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Kamble D, Shankarwar A, Sarnikar Y, Tigote R, Shaikh M, Chavan P. One-pot Synthesis of Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives under Ultrasonic Irradiation Using ZnFe2O4 Reusable Catalyst. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2022. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2022.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, an efficient one-pot synthesis is described, of substituted benzimidazole derivatives (3a-j) from a condensation of various o-phenylenediamine (1a-j) aromatic aldehyde (2a-j) using ZnFe2O4 as a nano-catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation conditions. All forms of aldehydes with an electron releasing or electron –withdrawing substituent have a significant yield. The catalyst can easily be recovered after completion of the reaction and reused without affecting its activity. Prepared benzimidazole derivatives showed moderate to good anti-tuberculosis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanraj Kamble
- Department of Chemistry, Sarswati Bhuvan Education Society’s, College of Science, Paithan gate Road, Gulmandi-03, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil Shankarwar
- Department of Chemistry, Sarswati Bhuvan Education Society’s, College of Science, Paithan gate Road, Gulmandi-03, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yuvraj Sarnikar
- Department of Chemistry, Dayanand Science College, Barshi Road, Prakash nagar, Latur 413531, Maharashtra, India
| | - Radhakrushna Tigote
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B. A. M. University (Aurangabad) Sub-campus, Near to MIDC-Sector-2, Osmanabad 413501, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mubarak Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Radhabai kale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Near to Tarakpur road Bus stand, Ahemadnagar 414001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin Chavan
- Department of Chemistry, Doshi Vakil Arts College and G.C.U.B. Science and Commerce College, Goregaon, Lonere-Goregaon Road, Goregaon, Raigad 402103, Maharashtra, India
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Effects of fenbendazole and triclabendazole on the expression of cytochrome P450 1A and flavin-monooxygenase isozymes in bovine precision-cut liver slices. Vet J 2019; 245:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Radko L, Minta M, Jedziniak P, Stypuła-Tręba S. Comparison of Albendazole Cytotoxicity in Terms of Metabolite Formation in Four Model Systems. J Vet Res 2017; 61:313-319. [PMID: 29978089 PMCID: PMC5894428 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Albendazole is used to treat endoparasitic diseases in animals and humans. After oral administration, it is quickly oxidised into its pharmacologically active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide and then to sulfone. However, it is not clear which compound is responsible for toxic effects towards mammalian cells. Material and Methods The model systems comprised cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes, two hepatoma cell lines (FaO, HepG2), and non-hepatic Balb/c 3T3 line. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to eight concentrations of albendazole ranging from 0.05 to 100 µg/mL. At all three time points cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT assay and metabolites in the culture media were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Results The effective concentrations EC50-72h showed that Balb/c 3T3 cells were the most sensitive to albendazole (0.2 ±0.1 µg/mL) followed by FaO (1.0 ±0.4 µg/mL), and HepG2 (6.4 ±0.1 µg/mL). In the case of isolated hepatocytes this value could not be attained up to the highest concentration used. Chemical analysis revealed that the concentrations of albendazole in hepatocytes and HepG2 and FaO culture media gradually decreased with incubation time, while the concentrations of its metabolites increased. The metabolism in isolated hepatocytes was dozens of times greater than in HepG2 and FaO cells. Two metabolites (albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone) were detected in isolated hepatocytes and HepG2 culture medium, one (albendazole sulfoxide) in FaO culture medium and none in Balb/c 3T3. Conclusion The obtained data indicate that metabolism of albendazole leads to its detoxification. The lower cytotoxic potential of metabolites was confirmed in the independent experiments in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maria Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stypuła-Tręba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Differential toxicities of albendazole and its two main metabolites to Balb/c 3T3, HepG2, and FaO lines and rat hepatocytes. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The cytotoxicity of anthelmintic agent, albendazole (ABZ) and its two major metabolites, sulfoxide (ABZSO) and sulfone (ABZ-SO2), on non-hepatic Balb/c 3T3 line, two hepatoma cell lines (FaO, HepG2), and isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated. Material and Methods: Cell cultures were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to eight concentrations of the compounds ranging from 0.05 to 100 μg/mL (ABZ) and from 0.78 to 100 μg/mL (ABZ-SO and ABZ-SO2). Three different assays were applied in which various biochemical endpoints were assessed: lysosomal activity - neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, proliferation - total protein contents (TPC) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. Results: The most toxic was albendazole whose EC50 values calculated from the concentration effect curves ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 μg/mL (Balb/c 3T3 ) and from 0.4 to 73.3 μg/mL (HepG2). Rat hepatoma line and isolated rat hepatocytes were less sensitive to the impact of ABZ. Toxic action expressed as EC50 was recorded after 72 h exposure only in LDH release assay at 0.8 μg/mL and 9.7 μg/mL respectively. The toxicity of metabolites was much lower. The most sensitive to ABZ-SO were fibroblasts and EC50-72h values were similar in all three assays used, i.e. NRU (14.1 μg/mL), TPC (15.8 μg/mL), and LDH (20.9 μg/mL). In the case of ABZ-SO2 the mean effective concentrations were the highest, and could be reached only in one LDH assay. These values (μg/mL) were as follows: 65.3 (FaO), 65.4 (HepG2), 75.8 (hepatocytes), and 77.4 (Balb/c 3T3). Conclusion: The differences in in vitro toxicity of albendazole depend on metabolic ability of the cellular models. Primary cultured rat hepatocytes represent a valuable tool to study the impact of biotransformation on the cytotoxicity of drugs.
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Menteşe E, Yılmaz F, İslamoğlu F, Kahveci B. Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of a New Series of 2-Aryl-5-Fluoro-6-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-Yl)-1H-Benzimidazoles Using Microwave Heating. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14268750943001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 2-aryl-5-fluoro-6-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles was synthesised from the reaction of 4-fluoro-5-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine and iminoester hydrochlorides. 4-Fluoro-5-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine was prepared from the reduction of 5-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline by using Pd/C (10%) catalyst and hydrazine hydrate under microwave irradiation. The structures of newly synthesised compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Menteşe
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100-Rize, Turkey
| | - Fatih Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100-Rize, Turkey
| | - Fatih İslamoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University 53100-Rize, Turkey
| | - Bahittin Kahveci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080-Trabzon, Turkey
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Wagil M, Maszkowska J, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P, Kumirska J. A comprehensive approach to the determination of two benzimidazoles in environmental samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119 Suppl:S35-S41. [PMID: 24890838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the various pharmaceuticals regarded as emerging pollutants, benzimidazoles--represented by flubendazole and fenbendazole--are of particular concern because of their large-scale use in veterinary medicine and their health effects on aquatic organisms. For this reason, it is essential to have reliable analytical methods which can be used to simultaneously monitor their appearance in environmental matrices such as water, sediment and tissue samples. To date, however, such methods relating to these three matrices have not been available. In this paper we present a comprehensive approach to the determination of both drugs in the mentioned above matrices using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Special attention was paid to the sample preparation step. The optimal extraction methods were further validated by experiments with spiked water, sediment and fish tissue samples. Matrix effects were established. The following absolute recoveries of flubendazole and fenbendazole were achieved: 96.2% and 95.4% from waters, 103.4% and 98.3% from sediments, and 98.3% and 97.6% from fish tissue samples, respectively. Validation of the LC-MS/MS methods enable flubendazole and fenbendazole to be determined with method detection limits: 1.6 ng L(-1) and 1.7 ng L(-1) in water samples; 0.3 ng g(-1) for both compounds in sediment samples, and 3.3 ng g(-1) and 3.5 ng g(-1) in tissue samples, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully used for analysing selected pharmaceuticals in real samples collected in northern Poland. There is first data on the concentration in the environment of the target compounds in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wagil
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Maszkowska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Saleh M, Kumar G, Abdel-Baki AA, Dkhil M, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Development of a novel in vitro method for drug development for fish; application to test efficacy of antimicrosporidian compounds. Vet Rec 2014; 175:561. [PMID: 25200429 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few drugs are approved for treating diseases caused by parasites in minor species such as fish. This is due, in part, to the expense of drug development and to the comparatively small market. In vivo effectiveness trials for antiparasitic drugs are costly, time consuming and require ethics approval, therefore an in vitro screening approach is a cost-effective alternative to finding promising drug candidates. We developed an in vitro testing system to test antimicrosporidial compounds against a microsporidian pathogen Heterosporis saurida. Five antiparasitic compounds, albendazole, fumagillin, TNP-70, nitazoxanide and lufenuron, were assayed for antimicrosporidial activity. All compounds reduced the number of H saurida spores in infected cells when applied at a concentration that did not appear to be toxic to the host cells. Albendazole inhibited replication of H saurida by >60 per cent, fumagillin and its analogue TNP-470 inhibited H saurida >80 per cent, nitazoxanide and lufenuron inhibited growth >70 per cent. The data suggest that both fumagillin and its analogous TNP-70 hold the best promise as therapeutic agents against H saurida. The ability to use fish cell cultures to assess drugs against H saurida demonstrates an approach that may be helpful to evaluate other drugs on different microsporidia and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A-A Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - M Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Joshi RS, Mandhane PG, Dabhade SK, Gill CH. Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride (TBAF) Catalysed Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzimidazole in Water under Ultrasound Irradiation. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Effect of three anthelmentics on disposition kinetics of florfenicol in goats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3340-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Park K, Bang HW, Park J, Kwak IS. Ecotoxicological multilevel-evaluation of the effects of fenbendazole exposure to Chironomus riparius larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:359-367. [PMID: 19683327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics may find their way into the aquatic environment through direct or indirect pathways due to their widespread use. Fenbendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic that is widely used in veterinary medicine. To evaluate the potential ecological risk of fenbendazole, we examined the molecular and biochemical responses of biomarker genes such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and hemoglobins (Hbs) in Chironomus riparius for long periods. The expression of HSP70, HSP40, HSP90 and CYP450 in C. riparius increased significantly after exposure to all concentrations of fenbendazole evaluated, while the levels of GST and HbA only increased in C. riparius exposed to relatively high concentrations of fenbendazole (30 microg L(-1)). HbB expression did not differ significantly between the control and treatment groups. Exposure to 30 microg L(-1) fenbendazole had significant effects on the survival, growth, sex balance of emergent adults and development of mouthpart deformity in C. riparius. These results should constitute an important contribution to the understanding of the toxicology of fenbendazole in C. riparius. Moreover, the responses of the biomarker genes also provide valuable information that will aid in understanding the effects of fenbendazole in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Department of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dundeok-dong, Yeosu, Jeonnam 550-749, Republic of Korea
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11
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Involvement of oxidative stress in hepatocellular tumor-promoting activity of oxfendazole in rats. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:503-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Savlík M, Polácková L, Szotáková B, Lamka J, Velík J, Skálová L. Activities of biotransformation enzymes in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and their modulation by in vivo administration of mebendazole and flubendazole. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:20-6. [PMID: 17316720 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Basal activities of certain pheasant hepatic and intestinal biotransformation enzymes and modulation of their activities by anthelmintics flubendazole (FLBZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) were investigated in subcellular fractions that were prepared from liver and small intestine of control and FLBZ or MBZ treated birds. Several oxidation, reduction and conjugation enzyme activities were assessed. In the liver, treatment of pheasants by FLBZ or MBZ caused very slight or no changes in monooxygenase activities and conjugation enzymes. More significative changes were detected in small intestine. Metyrapone and daunorubicin reductase activities were increased by both substances in the liver. This is the first evidence that certain benzimidazoles modulate reductases of carbonyl group. With respect to the relatively slight extent of the changes caused by FLBZ or MBZ we can assume that repeated administration of therapeutic doses of both FLBZ and MBZ has probably no serious influence on pheasant biotransformation enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savlík
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Dewa Y, Nishimura J, Muguruma M, Matsumoto S, Takahashi M, Jin M, Mitsumori K. Gene expression analyses of the liver in rats treated with oxfendazole. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:647-54. [PMID: 17340121 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oxfendazole (OX), a benzimidazole anthelmintic, on hepatic gene expression was investigated in the liver of rats as a preliminary study to elucidate the possible mechanism of its non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The liver from a male F344/N rat given a diet containing 500 ppm of OX for 3 weeks was examined by global gene expression analysis in comparison with an untreated rat. Microarray analysis revealed that phase I and phase II detoxifying enzymes were up-regulated in an OX-treated rat. In addition to these genes, the expressions of several upregulated genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress [e.g. Cyp1a1; NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (Nqo1); glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2); glutathione S-transferase Yc2 subunit (Yc2)], were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, rats were administered 500 or 1,000 ppm of OX for 9 weeks, and the effect of OX on oxidative stress responses was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR along with conventional toxicological assays, including lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance; TBARS). A longer treatment period and/or a higher dose of OX tended to increase the gene expressions of not only phase I (Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2) but also phase II (Nqo1, Gpx2, Yc2, and Akr7a3) drug metabolizing enzymes. Toxicological parameters, such as TBARS, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), showed slight but significant increases after treatment with OX for 9 weeks. These results indicate that OX elicits adaptive responses against oxidative stress in the liver and suggest that the imbalance in redox status might be one of the factors triggering the initial step of OX-induced non-genotoxic carcinogenesis in the liver of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Dewa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Skupinska K, Misiewicz I, Kasprzycka-Guttman T. A comparison of the concentration-effect relationships of PAHs on CYP1A induction in HepG2 and Mcf7 cells. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:183-200. [PMID: 16953391 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants. Some compounds belonging to this group are considered carcinogenic to people. In order to yield carcinogenic properties, these compounds must be metabolically transformed by enzymes of cytochrome P450 family to oxy-derivatives. In this study, the ability of the following six PAHs: anthracene (Ant), benz(a)anthracene (BA), naphthacene (Nap), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a,c)anthracene (DB(a,c)A) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DB(a,h)A) to induce enzymes of cytochrome P450 (CYP450), in particular CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in Mcf7 and HepG2 cells was studied. The induction of CYP1A enzymes was assessed at the level of enzymatic protein and enzymatic activity. The change in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 protein level was assessed by means of confocal microscopy. The ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (MROD) assays were applied to determine the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activity. The Induction Equivalency Factors (IEFs) were also determined. According to EROD and MROD assay and calculated IEFs the following order of the inducing potency was determined in HepG2 cells: DB(a,h)A > BaP > DB(a,c)A approximately BA > Nap > Ant, and in Mcf7 cells: DB(a,h)A > DB(a,c)A > BaP > Nap > BA > Ant. The assessment of the protein levels revealed that DB(a,h)A was also the strongest inducer of protein level, however the correlation between enzymatic activity and protein level induction by other PAHs was not always evident. The EROD and MROD activities were higher in Mcf7 than in HepG2 cells, however the CYP1A2 protein level was shown to be higher in HepG2 cells. The results obtained indicate possible catalytic enzymatic activity alterations induced by PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skupinska
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
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Savlík M, Polásková P, Szotáková B, Lamka J, Skálová L. The effects of flubendazole and mebendazole on cytochromes P4501A in pheasant hepatocytes. Res Vet Sci 2005; 79:139-47. [PMID: 15924931 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many benzimidazoles are known inducers of cytochromes P4501A (CYP1A) in laboratory animals and cell lines. As flubendazole and mebendazole are benzimidazole anthelmintics often used in a pheasant, in the present study an effect of these drugs in primary cultures of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) hepatocytes was investigated. After 48 h incubation of the hepatocytes with the benzimidazoles (0.2-5 microM), CYP1A activities -- ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and methoxyresorufin O-demethylation (MROD) activities were measured and the CYP1A protein levels were determined by Western blotting. None of the tested benzimidazoles influenced the CYP1A protein content. No pharmacologically significant enhancement of CYP1A after exposure of the hepatocytes to flubendazole and mebendazole was found. Inhibition of the EROD/MROD activities caused by both tested substances was observed only at the highest concentration (5 microM). From a point of view of CYP1A induction or inhibition, the treatment of pheasants by both anthelmintics tested seems to be safe. Our study demonstrates the inter-species differences in CYP1A inducibility and the importance of induction/inhibition studies on target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savlík
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Savlík M, Fimanová K, Szotáková B, Lamka J, Skálová L. Modulation of porcine biotransformation enzymes by anthelmintic therapy with fenbendazole and flubendazole. Res Vet Sci 2005; 80:267-74. [PMID: 16125742 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fenbendazole (FEN) and flubendazole (FLU) are benzimidazole anthelmintics often used in pig management for the control of nematodoses. The in vivo study presented here was designed to test the influence of FLU and FEN on cytochrome P4501A and other cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase and several carbonyl reducing enzymes. The results indicated that FEN (in a single therapeutic dose as well as in repeated therapeutic doses) caused significant induction of pig CYP1A, while FLU did not show an inductive effect towards this isoform. Some of the other hepatic and intestinal biotransformation enzymes that were assayed were moderately influenced by FEN or FLU. Strong CYP1A induction following FEN therapy in pigs may negatively affect the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of FEN itself or other simultaneously or consecutively administered drugs. From the perspective of biotransformation enzyme modulation, FLU would appear to be a more convenient anthelmintic therapy of pigs than FEN.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Anthelmintics/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Fenbendazole/pharmacology
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/enzymology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/enzymology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Isoenzymes
- Male
- Mebendazole/analogs & derivatives
- Mebendazole/pharmacology
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/drug therapy
- Swine Diseases/enzymology
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savlík
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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17
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Velík J, Szotáková B, Baliharová V, Lamka J, Savlík M, Wsól V, Snejdrová E, Skálová L. Albendazole repeated administration induces cytochromes P4501A and accelerates albendazole deactivation in mouflon (Ovis musimon). Res Vet Sci 2005; 78:255-63. [PMID: 15766946 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult mouflon ewes (Ovis musimon) were treated repeatedly with therapeutic doses of albendazole (ABZ, p.o. 7.5 mg/kg of body weight/day, for five consecutive days). Animals (treated or control) were sacrificed 24 h after the fifth dose of ABZ and liver and small intestine were collected to prepare microsomes. The activities of several biotransformation enzymes were measured in both hepatic and intestinal microsomes. A significant increase in the activity and amount of cytochromes P4501A (CYP1A) was observed in both tissues of ABZ treated mouflons compared to control animals. No other biotransformation enzymes tested were affected by five ABZ doses. The in vitro biotransformation of ABZ was studied in hepatic and intestinal microsomes from ABZ treated and control mouflons. Concentrations of two main ABZ metabolites - pharmacologically active ABZ sulfoxide and pharmacologically inactive ABZ sulfone were analysed using HPLC. A significant increase in rate of formation of ABZ sulfone (which is catalysed by CYP1A) was observed in hepatic as well as in intestinal microsomes from ABZ treated animals. The enhancement of ABZ deactivation by its repeated administration may affect the anthelmintic efficacy of this drug and may contribute to the development of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velík
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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18
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Velík J, Baliharová V, Fink-Gremmels J, Bull S, Lamka J, Skálová L. Benzimidazole drugs and modulation of biotransformation enzymes. Res Vet Sci 2004; 76:95-108. [PMID: 14672851 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole drugs (e.g., anthelmintics albendazole, fenbendazole, oxfenbendazole, thiabendazole, mebendazole; inhibitors of proton pump omeprazole, lansoprasole, pantoprasole) represent substances used in both human and veterinary medicine; however, from the point of view of induction and inhibition of biotransformation enzymes, research has been carried out mainly due to the initiative of human pharmacologists. The purpose of the present review is to inform about inductive and inhibitive effects of benzimidazole drugs in man, animals and cell cultures. Pharmacological and toxicological consequences of modulation of biotransformation enzymes are discussed and the significance of studies in the field of modulation of biotransformation enzymes in food-producing animals is explained. Since the modulating effect of benzimidazoles strongly varies depending on structure of the individual substances, the particular attention is paid to structure-modulation relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velík
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Centre LN00B125, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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19
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Baliharová V, Velík J, Savlík M, Szotáková B, Lamka J, Tahotná L, Skálová L. The effects of fenbendazole, flubendazole and mebendazole on activities of hepatic cytochromes P450 in pig. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:85-90. [PMID: 15096105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fenbendazole (FBZ), flubendazole (FLBZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) are benzimidazole anthelmintics widely used in veterinary medicine. The effects of these drugs on cytochromes P450 (CYP) were investigated in primary cultures of swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) hepatocytes. After 48-h incubation of hepatocytes with benzimidazoles (0.1-2.5 microm), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD), benzoxyresorufin O-dearylation (BROD), testosterone hydroxylase (6beta-TOH) and testosterone oxidase (17-TO) activities were measured and the CYP1A and 3A protein levels were determined by Western blotting. FBZ produced a significant, concentration-dependent increase of CYP1A activity (EROD) and protein level. No enhancement of CYP1A was observed after exposure to FLBZ and MBZ. All benzimidazoles tested did not cause any induction of CYP3A (BROD, 6beta-TOH, 17-TO activities and protein content). On the other hand, MBZ produced a significant, concentration-dependent decrease of CYP3A (BROD, 6beta-TOH and 17-TO) activities. Pharmacological and toxicological consequences of CYP1A induction and CYP3A inhibition should be taken into account in treatment of pigs with FBZ and MBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baliharová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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