with continually upward trend in concentration from the east to west ward of the Gulf. The mean calculated TOC/TN ratios vacillated according to the stations (p < 0.05) from 2.96 at Shidvar Island to 8.64 at Hengam Island. The high TOC/TN ratios were observed in the Hengam (8.64), Kharg (8.04) and Siri (6.29), respectively, suggesting a predominant marine origin. The mean concentrations of ∑C11-35n-alkanes, ∑30 PAHs and ∑9Hopanes were found in the ranges of 385-937 μg.g-1dw, (overall mean:590 μg.g-1dw), 326-793 ng.g-1dw (499 ng.g-1dw), 88 to 568 ng.g-1 d (258 ng.g-1dw), respectively. Higher concentrations of detected petroleum biomarkers in reef sediments were chiefly distributed near main industrial areas, Kharg, Lavan and Siri, whilst the lower concentrations were in Hormoz and Qeshm. In addition, one-way ANOVA6 analysis demonstrated considerably significant differences (p < 0.05) among concentration of detected total petroleum hydrocarbons between most sampling locations. Some sampling sites especially Kharg, Lavan, Siri and Lark indicated higher concentration of n-alkanes due to the higher maintenance of organic matter by high clay content in the sediments. Furthermore, most sediment samples, except for Hormoz, Qeshm and Hengam showed an even carbon preference for n-alkanes which could be correlated to bacterial input. NPMDS7 analysis also demonstrated that among the congeners of petroleum biomarkers, n-C12,n-C14, n-C16,n-C18 and n-C20 for n-alkanes, Phe8 and Naph9 along with their Alkyl homologues for PAHs (2-3 rings accounted for 60%) and C30αβ and C29αβ for Hopanes were discriminated from their other congeners in the whole study area. Our results based on the PCA10 analysis and diagnostic indices of AHs11 and PAHs along with ring classification of PAHs, in addition, the ubiquitous presence of UCM,12 and Hopanes revealed that the main sources of the pollution were petroleum and petroleum combustion mainly from offshore oil exploration and extraction, discharge of pollutants from shipping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University(TMU), Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shadmehri Toosi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
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14
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Oyo-Ita IO, Oyo-Ita OE, Ugim SU, Nnaji NNJ, Elarbaoui S. Source and Toxicological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Imo River, Southeastern Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inyang O. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Orok E. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Samuel U. Ugim
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka N. J. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Soumaya Elarbaoui
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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15
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Sanches Filho PJ, Böhm EM, Böhm GMB, Montenegro GO, Silveira LA, Betemps GR. Determination of hydrocarbons transported by urban runoff in sediments of São Gonçalo Channel (Pelotas - RS, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:1088-1095. [PMID: 27745738 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A high concentration of hydrocarbons in the environment is indicative of pollution. To evaluate the effect of hydrocarbons transported by urban runoff, the present study analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and n-alkanes of the sediments of the canal that cross the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The carbon preference index (CPI), terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR), and pristane/phytane ratio were determined. The TPH content ranged from 177,043.7μg·kg-1±13.4% to 5,892,667.0μg·kg-1±5.9%. The total aliphatic content ranged from 116,268.8μg·kg-1±11.1% to 2,393,592.6μg·kg-1±7.7%, indicating chronic contamination of n-alkanes petrogenic and biogenic sources. The levels of hydrocarbons (TPH, AHs, and n-alkanes) were considered relatively high, confirming the effect of urban runoff on the drainage system of cities and their consequent effect on the estuarine region of Patos Lagoon and other water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Sanches Filho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil.
| | - Emerson M Böhm
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Giani M B Böhm
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Gissele O Montenegro
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Silveira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Glauco R Betemps
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
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16
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de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Patire VF, Taniguchi S, Fernandez WS, Dias JF, Bícego MC. Mugil curema as a PAH bioavailability monitor for Atlantic west sub-tropical estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:609-614. [PMID: 27693009 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the use of Mugil curema as a biomonitor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability. Fish biliary metabolites from low-contaminated (Cananéia) and contaminated (Santos) Brazilian estuaries were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus coupled to fluorescence detectors connected in a series. In the Cananéia and Santos estuaries, total metabolite levels ranged from 0.85 to 34.4μgg-1 of bile and from 4.06 to 528μgg-1 of bile, respectively. Metabolite levels were not influenced by feeding status or sexual hormones (p<0.05), thus suggesting that M. curema is a good biomonitor for PAH bioavailability. In estuarine regions, it is possible to sample both the male and female genders of this species in any reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Rizzatti de Albergaria-Barbosa
- Institute of Geoscience, Federal University of Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-020 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Faria Patire
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellington Silva Fernandez
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - June Ferraz Dias
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Machado KS, Figueira RCL, Côcco LC, Froehner S, Fernandes CVS, Ferreira PAL. Sedimentary record of PAHs in the Barigui River and its relation to the socioeconomic development of Curitiba, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:42-52. [PMID: 24636886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in a sediment core collected from the Barigui River, in Curitiba, South Brazil. The USEPA's 16 priority PAH concentrations ranged from 39ng g(-1) to 2350ng g(-1) of dry sediment over a period that corresponds temporally to between ca. 1855 and 2011. The concentrations and patterns of PAH distribution changed over this time period and may be associated with several episodes in the Curitiba's history. Two major PAHs concentration peaks occurred in approximately 1910 and 1970, which might reflect population increases due to immigration programs in the 1890s and the sudden economic development that occurred in Brazil from 1960 to 1980, "The Economic Miracle Period", respectively. Isomeric ratios revealed that the PAHs had predominantly pyrolytic sources. The population, number of highways and electric energy consumption of Curitiba, as indices of socioeconomic development, were positively correlated with PAH deposition in the sediment core from 1855 to 1970, indicating the influence of socioeconomic development on the environmental load of sedimentary PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S Machado
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rubens C L Figueira
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Square, 191, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian C Côcco
- LACAUT - Analysis Laboratory of Automotive Fuels, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandro Froehner
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristovão V S Fernandes
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo A L Ferreira
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Square, 191, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brazil
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18
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Reátegui-Zirena EG, Stewart PM, Whatley A, Chu-Koo F, Sotero-Solis VE, Merino-Zegarra C, Vela-Paima E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, mutagenicity, and Microtox® acute toxicity testing of Peruvian crude oil and oil-contaminated water and sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2171-2184. [PMID: 24292871 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The oil industry is a major source of contamination in Peru, and wastewater and sediments containing oil include harmful substances that may have acute and chronic effects. This study determined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations by GC/MS, mutagenicity using TA98 and TA100 bacterial strains with and without metabolic activation in the Muta-ChromoPlate™ test, and Microtox® 5-min EC50 values of Peruvian crude oil, and water and sediment pore water from the vicinity of San José de Saramuro on the Marañón River and Villa Trompeteros on the Corrientes River in Loreto, Peru. The highest total PAH concentration in both areas was found in water (Saramuro = 210.15 μg/ml, Trompeteros = 204.66 μg/ml). Total PAH concentrations in water from San José de Saramuro ranged from 9.90 to 210.15 μg/ml (mean = 66.48 μg/ml), while sediment pore water concentrations ranged from 2.19 to 70.41 μg/ml (mean = 24.33 μg/ml). All water samples tested from Saramuro and Trompeteros sites, and one out of four sediment pore water samples from Trompeteros, were found to be mutagenic (P < 0.001). One sediment pore water sample in Saramuro was determined to have a measurable toxicity (Microtox EC50 = 335.1 mg/l), and in Trompeteros, the EC50 in water and sediment pore water ranged from 25.67 to 133.86 mg/l. Peruvian crude oil was mutagenic using the TA98 strain with metabolic activation, and the EC50 was 17.18 mg/l. The two areas sampled had very high PAH concentrations that were most likely associated with oil activities, but did not lead to acute toxic effects. However, since most of the samples were mutagenic, it is thought that there is a greater potential for chronic effects.
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Fisner M, Taniguchi S, Majer AP, Bícego MC, Turra A. Concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plastic pellets: implications for small-scale diagnostic and environmental monitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 76:349-54. [PMID: 24125130 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pellets may serve as a carrier of toxic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Considering that beach morphodynamics and pellet distribution varied along the shore, and that contaminant sources may vary on different scales, it is expected that this variability is reflected in the concentration and composition of contaminants. This hypothesis was tested through a sampling of plastic pellets at 30 sites along the shore in Santos Bay (Brazil). The total PAH concentrations and the priority PAHs showed high variability, with no clear pattern. Their composition differed among the sampling sites; some of the compounds represent a potential risk to organisms. The sources of contamination, as indicated by the isomer ratios, were also variable among sites. The high small-scale spatial variability found here has implications for estimating the plastic pellet contamination on beaches, since a sample from a single site is unlikely to be representative of an entire beach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fisner
- Laboratório de Manejo, Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Massone CG, Wagener ADLR, de Abreu HM, Veiga Á. Revisiting hydrocarbons source appraisal in sediments exposed to multiple inputs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:345-354. [PMID: 23806671 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test the efficiency of statistical methods as compared to the traditional diagnostic ratios to improve hydrocarbon source identification in sediments subjected to multiple inputs. Hydrocarbon determination in Guanabara Bay sediments pointed out high degradation and ubiquitous petrogenic pollution through the presence of high unresolved complex mixture. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) ratios suggested pervasive contamination derived from combustion in all sediments and failed discriminating samples despite the specificity of sources in different sampling sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) effectively distinguished the petrogenic imprint superimposed to the ubiquitous combustion contamination, since this technique reduces the influence of PAHs distribution which is common to all samples. PCA associated to multivariate linear regression (MLR) allowed a quantitative assessment of sources confirming predominance of the pervasive contaminant component superimposed to a generalized petrogenic imprint. The pervasive component derives from combustion contributions as well as from differential PAHs degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Massone
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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21
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Silva TR, Lopes SR, Spörl G, Knoppers BA, Azevedo DA. Evaluation of anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons in sediment cores from a tropical Brazilian estuarine system. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wasserman JC, Barros SR, Lima GBA. Planning dredging services in contaminated sediments for balanced environmental and investment costs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 121:48-56. [PMID: 23524396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dredging of contaminated sediments has shown to be a harmful activity for the environment, because a number of contaminants can be resuspended and become available to the organisms. Furthermore, dredged contaminated sediments may cause significant damages in the dumping site. In order to avoid the drawbacks of this activity, better techniques have to be developed and the present article presents a new procedure for the planning of dredging that reduces the environmental impacts by reducing the amount of dredged sediments and, at the same time, reduces costs. The new technique uses screening of contaminant concentrations in the sediments that are normally part of the environmental impact assessment for dredging activity. A detailed mapping of the contamination, layer by layer is carried out and the areas where the action levels are reached are outlined with polygons, establishing limits within which sediments have to be dredged with safe procedures. In the case presented, construction of a harbor in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the safe procedure is cutter/suction dredging and pumping into a sub-aquatic confined disposal facility (CDF). A detailed evaluation of costs showed that if the whole layers of sediment were to be dumped into the CDF, the cost of the activity would be at least 63.82% more expensive than the proposed procedure, constituting an attractive advantage. Furthermore, as the size of the CDF is significantly smaller, less dredging is necessary, causing smaller environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Wasserman
- Network of Environment and Sustainable Development (REMADS-UFF), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rua Passo da Pátria, 156, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24210-240, Brazil.
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Fisner M, Taniguchi S, Moreira F, Bícego MC, Turra A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plastic pellets: variability in the concentration and composition at different sediment depths in a sandy beach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 70:219-26. [PMID: 23582976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pellets have the ability to adsorb organic pollutants such as PAHs. This study analyzed the variability in the concentration and composition of PAHs on plastic pellets sampled up to 1m deep in the sediment of a sandy beach. The toxic potential of PAHs was analyzed, and the possible sources of contamination are discussed. The total PAHs varied, with the highest concentrations in the surface layer; the priority PAHs showed a different pattern. PAHs at greater depths did not reach toxicity levels above the PEL. The composition of PAHs differed between pellets from the shallower and from deeper sediment layers, and was suggested a mixture of sources. These results provided the first information on the depth distribution of PAHs in sandy beaches, associated with plastic pellets; and evidenced the potential environmental risk. Similarly to the abundance of pellets, the toxic potential is underestimated in surface samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fisner
- Laboratório de Manejo, Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Oyo-Ita OE, Oyo-Ita IO. PAH depositional history and sources in recent sediment core from Ukwa Ibom Lake, S. E. Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2013; 35:185-199. [PMID: 22821212 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-012-9475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of recent sediment core from the Ukwa Ibom Lake show evidence of aquatic production, terrigenous, combustion and petroleum inputs. Total organic carbon/total nitrogen values (>10) for the sediments indicate greater wash-in of land-plant organic matter relative to algal production. The characteristic combustion ratios, fluoranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene (>0.50), anthracene/anthracene + phenanthrene (>0.10), benzo(a)anthracene/benzo(a)anthracene + chrysene (>0.35) as well as 1,7/1,7 + 2,6-dimethylphenanthrene (>0.70) were observed for the top section only. These results coincided with the most recent pave-road extension exercise involving tree logging and burning of bush. The highest total PAH concentration (91.13 ng/g dry weight (dw)) observed for the bottom section coincided with the period of inhabitation of the lake catchments (~5 decades ago) when discharge to the Lake water of domestic sewage and mill waste water were prevalent. The regular decline in total PAH concentrations upcore is a reflection of the ban placed on indiscriminate dumping of wastes following relocation of the inhabitants of the catchments. Besides the local depositional history, the irregular decrease in unresolved complex mixture (UCM) profiles suggests regional contaminant influx from the adjacent upper Cross River estuary, especially during intense rainfall event. The non-uniformity in methylphenanthrene indices (MPI-1 and MPI-2) shows evidence of importation and utilization of petroleum products of different thermal maturity histories into the Nigerian economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Oyo-Ita
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
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Ines Z, Amina B, Mahmoud R, Dalila SM. Aliphatic and Aromatic Biomarkers for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Monitoring in Khniss Tunisian-Coast, (Mediterranean Sea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Egres AG, Martins CC, Oliveira VMD, Lana PDC. Effects of an experimental in situ diesel oil spill on the benthic community of unvegetated tidal flats in a subtropical estuary (Paranaguá Bay, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2681-2691. [PMID: 23137553 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of diesel oil on benthic associations from unvegetated tidal flats in a subtropical estuary were experimentally evaluated using a Multivariate Before and After/Control and Impact Model (M-BACI). Impacted treatments were contrasted with controls in 14 successive periods before and after the oil spill. An acute effect was recorded just after the impact, but the recovery to pre-disturbance population levels was extremely fast. The increase in the total density of the benthic community after the disturbance was the result of an increase in the densities of Heleobia australis, oligochaetes, and ostracods, observed in both impacted and control treatments, as a reflection of background variability and not the presence of the contaminant. The experimental spill had little influence on the biological descriptors of the benthic associations, which were resilient or tolerant to oil disturbance at the temporal (147 days) and spatial (cm²) scales used in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gonzalez Egres
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Koike T, Koike H, Kurumisawa R, Ito M, Sakurai S, Togo A, Saha M, Arifin Z, Takada H. Distribution, source identification, and historical trends of organic micropollutants in coastal sediment in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 217-218:208-216. [PMID: 22480710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We determined concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and hopanes in coastal sediments collected from Jakarta Bay and Tokyo Bay. PAH concentrations in sediments from Jakarta Bay (257-1511 ng/g-dry) were lower than or comparable to those from Tokyo Bay (1372-1615 ng/g-dry). Ratios of alkyl-PAHs to parent PAHs showed a greater contribution of petrogenic inputs in Jakarta Bay than in Tokyo Bay. This difference is consistent with the higher ratio of hopanes to PAHs in Jakarta Bay. LAB concentrations in Jakarta Bay (geometric mean, 1400 ng/g-dry) were higher than those in Tokyo Bay (661 ng/g-dry). The internal to external (I/E) ratios of LABs in Jakarta Bay (0.92-2.88) were lower than those in Tokyo Bay (2.8-4.8), indicating that Jakarta Bay receives untreated or poorly treated sewage. Significant amounts of tetrapropylene-based alkylbenzenes were detected in several locations in Jakarta Bay, suggesting current usage of the non-degradable surfactants alkylbenzene sulfonates that are banned in many countries. The PCB concentration in Jakarta Bay was 1 order of magnitude lower than in Tokyo Bay, suggesting minimal usage of PCBs in industrial or commercial products in Jakarta. Analyses of a sediment core indicate increasing inputs of PAHs, hopanes, and LABs into Jakarta Bay during recent decades.
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Wang YF, Tam NFY. Natural attenuation of contaminated marine sediments from an old floating dock - Part I: Spatial and temporal changes of organic and inorganic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:90-99. [PMID: 22326320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial changes of mixed pollutants, including eight heavy metals, 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tributyltin (TBT) in surface marine sediments were examined for a one-year period after the removal of an old floating dock in Hong Kong SAR, South China. The sediments from the impacted stations close to the dock were highly polluted with zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), and were moderately polluted with TBT and total PAHs, based on their effects range-low (ERL) guideline values, while those collected in the reference stations away from the dock were lower than the ERL. Strong, positive correlations were found between the organic pollutants and heavy metals only in the impacted stations, suggesting that the old floating dock was a significant source of mixed pollutants. There was no significant decline in the levels of total PAHs, TBT and heavy metals and "hot spots" of contamination were still detected a year after the removal of the dock. However, the profiles of 16 PAHs in the impacted stations changed 6 months after the removal of the dock, with decreases of certain low-molecular-weight PAHs, especially fluorene, as a sign of biodegradation in situ. Further, principal component analysis (PCA) based on an integrated dataset of the pollutants together with general sediment properties showed that the temporal changes of the biodegradable low-molecular-weight PAHs were highly associated with the pH value and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, while heavy metals were independent of time and other sediment properties during natural attenuation in the dock area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Wang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Magalhães CA, Taniguchi S, Cascaes MJ, Montone RC. PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides in crabs Hepatus pudibundus and Callinectes danae from Santos Bay, State of São Paulo, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:662-667. [PMID: 22245435 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in crabs Hepatus pudibundus and Callinectesdanae was assessed from two different places inside of the Santos Bay and Moela Island near one of the most economically important metropolitan areas in Southern Brazil. Among POPs analyzed, ∑PCBs (222-923 ng g(-1)lipid weight) and ∑DDTs (154-410 ng g(-1)lw) exhibited the highest concentrations in the crabs. ∑HCHs ranged from 10.3 to 30.9 ng g(-1)lw and were found in all individuals. Other OCPs found in lower concentration was Mirex (7.6-41.6 ng g(-1)lw) and HCB (5.83-16.9 ng g(-1)lw). ∑PBDEs (24.1 ng g(-1)lw) were only found in one male individual from the species C. danae collected near to the submarine sewage of Santos. Male crabs showed higher POP concentrations than female crabs for those two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Magalhães
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Martins CC, Bícego MC, Mahiques MM, Figueira RCL, Tessler MG, Montone RC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large South American industrial coastal area (Santos Estuary, Southeastern Brazil): sources and depositional history. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:452-458. [PMID: 21507431 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Located in southeastern Brazil, the Santos Estuary has the most important industrial and urban population area of South America. Since the 1950's, increased urbanization and industrialization near the estuary margins has caused the degradation of mangroves and has increased the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents. The main objectives of this work were to determine the concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores in order to investigate the input of these substances in the last 50 years. The PAHs analyses indicated multiple sources of these compounds (oil and pyrolitic origin), basically anthropogenic contributions from biomass, coal and fossil fuels combustion. The distribution of PAHs in the cores was associated with the formation and development of Cubatão industrial complex and the Santos harbour, waste disposal, world oil crisis and the pollution control program, which results in the decrease of organic pollutants input in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 50.002, 83255-000 Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná-PR, Brazil.
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Ramakrishnan B, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Sethunathan N, Naidu R. Mixtures of environmental pollutants: effects on microorganisms and their activities in soils. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 211:63-120. [PMID: 21287391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8011-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Soil is the ultimate sink for most contaminants and rarely has only a single contaminant. More than is generally acknowledge, environmental pollutants exist as mixtures (organic-organic, inorganic-inorganic, and organic-inorganic). It is much more difficult to study chemical mixtures than individual chemicals, especially in the complex soil environment. Similarly, understanding the toxicity of a chemical mixture on different microbial species is much more complex, time consuming and expensive, because multiple testing designs are needed for an increased array of variables. Therefore, until now, scientific enquiries worldwide have extensively addressed the effects of only individual pollutants toward nontarget microorganisms. In this review, we emphasize the present status of research on (i) the environmental occurrence of pollutant mixtures; (ii) the interactions between pollutant mixtures and ecologically beneficial microorganisms; and (iii) the impact of such interactions on environmental quality. We also address the limitations of traditional cultivation based methods for monitoring the effects of pollutant mixtures on microorganisms. Long-term monitoring of the effects of pollutant mixtures on microorganisms, particularly in soil and aquatic ecosystems, has received little attention. Microbial communities that can degrade or can degrade or can develop tolerance to, or are inhibited by chemical mixtures greatly contribute to resilience and resistance in soil environments. We also stress in this review the important emerging trend associated with the employment of molecular methods for establishing the effects of pollutant mixtures on microbial communities. There is currently a lack of sufficient cogent toxicological data on chemical mixtures for making informed decision making in risk assessment by regulators. Therefore, not only more toxicology information on mixtures is needed but also there is an urgent need to generate sufficient, suitable, and long-term modeling data that have higher predictability when assessing pollutant mixture effects on microorganisms. Such data would improve risk assessment at contaminated sites and would help devise more effective bioremediation strategies.
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da Luz LP, Filho PJS, de Sousa EEH, Kerstner T, Caramão EB. Evaluation of surface sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in colony Z3—(Patos Lagoon, Brazil). Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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da Silva DAM, Bícego MC. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum biomarkers in São Sebastião Channel, Brazil: assessment of petroleum contamination. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 69:277-286. [PMID: 20005568 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (NAHs), including n-alkanes, isoprenoids and petroleum biomarkers (terpanes, hopanes, steranes and diasteranes), were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors in sediment samples collected from the São Sebastião Channel (SSC), Brazil, where the largest Brazilian maritime petroleum terminal is located. The concentrations of total PAHs, total n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers ranged from below the detection limits to 370ngg(-1), 28microgg(-1), 2200ngg(-1) (dry weight), respectively. The analysis of PAH distribution suggested combustion sources of PAHs as the main input for these compounds with smaller amount from petroleum contamination. The distribution of petroleum biomarkers undoubtedly demonstrated petroleum as a source of anthropogenic contamination throughout the region. The assessment of petrogenic sources of contamination in marine sediment is more challenging if only PAH analysis were carried out, which demonstrates that more stable hydrocarbons such as petroleum biomarkers are useful for investigating potential presence of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A M da Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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dos Santos PE, Kummrow F, de Albergaria-Barbosa ACR, Bícego MC, Umbuzeiro GDA. Mutagenicity of blue rayon extracts of fish bile as a biomarker in a field study. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:173-179. [PMID: 19708026 DOI: 10.1002/em.20521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Blue rayon (BR) in combination with the Salmonella/microsome assay was used to evaluate the mutagenicity of fish bile samples. Specimens of Mugil curema from two sites were collected over a 1-year period. Piaçaguera channel contains high concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other contaminants, while Bertioga channel was considered the reference sites in this study. Bile was extracted with BR and tested with TA98, TA100, and YG1041 strains with and without S9 in dose response experiments. PAH metabolite equivalents were analyzed using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography /fluorescence. Higher mutagenic responses were observed for the contaminated site; YG1041 with S9 was the most sensitive strain/condition. Mutagenicity ranged from 3,900 to 14,000 rev./mg at the contaminated site and from 1,200 to 2,500 rev./mg of BR at the reference site. The responses of YG1041 were much higher in comparison with the TA98 indicating the presence of polycyclic compounds from the aromatic amine class that cause frameshift mutation. TA100 showed a positive mutagenic response that was enhanced following S9 treatment at both sites suggesting the presence of polycyclic compounds that require metabolic activation. benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene metabolite equivalents were also higher in the bile of fish collected at the contaminated site. It was not possible to correlate the PAH metabolite quantities with the mutagenic potency. Thus, a combination of the Salmonella/microsome assay with YG1041 with S9 from BR bile extract seems to be an acceptable biomarker for monitoring the exposure of fish to mutagenic polycyclic compounds.
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Zrafi-Nouira I, Khedir-Ghenim Z, Zrafi F, Bahri R, Cheraeif I, Rouabhia M, Saidane-Mosbahi D. Hydrocarbon pollution in the sediment from the Jarzouna-Bizerte coastal area of Tunisia (Mediterranean Sea). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 80:566-572. [PMID: 18478171 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the presence and origin of hydrocarbon pollution in industrial waste water sediments found near the Jarzouna (Bizerte, Tunisia) oil refinery. Analyses of surface sediments (layer 1) and deep sediments (layer 2) showed that Total Hydrocarbon (TH) concentrations ranged from 602 +/- 7.638 microg/g in layer-1 to 1270 +/- 2.176 microg/g in layer-2. The results suggest that the deeper the sediment, the higher the level of total hydrocarbon found. The sedimentary Non Aromatic Hydrocarbon (NAH) and Aromatic Hydrocarbon (AH) concentrations ranged from 66.22 +/- 1.516 to 211.82 +/- 10.670 microg/g for NAH, and from 13.84 +/- 0.180 to 115.60 +/- 2.479 microg/g for AH. The high variability of these concentrations was associated with the location of the sediment collection sites. Aliphatic biomarker analysis revealed petroleum contamination close to the refinery rejection site, and biogenic sources further away. Petroleum contamination may be associated with increased industrial activity in the area of Jarzouna-Bizerte in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zrafi-Nouira
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des produits, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisie
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Sprovieri M, Feo ML, Prevedello L, Manta DS, Sammartino S, Tamburrino S, Marsella E. Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Naples harbour (southern Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:998-1009. [PMID: 17157354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Naples's harbour is one of the largest and most important commercial and tourist port of the Mediterranean basin. It is located on the southeast coast of Italy and receives industrial and municipal wastewaters from the city of Naples. Due to its social and economic impact, a comprehensive assessment of levels and sources of contamination of bottom sediments in this area of the Mediterranean basin is essential to identify potential danger due to mobilization of contaminants produced by managing of the same sediments. In this study, superficial sediments collected from 189 sampling sites were analyzed for grain size, heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Co, Sn, Cd, Hg, As, Al and Fe), 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perylene and 38 individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Compared to the estimated local background, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Sn and Hg show enrichment factors >3 and only Hg evidences a median value higher than the NOAA (effects range - median) guidelines. Principal component analysis allowed us to clearly discriminate two areas mainly affected by heavy metals contamination and influenced by different sources related to industrial, commercial and/or urban activities. Priority PAHs are predominantly represented by three-five-ring compounds with concentrations ranging between 9 and 31774 ng g(-1) and frequently higher than the NOAA ER-M index. A prevalent pyrolitic origin of PAH was assessed on the basis of the relative abundance of the different congeners and selected isomer ratios. The concentrations of PCBs, as sum of the 38 congeners, ranged from 1 to 899 ng g(-1), with a predominance of highly chlorinated (tetra- and penta-chlorobiphenyls) congeners. WHO-TEQ values, calculated for the PCDD-like PCB congeners, suggest a relatively high level of toxicity. Generally, the concentration of PAHs and PCBs were higher near the sites of intense industrial, shipping and/or commercial activities suggesting a direct influence of these sources on the pollutant distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sprovieri
- Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC) - CNR, Napoli, Italy.
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Kummrow F, Magalhães D, Franco A, Umbuzeiro GDA. [Blue rayon and Salmonella/microsome assay in the evaluation of coastal water quality]. Rev Saude Publica 2007; 40:890-7. [PMID: 17301912 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102006000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a strategy for water quality monitoring for the presence of genotoxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. METHODS A study was carried out in Santos estuary, Southern Brazil, in 2002. Two sampling sites with different concentration levels were selected and evaluated in different samplings using blue rayon hanging technique, chemical analyses, and Salmonella/microsome assay with bacterial strains sensitive to different compounds. The extracts were tested using the Salmonella/microsome assay in microsuspension with the strains TA98, TA100, YG1041, and YG1042 in the absence and presence of metabolic activation and through chemical analyses. RESULTS Site 1, which had high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in its sediment, showed more often positive results in the Salmonella/microsome assay as well as higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in both samplings compared to site 2, which was less contaminated. YG1041 strain showed to be the most sensitive allowing for comparisons between the sites with different levels of contamination. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the blue rayon hanging technique with the Salmonella/microsome assay using YG1041 strain and chemical analyses were effective in recovering genotoxins as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tested in this study. Therefore this strategy seems to be adequate for water quality monitoring in Santos estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicologias, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wang L, Lee FSC, Wang X, Yin Y, Li J. Chemical characteristics and source implications of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the sediments near major drainage outfalls along the coastal of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 125:229-37. [PMID: 17219246 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The associated industrial and urban developments are located to a large extent along the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea coastal and raw sewage is often discharged into near shore waters with little treatment. To find out chemical characteristics and pollution source of the petroleum related contaminations in sediments near the major drainage outfalls located in the coastal, in this study, 10 surface sediment samples were collected during June. Sediment samples were extracted by organic solvents, separated by silica gel column chromatography and the concentrations and the profiles of n-alkane, biomarker and PAH in sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). The use of several molecular markers and related indexes derived for n-alkane and PAHs has been proposed for assessing the relative contributions to the environment of hydrocarbon sources. As a result, n-alkanes reflect that the sea area of paper mill (Station ZZ08) is dominated by vascular plant. DY petroleum oil field and outer shore of the paper mill (Station ZZ02) have some degrees of petroleum related hydrocarbon contamination. Whereas the contamination of the sea area of TH River may be ascribed to different sources such as territorial non-point pollution source, domestic sewages, and stormwater runoff. Judged by their PAH ratios, the sediments near the paper mill (Station ZZ02) and the outer station of the oil field (Staion TH2) were pyrolytic. The estuary of Tiao River including the inner Station THX, TH10 and TH05 are petrogenic. The marine sediment near DY drainage outfall may have a mixture source of PAH both pyrolytic and petrogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Martins CC, Mahiques MM, Bícego MC, Fukumoto MM, Montone RC. Comparison between anthropogenic hydrocarbons and magnetic susceptibility in sediment cores from the Santos Estuary, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:240-6. [PMID: 17207820 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 50.002, 83255-000 Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Barra R, Castillo C, Torres JPM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the South American environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 191:1-22. [PMID: 17708070 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69163-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of the environment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should be a global concern, especially in urbanized areas. In South American countries, where notable increase in urban populations has been observed in the past few years, reliable information about the pollution status of these urban environments is not always easily accessible, and therefore an effort to collect updated information is required. This review attempts to contribute by analyzing the existing information regarding environmental levels of PAHs in some South American countries. A regional trend for environmental PAH information is an uneven contribution, because some countries, such as Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and Ecuador, have reported no information at all in the scientific literature, reflecting to a certain extent the different patterns of economic, technical, and scientific development. PAH air monitoring is one of the areas that has received the most attention during the last few years, mainly in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, where data represent a few geographical areas within the region. PAH levels in air from some urban areas in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, considered moderate to high (100-1000ng/m3), are probably among the highest values reported in the open literature. Urbanization, vehicle pollution, and wood fires are the principal contributors to the high reported levels. In more temperate areas, a clear distinction is observed between summer and winter levels. PAH monitoring in soils is very limited within the region, with few data available, and most information indicates widespread pollution. In Brazil, values for many representative ecosystems were found. In Chile, data from forestry and agricultural areas indicate in general low concentrations, in spite of a relatively high detection frequency. Pollution levels in soils are highly dependent on their closeness to PAH sources and certain cultural practices (agricultural burnings, forest fires, etc.). Water PAH levels are rarely reported in the scientific literature for South American countries. Few data were available, even though many regulatory agencies perform routine analysis of hydrocarbons in waters. No information was found specifically related to PAH compounds, which could indicate generally low PAH levels in waters. Regional PAH information for sediments also indicates higher levels. Overall, as observed for water, sediment data indicate a complex situation in densely populated areas affected by urban-industrial inputs where high PAH levels are found. In contrast, in remote areas a typical profile of diagenetic PAHs dominates. Concentrations are greatly variable and are principally related to several highly contaminated sites in Argentina and Brazil (hot spots) with levels four to five orders of magnitude higher. Even though PAHs have carcinogenic properties, little attention has been paid to the analysis of aquatic organisms except in the case of bivalves. As observed for other environmental receptors, the regional data distribution is uneven and is heavily centered in coastal environments and in a few countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru). The most comprehensive PAH monitoring program in the South American coastal environment is the Mussel Watch. Baseline PAH concentrations range from 200 to 700 microg kg(-1) lipids in unpolluted sites; from 1,000 to 3,000 microg kg(-1) in moderately contaminated sites; and from 4,000 to 13,000 microg/kg lipids in the most affected bivalves that come from areas of Río de la Plata (Argentine side), Recife (Brazil), and Punta Arenas (Chile). Critical data gaps exist with respect to PAH analysis in biota, including humans, in foodstuffs, and subsequent effects. Considering the high levels reported in the air compartment, risk assessment procedures in highly populated areas need to be performed. Additionally, few countries within the region have information on PAH levels. In these countries, this type of analysis needs to be performed, and the laboratory capacity needs to be built to assure the accomplishment of these objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Barra
- Aquatic Systems Research Unit, EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Center, Barrio Universitario S/N, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Bícego MC, Taniguchi S, Yogui GT, Montone RC, Moreira da Silva DA, Lourenço RA, de Castro Martins C, Sasaki ST, Pellizari VH, Weber RR. Assessment of contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Santos and São Vicente Estuary System, São Paulo, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 52:1804-16. [PMID: 17107692 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Caruso Bícego
- Instituto Oceanográfico--Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kummrow F, Rech CM, Coimbrão CA, Umbuzeiro GA. Blue rayon-anchored technique/Salmonella microsome microsuspension assay as a tool to monitor for genotoxic polycyclic compounds in Santos estuary. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 609:60-7. [PMID: 16870494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The most important harbor of Brazil is located in Santos Estuary. In the 1970s, this area was one of the major examples of coastal degradation and although the quality of the environment has improved, the sediment is still contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenic activity. Because of sediment dredging and consequently contaminants resuspension, it is useful to have reliable methods to monitor the water quality. Considering that blue rayon (BR) has been successfully used in evaluation of mutagenicity and PAHs content the objective of this work was to verify the applicability and adapt the methodology to monitor the water for mutagenic activity using the BR associated with the Salmonella assay. Analysis of three sites with different levels of contamination was performed using a modification of the BR hanging method denominated in this work BR anchored technique. The microsuspension protocol of the Salmonella/microsome assay was employed with the strain YG1041. The water from the site 1 the most contaminated and under influence of the steel mill discharge presented the highest potency reaching 36,000 revertants/g of BR with S9. Sites 2 and 3 showed less mutagenicity than site 1 with values approximately 1000 revertants/g of BR. We conclude that the BR anchored technique associated with Salmonella assay using YG1041 is a reliable alternative to monitor estuarine waters, especially in regions where sediment resuspension or acute pollution episodes can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Punín Crespo MO, Lage Yusty MA. Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and Soxhlet extraction for the determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in seaweed samples. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 64:400-5. [PMID: 15939471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction methods were compared in a study of the aliphatic hydrocarbon profiles of seaweed samples. Method precision for Soxhlet extraction (< or = 7.58%) was slightly better than that for SFE (< or = 9.28%) except for C28. The SFE method is a good alternative for the routine determination of alkanes in seaweed samples; however, for a complete study of shorter-chain n-alkanes, the Soxhlet extraction is a more suitable method. To evaluate the SFE and Soxhlet methods developed, three diverse Undaria pinnatifida samples collected at different dates and areas of the Galician coast were analyzed. n-Alkanes C18, C20, C22, C24, and C28 were found in all samples, with values lower than 7.9 microg g(-1) d.w. The total hydrocarbon content was within the range of 13.6-21.7 microg g(-1) d.w. C18 was found to be the most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Punín Crespo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Kummrow F, Roubicek DA, Tominaga MY. Evaluation of the water genotoxicity from Santos Estuary (Brazil) in relation to the sediment contamination and effluent discharges. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2006; 32:359-64. [PMID: 16216325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic activity of water samples collected in 9 different sites within the area of the Santos estuary was preliminary evaluated, and related to previous data on the genotoxicity of sediments and the contents of PAHs in both water and sediment samples. The liquid discharge of a steel mill (coke plant), known to be mutagenic, was chemically analyzed to determine its PAH content. For the water evaluation we employed the Salmonella/microsome assay with the strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 mix in the plate incorporation method. The water was filtered with an AP20 membrane before being extracted with XAD4 at natural and acidic pH. The industrial effluent was filtered in 0.45 microm membranes before being extracted with the liquid/liquid method. Both membranes containing the particulate material were extracted using ultrasonication. PAHs were found associated with the suspended particles present in the industrial effluent in accordance with mutagenicity data previously reported. In relation to the estuarine waters, sites 1 and 5 presented low levels of mutagenic activity only in the filtered water (liquid fraction) extracts. At site 3, both the filtered water and particulate solids presented also low mutagenicity. Results show that the mutagenic activity observed in water could not be directly related to the genotoxic activity and PAHs contents of the bottom sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de A Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia. Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Rua Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, São Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
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Zhang Q, Devers D, Desch A, Justice CO, Townshend J. Mapping tropical deforestation in Central Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2005; 101:69-83. [PMID: 15736876 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-9132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The NASA Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project was to map deforestation activities in the humid tropics using datasets from both the Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and MSS (Multispectral Scanner System). In Central Africa, its effort had been constrained by the availability of cloud-free satellite coverage, especially for the 1970s Landsat MSS imagery. Here, we reported the deforestation rate and its spatial variability in the region using 18 pairs of co-registered Landsat TM imagery from the 1980s to 1990s. Of the total classified area of 416,000 km2, there were approximately 217,000 km2 of dense forest and 24,000 km2 of degraded forest in the 1980s. A total of 1012 km2 of forest, including 542 km2 of dense forest and 470 km2 of degraded forest, were cleared annually with an annual deforestation rate of 0.42%, varying among scenes ranging from 0.03 to 2.72%. Additionally, an average of 0.12% (ranging from 0.01 to 0.77% among scenes) or 257 km2 of dense forest was degraded annually. Regression analyses indicated that extensive deforestation occurred in areas with larger forest cover, including dense and degraded forests. Image interpretation also confirmed the hypothesized relationship between deforestation and forest accessibility. The annual clearance of the dense forest was significantly related to the rural population density, and there was a positive relationship between the dense forest degraded during the 1980s-1990s and the degraded forest area in the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa Zhang
- Global Environmental Change Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Tam NFY, Wong TWY, Wong YS. A case study on fuel oil contamination in a mangrove swamp in Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 51:1092-100. [PMID: 16023144 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves commonly found along tropical and subtropical coastlines are susceptible to oil pollution. In December 2000, around 500 1 m tall Kandelia candel saplings at the age of 3-5 years old located at the foreshore region of Sheung Pak Nai swamp, Hong Kong SAR, were found to be damaged by oil pollution. More than 80% of the saplings were either dead or washed away and leaving less than 5% healthy saplings with dense green leaves. Elevated concentrations of light n-alkanes (ranging from n-C14 to n-C20), pristane and phytane were recorded in surface sediments collected in December 2000. The ratio between light and total n-alkanes was 0.4. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (60-80 microg g(-1) TPH) and unresolved complex mixtures (60-70 microg g(-1) UCM) were higher than the background values of other mangrove sediments in Hong Kong, which were 40 and 20 microg g(-1), respectively. In certain root zone sediments, TPH concentrations were above 1000 microg g(-1). These results suggest that surface sediments in Sheung Pak Nai were contaminated by petroleum oil, most likely by illegal discharge of fuel oil which occurred between 1998 and 2002. One year later, in December 2001, unhealthy saplings had recovered and re-grown. The concentrations of TPH and UCM in sediments declined to around 40 microg g(-1), pristane and phytane dropped by 80%, and the ratio of light to total n-alkanes was 0.15, suggesting that residual oil in sediments was weathered leading to a remarkable recovery of the unhealthy saplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Lee CL, Hsieh MT, Fang MD. Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbour and Adjacent Coast, Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2005; 100:217-234. [PMID: 15727309 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-005-4776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surficial sediment samples collected from Kaohsiung Harbour and its nearby coast were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to our results, the average total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C12 to C35) and aromatics (15 PAHs) were 4.33 microg g(-1) dry weight (ranged 0.46-22.60) and 0.59 microg g(-1) dry weight (ranged 0.09-1.75), respectively. The highest concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were recorded in stations near the estuaries of Qianzhen River and Love River, respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the samples indicate that there has been significant non-petrogenic, possibly terrestrial, contribution in the sediment of the open coast of Kaohsiung Harbour and that there has been dominant contribution from petrogenic sources in the sediment of the inner harbour. PAHs, detected in the samples, however, indicated a higher pyrolytic contribution in open-coast samples and a higher petrogenic contribution in the inner harbour. Overall, sediment concentrations of total alkanes in this study were comparable to those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and are higher than those found in Xiamen Harbour, China. Concentrations of total PAHs in inner Kaohsiung Harbour sediments were relatively lower than those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and Xiamen Harbour, China, but comparable to those found in Hsin-ta Harbour, Taiwan and Incheon Harbour, Korea. In comparison with several effect-based sediment quality guidelines, most PAH concentrations found in samples taken from inner harbour stations exceeded the Threshold Effect Level of Florida indicating a slight possibility of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Medeiros PM, Bícego MC. Investigation of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs in sediments using geochemical markers. I. Santos, SP--Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2004; 49:761-769. [PMID: 15530519 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A study on the inputs of organic matter to marine sediments of Santos Bay and Estuary, located in southeastern São Paulo State, Brazil, is presented here. The following geochemical markers were identified and quantified: aliphatic hydrocarbons (normal and isoprenoid alkanes), petroleum biomarkers, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sediment samples, collected at 15 sites in the bay and surrounding channels, were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors. Total concentrations varied from 0.17 to 107.80 microg g(-1) for aliphatics, from 47.2 to 2560.1 ng g(-1) for petroleum biomarkers, from 16.9 to 430.6 ng g(-1) for LABs and from 79.6 to 15389.1 ng g(-1) for PAHs. Anthropogenic contributions were apparent, indicating the influences of the Cubatao industrial complex, sewage outfalls along the area, the waste deposit of Santos city and storage facilities for petroleum and derivatives, based on the higher concentrations of geochemical markers detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Matheus Medeiros
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Fang MD, Lee CL, Yu CS. Distribution and source recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of Hsin-ta Harbour and adjacent coastal areas, Taiwan. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:941-953. [PMID: 12907187 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-three sediment samples from Hsin-ta Harbour and neighboring coastal areas were analyzed by GC-MS for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total concentrations of 30 analyzed parental and alkylated PAHs ( summation operator PAH) varied from 98.1 to 3382 ng/g dry weight. MP/P (methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene) values larger than 2 coincided with very low P/A (phenanthrene/anthracene) values at inner harbour stations, revealing that a significant portion of low molecular weight PAHs are probably from petrogenic pollution sources, specifically, illegal disposal of used motor oil. The 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene/3,6-dimethylphenanthrene (4,6-C(2)D/3,6-C(2)P) ratio is found to be more useful than the MP/P ratio in tracing petrogenic PAHs from the inner harbour area to the adjacent coastal environment. In addition, according to hierarchical cluster analysis, collected sediments cluster in three major groups, Off-shore Group, Near-shore Group and Inner Harbour Group. Three diagnostic ratios, 4,6-C(2)D/3,6-C(2)P, PER/ summation operator PAH (perylene to summation operator PAH) and BaA/CHR (benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene), representing petrogenic, biogenic and pyrogenic origins, are found to be effective in differentiating and characterizing sediments among the groups in this study. Enrichment of pyrogenic and petrogenic PAHs in sediments collected exhibits mixing or dilution, spatially, by biogenic (or natural) PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Der Fang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Webster L, Twigg M, Megginson C, Walsham P, Packer G, Moffat C. Aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments collected from the 110 mile hole and along a transect from 58 degrees 58.32'N 1 degree 10.38'W to the inner Moray Firth, Scotland. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2003; 5:395-403. [PMID: 12833981 DOI: 10.1039/b300633f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sediments were collected from the 110 mile hole and along a transect from 58 degrees 58.32' N 1 degree 10.38' W to the UK National Marine Monitoring (NMMP) site in the inner Moray Firth, for determination of hydrocarbon concentration and composition. Total PAH concentrations (2- to 6-ring PAHs, parent and branched) were highest at NMMP site 95 and at the associated end of the transect in the inner Moray Firth. PAHs in this area were of predominately pyrolytic origin and could be attributed to urban and industrial activities. The majority of sediments collected in the middle section of the transect had low total PAH concentrations (< 100 ng g(-1) dry weight). The high proportion of naphthalenes and alkylated PAHs in this area suggested a predominately petrogenic input. The GC-FID aliphatic hydrocarbon profiles showed that the majority of sediments, including those in the inner Firth, had a limited petrogenic input. This was supported by the geochemical biomarker profiles, which contained triterpanes typical of Middle Eastern crude oil. Principal component analysis was used to investigate spatial trends in the PAH distributions and demonstrated that there were differences between areas. The NMMP site 95 and transect start and middle sediments were well separated. PCA further confirmed that sediments from the NMMP site 95, the 110 mile hole and the inner Moray Firth (south west) end of the transect contained PAHs from predominately pyrolytic sources, whereas sediments from the north east end (start) and the middle of the transect were typified by a greater petrogenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Webster
- FRS Marine Laboratory, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, UK AB11 9DB
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