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Buhagiar AF, Kleaveland B. To kill a microRNA: emerging concepts in target-directed microRNA degradation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1558-1574. [PMID: 38224449 PMCID: PMC10899785 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) guide Argonaute (AGO) proteins to bind mRNA targets. Although most targets are destabilized by miRNA-AGO binding, some targets induce degradation of the miRNA instead. These special targets are also referred to as trigger RNAs. All triggers identified thus far have binding sites with greater complementarity to the miRNA than typical target sites. Target-directed miRNA degradation (TDMD) occurs when trigger RNAs bind the miRNA-AGO complex and recruit the ZSWIM8 E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to AGO ubiquitination and proteolysis and subsequent miRNA destruction. More than 100 different miRNAs are regulated by ZSWIM8 in bilaterian animals, and hundreds of trigger RNAs have been predicted computationally. Disruption of individual trigger RNAs or ZSWIM8 has uncovered important developmental and physiologic roles for TDMD across a variety of model organisms and cell types. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding the mechanistic basis and functions of TDMD, describe common features of trigger RNAs, outline best practices for validating trigger RNAs, and discuss outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber F Buhagiar
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065, USA
| | - Benjamin Kleaveland
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065, USA
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2
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Gorbea C, Elhakiem A, Cazalla D. Allosteric regulation of noncoding RNA function by microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6511-6520. [PMID: 35648438 PMCID: PMC9226524 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HSUR1 and HSUR2, two noncoding RNAs expressed by the oncogenic Herpesvirus saimiri, bind host microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-16, and miR-27 with different purposes. While binding of miR-27 to HSUR1 triggers the degradation of the microRNA, miR-16 is tethered by HSUR2 to target host mRNAs to repress their expression. Here we show that the interaction with miR-142-3p is required for the activity of both HSURs. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that miR-142-3p allosterically regulates the binding of miR-27 and miR-16 to HSUR1 and HSUR2, respectively. The binding of two different miRNAs to each HSUR is not cooperative. HSURs can be engineered to be regulated by other miRNAs, indicating that the identity of the binding miRNA is not important for HSUR regulation. Our results uncover a mechanism for allosteric regulation of noncoding RNA function and a previously unappreciated way in which microRNAs can regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Abdalla Elhakiem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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3
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Learning noncoding RNA biology from viruses. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:412-420. [PMID: 34491378 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insights into interactions between viral factors and the cellular machinery usually lead to discoveries concerning host cell biology. Thus, the gene expression field has historically relied on viral model systems to discover mechanisms underlying different cellular processes. In recent years, the functional characterization of the small nuclear noncoding RNAs expressed by the oncogenic Herpesvirus saimiri, called HSURs, resulted in the discovery of two mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression. HSUR1 and HSUR2 associate with host microRNAs, which are small noncoding RNAs that broadly regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNAs. HSUR1 provided the first example of a process known as target-directed miRNA degradation that operates in cells to regulate miRNA populations. HSUR2 functions as a miRNA adaptor, uncovering an entirely new, indirect mechanism by which miRNAs can inhibit mRNA function. Here, I review the path that led to these discoveries and their implications and postulate new exciting questions about the functions of these fascinating viral noncoding RNAs.
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4
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Afshari A, Yaghobi R, Rezaei G. Inter-regulatory role of microRNAs in interaction between viruses and stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:985-1004. [PMID: 34567421 PMCID: PMC8422934 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well known for post-transcriptional regulatory ability over specific mRNA targets. miRNAs exhibit temporal or tissue-specific expression patterns and regulate the cell and tissue developmental pathways. They also have determinative roles in production and differentiation of multiple lineages of stem cells and might have therapeutic advantages. miRNAs are a part of some viruses’ regulatory machinery, not a byproduct. The trace of miRNAs was detected in the genomes of viruses and regulation of cell reprograming and viral pathogenesis. Combination of inter-regulatory systems has been detected for miRNAs during viral infections in stem cells. Contraction between viruses and stem cells may be helpful in therapeutic tactics, pathogenesis, controlling viral infections and defining stem cell developmental strategies that is programmed by miRNAs as a tool. Therefore, in this review we intended to study the inter-regulatory role of miRNAs in the interaction between viruses and stem cells and tried to explain the advantages of miRNA regulatory potentials, which make a new landscape for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
| | - Ghazal Rezaei
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193711351, Iran
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5
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Gallo A, Bulati M, Miceli V, Amodio N, Conaldi PG. Non-Coding RNAs: Strategy for Viruses' Offensive. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6030038. [PMID: 32927786 PMCID: PMC7549346 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The awareness of viruses as a constant threat for human public health is a matter of fact and in this resides the need of understanding the mechanisms they use to trick the host. Viral non-coding RNAs are gaining much value and interest for the potential impact played in host gene regulation, acting as fine tuners of host cellular defense mechanisms. The implicit importance of v-ncRNAs resides first in the limited genomes size of viruses carrying only strictly necessary genomic sequences. The other crucial and appealing characteristic of v-ncRNAs is the non-immunogenicity, making them the perfect expedient to be used in the never-ending virus-host war. In this review, we wish to examine how DNA and RNA viruses have evolved a common strategy and which the crucial host pathways are targeted through v-ncRNAs in order to grant and facilitate their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallo
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Via E.Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-91-21-92-649
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Via E.Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Via E.Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Via E.Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.B.); (V.M.); (P.G.C.)
- UPMC Italy (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Italy), Discesa dei Giudici 4, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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6
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Adedeji AO, Vemireddi V, Tripathi N, Durinck S, Maher JM, Vucic D, Halpern W. Atypical presentation and pathogenesis of a macaque lymphocryptoviral-associated B-cell lymphoma in a cynomolgus monkey. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:130-136. [PMID: 32009251 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the unique pathogenesis and presentation of a rapidly progressive B-cell lymphoma in a 3-year-old female cynomolgus monkey on day 50 of a 13-week toxicity study. Clinical pathology evaluation revealed a marked leukocytosis with bicytopenia. A serum protein electrophoresis was consistent with monoclonal gammopathy. The architecture of the lymph node, spleen, and thymus were variably effaced by neoplastic cells, which also infiltrated other tissues. Immunohistochemistry of the affected tissues confirmed a predominant population of CD20+, CD79a+, CD3-, CD68-, and CD34-neoplastic cells. The full data best support a diagnosis of Stage V lymphoma. Nextgen sequencing and negative prestudy serology results suggested a recent infection by macaque lymphocryptovirus (mLCV) with a unique transcriptional profile comparable with a rarely observed direct LCV infection model. This infection model might be associated with a temporary lack of an LCV antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell adaptive immune response. Consistent with the established mechanisms of LCV-related lymphoproliferation, MYC and BCL2L11 gene expression were increased and decreased, respectively. While there was no overt immunosuppression, immunophenotyping revealed the index animal had a relatively low NK cell count, which further decreased by >50% on day 24 of the study. In addition to the temporary lack of adaptive immunity, the low NK cell counts were suggestive of an impaired innate immunity to control the virally-transformed cells and the subsequent unchecked lymphoproliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Stage V lymphoma with a unique pathogenesis in an otherwise immunocompetent cynomolgus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Adedeji
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Steffen Durinck
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Maher
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Halpern
- Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Gorbea C, Mosbruger T, Nix DA, Cazalla D. Viral miRNA adaptor differentially recruits miRNAs to target mRNAs through alternative base-pairing. eLife 2019; 8:50530. [PMID: 31538617 PMCID: PMC6763288 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HSUR2 is a viral non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that functions as a microRNA (miRNA) adaptor. HSUR2 inhibits apoptosis in infected cells by recruiting host miRNAs miR-142–3p and miR-16 to mRNAs encoding apoptotic factors. HSUR2’s target recognition mechanism is not understood. It is also unknown why HSUR2 utilizes miR-16 to downregulate only a subset of transcripts. We developed a general method for individual-nucleotide resolution RNA-RNA interaction identification by crosslinking and capture (iRICC) to identify sequences mediating interactions between HSUR2 and target mRNAs in vivo. Mutational analyses confirmed identified HSUR2-mRNA interactions and validated iRICC as a method that confidently determines sequences mediating RNA-RNA interactions in vivo. We show that HSUR2 does not display a ‘seed’ region to base-pair with most target mRNAs, but instead uses different regions to interact with different transcripts. We further demonstrate that this versatile mode of interaction via variable base-pairing provides HSUR2 with a mechanism for differential miRNA recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Tim Mosbruger
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David A Nix
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
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8
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An H, Cai Z, Yang Y, Wang Z, Liu DX, Fang S. Identification and formation mechanism of a novel noncoding RNA produced by avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2019; 528:176-180. [PMID: 30616206 PMCID: PMC7112027 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral noncoding (nc) RNAs have been shown to play important roles in viral life cycle. Many viruses employ different mechanism to produce ncRNAs. Here, we report that coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) produces a novel ncRNA in virus-infected cells. This ncRNA consists of 563 nucleotides excluding a poly(A) tail, is mainly derived from the 3'-untranslated region of IBV genome, and contains a 63-nt-long of terminal leader sequence derived from the 5' end of the viral genome. Using mutagenesis and reverse genetics, we reveal that this ncRNA is a subgenomic RNA generated by discontinuous transcription mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliu An
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhichao Cai
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Shouguo Fang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China; College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, 88 Jingmilu, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, PR China.
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9
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Chavez-Calvillo G, Martin S, Hamm C, Sztuba-Solinska J. The Structure-To-Function Relationships of Gammaherpesvirus-Encoded Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Contributions to Viral Pathogenesis. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4040024. [PMID: 30261651 PMCID: PMC6315926 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have facilitated the discovery of a multitude of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with pleiotropic functions in cellular processes, disease, and viral pathogenesis. It came as no surprise when viruses were also revealed to transcribe their own lncRNAs. Among them, gammaherpesviruses, one of the three subfamilies of the Herpesviridae, code their largest number. These structurally and functionally intricate non-coding (nc) transcripts modulate cellular and viral gene expression to maintain viral latency or prompt lytic reactivation. These lncRNAs allow for the virus to escape cytosolic surveillance, sequester, and re-localize essential cellular factors and modulate the cell cycle and proliferation. Some viral lncRNAs act as “messenger molecules”, transferring information about viral infection to neighboring cells. This broad range of lncRNA functions is achieved through lncRNA structure-mediated interactions with effector molecules of viral and host origin, including other RNAs, proteins and DNAs. In this review, we discuss examples of gammaherpesvirus-encoded lncRNAs, emphasize their unique structural attributes, and link them to viral life cycle, pathogenesis, and disease progression. We will address their potential as novel targets for drug discovery and propose future directions to explore lncRNA structure and function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Chavez-Calvillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chad Hamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Joanna Sztuba-Solinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 120 W. Samford Ave, Rouse Life Sciences Building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Viruses masterfully regulate host gene expression during infection. Many do so, in part, by expressing non-coding RNAs. Recent work has shown that HSUR 2, a viral non-coding RNA expressed by the oncogenic Herpesvirus saimiri, regulates mRNA expression through a novel mechanism. HSUR 2 base pairs with both target mRNAs and host miRNAs in infected cells. This results in HSUR 2-dependent recruitment of host miRNAs and associated Ago proteins to target mRNAs, and the subsequent destabilization of target mRNAs. Using this mechanism, this virus regulates key cellular pathways during viral infection. Here I discuss the evolution of our thinking about HSUR function and explore the implications of recent findings in relation to the current views on the functions of interactions between miRNAs and other classes of non-coding RNAs, the potential advantages of this mechanism of regulation of gene expression, and the evolutionary origin of HSUR 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demián Cazalla
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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11
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Abstract
As masters of genome-wide regulation, miRNAs represent a key component in the complex architecture of cellular processes. Over the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that miRNAs have many important roles in the development of disease and cancer. Recently, however, their role in viral and bacterial gene regulation as well as host gene regulation during disease progression has become a field of interest. Due to their small size, miRNAs are the ideal mechanism for bacteria and viruses that have limited room in their genomes, as a single miRNA can target up to ~30 genes. Currently, only a limited number of miRNA and miRNA-like RNAs have been found in bacteria and viruses, a number that is sure to increase rapidly in the future. The interactions of these small noncoding RNAs in such primitive species have wide-reaching effects, from increasing viral and bacterial proliferation, better responses to stress, increased virulence, to manipulation of host immune responses to provide a more ideal environment for these pathogens to thrive. Here, we explore those roles to obtain a better grasp of just how complicated disease truly is.
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12
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A viral Sm-class RNA base-pairs with mRNAs and recruits microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis. Nature 2017; 550:275-279. [PMID: 28976967 DOI: 10.1038/nature24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses express several classes of non-coding RNAs; the functions and mechanisms by which most of these act are unknown. Herpesvirus saimiri, a γ-herpesvirus that establishes latency in the T cells of New World primates and has the ability to cause aggressive leukaemias and lymphomas in non-natural hosts, expresses seven small nuclear uracil-rich non-coding RNAs (called HSURs) in latently infected cells. These HSURs associate with Sm proteins, and share biogenesis and structural features with cellular Sm-class small nuclear RNAs. One of these HSURs (HSUR2) base-pairs with two host cellular microRNAs (miR-142-3p and miR-16) but does not affect their abundance or activity, which suggests that its interactions with them perform alternative functions. Here we show that HSUR2 also base-pairs with mRNAs in infected cells. We combined in vivo psoralen-mediated RNA-RNA crosslinking and high-throughput sequencing to identify the mRNAs targeted by HSUR2, which include mRNAs that encode retinoblastoma and factors involved in p53 signalling and apoptosis. We show that HSUR2 represses the expression of target mRNAs and that base-pairing between HSUR2 and miR-142-3p and miR-16 is essential for this repression, suggesting that HSUR2 recruits these two cellular microRNAs to its target mRNAs. Furthermore, we show that HSUR2 uses this mechanism to inhibit apoptosis. Our results uncover a role for this viral Sm-class RNA as a microRNA adaptor in the regulation of gene expression that follows precursor mRNA processing.
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13
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Pawlica P, Moss WN, Steitz JA. Host miRNA degradation by Herpesvirus saimiri small nuclear RNA requires an unstructured interacting region. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:1181-9. [PMID: 27335146 PMCID: PMC4931111 DOI: 10.1261/rna.054817.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri, an oncogenic herpesvirus, during latency produces seven small nuclear RNAs, called the Herpesvirus saimiri U RNAs (HSUR1-7). HSUR1 mediates degradation of the host microRNA, miR-27, via a process that requires imperfect base-pairing. The decreased levels of miR-27 lead to prolonged T-cell activation and likely contribute to oncogenesis. To gain insight into HSUR1-mediated degradation of miR-27, we probed the in vivo secondary structure of HSUR1 and coupled this with bioinformatic structural analyses. The results suggest that HSUR1 adopts a conformation different than previously believed and that the region complementary to miR-27 lacks stable structure. To determine whether HSUR1 structural flexibility is important for its ability to mediate miR-27 degradation, we performed structurally informative mutagenic analyses of HSUR1. HSUR1 mutants in which the miR-27 binding site sequence is preserved, but sequestered in predicted helices, lose their ability to decrease miR-27 levels. These results indicate that the HSUR1 miR27-binding region must be available in a conformationally flexible segment for noncoding RNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pawlica
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Walter N Moss
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Joan A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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14
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Sorel O, Tuddenham L, Myster F, Palmeira L, Kerkhofs P, Pfeffer S, Vanderplasschen A, Dewals BG. Small RNA deep sequencing identifies viral microRNAs during malignant catarrhal fever induced by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3360-3372. [PMID: 26329753 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a c-herpesvirus (c-HV) carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission, AlHV-1 induces a fatal lymphoproliferative disease named malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in many ruminants, including cattle, and the rabbit model. Latency has been shown to be essential for MCF induction. However, the mechanisms causing the activation and proliferation of infected CD8+T cells are unknown. Many c-HVs express microRNAs (miRNAs). These small non-coding RNAs can regulate expression of host or viral target genes involved in various pathways and are thought to facilitate viral infection and/or mediate activation and proliferation of infected lymphocytes. The AlHV-1 genome has been predicted to encode a large number of miRNAs. However, their precise contribution in viral infection and pathogenesis in vivo remains unknown. Here, using cloning and sequencing of small RNAs we identified 36 potential miRNAs expressed in a lymphoblastoid cell line propagated from a calf infected with AlHV-1 and developing MCF. Among the sequenced candidate miRNAs, 32 were expressed on the reverse strand of the genome in two main clusters. The expression of these 32 viral miRNAs was further validated using Northern blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR in lymphoid organs of MCF developing calves or rabbits. To determine the concerted contribution in MCF of 28 viralmiRNAs clustered in the non-protein-coding region of the AlHV-1 genome, a recombinant virus was produced. The absence of these 28 miRNAs did not affect viral growth in vitro or MCF induction in rabbits, indicating that the AlHV-1 miRNAs clustered in this non-protein-coding genomic region are dispensable for MCF induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Sorel
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Lee Tuddenham
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN - UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Myster
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Leonor Palmeira
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Kerkhofs
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Pfeffer
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN - UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (B43b), University of Liège, Belgium
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15
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Abstract
Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses.
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16
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Herpesvirus saimiri MicroRNAs Preferentially Target Host Cell Cycle Regulators. J Virol 2015; 89:10901-11. [PMID: 26292323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01884-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In latently infected marmoset T cells, Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) expresses six microRNAs (known as miR-HSURs [H. saimiri U-rich RNAs]). The viral miR-HSURs are processed from chimeric primary transcripts, each containing a noncoding U-rich RNA (HSUR) and a pre-miRNA hairpin. To uncover the functions of miR-HSURs, we identified mRNA targets in infected cells using high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP). HITS-CLIP revealed hundreds of robust Argonaute (Ago) binding sites mediated by miR-HSURs that map to the host genome but few in the HVS genome. Gene ontology analysis showed that several pathways regulating the cell cycle are enriched among cellular targets of miR-HSURs. Interestingly, miR-HSUR4-3p represses expression of the p300 transcriptional coactivator by binding the open reading frame of its mRNA. miR-HSUR5-3p directly regulates BiP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized chaperone facilitating maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and the antiviral response. miR-HSUR5-3p also robustly downregulates WEE1, a key negative regulator of cell cycle progression, leading to reduced phosphorylation of its substrate, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1). Consistently, inhibition of miR-HSUR5-3p in HVS-infected cells decreases their proliferation. Together, our results shed light on the roles of viral miRNAs in cellular transformation and viral latency. IMPORTANCE Viruses express miRNAs during various stages of infection, suggesting that viral miRNAs play critical roles in the viral life cycle. Compared to protein-coding genes, the functions of viral miRNAs are not well understood. This is because it has been challenging to identify their mRNA targets. Here, we focused on the functions of the recently discovered HVS miRNAs, called miR-HSURs. HVS is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that causes acute T-cell lymphomas and leukemias in New World primates and transforms human T cells. A better understanding of HVS biology will help advance our knowledge of virus-induced oncogenesis. Because numerous cellular miRNAs play crucial roles in cancer, viral miRNAs from the highly oncogenic HVS might also be important for transformation. Here, we found that the miR-HSURs preferentially modulate expression of host cell cycle regulators, as well as antiviral response factors. Our work provides further insight into the functions of herpesviral miRNAs in virus-induced oncogenesis and latency.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells produce several classes of long and small noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Many DNA and RNA viruses synthesize their own ncRNAs. Like their host counterparts, viral ncRNAs associate with proteins that are essential for their stability, function, or both. Diverse biological roles--including the regulation of viral replication, viral persistence, host immune evasion, and cellular transformation--have been ascribed to viral ncRNAs. In this review, we focus on the multitude of functions played by ncRNAs produced by animal viruses. We also discuss their biogenesis and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz T Tycowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Yang Eric Guo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Walter N Moss
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Tenaya K Vallery
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Mingyi Xie
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Joan A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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Viral semaphorin inhibits dendritic cell phagocytosis and migration but is not essential for gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferation in malignant catarrhal fever. J Virol 2015; 89:3630-47. [PMID: 25589653 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03634-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viral semaphorins are semaphorin 7A (sema7A) mimics found in pox- and herpesviruses. Among herpesviruses, semaphorins are encoded by gammaherpesviruses of the Macavirus genus only. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a macavirus that persistently infects wildebeest asymptomatically but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) when transmitted to several species of susceptible ruminants and the rabbit model. MCF is caused by the activation/proliferation of latently infected T lymphocytes. Viral semaphorins have been suggested to mediate immune evasion mechanisms and/or directly alter host T cell function. We studied AlHV-sema, the viral semaphorin encoded by the A3 gene of AlHV-1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed independent acquisition of pox- and herpesvirus semaphorins, suggesting that these proteins might have distinct functions. AlHV-sema showed a predicted three-dimensional structure very similar to sema7A and conserved key residues in sema7A-plexinC1 interaction. Expression analyses revealed that AlHV-sema is a secreted 93-kDa glycoprotein expressed during the early phase of virus replication. Purified AlHV-sema was able to bind to fibroblasts and dendritic cells and induce F-actin condensation and cell retraction through a plexinC1 and Rho/cofilin-dependent mechanism. Cytoskeleton rearrangement was further associated with inhibition of phagocytosis by dendritic cells and migration to the draining lymph node. Next, we generated recombinant viruses and demonstrated that the lack of A3 did not significantly affect virus growth in vitro and did not impair MCF induction and associated lymphoproliferative lesions. In conclusion, AlHV-sema has immune evasion functions through mechanisms similar to poxvirus semaphorin but is not directly involved in host T cell activation during MCF. IMPORTANCE Whereas most poxviruses encode viral semaphorins, semaphorin-like genes have only been identified in few gammaherpesviruses belonging to the Macavirus genus. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a macavirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeest but induces a latency-associated lymphoproliferative disease of T lymphocytes in various ruminant species, namely, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Viral semaphorins have been hypothesized to have immune evasion functions and/or be involved in activating latently infected T cells. We present evidence that the viral semaphorin AlHV-sema inhibits dendritic cell phagocytosis and migration to the draining lymph node, both being indispensable mechanisms for protective antiviral responses. Next, we engineered recombinant viruses unable to express AlHV-sema and demonstrated that this protein is dispensable for the induction of MCF. In conclusion, this study suggests that herpesvirus and poxvirus semaphorins have independently evolved similar functions to thwart the immune system of the host while AlHV-sema is not directly involved in MCF-associated T-cell activation.
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Tavanez JP, Quina AS, Cunha C. Virus and noncoding RNAs: stars in the host–virus interaction game. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In the past few years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key modulators of the transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of a variety of cellular processes such as development, signaling, homeostasis and oncogenesis. Like their host cells, many viruses produce ncRNAs. During viral infection, and in order to establish persistent life-long infection of the host, viruses express both protein-coding and noncoding genes, modulating the cellular environment to favor infection. Given their limited genomic capacity, viruses evolved or acquired ncRNAs only if advantageous, either by enhancing the viral life cycle or assisting the virus in immune evasion of the host's response to infection. With variable length, structure, number, abundance and protein-binding partners, viral ncRNAs show specificity and diversity with respect to time of expression during the different stages of the virus life cycle and viral infection. Here, we review our current knowledge on the RNA-based mechanisms that regulate host–virus interaction focusing on viral ncRNAs and cellular ncRNAs modulated by viruses upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Tavanez
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Quina
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Celso Cunha
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Abstract
Virus-host interactions highlight key regulatory steps in the control of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein production via base pairing with mRNAs. Both DNA and RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms to degrade, boost, or hijack cellular miRNAs to benefit the viral life cycle. This minireview focuses on recent discoveries in virus-host miRNA interactions.
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Guo YE, Riley KJ, Iwasaki A, Steitz JA. Alternative capture of noncoding RNAs or protein-coding genes by herpesviruses to alter host T cell function. Mol Cell 2014; 54:67-79. [PMID: 24725595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In marmoset T cells transformed by Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), a viral U-rich noncoding (nc) RNA, HSUR 1, specifically mediates degradation of host microRNA-27 (miR-27). High-throughput sequencing of RNA after crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) identified mRNAs targeted by miR-27 as enriched in the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, including GRB2. Accordingly, transfection of miR-27 into human T cells attenuates TCR-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and induction of CD69. MiR-27 also robustly regulates SEMA7A and IFN-γ, key modulators and effectors of T cell function. Knockdown or ectopic expression of HSUR 1 alters levels of these proteins in virally transformed cells. Two other T-lymphotropic γ-herpesviruses, AlHV-1 and OvHV-2, do not produce a noncoding RNA to downregulate miR-27 but instead encode homologs of miR-27 target genes. Thus, oncogenic γ-herpesviruses have evolved diverse strategies to converge on common targets in host T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Eric Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Kasandra J Riley
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Joan A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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22
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Katsch K, de Jong SJ, Albrecht JC, Steger J, Genth H, Posern G, Biesinger B. Actin-dependent activation of serum response factor in T cells by the viral oncoprotein tip. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:5. [PMID: 22385615 PMCID: PMC3310822 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) acts as a multifunctional transcription factor regulated by mutually exclusive interactions with ternary complex factors (TCFs) or myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs). Binding of Rho- and actin-regulated MRTF:SRF complexes to target gene promoters requires an SRF-binding site only, whereas MAPK-regulated TCF:SRF complexes in addition rely on flanking sequences present in the serum response element (SRE). Here, we report on the activation of an SRE luciferase reporter by Tip, the viral oncoprotein essentially contributing to human T-cell transformation by Herpesvirus saimiri. SRE activation in Tip-expressing Jurkat T cells could not be attributed to triggering of the MAPK pathway. Therefore, we further analyzed the contribution of MRTF complexes. Indeed, Tip also activated a reporter construct responsive to MRTF:SRF. Activation of this reporter was abrogated by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of the MRTF-family member MAL. Moreover, enrichment of monomeric actin suppressed the Tip-induced reporter activity. Further upstream, the Rho-family GTPase Rac, was found to be required for MRTF:SRF reporter activation by Tip. Initiation of this pathway was strictly dependent on Tip's ability to interact with Lck and on the activity of this Src-family kinase. Independent of Tip, T-cell stimulation orchestrates Src-family kinase, MAPK and actin pathways to induce SRF. These findings establish actin-regulated transcription in human T cells and suggest its role in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Katsch
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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23
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Cazalla D, Xie M, Steitz JA. A primate herpesvirus uses the integrator complex to generate viral microRNAs. Mol Cell 2011; 43:982-92. [PMID: 21925386 PMCID: PMC3176678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is a γ-herpesvirus that expresses Sm class U RNAs (HSURs) in latently infected marmoset T cells. By deep sequencing, we identified six HVS microRNAs (miRNAs) that are derived from three hairpin structures located immediately downstream of the 3' end processing signals of three of the HSURs. The viral miRNAs associate with Ago proteins and are biologically active. We confirmed that the expression of the two classes of viral noncoding RNAs is linked by identifying chimeric HSUR-pre-miRNA transcripts. We show that HVS miRNA biogenesis relies on cis-acting elements specifically required for synthesis and processing of Sm class RNAs. Knockdown of protein components in vivo and processing assays in vitro demonstrated that HVS does not utilize the Microprocessor complex that generates most host miRNAs. Instead, the Integrator complex cleaves to generate the 3' end of the HSUR and the pre-miRNA hairpin. Exportin-5 and Dicer are then required to generate mature viral miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demián Cazalla
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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Cazalla D, Steitz JA. Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a viral noncoding RNA. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 75:321-4. [PMID: 21139068 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2010.75.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primate herpesviruses express more noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) than any other class of mammalian viruses during either latency or the lytic phase of the viral life cycle. T cells transformed by the monkey virus Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) express seven viral U-rich ncRNAs called HSURs. Conserved sequences in HSURs1 and 2 exhibit complementarity to three host-cell microRNAs (miRNAs). The predicted interactions of HSURs1 and 2 with these miRNAs were confirmed by coimmuno-precipitation experiments performed on extracts of marmoset T cells transformed by a wild-type or a mutant HVS lacking these two HSURs. Mutational analyses demonstrated that the binding of miR-27 to HSUR1 and that of miR-16 to HSUR2 involves base pairing. One of these miRNAs, miR-27, is dramatically lowered in abundance in HVS-transformed cells, with consequent effects on the expression of miR-27 target genes. Transient knockdown and ectopic expression of HSUR1 demonstrated that degradation of mature miR-27 occurs in a sequence-specific and binding-dependent manner but does not occur by AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated decay, which controls the intracellular level of HSUR1 itself. This viral strategy exemplifies the use of an ncRNA to control host-cell gene expression via the miRNA pathway and has potential applications both experimentally and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cazalla
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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25
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Simian herpesviruses and their risk to humans. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B78-84. [PMID: 20510749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A high level of genetic and physiological homology with humans has rendered non-human primates (NHP) an essential animal model for biomedical research. As such NHP offer a unique opportunity to study host-pathogen interactions in a species that closely mimics human biology but can yet be maintained under tight laboratory conditions. Indeed, studies using NHP have been critical to our understanding of pathogenesis as well as the development of vaccines and therapeutics. This further facilitated by the fact that NHPs are susceptible to a variety of pathogens that bear significant homology to human pathogens. Unfortunately, these same viruses pose a potential health issue to humans. In this review we discuss the simian herpesviruses and their potential to cause disease in researchers that come into close contact with them.
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26
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Cazalla D, Yario T, Steitz JA, Steitz J. Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri noncoding RNA. Science 2010; 328:1563-6. [PMID: 20558719 PMCID: PMC3075239 DOI: 10.1126/science.1187197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cells transformed by Herpesvirus saimiri express seven viral U-rich noncoding RNAs of unknown function called HSURs. We noted that conserved sequences in HSURs 1 and 2 constitute potential binding sites for three host-cell microRNAs (miRNAs). Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that HSURs 1 and 2 interact with the predicted miRNAs in virally transformed T cells. The abundance of one of these miRNAs, miR-27, is dramatically lowered in transformed cells, with consequent effects on the expression of miR-27 target genes. Transient knockdown and ectopic expression of HSUR 1 demonstrate that it directs degradation of mature miR-27 in a sequence-specific and binding-dependent manner. This viral strategy illustrates use of a ncRNA to manipulate host-cell gene expression via the miRNA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demián Cazalla
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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27
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Sakakibara S, Tosato G. Regulation of angiogenesis in malignancies associated with Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:903-17. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed within emerging or progressing malignancies. The human Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus critically contribute to the pathogenesis of selected tumor types, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Kaposi’s sarcoma, respectively, where angiogenesis is robust and often disrupted. Lymphangiogenesis, the process by which new lymphatic vessels are formed, is also induced in Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-associated malignancies and in some cases may contribute to metastasis. Recent studies have identified a number of molecules and signaling pathways that underlie angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and clarified the pivotal role of the VEGF family of proteins and their receptors. New treatment modalities that target members of this family have gained approval for clinical use in cancer. Pathogenetic steps are often difficult to dissect in many cancer types, but virus-induced malignancies provide a unique opportunity for understanding the molecular regulation of cancer progression, including angiogenesis. Dissection of viral gene contribution to tumor angiogenesis could result in a better understanding of the angiogenic process, its contribution to cancer and help in the design of rational therapies that target tumor growth and vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 4124, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Lehner M, Grillhoesl C, Full F, Vogel B, Weller P, Müller-Fleckenstein I, Schmidt M, Fleckenstein B, Holter W, Ensser A. Transformation efficiency by Herpesvirus saimiri is not a limiting factor in clonal CD8pos T cell outgrowth. Virology 2009; 388:15-20. [PMID: 19375768 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The routine transformation of human CD8(pos) T cells by Herpesvirus saimiri has so far not been achieved in the case of pre-expanded antigen-specific CTLs. Here we transformed 73% of polyclonal EBV-specific CD8(pos) T cell cultures using an optimized culture medium supplemented with IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, and TGF-beta(1). Still, antigen-specific cytotoxicity was frequently lost and analysis of the TCR Vbeta-chain repertoire revealed a variable outgrowth of several initially subdominant populations. Limiting dilution cloning of cells in the presence of high titers of HVS did not result in clonal transformation but in the rapid loss of the viral genome in outgrowing clones. In summary, our data suggest that transformation of CD8(pos) T cells out of bulk cultures can be routinely achieved, while viral transformation itself remains an infrequent event on a per cell basis. The practical use of the improved immortalization of antigen-expanded CD8(pos) T cell lines, however, is limited by the arbitrary outgrowth of subdominant populations of unpredictable specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Lehner
- Labor für Zelltherapie, Abteilung Haematologie und Onkologie, Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Universitätsklinikum, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Okroj M, Mark L, Stokowska A, Wong SW, Rose N, Blackbourn DJ, Villoutreix BO, Spiller OB, Blom AM. Characterization of the complement inhibitory function of rhesus rhadinovirus complement control protein (RCP). J Biol Chem 2008; 284:505-514. [PMID: 18990693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806669200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) is currently the closest known, fully sequenced homolog of human Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Both these viruses encode complement inhibitors as follows: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-complement control protein (KCP) and RRV-complement control protein (RCP). Previously we characterized in detail the functional properties of KCP as a complement inhibitor. Here, we performed comparative analyses for two variants of RCP protein, encoded by RRV strains H26-95 and 17577. Both RCP variants and KCP inhibited human and rhesus complement when tested in hemolytic assays measuring all steps of activation via the classical and the alternative pathway. RCP variants from both RRV strains supported C3b and C4b degradation by factor I and decay acceleration of the classical C3 convertase, similar to KCP. Additionally, the 17577 RCP variant accelerated decay of the alternative C3 convertase, which was not seen for KCP. In contrast to KCP, RCP showed no affinity to heparin and is the first described complement inhibitor in which the binding site for C3b/C4b does not interact with heparin. Molecular modeling shows a structural disruption in the region of RCP that corresponds to the KCP-heparin-binding site. This makes RRV a superior model for future in vivo investigations of complement evasion, as RCP does not play a supportive role in viral attachment as KCP does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Okroj
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Mark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Scott W Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David J Blackbourn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno O Villoutreix
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - O Brad Spiller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital Malmo¨, Malmo¨ S-20502, Sweden, the Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Herts EN6 3QG, United Kingdom, the Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, INSERM MTi, University Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France, and the Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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The roles of microRNAs in mammalian virus infection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1779:706-11. [PMID: 18549828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that are important for the control of a multitude of critical processes in mammalian cells. Increasing evidence supports that miRNAs also have important functions in viral replication and may be used by host cells to control viral infection. Expression of miRNAs has been reported for various groups of viruses including herpesviruses, small DNA viruses and retroviruses. The recent identification of target genes regulated by some of these viral miRNAs suggests that they may function in the control of lytic and latent viral replication, in the limitation of antiviral responses, in the inhibition of apoptosis, and in the stimulation of cellular growth. In this review, we summarize in brief recent findings on the antiviral activities of cellular miRNAs and the viral counter-responses to the cell's RNAi restriction.
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Brinkmann MM, Schulz TF. Regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1047-1074. [PMID: 16603506 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gamma(1)-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the gamma(2)-herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and herpesvirus ateles (HVA) all contain genes located adjacent to the terminal-repeat region of their genomes, encoding membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Designated 'terminal membrane proteins' (TMPs) because of their localization in the viral genome, they interact with a variety of cellular signalling molecules, such as non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, tumour-necrosis factor receptor-associated factors, Ras and Janus kinase (JAK), thereby initiating further downstream signalling cascades, such as the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-kappaB and JAK/STAT pathways. In the case of TMPs expressed during latent persistence of EBV and HVS (LMP1, LMP2A, Stp and Tip), their modulation of intracellular signalling pathways has been linked to the provision of survival signals to latently infected cells and, hence, a contribution to occasional cellular transformation. In contrast, activation of similar pathways by TMPs of KSHV (K1 and K15) and RRV (R1), expressed during lytic replication, may extend the lifespan of virus-producing cells, alter their migration and/or modulate antiviral immune responses. Whether R1 and K1 contribute to the oncogenic properties of KSHV and RRV has not been established satisfactorily, despite their transforming qualities in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Mansouri M, Douglas J, Rose PP, Gouveia K, Thomas G, Means RE, Moses AV, Früh K. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus K5 removes CD31/PECAM from endothelial cells. Blood 2006; 108:1932-40. [PMID: 16601245 PMCID: PMC1635550 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane ubiquitin ligase K5/MIR2 of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) mediates internalization and lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins involved in antigen presentation and co-stimulation. In endothelial cells (ECs), K5 additionally reduced expression of CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), an adhesion molecule regulating cell-cell interactions of ECs, platelets, monocytes, and T cells. K5 also reduced EC migration, a CD31-dependent process. Unlike other K5 substrates, both newly synthesized and pre-existing CD31 molecules were targeted by K5. K5 was transported to the cell surface and ubiquitinated pre-existing CD31, resulting in endocytosis and lysosomal degradation. In the endoplasmic reticulum, newly synthesized CD31 was degraded by proteasomes, which required binding of phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-2 (PACS-2) to acidic residues in the carboxyterminal tail of K5. Thus, CD31, a novel target of K5, is efficiently removed from ECs by a dual degradation mechanism that is regulated by the subcellular sorting of the ubiquitin ligase. K5-mediated degradation of CD31 is likely to affect EC function in KS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Abstract
Acute T-lymphoproliferative syndromes are caused by herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and ateles in neotropical primates; by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and ovine herpesvirus-2 strains in domestic cattle and other ungulates; and by the α-herpesvirus of Marek's disease in chickens. T-cell lymphoproliferation caused by these herpesviruses has short incubation periods and a rapid course when compared with retroviral disease. The B-lymphotropic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is also associated with some human T-cell malignancies. Analogous to EBV in B cells, HVS isolates of the subgroup C are uniquely capable of transforming human and Old World primate T lymphocytes to continuous growth in cell culture and can provide useful tools for T-cell immunology or gene transfer. Signal transduction pathways stimulated by the viral oncoproteins seem to converge at related cellular effector proteins, in total providing a proproliferative signal. However, the viral oncoproteins most likely evolved to evade immune recognition and to support persistent infection in the natural host, where these viruses are frequently apathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ensser
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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