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Lata S, Kumari S, Das R, Pasi S, Dhiman RC. Typical and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh (India). Heliyon 2021; 7:e07282. [PMID: 34189318 PMCID: PMC8220184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is in elimination phase in India while cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is being reported from new foci. In Himachal Pradesh (HP), a foci of CL had been reported along Satluj River, but the causative agent poses a dilemma, hence the present study was undertaken in Shimla, Kullu and Kinnaur districts. METHODS A total of 28 CL patients from Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital Shimla (IGMC) in 2018, were tested by rK39., Twelve fresh cases were subjected to microscopic detection of Leishmania parasite, PCR and sequencing. Skin biopsies of 3-4 mm diameter were cultured, as well as imprints were prepared for the detection of Leishmania amastigotes. Biopsy samples were inoculated into different culture media (M199, RPMI 1640, NNN) and were incubated at 22-24 °C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to characterize Leishmania parasite species. RESULTS Of 28 patients, one was positive by rK39 dipstick test and one imprint was found positive for Leishmania amstigotes. Twelve biopsy DNA samples subjected to PCR for Leishmania kDNA, were found Lesihmania positive. Identification of Leishmania species was confirmed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing method. Of 12 Leishmania positive samples, six were identified as L. donovani, three L. tropica, two L.major and one remained unidentified. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the existence of three species of parasites i.e., L. donovani, L. tropica and L. major indicating the existence of typical and atypical leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. The occurrence of CL cases in HP, Kerala or elsewhere should not be ignored considering them just cases of CL alone. Further studies are warranted to confirm the existence of L.donovani zymodeme MON37 from cases of CL in HP or L.donovani zymodeme MON2 strain causing VL in Bihar. Elimination of CL should also be considered along with goal of Kala -Azar elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Lata
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 11007, India
| | - Sandhya Kumari
- Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 11007, India
| | - Shweta Pasi
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 11007, India
| | - Ramesh C. Dhiman
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 11007, India
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Alves KMA, Cardoso FJB, Honorio KM, de Molfetta FA. Design of Inhibitors for Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Enzyme of <i>Leishmania mexicana</i>. Med Chem 2021; 16:784-795. [PMID: 31309897 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190712111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniosis is a neglected tropical disease and glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme in the design of new drugs to fight this disease. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate potential inhibitors of GAPDH enzyme found in Leishmania mexicana (L. mexicana). METHODS A search for novel antileishmanial molecules was carried out based on similarities from the pharmacophoric point of view related to the binding site of the crystallographic enzyme using the ZINCPharmer server. The molecules selected in this screening were subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS Consensual analysis of the docking energy values was performed, resulting in the selection of ten compounds. These ligand-receptor complexes were visually inspected in order to analyze the main interactions and subjected to toxicophoric evaluation, culminating in the selection of three compounds, which were subsequently submitted to molecular dynamics simulations. The docking results showed that the selected compounds interacted with GAPDH from L. mexicana, especially by hydrogen bonds with Cys166, Arg249, His194, Thr167, and Thr226. From the results obtained from molecular dynamics, it was observed that one of the loop regions, corresponding to the residues 195-222, can be related to the fitting of the substrate at the binding site, assisting in the positioning and the molecular recognition via residues responsible for the catalytic activity. CONCLUSION The use of molecular modeling techniques enabled the identification of promising compounds as inhibitors of the GAPDH enzyme from L. mexicana, and the results obtained here can serve as a starting point to design new and more effective compounds than those currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisnna M A Alves
- Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Para, CP 11101, 60075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Bonfim Cardoso
- Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Para, CP 11101, 60075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Kathia M Honorio
- Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), 03828-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio A de Molfetta
- Laboratorio de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Para, CP 11101, 60075-110, Belem, PA, Brazil
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Saini P, Kumar NP, Ajithlal PM, Joji A, Rajesh KR, Reena KJ, Kumar A. Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani Zymodeme MON-37, Western Ghats, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1956-1958. [PMID: 32687040 PMCID: PMC7392465 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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Kariyawasam UL, Selvapandiyan A, Rai K, Wani TH, Ahuja K, Beg MA, Premathilake HU, Bhattarai NR, Siriwardena YD, Zhong D, Zhou G, Rijal S, Nakhasi H, Karunaweera ND. Genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study with regional comparisons. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:791. [PMID: 29273010 PMCID: PMC5741890 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania donovani is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent. However, it is also known to cause cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan L. donovani differs from other L. donovani strains, both at the molecular and biochemical level. To investigate the different species or strain-specific differences of L. donovani in Sri Lanka we evaluated sequence variation of the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA). METHODS Parasites isolated from skin lesions of 34 CL patients and bone marrow aspirates from 4 VL patients were genotyped using the kDNA minicircle PCR analysis. A total of 301 minicircle sequences that included sequences from Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and six reference species of Leishmania were analyzed. RESULTS Haplotype diversity of Sri Lankan isolates were high (H d = 0.757) with strong inter-geographical genetic differentiation (F ST > 0.25). In this study, L. donovani isolates clustered according to their geographic origin, while Sri Lankan isolates formed a separate cluster and were clearly distinct from other Leishmania species. Within the Sri Lankan group, there were three distinct sub-clusters formed, from CL patients who responded to standard antimony therapy, CL patients who responded poorly to antimony therapy and from VL patients. There was no specific clustering of sequences based on geographical origin within Sri Lanka. CONCLUSION This study reveals high levels of haplotype diversity of L. donovani in Sri Lanka with a distinct genetic association with clinically relevant phenotypic characteristics. The use of genetic tools to identify clinically relevant features of Leishmania parasites has important therapeutic implications for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeshika Lakmini Kariyawasam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No. 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 8 Sri Lanka
| | | | - Keshav Rai
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Kavita Ahuja
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mizra Adil Beg
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Yamuna Deepani Siriwardena
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No. 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 8 Sri Lanka
| | - Daibin Zhong
- University of California Irvine, College of Health Sciences, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- University of California Irvine, College of Health Sciences, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Suman Rijal
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Hira Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, USA
| | - Nadira D. Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No. 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 8 Sri Lanka
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Moreira DS, Murta SMF. Involvement of nucleoside diphosphate kinase b and elongation factor 2 in Leishmania braziliensis antimony resistance phenotype. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:641. [PMID: 27964761 PMCID: PMC5155413 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleoside diphosphate kinase b (NDKb) is responsible for nucleoside triphosphates synthesis and it has key role in the purine metabolism in trypanosomatid protozoans. Elongation factor 2 (EF2) is an important factor for protein synthesis. Recently, our phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated that NDKb and EF2 proteins were phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in antimony (SbIII)-resistant L. braziliensis line compared to its SbIII-susceptible pair, respectively. Methods In this study, the overexpression of NDKb and EF2 genes in L. braziliensis and L. infantum was performed to investigate the contribution of these proteins in the SbIII-resistance phenotype. Furthermore, we examined the role of lamivudine on SbIII susceptibility in clones that overexpress the NDKb gene, and the effect of EF2 kinase (EF2K) inhibitor on the growth of EF2-overexpressing parasites. Results Western blot analysis demonstrated that NDKb and EF2 proteins are more and less expressed, respectively, in SbIII-resistant line of L. braziliensis than its wild-type (WTS) counterpart, corroborating our previous phosphoproteomic data. NDKb or EF2-overexpressing L. braziliensis lines were 1.6 to 2.1-fold more resistant to SbIII than the untransfected WTS line. In contrast, no difference in SbIII susceptibility was observed in L. infantum parasites overexpressing NDKb or EF2. Susceptibility assays showed that NDKb-overexpressing L. braziliensis lines presented elevated resistance to lamivudine, an antiviral agent, but it did not alter the leishmanicidal activity in association with SbIII. EF2-overexpressing L. braziliensis clone was slightly more resistant to EF2K inhibitor than the WTS line. Surprisingly, this inhibitor increased the antileishmanial effect of SbIII, suggesting that this association might be a valuable strategy for leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Conclusion Our findings represent the first study of NDKb and EF2 genes overexpression that demonstrates an increase of SbIII resistance in L. braziliensis which can contribute to develop new strategies for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Moreira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvane M F Murta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou CPqRR, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Identification of Immunoreactive Leishmania infantum Protein Antigens to Asymptomatic Dog Sera through Combined Immunoproteomics and Bioinformatics Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149894. [PMID: 26906226 PMCID: PMC4764335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the etiologic agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in countries in the Mediterranean basin, where dogs are the domestic reservoirs and represent important elements in the transmission of the disease. Since the major focal areas of human VL exhibit a high prevalence of seropositive dogs, the control of canine VL could reduce the infection rate in humans. Efforts toward this have focused on the improvement of diagnostic tools, as well as on vaccine development. The identification of parasite antigens including suitable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- and/or II-restricted epitopes is very important since disease protection is characterized by strong and long-lasting CD8+ T and CD4+ Th1 cell-dominated immunity. In the present study, total protein extract from late-log phase L. infantum promastigotes was analyzed by two-dimensional western blots and probed with sera from asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. A total of 42 protein spots were found to differentially react with IgG from asymptomatic dogs, while 17 of these identified by Coommasie stain were extracted and analyzed. Of these, 21 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry; they were mainly involved in metabolism and stress responses. An in silico analysis predicted that the chaperonin HSP60, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, enolase, cyclophilin 2, cyclophilin 40, and one hypothetical protein contain promiscuous MHCI and/or MHCII epitopes. Our results suggest that the combination of immunoproteomics and bioinformatics analyses is a promising method for the identification of novel candidate antigens for vaccine development or with potential use in the development of sensitive diagnostic tests.
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Singh N, Chatterjee M, Sundar S. The overexpression of genes of thiol metabolism contribute to drug resistance in clinical isolates of visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) in India. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:596. [PMID: 25515494 PMCID: PMC4280036 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called Kala Azar (KA) or black fever in India, claims around 20,000 lives every year. Chemotherapy remains one of the most important tools in the control of VL. Current chemotherapy for Kala Azar in India relies on a rather limited arsenal of drugs including sodium antimony gluconate and amphotericin B in addition to the very expensive drug miltefosine. Pentavalent antimonials have been used for more than half a century in the therapy of leishmaniasis as it is relatively safe and inexpensive, however, the spread of resistance to this drug is forcing clinicians in India to abandon this treatment. Consequently, improvement of antimonial chemotherapy has become a major challenging area of study by leishmaniacs worldwide. The alarming emergence of resistance to the commonly used antleishmanial drug, sodium antimony gluconate, in India, has led us to elucidate the resistance mechanism(s) in clinical isolates. Studies on laboratory mutants have shown that resistance to antimonials is highly dependent on thiol levels. The parasite evades cytotoxic effects of antimonial therapy by enhanced efflux of drug upon conjugation with thiols, through overexpressed membrane proteins belonging to the superfamily of ABC transporters. Methods We have carried out functional studies to determine the activity of the efflux pumps in antimonial resistant clinical isolates collected from disease endemic areas in India and also carried out molecular characterization of thiol levels in these parasites. Results Overexpression of the gene coding for γ glutamylcysteine synthetase was observed in these resistant clinical isolates thereby establishing that thiols represent the key determinants of antimonial resistance. The SbIII/thiol conjugates can be sequestered by ABC transporter multidrug resistance protein A (MRPA) into intracellular organelles or can be directly pumped out by an uncharacterized transporter. Conclusions Our studies investigating antimonial resistance in different L. donovani clinical isolates suggest that over functioning of MRP plays a role in generation of antimony resistance phenotype in some L. donovani clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloo Singh
- Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
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Brotherton MC, Bourassa S, Légaré D, Poirier GG, Droit A, Ouellette M. Quantitative proteomic analysis of amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania infantum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2014; 4:126-32. [PMID: 25057462 PMCID: PMC4095042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First large-scale quantitative proteomic study of amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania. Identification of 97 differentially expressed proteins. Upregulation of glycolysis and TCA cycle pathways. Upregulation in reactive oxygen species scavenging and heat-shock proteins.
Amphotericin B (AmB) in its liposomal form is now considered as either first- or second-line treatment against Leishmania infections in different part of the world. Few cases of AmB resistance have been reported and resistance mechanisms toward AmB are still poorly understood. This paper reports a large-scale comparative proteomic study in the context of AmB resistance. Quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was used to better characterize cytoplasmic and membrane-enriched (ME) proteomes of the in vitro generated Leishmania infantum AmB resistant mutant AmB1000.1. In total, 97 individual proteins were found as differentially expressed between the mutant and its parental sensitive strain (WT). More than half of these proteins were either metabolic enzymes or involved in transcription or translation processes. Key energetic pathways such as glycolysis and TCA cycle were up-regulated in the mutant. Interestingly, many proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and heat-shock proteins were also up-regulated in the resistant mutant. This work provides a basis for further investigations to understand the roles of proteins differentially expressed in relation with AmB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Brotherton
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de Génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Légaré
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy G Poirier
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de Génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de Génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Brotherton MC, Bourassa S, Leprohon P, Légaré D, Poirier GG, Droit A, Ouellette M. Proteomic and genomic analyses of antimony resistant Leishmania infantum mutant. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81899. [PMID: 24312377 PMCID: PMC3842243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimonials remain the primary antileishmanial drugs in most developing countries. However, drug resistance to these compounds is increasing and our understanding of resistance mechanisms is partial. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labelling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and genome next generation sequencing were used in order to better characterize in vitro generated Leishmania infantum antimony resistant mutant (Sb2000.1). Using the proteomic method, 58 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in Sb2000.1. The ABC transporter MRPA (ABCC3), a known marker of antimony resistance, was observed for the first time in a proteomic screen. Furthermore, transfection of its gene conferred antimony resistance in wild-type cells. Next generation sequencing revealed aneuploidy for 8 chromosomes in Sb2000.1. Moreover, specific amplified regions derived from chromosomes 17 and 23 were observed in Sb2000.1 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in a protein kinase (LinJ.33.1810-E629K). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that differentially expressed proteins, chromosome number variations (CNVs), specific gene amplification and SNPs are important features of antimony resistance in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Brotherton
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Légaré
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy G. Poirier
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Plate-forme Protéomique du Centre de génomique de Québec, CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Pavillon CHUL, and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Strategies for the design of orally bioavailable antileishmanial treatments. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:539-52. [PMID: 23871737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the six major tropical diseases targeted by the World Health Organization. The most serious, life-threatening form is visceral leishmaniasis (VL). No vaccine is yet available for human use and chemotherapy is the main mean of dealing with this disease. This review focuses on the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) for treatment of leishmaniasis. After an overview of the significance of leishmaniasis in 2013, current chemotherapy and its limitations are considered, leading to possible strategies to improve the treatment of VL: new drugs, combinations of existing drugs and DDS, particularly for oral administration. Nanostructured biomaterials such as lipid-based or polymeric nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, ultra-small and controllable size, large surface area to mass ratio and the possibility of surface modification which can be used to advantage for the oral administration of antileishmanial drugs. They can improve the rate of dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs, increase intestinal residence time by bioadhesion and, especially when lipid additives are used, influence the route and efficiency of absorption. These recent advances in this very active field should lead to better management of this serious disease.
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Pham TTH, Barratt G, Michel JP, Loiseau PM, Saint-Pierre-Chazalet M. Interactions of antileishmanial drugs with monolayers of lipids used in the development of amphotericin B-miltefosine-loaded nanocochleates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:224-33. [PMID: 23434716 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of strains of Leishmania resistant to existing drugs complicates the treatment of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis. The development of new lipid formulation (nanocochleates), containing two active drugs: amphotericin B (AmB) and miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine, HePC), could increase effectiveness, decrease toxicity and reduce the risk of appearance of resistance. Nanocochleates are cigar-shaped structures of rolled negatively charged lipid bilayers bridged by calcium, prepared from dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) and cholesterol (Cho) and able to accommodate drugs. To determine the interaction, the orientation and the stability of the amphiphilic drugs in the lipid mixture and the optimal drugs/lipids ratio, the Langmuir film balance and BAM (Brewster angle microscopy) were used. The drugs were mixed with the lipids (DOPS or 9DOPS/1Cho) and spread at the air-water interface. A stability study showed that DOPS maintained HePC at the interface at low molar fraction of HePC; this effect became more marked in the presence of Cho. The fact that HePC can be stably associated with the monolayer at low molar fraction (below 10%) suggests that in the nanocochleates HePC is inserted between the lipid molecules rather than between the bilayers. Phase diagrams and BAM images showed that, even at low pressure, DOPS maintains AmB at low molar fraction (below 10%) in the "erect" rather than the horizontal form at the interface and that the presence of Cho reinforces this effect. These results allowed us to predict the organization and the orientation of these drugs in the nanocochleates and to determine the optimal drugs/lipids ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T H Pham
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Univ Paris Sud, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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13
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Fakiola M, Strange A, Cordell HJ, Miller EN, Pirinen M, Su Z, Mishra A, Mehrotra S, Monteiro GR, Band G, Bellenguez C, Dronov S, Edkins S, Freeman C, Giannoulatou E, Gray E, Hunt SE, Lacerda HG, Langford C, Pearson R, Pontes NN, Rai M, Singh SP, Smith L, Sousa O, Vukcevic D, Bramon E, Brown MA, Casas JP, Corvin A, Duncanson A, Jankowski J, Markus HS, Mathew CG, Palmer CNA, Plomin R, Rautanen A, Sawcer SJ, Trembath RC, Viswanathan AC, Wood NW, Wilson ME, Deloukas P, Peltonen L, Christiansen F, Witt C, Jeronimo SMB, Sundar S, Spencer CCA, Blackwell JM, Donnelly P. Common variants in the HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1 HLA class II region are associated with susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:208-13. [PMID: 23291585 PMCID: PMC3664012 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify susceptibility loci for visceral leishmaniasis, we undertook genome-wide association studies in two populations: 989 cases and 1,089 controls from India and 357 cases in 308 Brazilian families (1,970 individuals). The HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1 locus was the only region to show strong evidence of association in both populations. Replication at this region was undertaken in a second Indian population comprising 941 cases and 990 controls, and combined analysis across the three cohorts for rs9271858 at this locus showed P(combined) = 2.76 × 10(-17) and odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-1.52. A conditional analysis provided evidence for multiple associations within the HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1 region, and a model in which risk differed between three groups of haplotypes better explained the signal and was significant in the Indian discovery and replication cohorts. In conclusion, the HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1 HLA class II region contributes to visceral leishmaniasis susceptibility in India and Brazil, suggesting shared genetic risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis that cross the epidemiological divides of geography and parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Geographical distribution and epidemiological features of Old World Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani foci, based on the isoenzyme analysis of 2277 strains. Parasitology 2012; 140:423-34. [PMID: 23146283 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2277 Leishmania strains from Old World visceral leishmaniasis foci, isolated between 1973 and 2008, were studied by isoenzyme analysis. The strains were obtained from humans, domestic and wild carnivores, rodents and phlebotomine sandflies, and came from 36 countries. In all, 60 different zymodemes were identified and clustered by a phenetic analysis into 3 different groups corresponding to the typically visceralizing species L. donovani (20 zymodemes, 169 strains), L. archibaldi (3 zymodemes, 46 strains) and L. infantum (37 zymodemes, 2,062 strains). The taxonomic position of these isoenzymatic groups is discussed in view of contradictory results obtained from recent molecular studies.
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15
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Raj I, Kumar S, Gourinath S. The narrow active-site cleft ofO-acetylserine sulfhydrylase fromLeishmania donovaniallows complex formation with serine acetyltransferases with a range of C-terminal sequences. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:909-19. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912016459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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16
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Antiprotozoal compounds: state of the art and new developments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Mehrotra S, Oommen J, Mishra A, Sudharshan M, Tiwary P, Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Rani DS, Thangaraj K, Rai M, Sundar S, Blackwell JM. No evidence for association between SLC11A1 and visceral leishmaniasis in India. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:71. [PMID: 21599885 PMCID: PMC3128845 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background SLC11A1 has pleiotropic effects on macrophage function and remains a strong candidate for infectious disease susceptibility. 5' and/or 3' polymorphisms have been associated with tuberculosis, leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Most studies undertaken to date were under-powered, and none has been replicated within a population. Association with tuberculosis has replicated variably across populations. Here we investigate SLC11A1 and VL in India. Methods Nine polymorphisms (rs34448891, rs7573065, rs2276631, rs3731865, rs17221959, rs2279015, rs17235409, rs17235416, rs17229009) that tag linkage disequilibrium blocks across SLC11A1 were genotyped in primary family-based (313 cases; 176 families) and replication (941 cases; 992 controls) samples. Family- and population-based analyses were performed to look for association between SLC11A1 variants and VL. Quantitative RT/PCR was used to compare SLC11A1 expression in mRNA from paired splenic aspirates taken before and after treatment from 24 VL patients carrying different genotypes at the functional promoter GTn polymorphism (rs34448891). Results No associations were observed between VL and polymorphisms at SLC11A1 that were either robust to correction for multiple testing or replicated across primary and replication samples. No differences in expression of SLC11A1 were observed when comparing pre- and post-treatment samples, or between individuals carrying different genotypes at the GTn repeat. Conclusions This is the first well-powered study of SLC11A1 as a candidate for VL, which we conclude does not have a major role in regulating VL susceptibility in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mehrotra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, OS 221 005, India
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Fakiola M, Mishra A, Rai M, Singh SP, O'Leary RA, Ball S, Francis RW, Firth MJ, Radford BT, Miller EN, Sundar S, Blackwell JM. Classification and regression tree and spatial analyses reveal geographic heterogeneity in genome wide linkage study of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15807. [PMID: 21209823 PMCID: PMC3013125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome wide linkage studies (GWLS) have provided evidence for loci controlling visceral leishmaniasis on Chromosomes 1p22, 6q27, 22q12 in Sudan and 6q27, 9p21, 17q11-q21 in Brazil. Genome wide studies from the major focus of disease in India have not previously been reported. Methods and Findings We undertook a GWLS in India in which a primary ∼10 cM (515 microsatellites) scan was carried out in 58 multicase pedigrees (74 nuclear families; 176 affected, 353 total individuals) and replication sought in 79 pedigrees (102 nuclear families; 218 affected, 473 total individuals). The primary scan provided evidence (≥2 adjacent markers allele-sharing LOD≥0.59; nominal P≤0.05) for linkage on Chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20 and X, with peaks at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3 contributed to largely by 31 Hindu families and at Xq21.1-q26.1 by 27 Muslim families. Refined mapping confirmed linkage across all primary scan families at 2q12.2-q14.1 and 11q13.2-q23.3, but only 11q13.2-q23.3 replicated (combined LOD = 1.59; P = 0.0034). Linkage at 6p25.3-p24.3 and 8p23.1-p21.3, and at Xq21.1-q26.1, was confirmed by refined mapping for primary Hindu and Muslim families, respectively, but only Xq21.1-q26.1 replicated across all Muslim families (combined LOD 1.49; P = 0.0045). STRUCTURE and SMARTPCA did not identify population genetic substructure related to religious group. Classification and regression tree, and spatial interpolation, analyses confirm geographical heterogeneity for linkages at 6p25.3-p24.3, 8p23.1-p21.3 and Xq21.1-q26.1, with specific clusters of families contributing LOD scores of 2.13 (P = 0.0009), 1.75 (P = 0.002) and 1.84 (P = 0.001), respectively. Conclusions GWLS has identified novel loci that show geographical heterogeneity in their influence on susceptibility to VL in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Fakiola
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shri Prakash Singh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rebecca A. O'Leary
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Stephen Ball
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Richard W. Francis
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Martin J. Firth
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Ben T. Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - E. Nancy Miller
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jenefer M. Blackwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Vigna E, De Vivo A, Gentile M, Morelli R, Lucia E, Mazzone C, Recchia A, Vianelli N, Morabito F. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12:428-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Karunaweera ND. Leishmania donovani causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a wolf in sheep's clothing? Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:458-63. [PMID: 19734098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research involving leishmaniasis, a newly established disease in Sri Lanka, has focused mostly on parasitological and clinical factors, with inadequate understanding of other aspects, including its epidemiology and vector. The escalation in the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases within Sri Lanka and the close resemblance (genotypic and phenotypic) between the local parasite Leishmania donovani MON-37 and the parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis in India (L. donovani MON-2), underscored by the more recent case reports of autochthonous cases of visceral and mucocutaneous-like disease, are clear warnings to the health authorities, scientists and policy makers. An effective control strategy is needed to contain further spread of cutaneous disease and avert a more-virulent form of leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka.
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21
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease, with visceral and cutaneous manifestations, and is caused by over 15 different species of the protozoan parasite genus Leishmania. There are significant differences in the sensitivity of these species both to the standard drugs, for example, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, and those on clinical trial, for example, paromomycin. Over 60% of patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar State, India, do not respond to treatment with pentavalent antimonials. This is now considered to be due to acquired resistance. Although this class of drugs has been used for over 60 years for leishmaniasis treatment, it is only in the past 2 years that the mechanisms of action and resistance have been identified, related to drug metabolism, thiol metabolism, and drug efflux. With the introduction of new therapies, including miltefosine in 2002 and paromomycin in 2005-2006, it is essential that there be a strategy to prevent the emergence of resistance to new drugs; combination therapy, monitoring of therapy, and improved diagnostics could play an essential role in this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Croft
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 1 Place Saint-Gervais, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland.
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22
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Mukherjee A, Padmanabhan PK, Sahani MH, Barrett MP, Madhubala R. Roles for mitochondria in pentamidine susceptibility and resistance in Leishmania donovani. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 145:1-10. [PMID: 16219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine resistant Leishmania donovani was raised in the laboratory by stepwise exposure to increasing drug pressure until a line capable of growth in 8 microM pentamidine (R8) had been selected. An IC(50) value of 40 microM was determined for this line, some 50-fold higher than that recorded for the parental wild-type line. The pentamidine resistant promastigotes were cross-resistant to other toxic diamidine derivatives but not to antimonials or substrates of multidrug resistance pumps. Decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential was observed in pentamidine resistant promastigotes. A substantial net decrease in accumulation of [(3)H]-pentamidine accompanied the resistance phenotype. Inhibitors of P-glycoprotein pumps, including prochlorperazine and trifluoperazine, did not reverse this decreased drug uptake, which distinguishes the L. donovani resistant line studied here from L. mexicana promastigotes previously studied for pentamidine resistance. Kinetic analysis identified a carrier with an apparent K(m) value of 6 microM for pentamidine. No significant difference between wild-type and resistant parasites could be detected with respect to this transporter in rapid uptake experiments. However, in longer-term uptake experiments and also using concentrations of pentamidine up to 1mM, it was demonstrated that wild-type cells, but not resistant cells, could continue to accumulate pentamidine after apparent saturation via the measured transporter had been reached. Agents that diminish the mitochondrial membrane potential inhibited this secondary route. A fluorescent analogue of pentamidine, 2,5-bis-(4-amidophenyl)-3,4-dimethylfuran (DB99), accumulated in the kinetoplast of wild-type but not resistant parasites indicating that uptake of this cationic compound into mitochondria of wild-type cells was more pronounced than in the resistant line. These data together indicate that resistance to pentamidine in L. donovani is associated with alterations to the mitochondria of the parasites, which lead to reduced accumulation of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angana Mukherjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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23
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Wortmann G. Boiling the boil. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1156-8. [PMID: 15791516 DOI: 10.1086/428738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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24
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Karunaweera ND, Pratlong F, Siriwardane HVYD, Ihalamulla RL, Dedet JP. Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 97:380-1. [PMID: 15259461 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), once considered sporadic, is fairly widespread in some parts of the country. Identification of 5 isolates from 4 CL patients by enzyme analysis during 2002 showed that they were all Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37, the parasite which also causes visceral leishmaniasis in India and East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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25
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Jacobson RL. Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)--a perplexing parasite. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2004; 50:241-50. [PMID: 14971592 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2003.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a disfiguring parasitic disease that recently was found to be viscerotropic. In urban areas it is transmitted from infected individuals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies to naïve persons (anthroponotic CL). In rural areas animals are thought to be the reservoir, but the full life cycle is still under investigation (zoonotic CL). For many years L. tropica was either confused or merely grouped with L. major while Phlebotomus sergenti was the only proven vector. In recent years new foci have erupted, but few have been investigated. This review describes some of the history, recent findings, epidemiology, potential vectors, and the search for possible reservoir hosts besides man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Jacobson
- Department of Parasitology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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26
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Schulz A, Mellenthin K, Schönian G, Fleischer B, Drosten C. Detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1529-35. [PMID: 12682141 PMCID: PMC153923 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1529-1535.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time technology eliminates many of the pitfalls of diagnostic PCR, but this method has not been applied to differentiation of Leishmania organisms so far. We have developed a real-time PCR that simultaneously detects, quantitates, and categorizes Leishmania organisms into three relevant groups causing distinct clinical pictures. The analytical sensitivity (detection rate of >or=95% at 94.1 parasites/ml of blood) was within a range that has been determined previously to facilitate the confirmation of visceral leishmaniasis from peripheral blood. Parasites were successfully detected in 12 different clinical samples (blood, bone marrow, skin, and liver). The Leishmania donovani complex, the Leishmania brasiliensis complex, and species other than these could be clearly discriminated by means of distinct melting temperatures obtained with fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes (melting points, 72.7, 67.1, and 65.0 degrees C, respectively). All three groups could be quantified within equal ranges. As in other real-time PCRs, the variability in the quantification of DNA was small (coefficient of variation [CV], <2%). However, human samples containing low levels of parasites (100 parasites per ml of blood) showed higher variation (CV, 60.89%). Therefore, despite its superior analytical performance, care must be taken when real-time PCR is utilized for therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schulz
- National Reference Center for Tropical Infections. Leishmaniasis Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Bau P, Bolard J, Dupouy-Camet J. Heated amphotericin to treat leishmaniasis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 3:188. [PMID: 12679259 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bau
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Hopital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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28
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Minodier P, Retornaz K, Horelt A, Garnier JM. Liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2003; 17:183-8. [PMID: 12667228 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are protozoan diseases caused by Leishmania parasites. The first-line treatment of its visceral forms is pentavalent antimony (meglumine antimoniate or sodium stibogluconate), but toxicity is frequent with this drug. Moreover antimony unresponsiveness is increasing in Leishmania infantum and L. donovani foci, both in immunocompetent and in immunosuppressed patients. Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that binds to sterols in cell membranes. It is the most active antileishmanial agent in use. Its infusion-related and renal toxicity may be reduced by lipid-based delivery. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome); Gilead Science, Paris, France) seems to be less toxic than other amphotericin B lipid formulations (Amphocil); Liposome Technology Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA, Amphotec); Ben Venue Laboratories Inc., Bedford, OH, USA). Optimal drug regimens of AmBisome) vary from one geographical area to another. In the Mediterranean Basin, a total dose of 18 mg/kg (3 mg/kg on days 1-5 and 3 mg/kg on day 10) could be used as first-line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, especially those co-infected with HIV, relapses are frequent with AmBisome), as with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Minodier
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrelly, 13915 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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29
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Zijlstra EE, Musa AM, Khalil EAG, el-Hassan IM, el-Hassan AM. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 3:87-98. [PMID: 12560194 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL); it is characterised by a macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash in a patient who has recovered from VL and who is otherwise well. The rash usually starts around the mouth from where it spreads to other parts of the body depending on severity. It is mainly seen in Sudan and India where it follows treated VL in 50% and 5-10% of cases, respectively. Thus, it is largely restricted to areas where Leishmania donovani is the causative parasite. The interval at which PKDL follows VL is 0-6 months in Sudan and 2-3 years in India. PKDL probably has an important role in interepidemic periods of VL, acting as a reservoir for parasites. There is increasing evidence that the pathogenesis is largely immunologically mediated; high concentrations of interleukin 10 in the peripheral blood of VL patients predict the development of PKDL. During VL, interferon gamma is not produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). After treatment of VL, PBMC start producing interferon gamma, which coincides with the appearance of PKDL lesions due to interferon-gamma-producing cells causing skin inflammation as a reaction to persisting parasites in the skin. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but parasites can be seen by microscopy in smears with limited sensitivity. PCR and monoclonal antibodies may detect parasites in more than 80% of cases. Serological tests and the leishmanin skin test are of limited value. Treatment is always needed in Indian PKDL; in Sudan most cases will self cure but severe and chronic cases are treated. Sodium stibogluconate is given at 20 mg/kg for 2 months in Sudan and for 4 months in India. Liposomal amphotericine B seems effective; newer compounds such as miltefosine that can be administered orally or topically are of major potential interest. Although research has brought many new insights in pathogenesis and management of PKDL, several issues in particular in relation to control remain unsolved and deserve urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Zijlstra
- EEZ is at the Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Malawi
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Basselin M, Denise H, Coombs GH, Barrett MP. Resistance to pentamidine in Leishmania mexicana involves exclusion of the drug from the mitochondrion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3731-8. [PMID: 12435669 PMCID: PMC132791 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.12.3731-3738.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of [(3)H]pentamidine into wild-type and drug-resistant strains of Leishmania mexicana was compared. Uptake was carrier mediated. Pentamidine-resistant parasites showed cross-resistance to other toxic diamidine derivatives. A substantial decrease in accumulation of the drug accompanied the resistance phenotype, although the apparent affinity for pentamidine by its carrier was not altered when initial uptake velocity was measured. The apparent V(max), however, was reduced. An efflux of pentamidine could be measured in both wild-type and resistant cells. Only a relatively small proportion of the total accumulated pentamidine was available for efflux in wild-type cells, while in resistant cells the majority of loaded pentamidine was available for release. Pharmacological reagents which diminish the mitochondrial membrane potential reduced pentamidine uptake in wild-type parasites, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was shown to be reduced in resistant cells. A fluorescent analogue of pentamidine, 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole, accumulated in the kinetoplast of wild-type but not resistant parasites. These data together indicate that diamidine drugs accumulate in the Leishmania mitochondrion and that the development of the resistance phenotype is accompanied by lack of mitochondrial accumulation of the drug and its exclusion from the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Basselin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Sundar S, Rai M. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:951-8. [PMID: 12204943 PMCID: PMC120052 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.5.951-958.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Kala-Azar Medical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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