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Kahler B. Present status and future directions - Managing discoloured teeth. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 4:922-950. [PMID: 35188275 PMCID: PMC9790475 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Managing tooth discolouration involves a range of different protocols for clinicians and patients in order to achieve an aesthetic result. There is an increasing public awareness in the appearance of their teeth and management of tooth discolouration may be inter-disciplinary and involve both vital and nonvital teeth. Vital teeth can be easily treated with low concentration hydrogen peroxide products safely and effectively using an external approach and trays. For endodontically treated teeth, the walking bleach technique with hydrogen releasing peroxide products is popular. However, there is an association with external cervical root resorption with higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide of 30%-35%. There are also regulatory considerations for the use of hydrogen peroxide in certain jurisdictions internationally. Prosthodontic treatments are more invasive and involve loss of tooth structure as well as a life cycle of further treatment in the future. This narrative review is based on searches on PubMed and the Cochrane library. Bleaching endodontically treated teeth can be considered a safe and effective protocol in the management of discoloured teeth. However, the association between bleaching and resorption remains unclear although there is likely to be a relation to prior trauma. It is prudent to avoid thermocatalytic approaches and to use a base/sealer to cover the root filling. An awareness expectations of patients and multidisciplinary treatment considerations is important in achieving the aesthetic result for the patient. It is likely that there will be an increasing demand for aesthetic whitening treatments. Bleaching of teeth has also become increasingly regulated although there are international differences in the use and concentration of bleaching agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Kahler
- School of DentistryThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,The University of Queensland Oral Health CentreHerstonQueenslandAustralia
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Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Oñate-Sánchez R, Gonzálvez-García M, Vallés-Bergadá M, Martínez CM, Revilla-Nuin B, Guerrero-Gironés J, Moraleda JM, García-Bernal D. Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Tooth Extractions Sites Ameliorates the Incidence of Osteonecrotic Jaw-Like Lesions in Zoledronic Acid-Treated Rats. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061649. [PMID: 32486396 PMCID: PMC7355877 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is defined as the exposed necrotic bone involving the maxillofacial structures in bisphosphonate treated patients, and the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the allogeneic transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in a model of Wistar mice with induced MRONJ disease. BM-MSCs from five male Wistar rats were characterized and cultured on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules. Thirty female Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with zoledronic acid and afterwards upper jaw molars were extracted. The animals were randomized to receive: Group 1: 1 × 106 BM-MSCs/β-TCP construct in the alveolar socket; and Group 2: Saline solution/β-TCP construct. A clinical and histological analysis was performed. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was assessed to verify the presence of transplanted male rat cells in the female recipient jaws. Clinical and histological findings evidenced that none of the animals in Group 1 exhibited uncovered sockets or bone exposure associated to MRONJ, whereas we detected 33% of MRONJ cases in Group 2. In addition, male rat cells were detected in the maxillae site four weeks after transplantation in the BM-MSCs-group. Allogeneic BM-MSCs in extractions sites ameliorates MRONJ incidence in zoledronic acid-treated rats compared to non-MSC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lozano
- Special Care in Dentistry-Gerodontology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain; (R.O.-S.); (J.G.-G.)
- Research Group Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant, Biomedical Research Institute, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Avenida Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.M.); (D.G.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868889518
| | - Ricardo Oñate-Sánchez
- Special Care in Dentistry-Gerodontology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain; (R.O.-S.); (J.G.-G.)
| | | | - Marta Vallés-Bergadá
- Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Quirónsalud Torrevieja, Partida de la Loma, s/n, 03184 Torrevieja, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Carlos M. Martínez
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia-Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Revilla-Nuin
- Genomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia-Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Julia Guerrero-Gironés
- Special Care in Dentistry-Gerodontology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain; (R.O.-S.); (J.G.-G.)
| | - Jose M. Moraleda
- Research Group Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant, Biomedical Research Institute, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Avenida Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.M.); (D.G.-B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Research Group Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant, Biomedical Research Institute, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Avenida Buenavista s/n, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.M.); (D.G.-B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Furukawa M, K-Kaneyama JR, Yamada M, Senda A, Manabe A, Miyazaki A. Cytotoxic Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro. Oper Dent 2015; 40:430-9. [PMID: 25575199 DOI: 10.2341/14-059-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In-office bleaching is a popular treatment in modern esthetic dentistry. However, bleaching agents sometimes accidentally adhere to the gingiva and peripheral tissues, even when applied by well-trained dentists. This can lead to transient pain and whitish changes in the gingiva. Although these symptoms disappear within several hours, the effects of bleaching agents on gingiva have not been well described in the literature. The present study aimed to elucidate the cytotoxic effects of a bleaching agent on cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). We performed a comprehensive analysis of the toxic effects of in-office bleaching agents on gingiva using cultured HGFs and DNA microarray. Survival rates of HGFs decreased with increases in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which became significant at concentrations of 1.5 × 10(-3)% or higher at every time point. Concentrations lower than 1.5 × 10(-3)% did not affect survival rates of HGFs. Cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide was significantly weakened by the addition of vitamin E. Stimulation by in-office bleaching agents triggered the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α cascade in gingival fibroblasts. As the TNF-α cascade can be inhibited by vitamin E additives, treatment with vitamin E may protect gingival fibroblasts against the toxic effects of an in-office bleaching agent. The present results suggest that local administration of vitamin E to gingiva before in-office bleaching may be useful for preventing gingival irritation due to accidental adhesion of a bleaching agent.
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Darshan HE, Shashikiran ND. The effect of McInnes solution on enamel and the effect of Tooth mousse on bleached enamel: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2008; 11:86-91. [PMID: 20142891 PMCID: PMC2813090 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.44058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effect of McInnes bleaching agent on the micro hardness of enamel before and after bleaching and to evaluate the effect of G C Tooth Mousse on the bleached enamel surface for its microhardness. MATERIALS AND METHODS McInnes bleaching solution, Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate CCP-ACP (G C Tooth mousse) artificial saliva (Dept of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davengere), deionized water, Vickers Micro Hardness tester (Zwick/ZHV, Germany), freshly extracted teeth, cold cure acrylic, Diamond disc (Horico - PFINGST New jersey USA, KAVO- Germany), straight handpiece (kavo peca reta) and plastic moulds (6.5 x 2 mm). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare microhardness of the sound enamel surface by Vickers Hardness Number before and after bleaching with McInnes solution, and to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (G C Tooth Mousse) on the bleached enamel surface for its microhardness. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data obtained from the test were subjected for statistical analysis and are presented as range, mean and standard deviation. P value of 0.05 or less was considered for statistical significance. The changes in microhardness at different times of assessment were analyzed using the paired 't' test RESULTS All the samples showed decrease in the microhardness after two cycles of bleaching, though immediately after bleaching the decrease in the microhardness was not significant (P = 0.34). However, after the second cycles, it showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the microhardness. After application of remineralization solution (GC Tooth mousse), the samples showed a marginal increase in the microhardness (P<0.05) after seven days and a marked increase after fourteen days (P<0.001). CONCLUSION McInnes bleaching agent does decrease the microhardness of enamel by causing enamel demineralization and GC Tooth mousse used in the study causes an increase in the microhardness of bleached enamel by maintaining a high gradient of calcium and phosphate ions at the enamel subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Darshan
- Department of Pedodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore-570 015, India
| | - N D Shashikiran
- Department of Pedodontics, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere-577 004, India
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Markovic L, Jordan RA, Lakota N, Gaengler P. Micromorphology of enamel surface after vital tooth bleaching. J Endod 2007; 33:607-10. [PMID: 17437883 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess microroughness changes of enamel surfaces after bleaching procedures with 10% and 16% concentrations of carbamide peroxide by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Twenty caries-free incisors, extracted for periodontitis reasons, were sectioned into two halves of experimental and control specimens. The teeth were divided into two groups, and the experimental specimens were exposed to either 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide for 4 hours per 7 days. Measurements were made at three randomly selected 140 x 100 microm areas of 10 experimental and control specimens per group at the same crown level. Microroughness was measured in "total roughness" (Rt) and "average roughness" (Ra) descriptor values. The statistical analysis showed significantly higher microroughness according to Rt values and Ra values for both groups of carbamide peroxide exposed enamel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubisa Markovic
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
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Dahl JE, Pallesen U. Tooth bleaching--a critical review of the biological aspects. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 14:292-304. [PMID: 12907697 DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Present tooth-bleaching techniques are based upon hydrogen peroxide as the active agent. It is applied directly, or produced in a chemical reaction from sodium perborate or carbamide peroxide. More than 90% immediate success has been reported for intracoronal bleaching of non-vital teeth, and in the period of 1-8 years' observation time, from 10 to 40% of the initially successfully treated teeth needed re-treatment. Cervical root resorption is a possible consequence of internal bleaching and is more frequently observed in teeth treated with the thermo-catalytic procedure. When the external tooth-bleaching technique is used, the first subjective change in tooth color may be observed after 2-4 nights of tooth bleaching, and more than 90% satisfactory results have been reported. Tooth sensitivity is a common side-effect of external tooth bleaching observed in 15%-78% of the patients, but clinical studies addressing the risk of other adverse effects are lacking. Direct contact with hydrogen peroxide induced genotoxic effects in bacteria and cultured cells, whereas the effect was reduced or abolished in the presence of metabolizing enzymes. Several tumor-promoting studies, including the hamster cheek pouch model, indicated that hydrogen peroxide might act as a promoter. Multiple exposures of hydrogen peroxide have resulted in localized effects on the gastric mucosa, decreased food consumption, reduced weight gain, and blood chemistry changes in mice and rats. Our risk assessment revealed that a sufficient safety level was not reached in certain clinical situations of external tooth bleaching, such as bleaching one tooth arch with 35% carbamide peroxide, using several applications per day of 22% carbamide peroxide, and bleaching both arches simultaneously with 22% carbamide peroxide. The recommendation is to avoid using concentrations higher than 10% carbamide peroxide when one performs external bleaching. We advocate a selective use of external tooth bleaching based on high ethical standards and professional judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dahl
- NIOM-Scandinavian Institute of Dental Materials, Kirkeveien 71B, PO Box 70, N-1305 Haslum, Norway.
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Tong LS, Pang MK, Mok NY, King NM, Wei SH. The effects of etching, micro-abrasion, and bleaching on surface enamel. J Dent Res 1993; 72:67-71. [PMID: 8418110 DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservative techniques for improving the appearance of discolored teeth have become popular in the past decade. These include: in-office bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide, which is applied on etched enamel with a gauze pad and then exposed to a bleaching light; home bleaching with a mild form of peroxide, such as 10% carbamide peroxide, which is applied on the tooth surface with custom-made mouthguards; and enamel micro-abrasion with 18% hydrochloric acid, which is applied in a pumice slurry. In this study, the in-office bleaching and enamel micro-abrasion techniques were performed on extracted teeth for investigation of their microscopic effects on the surface enamel. Specimens treated only with 37% phosphoric acid showed an enamel loss of 5.7 +/- 1.8 microns. The specimens treated with 37% phosphoric acid followed by 30% hydrogen peroxide showed enamel loss of 5.3 +/- 1.6 microns; this loss was probably not caused by the hydrogen peroxide, but rather by the etching with 37% phosphoric acid which preceded the hydrogen peroxide application. A direct application of 18% hydrochloric acid for 100 s resulted in a loss of 100 +/- 47 microns. The extent of enamel loss was much greater when the 18% hydrochloric acid was applied in a pumice slurry for the same period of time (360 +/- 130 microns), and the effect was time-dependent. Thus, the pumice and rotary prophy cup used in conjunction with the 18% hydrochloric acid contributed markedly to the loss of surface enamel, enhancing the non-selective stain-removing action of the hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the hydrochloric acid-pumice technique must be used clinically with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Tong
- Department of Children's Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun
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8
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Monaghan P, Lim E, Lautenschlager E. Effects of home bleaching preparations on composite resin color. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68:575-8. [PMID: 1403932 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(92)90368-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The lightening of teeth is done professionally by exposure to warm hydrogen peroxide solutions or at home with an active bleaching gel of perhydrol urea or carbamide peroxide. This study compared the effects of two commercial bleaching gels on the color of composite resin with those in a previous study using the dental office technique. Commercial composite resins test specimens were exposed to the bleaching gels or water (control) for 312 hours at 37 degrees C at 100% relative humidity. Color change value was calculated with before-and-after solution exposure L*a*b* color values. ANOVA (alpha = 0.01) revealed no differences in the color of the specimens after use of the test solutions. All color change values were less than 2 or the normal limit of visual acuity. No visual color change was evident for these composite resins. The at-home method recorded no shade-altering effects compared with the professional technique, which created a noticeable color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monaghan
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago, Ill
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Bitter NC. A scanning electron microscopy study of the effect of bleaching agents on enamel: a preliminary report. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67:852-5. [PMID: 1403877 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(92)90600-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of bleaching agents on the enamel surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The comparison of treated to untreated enamel revealed that the treated surface had increased surface change and porosity after the equivalent of 30 hours of exposure to the bleaching agent. The degree of alteration of enamel surface was not uniform and was influenced by cleanliness (oral hygiene) of the treated teeth and apparent variation in calcification. The enamel surface developed varying degrees of surface porosity and alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bitter
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles
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Monaghan P, Trowbridge T, Lautenschlager E. Composite resin color change after vital tooth bleaching. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67:778-81. [PMID: 1403859 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(92)90581-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Color change of composite resin was determined with the Minolta Chroma meter (CR-100) after four sessions of vital bleaching. Specimens of selected composite resin materials were subjected to vital bleaching (37% H3PO4/1 minute, then 30% H2O2/infrared light/30 minutes.) Specimens were stored in water between bleaching. Control specimens were used to determine the effects of water storage alone. Initial L*a*b* color readings were made on 24-hour hydrated specimens. Final L*a*b* readings were made on 24-hour hydrated specimens. Calculations were made for the delta E values for each specimen. Mean delta E values and standard deviations were obtained for each material. Two-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls analyses showed significant (alpha = 0.05) color change for most bleached materials. Additionally, some materials had delta E values greater than 3. These were visibly lighter compared to their controls. Vital bleaching produced color change in most composites as measured with the Chroma meter. This technique may be used to lighten dark-colored or stained composite resin restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monaghan
- Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago, Ill
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Abstract
After investigating the literature, we suggest these guidelines for tooth bleaching: If bleaching solutions of high concentration are used, prevent accidental exposure of gingival tissues to the solutions by use of a rubber dam. If using lower concentrations of bleaching solutions, avoid long-term exposures to gingival tissues. To maintain pulp vitality, keep bleaching time and temperatures to a minimum. Check teeth for exposed dentin and enamel fractures. Advise patients that thermal sensitivity may occur after the bleaching procedure and may persist for several days. Prescribe premedication with an anti-inflammatory drug, when necessary. Avoid bleaching the cervical area of the tooth by covering the area with a base to avoid cervical resorption. Avoid dentin exposure by noting that abrasive bleaching techniques can remove significant amounts of enamel. Take special care when bleaching enamel--especially near the cervix of the tooth, where the enamel is thin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Powell
- Department of Restorative Dentistry SM-56, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195
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Coll JA, Jackson P, Strassler HE. Comparison of enamel microabrasion techniques: Prema Compound versus a 12-fluted finishing bur. JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC DENTISTRY 1991; 3:180-6. [PMID: 1815717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.1991.tb00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This clinical study was done to compare the effectiveness of microabrasion with Prema Compound versus a high speed 12-fluted bur with water spray in removing incisor hypomineralized defects. Twenty-one patients had two incisors with enamel surface defects. It was randomly decided to use Prema Compound on one of the incisors and a 12-fluted bur on the contralateral incisor. One operator did all the procedures, but the tooth's color changes were rated by three observers who rated color photographs pre- and postoperatively, and one of the three rated each patient's teeth in person. The data revealed that there was no significant difference between Prema Compound and the 12-fluted bur in removing incisor hypomineralized defects. Both microabrasion techniques significantly improved the tooth's color, but the Prema method took over 9 minutes longer. The 12-fluted bur caused no clinically identifiable marks on the enamel surface. Both techniques were very reliable in removing the brown hypomineralized enamel defects, but were far less reliable in removing the white mineralization defects. The 12-fluted bur appeared to be an easier and equally effective alternative to Prema Compound for mineralization defects in incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Coll
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School
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Abstract
A case report is presented describing the treatment for endemic dental fluorosis. Six maxillary anterior teeth were treated, three with an acid-bleach combination technique and three with an acid technique. No clinical differences was noted in treatment time or esthetic results.
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Abstract
Bleaching has been suggested by several authors in order to treat the unaesthetic aspect of dental fluorosis. Many results are, however, unsatisfactory. A different method, based on the structural characteristics of the fluorotic tooth and the organic and exogenous nature of fluorotic enamel stains, includes three principal stages: 1--enamel etching with 12% HCl in order to eliminate the posteruptive calcified layer that covers the fluorotic enamel surface and to denude the microcavities containing the organic elements; 2--application of pure manufactured sodium hypochlorite to remove these organic stains; and 3--filling the chemically opened microcavities with a light-cured dental adhesive to provide the tooth with a smooth and even surface and to prevent restaining. To improve the aesthetic aspect of intensely discolored teeth, it is possible to use a variety of tints available in several composite resin kits. Teeth with a rough enamel surface react more positively than ones with a smooth surface. The enamel adhesives provide better results than the amelo-dentinal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Belkhir
- Conservative Dentistry Service, Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Monastir, Tunisia
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Titley K, Torneck CD, Smith D. The effect of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions on the surface morphology of human tooth enamel. J Endod 1988; 14:69-74. [PMID: 3162942 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(88)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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