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Peden DB. Respiratory Health Effects of Air Pollutants. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:15-33. [PMID: 37973257 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for asthma and respiratory infection. Avoidance of air pollution is the best approach to mitigating the impacts of pollution. Personal preventive strategies are possible, but policy interventions are the most effective ways to prevent pollution and its effect on asthma and respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Peden
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology and, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, The School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC School of Medicine, 104 Mason Farm Road, CB#7310, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA.
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2
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Xu F, Wu Q, Yang Y, Zhang L, Yan Z, Li H, Li J, An Z, Wu H, Song J, Wu W. High temperature exacerbates ozone-induced airway inflammation: Implication of airway microbiota and metabolites. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166795. [PMID: 37666337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to ozone (O3) has been associated with airway inflammation. Given that high temperature (HT) accelerates O3 production, it is of significance to determine whether co-exposure to HT exacerbates O3-induced airway inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine the possible promotive effect of HT on O3-induced airway inflammation and underlying mechanisms. Forty-eight C57BL/6 N male mice were randomly divided into four groups: filtered air (control), O3, HT, and HT + O3 (co-exposure) groups. Mice in control and O3 groups were exposed to filtered air or 1 ppm O3 at 24 °C, respectively, while mice in HT and co-exposure groups were exposed to filtered air or 1 ppm O3 at 36 °C, respectively. The exposure scenario for four groups was 4 h/d for 5 consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) were collected 24 h after the last exposure and subjected to examinations of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolic profiling. Lung tissues were processed for H&E histological staining. The results showed that O3 inhalation triggered oxidative stress and inflammation in the airways, which was worsen by co-exposure to HT. Further studies revealed that co-exposure to HT strengthened O3-induced decline in Firmicutes and Allobaculum in airways. Moreover, co-exposure to HT promoted O3-induced airway metabolic disorder. Spearman correlation analysis revealed correlations among microbiota dysbiosis, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress and inflammation induced by co-exposure to HT and O3. Taken together, HT exposure aggravates O3-induced airway oxidative stress and inflammation, possibly through modulation of microbiota and metabolism of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yishu Yang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huijun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic illness of the airways that affects approximately 300 million individuals worldwide. While it is commonly accepted that high ozone levels exacerbate asthma symptoms, the impact of low to moderate ozone levels on asthma symptoms has received little attention. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between hospital visits by asthma patients showing the severity of their symptoms and moderate ozone levels. Statistical analyses were performed on hospital visit big data for asthma patients in Seoul, Korea, collected between 2013 and 2017. The data set includes outpatient hospital visits (n = 17,787,982), hospital admissions (n = 215,696), and emergency department visits (n = 85,482). The frequency of hospital visits by asthma patients was evaluated in relation to low ozone levels (< 0.03 ppm) and moderate ozone levels (0.03-0.06 ppm) in the Seoul environment. In comparison to low ozone levels, moderate ozone levels resulted in a reduction in outpatient hospital visits (t = 7.052, P < .001). When ozone levels were low to moderate, there was a negative correlation between ozone levels and outpatient visits (r = -0.281, 95% CI: -0.331 to -0.228). Negative associations were also identified between ozone levels and new hospital admissions (t = 2.909, P < .01; r = -0.125, 95% CI: -0.179 to -0.070) and emergency treatments (t = 2.679, P < .01; r = -0.132, 95% CI: -0.186 to -0.076). Additionally, it was verified that moderate ozone levels one day before the visits resulted in a reduction in outpatient visits (t = 5.614, P < .001; r = -0.207, 95% CI: -0.259 to -0.153). A strong relationship was identified between moderate atmospheric ozone levels and a reduction in asthma patient hospital visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhyeok Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- * Correspondence: School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea (e-mail: )
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Sun N, Niu Y, Zhang R, Huang Y, Wang J, Qiu W, Zhang X, Han Z, Bao J, Zhu H, Duan Y, Kan H. Ozone inhalation induces exacerbation of eosinophilic airway inflammation and Th2-skew immune response in a rat model of AR. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111261. [PMID: 33482509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O3) exposure elicits allergic rhinitis (AR) exacerbations by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We used a rat model to investigate the effects of O3 on eosinophilic airway inflammation and Th2-related response. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to make AR models. Three groups of AR rats were exposed respectively to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ppm of O3 for 2 h daily over 6 weeks consecutively and studied 24 h later. Normal rats exposed to O3 alone were used as controls. Nasal symptoms and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (OVA-sIg E) in the serum were evaluated. Inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) were classified and counted. Cytokines protein levels in NLF were assessed by ELISA. The pathological changes in the nasal mucosa were examined by histology. RESULTS The combination of allergen and repeated O3 exposure in rats induced a significant increase of the number of sneezes, nasal rubs, amount of nasal secretion and OVA-sIgE in the serum, accompanied by enhancement of eosinophils in NLF and nasal mucosa. The increase of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, Eotaxin and decrease of INF-γ protein levels in NLF were detected in AR rats after O3 inhalation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed disordered arrangement of the nasal mucosa epithelium and eosinophilic infiltration in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS O3 inhalation deteriorated symptoms in AR rats, and the possible mechanism is that ozone co-exposure could enhance the expression of Th2 cytokines, eosinophilic airway inflammation dose-dependently. The observation is helpful for us to understand the synergistic effect of O3 in the air pollution and allergen on aggravating allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruxin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Qiu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijin Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shin HH, Parajuli RP, Gogna P, Maquiling A, Dehghani P. Pollutant-sex specific differences in respiratory hospitalization and mortality risk attributable to short-term exposure to ambient air pollution. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:143135. [PMID: 33168238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported associations of individual pollutants with respiratory hospitalization and mortality based on different populations, which makes it difficult to directly compare adverse health effects among multiple air pollutants. OBJECTIVES The study goal is to compare acute respiratory-related hospitalization and mortality associated with short-term exposure to three ambient air pollutants and analyze differences in health risks by season, age and sex. METHODS Hourly measurements of air pollutants (ozone, NO2, PM2.5) and temperature were collected from ground-monitors for 24 cities along with daily hospitalization (1996-2012) and mortality (1984-2012) data. National associations between air pollutant and health outcome were estimated for season (warm, cold vs. year-round), age (base ≥ 1, seniors > 65), and sex (females ≥ 1 and males ≥ 1) using Bayesian hierarchical models. RESULTS Overall, the three air pollutants were significantly associated with acute respiratory health outcomes at different lag-days. For respiratory hospitalization, the increased risks in percent changes with 95% posterior intervals for a 10-unit increase in each pollutant were: ozone (lag1, 0.7% (0.4, 0.9)), NO2 (lag0, 0.7% (0.1, 1.4)), and PM2.5 (lag1, 1.3% (0.7, 1.9)). For respiratory mortality: ozone (lag2, 1.2% (0.4, 1.9)), NO2 (lag1, 2.1% (0.6, 3.5)), and PM2.5 (lag1, 0.6% (-1.0, 2.2)). While some differences in risk were observed by season and age group, sex-specific differences were more pronounced. Compared with males, females had a higher respiratory mortality risk (1.8% (0.6, 2.9) vs 0.5% (-0.3, 1.3)) from ozone, a higher respiratory hospitalization risk (0.9% (0.0, 1.8) vs 0.6% (-0.3, 1.4)) but lower mortality risk (1.4% (-1.0, 3.7) vs 2.2% (0.4, 4.0)) from NO2, and a lower hospitalization risk (0.7% (-0.2, 1.7) vs 1.8% (1.0, 2.6)) from PM2.5. CONCLUSION This study reports significant health effects of short-term exposure to three ambient air pollutants on respiratory hospitalization (ozone≈NO2 < PM2.5 per-10 unit; ozone>NO2 ≈ PM2.5 per-IQR) and mortality (ozone≈NO2 > PM2.5) in Canada. Pollutant-sex-specific differences were found, but inconclusive due to limited biological and physiological explanations. Further studies are warranted to understand the pollutant-sex specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwashin Hyun Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Aubrey Maquiling
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Parvin Dehghani
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Naclerio RM, Peden DB, Ansotegui IJ, Canonica GW, Gonzalez-Diaz SN, Rosario Filho NA, Ivancevich JC, Hellings PW, Murrieta-Aguttes M, Zaitoun FH, Irani C, Karam MR, Bousquet J. Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD). World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100467. [PMID: 33042360 PMCID: PMC7534666 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) such as allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidative stress in patients with IAD can induce eosinophilic inflammation in the airways, augment atopic allergic sensitization, and increase susceptibility to infection. We reviewed emerging data depicting the involvement of oxidative stress in IAD patients. We evaluated biomarkers, outcome measures and immunopathological alterations across the airway mucosal barrier following exposure, particularly when accentuated by an infectious insult.
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Key Words
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- Air pollution
- Antioxidant
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRS, Chronic rhinosinusitis
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- IAD, Inflammatory airway diseases
- IL, Interleukin
- ILC, Innate lymphoid cells
- Inflammatory airway disease
- NOx, Nitrogen oxides
- Oxidative stress biomarkers
- PAH, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PM, Particulate matter
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- TBS, Tobacco smoke
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- Tobacco smoke
- Treg, Regulatory T cell
- VOCs, Volatile organic compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar A. Idriss
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Robert M. Naclerio
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David B. Peden
- UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics UNS School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ignacio J. Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Nora Gonzalez-Diaz
- University Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario U.A.N.L, Monterrey, NL, c.p. 64460, México
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ivancevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Head of Allergy and Immunology at the Santa Isabel Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter W. Hellings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands - Department Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Fares H. Zaitoun
- LAUMC Rizk Hospital, Otolaryngology-Allergy Department, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Irani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marilyn R. Karam
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Bousquet
- INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France
- University Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Naclerio R, Ansotegui IJ, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, D'Amato G, Rosario N, Pawankar R, Peden D, Bergmann KC, Bielory L, Caraballo L, Cecchi L, Cepeda SAM, Chong Neto HJ, Galán C, Gonzalez Diaz SN, Idriss S, Popov T, Ramon GD, Ridolo E, Rottem M, Songnuan W, Rouadi P. International expert consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis (AR) aggravated by air pollutants: Impact of air pollution on patients with AR: Current knowledge and future strategies. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100106. [PMID: 32256939 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis affects the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. Air pollution not only causes morbidity, but nearly 3 million people per year die from unhealthy indoor air exposure. Furthermore, allergic rhinitis and air pollution interact. This report summarizes the discussion of an International Expert Consensus on the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution. The report begins with a review of indoor and outdoor air pollutants followed by epidemiologic evidence showing the impact of air pollution and climate change on the upper airway and allergic rhinitis. Mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, potentially explaining the interactions between air pollution and allergic rhinitis are discussed. Treatment for the management of allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollution primarily involves treating allergic rhinitis by guidelines and reducing exposure to pollutants. Fexofenadine a non-sedating oral antihistamine improves AR symptoms aggravated by air pollution. However, more efficacy studies on other pharmacological therapy of coexisting AR and air pollution are currently lacking.
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Key Words
- AER, Allergic eosinophilic rhinitis
- AP, Activator protein
- AR, Allergic rhinitis
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- Air pollutants
- Air pollution
- Allergic rhinitis
- Antioxidant enzymes
- CFS, Chronic fatigue syndrome
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Climate change
- DAMP, Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DEP, Diesel exhaust particles
- ECAT, Elemental carbon attributable to traffic
- ECP, Eosinophil cationic protein
- GSH-Px, Glutathione peroxidase
- HDM, House dust mites
- HEPA, High efficiency particulate air
- HO, Hemeoxygenase
- HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
- IAP, Indoor air pollution
- IAQ, Indoor air quality
- INS, Intranasal steroids
- Indoor air quality
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein
- MSQPCR, Mold specific quantitative PCR
- NAR, Non allergic rhinitis
- NF-κβ, Nuclear factor kappa β
- NO2, Nitrogen dioxide
- NOx, Nitric oxides
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor
- O3, Ozone
- OAP, Outdoor air pollution
- Occupational rhinitis
- Oxidative stress
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PM, Particulate matter
- PON, Paraoxonase
- RNS, Reactive nitrosative species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SO2, Sulphur dioxide
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TLR, Toll like receptor
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TOS, Total oxidative status
- TRAP, Traffic related air pollutants
- UFP, Ultra-fine particles
- VOCs, Volatile organic compound
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Xu G, Ding M, Liu F, Yuan L, Wang T, Xu J, Xie X, Deng B, Sun D, Lu W. Inhalation of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) alleviates NO 2-induced pulmonary function and hematological impairment in rats. Life Sci 2019; 232:116650. [PMID: 31302196 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of NO2 leads to a progressive airflow limitation and the development of emphysema-like lesions. We report on the efficacy of hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) for alleviating NO2-induced pulmonary impairment. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 20 ppm NO2 for 6 h over six consecutive days for 75 days. At day 75, rats who had developed NO2-induced emphysema were then divided into sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) administrated group, placebo (NaCl) group and spontaneous recovery group for about one month (days 76-105); Pulmonary function (PF) and hematological and biochemical indices were measured at days 14, 45, 75, and 105. RESULTS NO2 exposure for 75 days was associated with a significant decrease in FEV100/FVC%, an increased in functional residual capacity (FRC), and histologic evidence of emphysema, moreover; NO2 exposure led to elevated triglyceride (TG), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT) levels. Impaired rats treated with NaHS showed no further deterioration in PF compared to rats exposed to ambient air and elevated WBC, granulocyte and lymphocyte counts and HDL-C levels to rats given NaCl. CONCLUSIONS NO2 exposure causes emphysema and a decline in PF in rats. NaHS could alleviate the PF decline as possible indicated by an elevation of HDL-C levels and leukocyte. NaHS has therapeutic potential for emphysema caused by air pollutant NO2.
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Pałczyński C, Kupryś-Lipinska I, Wittczak T, Jassem E, Breborowicz A, Kuna P. The position paper of the Polish Society of Allergology on climate changes, natural disasters and allergy and asthma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:552-562. [PMID: 30618521 PMCID: PMC6320485 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.71273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The observed global climate change is an indisputable cause of the increased frequency of extreme weather events and related natural disasters. This phenomenon is observed all over the world including Poland. Moreover, Polish citizens as tourists are also exposed to climate phenomena that do not occur in our climate zone. Extreme weather events and related disasters can have a significant impact on people with allergic diseases, including asthma. These effects may be associated with the exposure to air pollution, allergens, and specific microclimate conditions. Under the auspices of the Polish Society of Allergology, experts in the field of environmental allergy prepared a statement on climate changes, natural disasters and allergy and asthma to reduce the risk of adverse health events provoked by climate and weather factors. The guidelines contain the description of the factors related to climate changes and natural disasters affecting the course of allergic diseases, the specific microclimate conditions and the recommendations of the Polish Society of Allergology for vulnerable population, patients suffering from asthma and allergy diseases, allergologists and authorities in the event of climate and weather hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Pałczyński
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Kupryś-Lipinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Jassem
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Breborowicz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonolgy, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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10
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Kurai J, Watanabe M, Sano H, Iwata K, Hantan D, Shimizu E. A Muscarinic Antagonist Reduces Airway Inflammation and Bronchoconstriction Induced by Ambient Particulate Matter in a Mouse Model of Asthma. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15061189. [PMID: 29882826 PMCID: PMC6025324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can increase airway inflammation and induce bronchoconstriction in asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tiotropium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, on airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction induced by ambient PM in a mouse model of asthma. We compared the effect of tiotropium bromide to that of fluticasone propionate and formoterol fumarate. BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) via the airways and then administered tiotropium bromide, fluticasone propionate, or formoterol fumarate. Mice were also sensitized to ambient PM via intranasal instillation. Differential leukocyte counts and the concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-13, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) were measured in the serum. Airway resistance and airway inflammation were evaluated in lung tissue 24 h after the OVA challenge. Ambient PM markedly increased neutrophilic airway inflammation in mice with OVA-induced asthma. Tiotropium bromide improved bronchoconstriction, and reduced neutrophil numbers, decreased the concentrations of IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and KC/CXCL1 in BALF. However, tiotropium bromide did not decrease the levels of dROMs increased by ambient PM. Though eosinophilic airway inflammation was reduced with fluticasone propionate, neutrophilic airway inflammation was unaffected. Bronchoconstriction was improved with formoterol fumarate, but not with fluticasone propionate. In conclusion, tiotropium bromide reduced bronchoconstriction, subsequently leading to reduced neutrophilic airway inflammation induced by ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Masanari Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Iwata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
- Mio Fertility Clinic, Reproductive Centre, 2-2-1 Kuzumo-Minami, Yonago, Tottori 683-0008, Japan.
| | - Degejirihu Hantan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
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Wicher SA, Lawson KL, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD, Drake MG. Ozone-induced eosinophil recruitment to airways is altered by antigen sensitization and tumor necrosis factor- α blockade. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13538. [PMID: 29242307 PMCID: PMC5742702 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is an atmospheric pollutant that causes lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Ozone's effects occur in two distinct phases that are mediated by different populations of eosinophils. In the acute phase 1 day after exposure, mature airway-resident eosinophils alter parasympathetic nerve function that results in airway hyperresponsiveness. At this time point, the severity of hyperresponsiveness correlates with the number of eosinophils in close proximity to airway nerves, but not with eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. Three days later, newly divided eosinophils are recruited to airways by a tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent mechanism. These new eosinophils paradoxically attenuate ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Ozone's effects on airway tissue eosinophils and nerve-associated eosinophils 3 days after exposure are unknown. Thus, we tested ozone's effects on eosinophils in airway subepithelium and around airway nerves 1 and 3 days after ozone in nonsensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs with or without the tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist, etanercept, and compared changes in eosinophils with ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. More eosinophils were present in small, noncartilaginous airways and along small airway nerves compared to large cartilaginous airways in all treatment groups. The number of airway and nerve-associated eosinophils were unaffected 1 day after ozone exposure, whereas significantly fewer airway eosinophils were present 3 days later. Airway and nerve-associated eosinophils were also decreased in small airways 3 days after ozone in sensitized animals. These changes were blocked by etanercept. Airway eosinophils, but not nerve-associated or bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils correlated with airway hyperresponsiveness 3 days after ozone. Our findings indicate ozone causes persistent alterations in airway eosinophils and reinforce the importance of characterizing eosinophils' effects within distinct airway compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Katy L Lawson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew G Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Kim YK, Koo SM, Kim K, Uh ST, Jang A, Park CS. Increased antioxidant activity after exposure of ozone in murine asthma model. Asia Pac Allergy 2017; 7:163-170. [PMID: 28765821 PMCID: PMC5537081 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2017.7.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ozone is well known as an important component of ambient air pollutants. Ozone can aggravate respiratory symptoms in patients with bronchial asthma, but, not in healthy person. We hypothesized asthma itself may show different response to ozone compared to nonasthma. Objective This study was performed to evaluate the differences of response to ozone between normal and asthmatic mice model in terms of status of oxidant injury and antioxidant activity. Methods Three parts per million of ozone was exposed to ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model for 3 hours at 3, 7, 14, 21 days after completion of asthma model. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured after completion of asthma model. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), protein extraction from lung for Western blot and immunohistochemistry of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2), and activity of glutathione were performed at before and each ozone exposure day. Results Airway hyper-responsiveness and increased eosinophils in BAL fluid were observed in asthma model. In asthma model, the expression of 4-HNE already more increased at baseline (without ozone) compared to those in sham model. This increased expression is more enhanced at 3 days after ozone exposure. The expression of PCNA was significantly increased in OVA-model compared to those in sham model. The expression of Nrf-2 was observed at baseline, and 3 and 7 days after exposure ozone in asthma model, but not in sham model. The activity of glutathione increased significantly after exposure of ozone, but not in sham model. Conclusion Murine asthma model has enhanced oxygen toxicity and antioxidant activity response to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ki Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | - So My Koo
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | - Kiup Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | - Soo-Taek Uh
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | - Ahnsoo Jang
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea
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Feng F, Jin Y, Duan L, Yan Z, Wang S, Li F, Liu Y, Samet JM, Wu W. Regulation of ozone-induced lung inflammation by the epidermal growth factor receptor in mice. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:2016-2027. [PMID: 26464147 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to the highly reactive oxidant gas Ozone (O3 ) is associated with inflammatory responses in the airway epithelium. The mechanisms responsible have not been fully elucidated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has previously been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation. To define the role of EGFR in O3 -induced lung inflammation in mice. 40 BALB/c mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or (0.25, 0.5, 1.00 ppm) O3 for 3 h per day for 7 consecutive days. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), EGF, and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were measured using ELISA. BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with the EGFR kinase inhibitor PD153035 2 h prior to O3 exposure and every other day thereafter. Phosphorylation of EGFR (Y1068) in lung sections was determined using immunohistochemical staining and western blot 24 h after exposure. Inhalation of O3 induced pronounced lung inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Levels of ROS, TGF-α, and total proteins and cells in the BALF of mice exposed to 0.5 ppm or 1.0 ppm of O3 were markedly elevated relative to those in the BALF of the mice exposed to FA. In addition, exposure to O3 induced EGFR(Y1068) phosphorylation in the airway epithelium. Administration of PD153035 resulted in a significantly reduced lung inflammation as well as EGFR phosphorylation induced by O3 exposure. Inhalation of O3 leads to inflammatory responses that are dependent on the activation the EGFR in the airway epithelium. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 2016-2027, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liju Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shouying Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, China
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14
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Buckley B, Farraj A. Conceptual model for assessing criteria air pollutants in a multipollutant context: A modified adverse outcome pathway approach. Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Vinikoor-Imler LC, Owens EO, Nichols JL, Ross M, Brown JS, Sacks JD. Evaluating potential response-modifying factors for associations between ozone and health outcomes: a weight-of-evidence approach. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122:1166-76. [PMID: 24927060 PMCID: PMC4216162 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic and experimental studies have reported a variety of health effects in response to ozone (O3) exposure, and some have indicated that certain populations may be at increased or decreased risk of O3-related health effects. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify potential response-modifying factors to determine whether specific groups of the population or life stages are at increased or decreased risk of O3-related health effects using a weight-of-evidence approach. METHODS Epidemiologic, experimental, and exposure science studies of potential factors that may modify the relationship between O3 and health effects were identified in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2013 Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants. Scientific evidence from studies that examined factors that may influence risk were integrated across disciplines to evaluate consistency, coherence, and biological plausibility of effects. The factors identified were then classified using a weight-of-evidence approach to conclude whether a specific factor modified the response of a population or life stage, resulting in an increased or decreased risk of O3-related health effects. DISCUSSION We found "adequate" evidence that populations with certain genotypes, preexisting asthma, or reduced intake of certain nutrients, as well as different life stages or outdoor workers, are at increased risk of O3-related health effects. In addition, we identified other factors (i.e., sex, socioeconomic status, and obesity) for which there was "suggestive" evidence that they may increase the risk of O3-related health effects. CONCLUSIONS Using a weight-of-evidence approach, we identified a diverse group of factors that should be considered when characterizing the overall risk of health effects associated with exposures to ambient O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Vinikoor-Imler
- National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Airway oxidative stress is broadly defined as an imbalance between prooxidative and antioxidative processes in the airway. Given its direct exposure to the environment, the lung has several mechanisms to prevent an excessive degree of oxidative stress. Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems can buffer a wide range of reactive oxidative species and other compounds with oxidative potential. In diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, airway oxidative stress can occur from a number of sources, including greater exposure to environmental prooxidants, airway infiltration of inflammatory cells, metabolic deregulation, and reduced levels of antioxidants. Airway oxidative stress has been associated with worse disease severity, reduced lung function, and epigenetic changes that can diminish response to steroids. Although oxidative stress has been linked to a wide range of adverse biological effects, it has also been associated with adaptive responses and with resolution of inflammation. Therefore, more than being an imbalance with a predictable threshold after which disease or injury ensues, oxidative stress is a dynamic and continuous process. This might explain why supplementing antioxidants has largely failed to improve diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the therapeutic potential of antioxidants could be greatly improved by taking an approach that considers individual and environmental risk factors, instead of treating oxidative airway stress broadly.
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Li Z, Tighe RM, Feng F, Ledford JG, Hollingsworth JW. Genes of innate immunity and the biological response to inhaled ozone. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 27:3-16. [PMID: 23169704 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ozone has a significant impact on human health. We have made considerable progress in understanding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate the biological response to ozone. It is increasingly clear that genes of innate immunity play a central role in both infectious and noninfectious lung disease. The biological response to ambient ozone provides a clinically relevant environmental exposure that allows us to better understand the role of innate immunity in noninfectious airways disease. In this brief review, we focus on (1) specific cell types in the lung modified by ozone, (2) ozone and oxidative stress, (3) the relationship between genes of innate immunity and ozone, (4) the role of extracellular matrix in reactive airways disease, and (5) the effect of ozone on the adaptive immune system. We summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that ozone contributes to environmental airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Murphy SR, Schelegle ES, Edwards PC, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Van Winkle LS. Postnatal exposure history and airways: oxidant stress responses in airway explants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:815-23. [PMID: 22962062 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0110oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatally, the lung continues to grow and differentiate while interacting with the environment. Exposure to ozone (O(3)) and allergens during postnatal lung development alters structural elements of conducting airways, including innervation and neurokinin abundance. These changes have been linked with development of asthma in a rhesus monkey model. We hypothesized that O(3) exposure resets the ability of the airways to respond to oxidant stress and that this is mediated by changes in the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). Infant rhesus monkeys received episodic exposure to O(3) biweekly with or without house dust mite antigen (HDMA) from 6 to 12 months of age. Age-matched monkeys were exposed to filtered air (FA). Microdissected airway explants from midlevel airways (intrapulmonary generations 5-8) for four to six animals in each of four groups (FA, O(3), HDMA, and HDMA+O(3)) were tested for NK-1R gene responses to acute oxidant stress using exposure to hydrogen peroxide (1.2 mM), a lipid ozonide (10 μM), or sham treatment for 4 hours in vitro. Airway responses were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR of NK-1R and IL-8 gene expression. Basal NK-1R gene expression levels were not different between the exposure groups. Treatment with ozonide or hydrogen peroxide did not change NK-1R gene expression in animals exposed to FA, HDMA, or HDMA+O(3). However, treatment in vitro with lipid ozonide significantly increased NK-1R gene expression in explants from O(3)-exposed animals. We conclude that a history of prior O(3) exposure resets the steady state of the airways to increase the NK-1R response to subsequent acute oxidant stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Murphy
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8732, USA
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is an inflammatory respiratory condition with significantly associated morbidity and mortality that is increasing in prevalence. Air pollution is an important factor in both the development of asthma and in asthma exacerbations. Oxidative stress as a result of exposure to air pollution and underlying genetic polymorphisms that may play a role in susceptibility to this oxidative stress are the subject of current investigation. This article reviews the data regarding the effects of air pollution on the innate immune response and potential clinical and treatment implications of how genetic polymorphisms affect this response. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigation reveals how pollutant-induced oxidative stress impacts airway inflammatory responses. Work by our study group demonstrates that asthmatic patients have an exaggerated inflammatory response to air pollution-induced oxidative stress. New trials investigating antioxidants as potential therapeutic interventions may target this specific issue. SUMMARY Air pollution plays a critical role in asthma and may affect certain patients more than others. Further investigation into the genetic polymorphisms that affect inflammatory responses may help target patient populations at greatest risk for air pollution-induced asthma and may provide new therapeutic options for these patient populations.
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20
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Schelegle ES, Walby WF. Vagal afferents contribute to exacerbated airway responses following ozone and allergen challenge. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:277-85. [PMID: 22525484 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brown-Norway rats (n=113) sensitized and challenged with nDer f 1 allergen were used to examine the contribution of lung sensory nerves to ozone (O(3)) exacerbation of asthma. Prior to their third challenge rats inhaled 1.0ppm O(3) for 8h. There were three groups: (1) control; (2) vagus perineural capsaicin treatment (PCT) with or without hexamethonium; and (3) vagotomy. O(3) inhalation resulted in a significant increase in lung resistance (R(L)) and an exaggerated response to subsequent allergen challenge. PCT abolished the O(3)-induced increase in R(L) and significantly reduced the increase in R(L) induced by a subsequent allergen challenge, while hexamethonium treatment reestablished bronchoconstriction induced by allergen challenge. Vagotomy resulted in a significant increase in the bronchoconstriction induced by O(3) inhalation and subsequent challenge with allergen. In this model of O(3) exacerbation of asthma, vagal C-fibers initiate reflex bronchoconstriction, vagal myelinated fibers initiate reflex bronchodilation, and mediators released within the airway initiate bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Schelegle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Ozone (O(3)) and endotoxin are common environmental contaminants that cause asthma exacerbation. These pollutants have similar phenotype response characteristics, including induction of neutrophilic inflammation, changes in airway macrophage immunophenotypes, and ability to enhance response to inhaled allergen. Evoked phenotyping studies of volunteers exposed to O(3) and endotoxin were used to identify the response characteristics of volunteers to these pollutants. New studies support the hypotheses that similar innate immune and oxidant processes modulate response to these agents. These include TLR4 and inflammasome-mediated signaling and cytokine production. Innate immune responses are also impacted by oxidative stress. It is likely that continued discovery of common molecular processes which modulate response to these pollutants will occur. Understanding the pathways that modulate response to pollutants will also allow for discovery of genetic and epigenetic factors that regulate response to these pollutants and determine risk of disease exacerbation. Additionally, defining the mechanisms of response will allow rational selection of interventions to examine. Interventions focused on inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammasome represent promising new approaches to preventing pollutant-induced asthma exacerbations. Such interventions include specific inhibitors of innate immunity and antioxidant therapies designed to counter the effects of pollutants on cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Peden
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Alexis NE, Lay JC, Hazucha M, Harris B, Hernandez ML, Bromberg PA, Kehrl H, Diaz-Sanchez D, Kim C, Devlin RB, Peden DB. Low-level ozone exposure induces airways inflammation and modifies cell surface phenotypes in healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 22:593-600. [PMID: 20384440 DOI: 10.3109/08958371003596587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low-level ozone exposure (0.08 ppm) on pulmonary function in healthy young adults are well known; however, much less is known about the inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of low-level ozone in the airways. Techniques such as induced sputum and flow cytometry make it possible to examine airways inflammatory responses and changes in immune cell surface phenotypes following low-level ozone exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to 0.08 parts per million ozone for 6.6 h induces inflammation and modifies immune cell surface phenotypes in the airways of healthy adult subjects. Fifteen normal volunteers underwent an established 0.08 part per million ozone exposure protocol to characterize the effect of ozone on airways inflammation and immune cell surface phenotypes. Induced sputum and flow cytometry were used to assess these endpoints 24 h before and 18 h after exposure. The results showed that exposure to 0.08 ppm ozone for 6.6 h induced increased airway neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells and modified the expression of CD14, HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 on monocytes 18 h following exposure. Exposure to 0.08 parts per million ozone is associated with increased airways inflammation and promotion of antigen-presenting cell phenotypes 18 hours following exposure. These findings need to be replicated in a similar experiment that includes a control air exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL. Air pollution toxicology--a brief review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S8-27. [PMID: 21147959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal toxicology has had a profound impact on our historical and current understanding of air pollution health effects. Early animal toxicological studies of air pollution had distinctively military or workplace themes. With the discovery that ambient air pollution episodes led to excess illness and death, there became an emergence of toxicological studies that focused on industrial air pollution encountered by the general public. Not only did the pollutants investigated evolve from ambient mixtures to individual pollutants but also the endpoints and outcomes evaluated became more sophisticated, resulting in our present state of the science. Currently, a large toxicological database exists for the effects of particulate matter and ozone, and we provide a focused review of some of the major contributions to the biological understanding for these two "criteria" air pollutants. A limited discussion of the toxicological advancements in the scientific knowledge of two hazardous air pollutants, formaldehyde and phosgene, is also included. Moving forward, the future challenge of air pollution toxicology lies in the health assessment of complex mixtures and their interactions, given the projected impacts of climate change and altered emissions on ambient conditions. In the coming years, the toxicologist will need to be flexible and forward thinking in order to dissect the complexity of the biological system itself, as well as that of air pollution in all its varied forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wichers Stanek
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Hernandez ML, Lay JC, Harris B, Esther CR, Brickey WJ, Bromberg PA, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Kleeberger SR, Alexis NE, Peden DB. Atopic asthmatic subjects but not atopic subjects without asthma have enhanced inflammatory response to ozone. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:537-44.e1. [PMID: 20816188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a known risk factor for acute ozone-associated respiratory disease. Ozone causes an immediate decrease in lung function and increased airway inflammation. The role of atopy and asthma in modulation of ozone-induced inflammation has not been determined. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether atopic status modulates ozone response phenotypes in human subjects. METHODS Fifty volunteers (25 healthy volunteers, 14 atopic nonasthmatic subjects, and 11 atopic asthmatic subjects not requiring maintenance therapy) underwent a 0.4-ppm ozone exposure protocol. Ozone response was determined based on changes in lung function and induced sputum composition, including airway inflammatory cell concentration, cell-surface markers, and cytokine and hyaluronic acid concentrations. RESULTS All cohorts experienced similar decreases in lung function after ozone. Atopic and atopic asthmatic subjects had increased sputum neutrophil numbers and IL-8 levels after ozone exposure; values did not significantly change in healthy volunteers. After ozone exposure, atopic asthmatic subjects had significantly increased sputum IL-6 and IL-1beta levels and airway macrophage Toll-like receptor 4, Fc(epsilon)RI, and CD23 expression; values in healthy volunteers and atopic nonasthmatic subjects showed no significant change. Atopic asthmatic subjects had significantly decreased IL-10 levels at baseline compared with healthy volunteers; IL-10 levels did not significantly change in any group with ozone. All groups had similar levels of hyaluronic acid at baseline, with increased levels after ozone exposure in atopic and atopic asthmatic subjects. CONCLUSION Atopic asthmatic subjects have increased airway inflammatory responses to ozone. Increased Toll-like receptor 4 expression suggests a potential pathway through which ozone generates the inflammatory response in allergic asthmatic subjects but not in atopic subjects without asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hernandez
- Center for Environmental Medicine Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA
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Stenfors N, Bosson J, Helleday R, Behndig AF, Pourazar J, Törnqvist H, Kelly FJ, Frew AJ, Sandström T, Mudway IS, Blomberg A. Ozone exposure enhances mast-cell inflammation in asthmatic airways despite inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:133-9. [PMID: 20044881 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903005736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthmatics are recognised to be more susceptible than healthy individuals to adverse health effects caused by exposure to the common air pollutant ozone. Ozone has been reported to induce airway neutrophilia in mild asthmatics, but little is known about how it affects the airways of asthmatic subjects on inhaled corticosteroids. We hypothesised that ozone exposure would exacerbate the pre-existent asthmatic airway inflammation despite regular inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Therefore, we exposed subjects with persistent asthma on inhaled corticosteroid therapy to 0.2 ppm ozone or filtered air for 2 h, on 2 separate occasions. Lung function was evaluated before and immediately after exposure, while bronchoscopy was performed 18 h post exposure. Compared to filtered air, ozone exposure increased airway resistance. Ozone significantly enhanced neutrophil numbers and myeloperoxidase levels in airway lavages, and induced a fourfold increase in bronchial mucosal mast cell numbers. The present findings indicate that ozone worsened asthmatic airway inflammation and offer a possible biological explanation for the epidemiological findings of increased need for rescue medication and hospitalisation in asthmatic people following exposure to ambient ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stenfors
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Abstract
An imbalance in reducing and oxidizing (redox) systems favoring a more oxidative environment is present in asthma and linked to the pathophysiology of the defining symptoms and signs including airflow limitation, hyper-reactivity, and airway remodeling. High levels of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide ((*)NO), and 15-F(2t)-isoprostane in exhaled breath, and excessive oxidative protein products in lung epithelial lining fluid, peripheral blood, and urine provide abundant evidence for pathologic oxidizing processes in asthma. Parallel studies document loss of reducing potential by nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. The essential first line antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalase are reduced in asthma as compared to healthy individuals, with lowest levels in those patients with the most severe asthma. Loss of SOD and catalase activity is related to oxidative modifications of the enzymes, while other antioxidant gene polymorphisms are linked to susceptibility to develop asthma. Monitoring of exhaled (*)NO has entered clinical practice because it is useful to optimize asthma care, and a wide array of other biochemical oxidative and nitrative biomarkers are currently being evaluated for asthma monitoring and phenotyping. Novel therapeutic strategies that target correction of redox abnormalities show promise for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy A A Comhair
- Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and the Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Khatri SB, Holguin FC, Ryan PB, Mannino D, Erzurum SC, Teague WG. Association of Ambient Ozone Exposure with Airway Inflammation and Allergy in Adults with Asthma. J Asthma 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02770900902779284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hernández-Cadena L, Holguin F, Barraza-Villarreal A, Del Río-Navarro BE, Sienra-Monge JJ, Romieu I. Increased levels of outdoor air pollutants are associated with reduced bronchodilation in children with asthma. Chest 2009; 136:1529-1536. [PMID: 19318670 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased outdoor air pollution levels are associated with more frequent use of rescue inhalers in subjects with asthma. However, it is unknown whether this phenomenon is explained by an air pollution-mediated increase in respiratory symptom severity or whether air pollutants decrease the efficacy of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs). METHODS We examined the relationship between the percentage change in FEV(1) after SABA use with outdoor air pollution exposure in 85 children with asthma who were 7 to 12 years of age. Outdoor air pollution exposure was determined by measuring nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), and fine particulate matter (ie, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 microm [PM(2.5)]) levels. These measurements were obtained from the Mexico City Automated Monitoring Network from network sites located within a 5-km radius of each child's home and school. RESULTS We found that a same-day interquartile increase of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in NO(2) concentration was associated with a reduced response of FEV(1) to SABA therapy (-15%; 95% CI, -29 to -0.5). This association was also significant when considering NO(2) levels in each of the preceding 3 days. An interquartile O(3) increase (16 ppb) in the preceding fifth day was associated with a reduced response to SABA (-11%; 95% CI, -23 to -1); an interquartile PM(2.5) increase (14 microg/m(3)) was not associated with any significant reductions in the response to SABA therapy. These associations were not observed in children receiving therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that recent exposure to NO(2) and possibly O(3) may reduce the response to SABAs in producing bronchodilation in children with asthma. The association between NO(2) and FEV(1) response to SABA administration may have important implications in understanding how outdoor air pollution levels relate to asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Holguin
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | | | | | - Juan J Sienra-Monge
- Department of Asthma and Allergy, Hospital Infantil de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Abstract
Pediatric asthma has many causes and can manifest differently in different children and at different times. Understanding the many factors related to the development and exacerbation of asthma is complicated by the complexity of the many environmental exposures related to asthma development and morbidity. Furthermore, the same environmental exposures that may cause increased symptoms at 1 point in time may be protective when the exposure occurs earlier or at high enough levels. We know that environmental exposures such as allergens, irritants, and pollutants are quite complex in their composition; further examination of this complexity may improve our understanding of this complex and highly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton A Eggleston
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, CMSC 1105, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There is evidence that exposure to air pollution affects asthma, but the effect of air pollution on asthma severity has not been addressed. The aim was to assess the relation between asthma severity during the past 12 months and home outdoor concentrations of air pollution. METHODS Asthma severity over the past 12 months was assessed in two complementary ways among 328 adult asthmatics from the French Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA) examined between 1991 and 1995. The four-class severity score integrated clinical events and type of treatment. The five-level asthma score is based only on the occurrence of symptoms. Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) concentrations were assigned to each residence using two different methods. The first was based on the closest monitor data from 1991 to 1995. The second consisted of spatial models that used geostatistical interpolations and then assigned air pollutants to the geo-coded residences (1998). RESULTS Higher asthma severity score was significantly related to the 8-hour average of ozone during April-September (O(3)-8 h) and the number of days (O(3)-days) with 8-hour ozone averages above 110 microg.m(-3) (for a 36-day increase, equivalent to the interquartile range, in O(3)-days, odds ratio 2.22 (95% confidence interval 1.61 to 3.07) for one class difference in score). Adjustment for age, sex, smoking habits, occupational exposure, and educational level did not alter results. Asthma severity was unrelated to NO(2). Both exposure assessment methods and severity scores resulted in very similar findings. SO(2) correlated with severity but reached statistical significance only for the model-based assignment of exposure. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations between asthma severity and air pollution, in particular O(3), support the hypothesis that air pollution at levels far below current standards increases asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rage
- INSERM U780, 16 avenue Paul-Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif Cedex, France.
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31
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Abstract
The epidemiology of asthma and outdoor air pollution has shown that respiratory health effects can vary in relation to different emission sources, types of pollutants, underlying nutritional status, medication use, and genetic polymorphisms. Using sophisticated exposure assessment methods in conjunction with clinical tests and biomarkers that provide mechanistic information, the study of outdoor epidemiology and asthma has evolved into a complex multidisciplinary field. This article presents an overview of the mechanisms by which outdoor air pollution and traffic-related emissions lead to changes in respiratory health and lung function in subjects with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Holguin
- Emory University School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Clinical Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
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Abstract
Multiple factors are contributing to the expansion of ragweed on a worldwide scale. This review seeks to examine factors that may contribute to allergen expansion with reference to ragweed as a well-studied example. It is our hope that increased surveillance for new pollens in areas not previously affected and awareness of the influence the changing environment plays in allergic disease will lead to better outcomes in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Oswalt
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Verhein KC, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD. IL-1 receptors mediate persistent, but not acute, airway hyperreactivity to ozone in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:730-8. [PMID: 18617681 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0045oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone exposure in the lab and environment causes airway hyperreactivity lasting at least 3 days in humans and animals. In guinea pigs 1 day after ozone exposure, airway hyperreactivity is mediated by eosinophils that block neuronal M(2) muscarinic receptor function, thus increasing acetylcholine release from airway parasympathetic nerves. However, mechanisms of ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity change over time, so that depleting eosinophils 3 days after ozone makes airway hyperreactivity worse rather than better. Ozone exposure increases IL-1beta in bone marrow, which may contribute to acute and chronic airway hyperreactivity. To test whether IL-1beta mediates ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity 1 and 3 days after ozone exposure, guinea pigs were pretreated with an IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra, 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 minutes before exposure to filtered air or to ozone (2 ppm, 4 h). One or three days after exposure, airway reactivity was measured in anesthetized guinea pigs. The IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity 3 days, but not 1 day, after ozone exposure. Ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity was vagally mediated, since bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous acetylcholine was not changed by ozone. The IL-1 receptor antagonist selectively prevented ozone-induced reduction of eosinophils around nerves and prevented ozone-induced deposition of extracellular eosinophil major basic protein in airways. These data demonstrate that IL-1 mediates ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity at 3 days, but not 1 day, after ozone exposure. Furthermore, preventing hyperreactivity was accompanied by decreased eosinophil major basic protein deposition within the lung, suggesting that IL-1 affects eosinophil activation 3 days after ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Verhein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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34
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Abstract
The guinea pig has been the most commonly used small animal species in preclinical studies related to asthma and COPD. The primary advantages of the guinea pig are the similar potencies and efficacies of agonists and antagonists in human and guinea pig airways and the many similarities in physiological processes, especially airway autonomic control and the response to allergen. The primary disadvantages to using guinea pigs are the lack of transgenic methods, limited numbers of guinea pig strains for comparative studies and a prominent axon reflex that is unlikely to be present in human airways. These attributes and various models developed in guinea pigs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Canning
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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35
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Wagner JG, Jiang Q, Harkema JR, Illek B, Patel DD, Ames BN, Peden DB. Ozone enhancement of lower airway allergic inflammation is prevented by gamma-tocopherol. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1176-88. [PMID: 17854713 PMCID: PMC4465777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a commonly encountered environmental oxidant which has been linked to asthma exacerbation in epidemiological studies. Ozone induces airway inflammation and enhances response to inhaled allergen. It has been suggested that antioxidant therapy may minimize the adverse effects of ozone in asthma. We have previously shown that the antioxidant gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), an isoform of vitamin E, also has anti-inflammatory effects. We employed a Brown Norway rat model of ozone-enhanced allergic responses to test the therapeutic effects of gammaT on O(3)-induced airway inflammation. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats were intranasally challenged with 0 or 0.5% OVA on Days 1 and 2, and exposed to 0 or 1 ppm ozone (8 h/day) on Days 4 and 5. Rats were also given 0 or 100 mg/kg gammaT on Days 2 through 5. Pulmonary tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected on Day 6. OVA challenge caused increased total cells (267% increase) and eosinophils (4000%) in BALF that was unaffected by ozone exposure. Morphometric evaluation of lung tissue revealed increases in intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) (300%) and subepithelial eosinophils (400%) in main axial airways. Ozone exposure of allergic rats enhanced IM increases in proximal axial airways (200%), induced cys-leukotrienes, MCP-1, and IL-6 production in BALF, and upregulated expression of IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA. gammaT treatment had no effect on IM increases by allergen, but blocked enhancement by ozone. gammaT attenuated both OVA- or ozone-stimulated eosinophilic infiltration, and increases of BALF cys-leukotrienes, MCP-1, and IL-6, as well as IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA. These data demonstrate broad anti-inflammatory effects of a gammaT and suggest that it may be an effective therapy of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Wagner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 211 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Kafoury RM, Hernandez JM, Lasky JA, Toscano WA, Friedman M. Activation of transcription factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by lipid ozonation products is crucial to interleukin-8 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Environ Toxicol 2007; 22:159-68. [PMID: 17366569 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)) is a major component of smog and an inhaled toxicant to the lung. O(3) rapidly reacts with the airway epithelial cell membrane phospholipids to generate lipid ozonation products (LOP). 1-Hydroxy-1-hydroperoxynonane (HHP-C9) is an important LOP, produced from the ozonation of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine. This LOP, at a biologically relevant concentration (100 microM), increases the activity of phospholipase C, nuclear factors-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and interleukin-6 (NF-IL-6) and the expression of the inflammatory gene, interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a cultured human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). The signaling pathways of ozone and its biologically-active products are as yet undefined. In the present study, we report that the HHP LOP, HHP-C9 (100 microM x 4 h), activated the expression of IL-8 (218 +/- 26% increase over control, n = 4, P < 0.01) through an apparent interaction between the two transcription factors, NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6. Transfection studies using luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that HHP-C9 induced a significant increase in NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity (37 +/- 7% increase over control, n = 6, P < 0.05). Inhibition of NF-kappaB showed a statistically significant but modest decrease in IL-8 release, which suggested a role for another transcription factor, NF-IL-6. Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to HHP-C9 induced a significant increase in the DNA binding activity of NF-IL-6 (45 +/- 11% increase over control, n = 6, P < 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that NF-IL-6 interacts with NF-kappaB in regulating the expression of IL-8 in cultured human airway epithelial cells exposed to LOP, the biological products of ozone in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi M Kafoury
- Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is evidence for an association between asthma and air pollutants, including ozone, NO2 and particulate matter. Since these pollutants are ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere and typically correlated with each other it has been difficult to ascertain the specific sources of air pollution responsible for the observed effects. Similarly, uncertainty in determining a causal agent, or multiple agents, has complicated efforts to identify the mechanisms involved in pollution-mediated asthma events and whether air pollution may cause asthma as well as exacerbate preexisting cases. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have examined specific sources of air pollution and their relationship to asthma. This review summarizes recent work conducted, specifically, on traffic pollution and presents results that elucidate several plausible biological mechanisms for the observed effects. Of note are studies linking susceptibility to several genetic polymorphisms. Together, these studies suggest that remaining uncertainties in the asthma-air pollution association may be addressed through enhanced assessment of both exposures and outcomes. SUMMARY Air-pollution research is evolving rapidly; in the near future, clinicians and public health agencies may be able to use this new information to provide recommendations for asthmatics that go beyond only paying attention to the air-pollution forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Sarnat
- Clinical Research Center, Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30308, USA
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38
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Boldogh I, Bacsi A, Choudhury BK, Dharajiya N, Alam R, Hazra TK, Mitra S, Goldblum RM, Sur S. ROS generated by pollen NADPH oxidase provide a signal that augments antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2169-79. [PMID: 16075057 PMCID: PMC1180538 DOI: 10.1172/jci24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen exposure induces allergic airway inflammation in sensitized subjects. The role of antigenic pollen proteins in the induction of allergic airway inflammation is well characterized, but the contribution of other constituents in pollen grains to this process is unknown. Here we show that pollen grains and their extracts contain intrinsic NADPH oxidases. The pollen NADPH oxidases rapidly increased the levels of ROS in lung epithelium as well as the amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in airway-lining fluid. These oxidases, as well as products of oxidative stress (such as GSSG and 4-HNE) generated by these enzymes, induced neutrophil recruitment to the airways independent of the adaptive immune response. Removal of pollen NADPH oxidase activity from the challenge material reduced antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation, the number of mucin-containing cells in airway epithelium, and antigen-specific IgE levels in sensitized mice. Furthermore, challenge with Amb a 1, the major antigen in ragweed pollen extract that does not possess NADPH oxidase activity, induced low-grade allergic airway inflammation. Addition of GSSG or 4-HNE to Amb a 1 challenge material boosted allergic airway inflammation. We propose that oxidative stress generated by pollen NADPH oxidases (signal 1) augments allergic airway inflammation induced by pollen antigen (signal 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Yost BL, Gleich GJ, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD. The changing role of eosinophils in long-term hyperreactivity following a single ozone exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L627-35. [PMID: 15923207 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00377.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone hyperreactivity over 24 h is mediated by blockade of inhibitory M2 muscarinic autoreceptors by eosinophil major basic protein. Because eosinophil populations in the lungs fluctuate following ozone, the contribution of eosinophils to M2 dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity was measured over several days. After one exposure to ozone, M2 function, vagal reactivity, smooth muscle responsiveness, and inflammation were measured in anesthetized guinea pigs. Ozone-induced hyperreactivity to vagal stimulation persisted over 3 days. Although hyperreactivity one day after ozone is mediated by eosinophils, AbVLA-4 did not inhibit either eosinophil accumulation in the lungs or around the nerves or prevent hyperreactivity at this time point. Two days after ozone, eosinophils in BAL, around airway nerves and in lungs, were decreased, and neuronal M2 receptor function was normal, although animals were still hyperreactive to vagal stimulation. Depleting eosinophils with AbIL-5 prevented hyperreactivity, thus eosinophils contribute to vagal hyperreactivity by mechanisms separate from M2 receptor blockade. Three days after ozone, vagal hyperreactivity persisted, eosinophils were again elevated in BAL in lungs and around nerves, and M2 receptors were again dysfunctional. At this point, airway smooth muscle was also hyperresponsive to methacholine. Eosinophil depletion with AbIL-5, AbVLA-4, or cyclophosphamide protected M2 function 3 days after ozone and prevented smooth muscle hyperreactivity. However, vagal hyperreactivity was significantly potentiated by eosinophil depletion. The site of hyperreactivity, muscle or nerve, changes over 3 days after a single exposure to ozone. Additionally, the role of eosinophils is complex; they mediate hyperreactivity acutely while chronically may be involved in repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Yost
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Johns Hospkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kafoury RM, Huang MJ. Application of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models to predict ozone toxicity in the lung. Environ Toxicol 2005; 20:441-8. [PMID: 16007646 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of events leading to ozone-induced airway inflammation is not well known. To elucidate the molecular and cellular events underlying ozone toxicity in the lung, we hypothesized that lipid ozonation products (LOPs) generated by the reaction of ozone with unsaturated fatty acids in the epithelial lining fluid and cell membranes play a key role in mediating ozone-induced airway inflammation. To test our hypothesis, we ozonized 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and generated LOPs. Confluent human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to the derivatives of ozonized POPC-9-oxononanoyl, 9-hydroxy-9-hydroperoxynonanoyl, and 8-(5-octyl-1,2,4-trioxolan-3-yl-)octanoyl-at a concentration of 10 muM, and the activity of phospholipases A2 (PLA2), C (PLC), and D (PLD) was measured (1, 0.5, and 1 h, respectively). Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were utilized to predict the biological activity of LOPs in airway epithelial cells. The QSAR results showed a strong correlation between experimental and computed activity (r = 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, for PLA2, PLC, and PLD, respectively). The results indicate that QSAR models can be utilized to predict the biological activity of the various ozone-derived LOP species in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi M Kafoury
- Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA.
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Abstract
Outdoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke adversely affect health in persons with asthma. Increased levels of ozone, particulate matter, and environmental tobacco smoke have been associated with increased asthma symptoms and health care use and with reduced lung function. These air contaminants have proinflammatory actions that can magnify existing lower airway inflammation in patients with asthma. Exposure to air contaminants can increase the risk of developing asthma in susceptible persons. Outdoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke may affect allergen-induced inflammation by initiating TH(2) responses to antigens or by exacerbating such inflammation in persons already sensitized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Jerath Tatum
- Northwest Asthma and Allergy Center, 4540 Sand Point Way NE, #200, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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42
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NO(2), a major component of air pollution, on airway eosinophilic inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, using a mouse model of asthma. SETTING AND SUBJECTS BALB/c mice (eight mice per experimental group) were studied in a basic research laboratory at the University of Iowa. INTERVENTIONS Using a standard murine model of asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal (IP) injections (days 1 and 7) and were challenged with aerosolized OVA (days 13 and 14). Some mice were exposed to NO(2) (2 ppm) in an exposure chamber for 24 h before undergoing OVA aerosol challenge. A control group was exposed to OVA alone. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The outcomes assessed included airway inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine, and goblet cell hyperplasia. We found that NO(2) exposure modestly increased airway neutrophilia but not airway eosinophilia in OVA-exposed mice. These mice exhibited epithelial damage and loss of epithelial mucin. Surprisingly, nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (ie, enhanced pause index) was not increased, although baseline smooth muscle tone was increased (p < 0.05) in the mice exposed to NO(2). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that relatively short-term (24 h) exposure to NO(2) causes epithelial damage, reduced mucin expression, and increased tone of respiratory smooth muscle. Reduced mucin production may be a mechanism of injury following long-term exposure to inhaled NO(2). Despite enhancing epithelial damage in OVA-exposed mice, NO(2) exposure does not otherwise alter the expression of allergen-induced airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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43
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Zanolin ME, Pattaro C, Corsico A, Bugiani M, Carrozzi L, Casali L, Dallari R, Ferrari M, Marinoni A, Migliore E, Olivieri M, Pirina P, Verlato G, Villani S, Marco R. The role of climate on the geographic variability of asthma, allergic rhinitis and respiratory symptoms: results from the Italian study of asthma in young adults. Allergy 2004; 59:306-14. [PMID: 14982513 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms according to geo-climatic factors could provide important clues to the knowledge of the aetiology of asthma. METHODS Geo-climatic variations in the prevalence of current asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic cough, and phlegm were assessed on a random sample of 18 873 subjects (response rate = 72.7%) from different climatic regions of Italy. An ecological analysis, supported by robust statistical methods, was employed to investigate potential trends. RESULTS The prevalence of all symptoms was significantly heterogeneous throughout the peninsula. Only asthma-like symptoms showed a north-south trend: the prevalence increased at a decreasing latitude [odds ratio (OR) varies from 0.92 to 0.96, P < 0.05], at a decreasing distance from the sea (OR: 0.90-0.93 for 30 km distance, P < 0.05), at higher annual mean temperatures (OR: 1.11-1.14, P < 0.05) and at smaller annual temperature ranges (OR: 0.94-0.95, P < 0.05). Of the geo-climatic variables considered, temperature range had the greatest influence on most asthma-like symptoms. No association was found between geo-climatic variables and allergic rhinitis or chronic cough and phlegm. CONCLUSIONS Asthma prevalence seems to be significantly affected by climate as asthma-like symptoms were more common in central-southern Italy, with a Mediterranean climate, than in areas with a continental climate (northern Italy).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Zanolin
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Bosson J, Stenfors N, Bucht A, Helleday R, Pourazar J, Holgate ST, Kelly FJ, Sandström T, Wilson S, Frew AJ, Blomberg A. Ozone-induced bronchial epithelial cytokine expression differs between healthy and asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:777-82. [PMID: 12801312 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O3) is a common air pollutant associated with adverse health effects. Asthmatics have been suggested to be a particularly sensitive group. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated whether bronchial epithelial cytokine expression would differ between healthy and allergic asthmatics after ozone exposure, representing an explanatory model for differences in susceptibility. METHODS Healthy and mild allergic asthmatic subjects (using only inhaled beta2-agonists prn) were exposed for 2 h in blinded and randomized sequence to 0.2 ppm of O3 and filtered air. Bronchoscopy with bronchial mucosal biopsies was performed 6 h after exposure. Biopsies were embedded in GMA and stained with mAbs for epithelial expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, GRO-alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), fractalkine and ENA-78. RESULTS When comparing the two groups at baseline, the asthmatic subjects showed a significantly higher expression of IL-4 and IL-5. After O3 exposure the epithelial expression of IL-5, GM-CSF, ENA-78 and IL-8 increased significantly in asthmatics, as compared to healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The present study confirms a difference in epithelial cytokine expression between mild atopic asthmatics and healthy controls, as well as a differential epithelial cytokine response to O3. This O3-induced upregulation of T helper type 2 (Th2)-related cytokines and neutrophil chemoattractants shown in the asthmatic group may contribute to a subsequent worsening of the airway inflammation, and help to explain their differential sensitivity to O3 pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bosson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to outdoor air pollutants has been shown to be associated with exacerbations of asthma, there are relatively few admissions for asthma to Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH during the summer months when air quality tends to be worst. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of outdoor air quality parameters to asthma exacerbations in children. METHODS The number of emergency room visits and hospitalizations for asthma were determined by review of emergency department logs and the hospital computer database. Outdoor air concentrations of ozone, particulates of < 10 microm diameter (PM-10), pollens, and fungal spores were obtained from the Hamilton County Department of Environmental Services. Multiple regression analysis was performed, looking for relationships between the daily number of asthma visits and the air quality data for the same day and for 1 through 5 days before the visits. RESULTS A significant association was found between the number of asthma visits and the daily pollen count (P = 0.014, SE = 0.001). The effect was stronger for visits 1, 2, and 3 days after the pollen count (P < 0.001 for pollen count lagged 3 days). High PM-10 counts were synergistic with the pollen count as a predictor of asthma visits. There was no association between asthma visits and the ozone concentration or fungal spore count. CONCLUSIONS Exacerbations of asthma severe enough to require visits to the hospital were associated with elevated concentrations of airborne pollens and particulates, with a significant delayed effect. Ozone, in the concentrations measured here, was not a risk factor for severe asthma exacerbations in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Lierl
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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46
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Vagaggini B, Taccola M, Cianchetti S, Carnevali S, Bartoli ML, Bacci E, Dente FL, Di Franco A, Giannini D, Paggiaro PL. Ozone exposure increases eosinophilic airway response induced by previous allergen challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1073-7. [PMID: 12379550 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2201013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether exposure to ozone (O(3)) 24 hours after an allergen challenge test would increase airway eosinophilia induced by allergen in subjects with mild asthma with late airway response. Twelve subjects with mild atopic asthma participated in a randomized, single-blind study. Subjects underwent allergen challenge 24 hours before a 2 hour exposure to O(3) (0.27 ppm) or filtered air. Pulmonary function was monitored during the allergen challenge and after the exposure to O(3) or air. Six hours later, induced sputum was collected. After 4 weeks, the experiment was repeated with the same subjects. Allergen induced a comparable late airway response in both challenges. O(3) exposure induced a significant decrease in FVC, FEV(1), and vital capacity, and was associated with a significant increase in total symptom score compared with air exposure. The percentage of eosinophils, but not the percentage of neutrophils, in induced sputum was significantly higher after exposure to O(3) than after exposure to air (p = 0.04). These results indicate that O(3) exposure after a late airway response elicited by allergen challenge can potentiate the eosinophilic inflammatory response induced by the allergen challenge itself in subjects with mild atopic asthma. This observation may help explain the synergistic effect of air pollution and allergen exposure in the exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vagaggini
- Cardiothoracic Department, Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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47
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Bayram H, Rusznak C, Khair OA, Sapsford RJ, Abdelaziz MM. Effect of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the permeability of bronchial epithelial cell cultures of non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1285-92. [PMID: 12220465 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epidemiological as well as in vivo exposure studies suggest that ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) may play a role in airway diseases such as asthma, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the effect of O3 and NO2 on the permeability of human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) cultures obtained from non-atopic non-asthmatic (non-asthmatics) and atopic mild asthmatic (asthmatics) individuals. METHODS We cultured HBECs from bronchial biopsies of non-asthmatics and asthmatics, and exposed these for 6 h to air, 10 to 100 parts per billion (p.p.b.) O3, or to 100 to 400 p.p.b. NO2, and assessed changes in electrical resistance (ER) and movement of 14C-BSA across the cell cultures. RESULTS Although exposure to either O3 or NO2 did not alter the permeability of HBEC cultures of non-asthmatics, 10 to 100 p.p.b. O3 and 400 p.p.b. NO2 significantly decreased the ER of HBEC cultures of asthmatics, when compared with exposure to air. Additionally, 10, 50 and 100 p.p.b. O3 led to a significant increase in the movement of 14C-BSA across asthmatic HBEC cultures, after 6 h of exposure (medians = 1.73%; P < 0.01, 1.50%; P < 0.05 and 1.53%, P < 0.05, respectively), compared with air exposed cultures (median = 0.89%). Similarly, exposure for 6 h to both 200 and 400 p.p.b. NO2 significantly increased the movement of 14C-BSA across asthmatic HBEC cultures, when compared with air exposure. A comparison of data obtained from the two study groups demonstrated that 10 to 100 p.p.b. O3- and 200 to 400 p.p.b. NO2-induced epithelial permeability was greater in cultures of asthmatics compared with non-asthmatics. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HBECs of asthmatics may be more susceptible to the deleterious effects of these pollutants. Whether in patients with asthma the greater susceptibility of bronchial epithelial cells to O3 and NO2 contributes to the development of the disease, or is a secondary characteristic of this condition, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bayram
- Academic Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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48
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Stenfors N, Pourazar J, Blomberg A, Krishna MT, Mudway I, Helleday R, Kelly FJ, Frew AJ, Sandström T. Effect of ozone on bronchial mucosal inflammation in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Respir Med 2002; 96:352-8. [PMID: 12113386 DOI: 10.1053/rmed.2001.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggestthat asthmatics are more affected by ozone than healthy people. This study tested three hypotheses (1) that short-term exposure to ozone induces inflammatory cell increases and up-regulation of vascular adhesion molecules in airway lavages and bronchial tissue 6 h after ozone exposure in healthy subjects; (2) these responses are exaggerated in subjects with mild allergic asthma; (3) ozone exacerbates pre-existent allergic airways inflammation. We exposed 15 mild asthmatic and 15 healthy subjects to 0.2 ppm of ozone or filtered air for 2 h on two separate occasions. Airway lavages and bronchial biopsies were obtained 6 h post-challenge. We found that ozone induced similar increases in bronchial wash neutrophils in both groups, although the neutrophil increase in the asthmatic group was on top of an elevated baseline. In healthy subjects, ozone exposure increased the expression of the vascular endothelial adhesion molecules P-selectin and ICAM- 1, as well as increasing tissue neutrophil and mast cell numbers. The asthmatics showed allergic airways inflammation at baseline but ozone did not aggravate this at the investigated time point. At 6 h post-ozone-exposure, we found no evidence that mild asthmatics were more responsive than healthy to ozone in terms of exaggerated neutrophil recruitment or exacerbation of pre-existing allergic inflammation. Further work is needed to assess the possibility of a difference in time kinetics between healthy and asthmatic subjects in their response to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stenfors
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
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49
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Michalec L, Choudhury BK, Postlethwait E, Wild JS, Alam R, Lett-Brown M, Sur S. CCL7 and CXCL10 orchestrate oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. J Immunol 2002; 168:846-52. [PMID: 11777981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress from ozone (O(3)) exposure augments airway neutrophil recruitment and chemokine production. We and others have shown that severe and sudden asthma is associated with airway neutrophilia, and that O(3) oxidative stress is likely to augment neutrophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma. However, very little is known about chemokines that orchestrate oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation in vivo. To identify these chemokines, three groups of BALB/c mice were exposed to sham air, 0.2 ppm O(3), or 0.8 ppm O(3) for 6 h. Compared with sham air, 0.8 ppm O(3), but not 0.2 ppm O(3), induced pronounced neutrophilic airway inflammation that peaked at 18 h postexposure. The 0.8 ppm O(3) up-regulated lung mRNA of CXCL1,2,3 (mouse growth-related oncogene-alpha and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2), CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10), CCL3 (macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha), CCL7 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-3), and CCL11 (eotaxin) at 0 h postexposure, and expression of CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL7 mRNA was sustained 18 h postexposure. O(3) increased lung protein levels of CXCL10, CCL7, and CCR3 (CCL7R). The airway epithelium was identified as a source of CCL7. The role of up-regulated chemokines was determined by administering control IgG or IgG Abs against six murine chemokines before O(3) exposure. As expected, anti-mouse growth-related oncogene-alpha inhibited neutrophil recruitment. Surprisingly, Abs to CCL7 and CXCL10 also decreased neutrophil recruitment by 63 and 72%, respectively. These findings indicate that CCL7 and CXCL10, two chemokines not previously reported to orchestrate neutrophilic inflammation, play a critical role in mediating oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation. These observations may have relevance in induction of neutrophilia in severe asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Chemokine CCL7
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Cytokines
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/immunology
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/physiology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/immunology
- Ozone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Michalec
- National Institutes of Health Asthma and Allergic Diseases Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine and Department Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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50
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to examine the impact of air pollutants on airway inflammation, with an emphasis on the interaction of the effect of ozone, particulate matter, and endotoxin exposure and immunoglobulin E-mediated airway inflammation. DATA SOURCES This review examines the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and sources for different types of air pollution, as well as undertakes a review of epidemiologic and human challenge studies which address the impact of air contaminants in asthma and allergic inflammation. RESULTS Epidemiologic and human challenge studies both demonstrate that ozone and endotoxin exposure can exacerbate allergic inflammation in the airway. Conversely, allergic processes may enhance individual response to air pollutants as well. CONCLUSIONS Ozone and particulate matter are both important agents in inducing asthma exacerbation. However, these pollutants have not been implicated in development of immunoglobulin E responses to neoantigens. Decreased exposure to these pollutants or a better understanding of the processes by which they impact the airway may be useful in decreasing asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Peden
- The Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7310, USA.
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