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PBRM1 loss redirects chromatin remodelling complex to recruit oncogenic factors. Nat Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41556-023-01148-2. [PMID: 37169881 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Dawsey SJ, Gupta S. Hereditary Renal Cell Carcinoma. KIDNEY CANCER 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/kca-210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a complex and rapidly evolving topic as there is a growing body of literature regarding inherited syndromes and mutations associated with an increased risk of RCC. OBJECTIVES: We sought to systematically review 13 hereditary syndromes associated with RCC; von Hippel-Lindau Disease associated RCC (VHLRCC), BAP-1 associated clear cell RCC (BAPccRCC), Familial non-von Hippel Lindau clear cell RCC (FccRCC), Tuberous Sclerosis Complex associated RCC (TSCRCC), Birt-Hogg-Dub e ´ Syndrome associated RCC (BHDRCC), PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome associated RCC (PHTSRCC), Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Family translocation RCC (MiTFtRCC), RCC with Chromosome 6p Amplification (TFEBRCC), Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Associated RCC (ADPKDRCC), Hereditary Leiomyomatosis associated RCC (HLRCC), Succinate Dehydrogenase RCC (SDHRCC), Hereditary Papillary RCC (HPRCC), and ALK-Rearrangement RCC (ALKRCC). RESULTS: Hereditary RCC is generally associated with early age of onset, multifocal and/or bilateral lesions, and aggressive disease course. VHLRCC, BAPccRCC, FccRCC, and certain mutations resulting in SDHRCC are associated with clear cell RCC (ccRCC). HPRCC is associated with Type 1 papillary RCC. HLRCC is associated with type 2 papillary RCC. BHDRCC is associated with Chromophobe RCC. TSCRCC, PHTSRCC, MiTFtRCC, TFEBRCC, ADPKDRCC, certain SDHRCC and ALKRCC have variable histology. CONCLUSIONS: There has been tremendous advancement in our understanding of the pathophysiology of hereditary RCC. Ongoing research will refine our understanding of hereditary RCC and its therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Dawsey
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shilpa Gupta
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sims JN, Yedjou CG, Abugri D, Payton M, Turner T, Miele L, Tchounwou PB. Racial Disparities and Preventive Measures to Renal Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1089. [PMID: 29843394 PMCID: PMC6024978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney cancer ranks among the top 10 cancers in the United States. Although it affects both male and female populations, it is more common in males. The prevalence rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which represents about 85% of kidney cancers, has been increasing gradually in many developed countries. Family history has been considered as one of the most relevant risk factors for kidney cancer, although most forms of an inherited predisposition for RCC only account for less than four percent. Lifestyle and other factors such as occupational exposure, high blood pressure, poor diet, and heavy cigarette smoking are highly associated with its incidence and mortality rates. In the United States, White populations have the lowest prevalence of RCC compared to other ethnic groups, while Black Americans suffer disproportionally from the adverse effects of RCC. Hence, this review article aims at identifying the major risk factors associated with RCC and highlighting the new therapeutic approaches for its control/prevention. To achieve this specific aim, articles in peer-reviewed journals with a primary focus on risk factors related to kidney cancer and on strategies to reduce RCC were identified. The review was systematically conducted by searching the databases of MEDLINE, PUBMED Central, and Google Scholar libraries for original articles. From the search, we found that the incidence and mortality rates of RCC are strongly associated with four main risk factors, including family history (genetics), lifestyle (poor diet, cigarette smoking, excess alcohol drinking), environment (community where people live), and occupation (place where people work). In addition, unequal access to improvement in RCC cancer treatment, limited access to screening and diagnosis, and limited access to kidney transplant significantly contribute to the difference observed in survival rate between African Americans and Caucasians. There is also scientific evidence suggesting that some physicians contribute to racial disparities when performing kidney transplant among minority populations. New therapeutic measures should be taken to prevent or reduce RCC, especially among African Americans, the most vulnerable population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Sims
- Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Dr., P.O. Box 17038, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Clement G Yedjou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Daniel Abugri
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ethno-Medicine, Parasitology and Drug Discovery, College of Arts and Science, Tuskegee University, 1200 Old Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
| | - Marinelle Payton
- Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Dr., P.O. Box 17038, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Timothy Turner
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar St., Room 657, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Abstract
It is estimated that up to 2% of renal cell cancer (RCC) clusters in families. Several forms of hereditary RCC have been characterized with specific clinical, histopathological, and genetic features. The most common of these is von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease caused by mutations in the VHL gene and predisposing to clear cell RCC. Predisposition to papillary RCC is present in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) and hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRC). Identification of the genetic defects causing these diseases has enlightened the molecular pathogenesis of RCC, and moreover, provided means to improve patient management. Genetic testing enables early diagnosis of the disease, after which individuals at-risk can be guided to regular surveillance. Screening facilitates detection of presymptomatic early tumors broadening treatment options and potentially improving prognosis. Thus, identification of individuals with inherited cancer susceptibility is important as special management of these patients improves disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to provide clues for identification and management of hereditary renal cancer patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiuru
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lattouf JB, Pautler SE, Reaume MN, Kim RH, Care M, Green J, So A, Violette PD, Saliba I, Major P, Silver S, Leicht R, Basiuk J, Tanguay S, Jewett MAS, Drachenberg D. Structured assessment and followup for patients with hereditary kidney tumour syndromes. Can Urol Assoc J 2016; 10:E214-E222. [PMID: 28255411 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimal clinical assessment and subsequent followup of patients with or suspected of having a hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndrome (hRCC) is not standardized and practice varies widely. We propose protocols to optimize these processes in patients with hRCC to encourage a more uniform approach to management that can then be evaluated. METHODS A review of the literature, including existing guidelines, was carried out for the years 1985-2015. Expert consensus was used to define recommendations for initial assessment and followup. RESULTS Recommendations for newly diagnosed patients' assessment and optimal ages to initiate followup protocols for von Hippel Lindau disease (VHL), hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), hereditary leiomyomatosis with renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC), Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), familial paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndromes (PGL-PCC), and tuberous sclerosis (TSC) are proposed. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed consensus for structured assessment and followup is intended as a roadmap for the care of patients with hRCC to guide healthcare providers. Although the list of syndromes included is not exhaustive, the document serves as a starting point for future updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Lattouf
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen E Pautler
- Divisions of Urology and Surgical Oncology, Departments of Surgery and Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Neil Reaume
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Care
- Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network & Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Green
- Disciplines of Genetics and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Alan So
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe D Violette
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Woodstock General Hospital, Woodstock, ON, Canada
| | - Issam Saliba
- Division of ENT, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Major
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shane Silver
- Faculty of Medicine and the Division of Dermatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Leicht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joan Basiuk
- Kidney Cancer Research Network of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Tanguay
- Division of Urology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael A S Jewett
- Division of Urology, Departments of Surgical Oncology and Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Darrel Drachenberg
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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López JI. Renal tumors with clear cells. A review. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:137-46. [PMID: 23433880 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum of primary renal tumors in which clear cells may appear is revisited in this review. The pathologist's viewpoint of this topic is pertinent because not all the tumors with clear cells are carcinomas and not all renal cell carcinomas with clear cells are clear cell renal cell carcinomas. In fact, some of them are distinct entities according to the new WHO classification. The morphological approach is combined with genetics. Renal cell carcinoma related to von Hippel-Lindau disease is reviewed first because many of the genetic disorders underlying this disease are also present in sporadic, conventional renal cell clear cell carcinomas. Subsequently, conventional renal cell clear cell carcinomas, familial, non von Hippel-Lindau-associated renal cell carcinomas, translocation carcinomas, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas, carcinomas associated to tuberous sclerosis and to Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, chromophobe renal cell carcinomas, carcinomas associated with end-stage renal disease, and clear cell tubulopapillary carcinomas are reviewed. Finally, epithelioid angiomyolipoma is also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Ricketts C, Zeegers MP, Lubinski J, Maher ER. Analysis of germline variants in CDH1, IGFBP3, MMP1, MMP3, STK15 and VEGF in familial and sporadic renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6037. [PMID: 19551141 PMCID: PMC2696041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of rare familial forms of kidney cancer has provided important insights into the biology of sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In particular, the identification of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) familial cancer syndrome gene (VHL) provided the basis for the discovery that VHL is somatically inactivated in most sporadic clear cell RCC. Many cases of familial RCC do not have mutations in known RCC susceptibility genes and there is evidence that genetic modifiers may influence the risk of RCC in VHL disease patients. Hence we hypothesised that low-penetrance functional genetic variants in pathways related to the VHL protein (pVHL) function might (a) modify the phenotypic expression of VHL disease and/or (b) predispose to sporadic RCC. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested this hypothesis for functional polymorphisms in CDH1 (rs16260), IGFBP3 (rs2854744), MMP1 (rs1799750), MMP3 (rs679620), STK15 (rs2273535) and VEGF (rs1570360). We observed that variants of MMP1 and MMP3 were significant modifiers of RCC risk (and risks of retinal angioma and cerebellar haemangioblastoma) in VHL disease patients. In addition, higher frequencies of the MMP1 rs1799750 2G allele (p = 0.017, OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.06–2.08) and the MMP1/MMP3 rs1799750/rs679620 2G/G haplotype (OR 1.45, 95%CI 1.01–2.10) were detected in sporadic RCC patients than in controls (n = 295). Conclusions/Significance These findings (a) represent the first example of genetic modifiers of RCC risk in VHL disease, (b) replicate a previous report of an association between MMP1/MMP3 variants and sporadic RCC and (c) further implicate MMP1/MMP3-related pathways in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ricketts
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Complex Genetics, Cluster of Genetics and Cell Biology and Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Woodward ER, Ricketts C, Killick P, Gad S, Morris M, Kavalier F, Hodgson SV, Giraud S, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Chapman C, Escudier B, Latif F, Richard S, Maher ER. Familial Non-VHL Clear Cell (Conventional) Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Features, Segregation Analysis, and Mutation Analysis of FLCN. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5925-30. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ricketts C, Woodward ER, Killick P, Morris MR, Astuti D, Latif F, Maher ER. Germline SDHB Mutations and Familial Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1260-2. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Merino MJ, Torres-Cabala C, Pinto P, Linehan WM. The morphologic spectrum of kidney tumors in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1578-85. [PMID: 17895761 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31804375b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant familial syndrome characterized by the development of cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas as well as renal tumors. The mutation of this condition has been identified in the fumarate hydratase (FH, 1q42.3-q43) gene. The histology of the renal cancers has not been well described or illustrated because of the newness of the syndrome. We reviewed 40 renal tumors resected from 38 patients belonging to HLRCC families with proven fumarate hydratase germline mutation. Patients ranged in age from 17 to 75 years of age. Tumors were unilateral in all but 2 cases. The size of the tumors varied between 2.3 and 20 cm and there was no laterality preference. Several different architectural patterns were recognized: papillary (25 cases), tubulo-papillary (8 cases), tubular (2 cases), and solid (1 case). Mixed patterns were also present in 4 cases. The most important histologic feature of these neoplasms, which we believe to be the hallmark of the HLRCC tumors, is the presence of a characteristic large nucleus with a very prominent inclusion like orangiophilic or eosinophilic nucleolus, surrounded by a clear halo. Immunohistochemical studies did not provide a specific marker for these tumors, however, loss of heterozygosity at 1q32 and 1q42-44 was frequently found. These tumors are associated with poor prognosis and frequent spread to regional lymph nodes. At the moment, morphology is the best tool to recognize these tumors. Proper diagnosis of this syndrome by the pathologist may assist in early detection of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Foster RE, Abdulrahman M, Morris MR, Prigmore E, Gribble S, Ng B, Gentle D, Ready S, Weston PMT, Wiesener MS, Kishida T, Yao M, Davison V, Barbero JL, Chu C, Carter NP, Latif F, Maher ER. Characterization of a 3;6 translocation associated with renal cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:311-7. [PMID: 17205537 PMCID: PMC2695133 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent cause of familial clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is von Hippel-Lindau disease and the VHL tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is inactivated in most sporadic clear cell RCC. Although there is relatively little information on the mechanisms of tumorigenesis of clear cell RCC without VHL inactivation, a subset of familial cases harbors a balanced constitutional chromosome 3 translocation. To date nine different chromosome 3 translocations have been associated with familial or multicentric clear cell RCC; and in three cases chromosome 6 was also involved. To identify candidate genes for renal tumorigenesis we characterized a constitutional translocation, t(3;6)(q22;q16.1) associated with multicentric RCC without evidence of VHL target gene dysregulation. Analysis of breakpoint sequences revealed a 1.3-kb deletion on chromosome 6 within the intron of a 2 exon predicted gene (NT_007299.434). However, RT-PCR analysis failed to detect the expression of this gene in lymphoblast, fibroblast, or kidney tumor cell lines. No known genes were disrupted by the translocation breakpoints but several candidate TSGs (e.g., EPHB1, EPHA7, PPP2R3A RNF184, and STAG1) map within close proximity to the breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Foster
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Mahera Abdulrahman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Mark R. Morris
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Elena Prigmore
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB101SA, UK
| | - Susan Gribble
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB101SA, UK
| | - Beeling Ng
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB101SA, UK
| | - Dean Gentle
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Steven Ready
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Phil M. T. Weston
- Department of Urology, Orchard House, Pinderfields and Pontefract NHS Trust, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF14DG, UK
| | - Michael S. Wiesener
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Takeshi Kishida
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Val Davison
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Jose Luis Barbero
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Carol Chu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St.James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nigel P. Carter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB101SA, UK
| | - Farida Latif
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Birmingham B152TT, UK
- Correspondence to: Prof. E. R. Maher, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
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Zbar B, Glenn G, Merino M, Middelton L, Peterson J, Toro J, Coleman J, Pinto P, Schmidt LS, Choyke P, Linehan WM. Familial Renal Carcinoma: Clinical Evaluation, Clinical Subtypes and Risk of Renal Carcinoma Development. J Urol 2007; 177:461-5; discussion 465. [PMID: 17222609 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Familial renal carcinoma is defined as families with 2 or more individuals with renal cell carcinoma without evidence of known hereditary renal carcinoma syndromes. To better characterize this familial cancer we reviewed renal carcinoma families evaluated at the National Cancer Institute between 1990 and 2004 to identify distinctive features of these families. We also determined the risk of renal carcinoma in first-degree relatives of affected family members. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 141 at risk asymptomatic relatives of affected individuals from 50 families with 2 or more members with renal carcinoma. Histology slides of renal tumors from affected family members were reviewed. At risk members from renal carcinoma families were screened for occult renal neoplasms by renal ultrasound and computerized tomography. DNA from select families was tested for germline mutations of known renal carcinoma genes when clinically indicated and constitutional cytogenetic analysis was performed to search for germline chromosome alterations. RESULTS Familial renal carcinoma families could be subdivided into subtypes based on tumor multiplicity and renal tumor histology. Of 141 at risk members of renal carcinoma families screened for occult renal tumors 2 were found to have occult renal tumors, which were identified as renal oncocytoma and a solid tumor that was not resected, respectively. No histologically confirmed occult renal carcinomas were detected in at risk family members. Several families previously classified as having familial renal carcinoma were found on further evaluation to have hereditary renal cancer syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Familial renal carcinoma is a heterogeneous clinical and pathological entity. Familial renal carcinoma was subdivided into groups based on tumor multiplicity and tumor pathology. The empirical risk of histologically documented renal carcinoma in first-degree relatives who were members of familial renal carcinoma families was less than 1:141. One renal oncocytoma and 1 small solid renal tumor were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berton Zbar
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1107, USA.
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Skolarikos AA, Papatsoris AG, Alivizatos G, Deliveliotis C. Molecular pathogenetics of renal cancer. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:218-31. [PMID: 16733347 DOI: 10.1159/000093631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genetics and molecular biology have led to an increased understanding of the pathobiology of renal cancer. Thorough knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with renal cancer is a prerequisite for novel potential therapeutic interventions. Studies are ongoing to evaluate novel anticancer agents that target specific molecular entities. This article reviews current knowledge on the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of sporadic and inherited forms of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Skolarikos
- Athens Medical School, 2nd Department of Urology, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Abstract
RCC represents a group of clinically and genetically diverse diseases. Familial RCC syndromes, although rare, provide an invaluable model to study the molecular mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis. Many causative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been identified and it is now possible to identify the affected individuals and carriers by genetic testing. Understanding of the molecular pathways of these genes will have a significant impact on the diagnosis and treatment of familial and sporadic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cohen
- The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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15
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Abstract
Germline inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene causes the von Hippel-Lindau hereditary cancer syndrome, and somatic mutations of this gene have been linked to the development of sporadic hemangioblastomas and clear-cell renal carcinomas. The VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL), through its oxygen-dependent polyubiquitylation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), plays a central role in the mammalian oxygen-sensing pathway. This interaction between pVHL and HIF is governed by post-translational prolyl hydroxylation of HIF in the presence of oxygen by a conserved family of Egl-nine (EGLN) enzymes. In the absence of pVHL, HIF becomes stabilized and is free to induce the expression of its target genes, many of which are important in regulating angiogenesis, cell growth, or cell survival. Moreover, preliminary data indicate that HIF plays a critical role in pVHL-defective tumor formation, raising the possibility that drugs directed against HIF or its downstream targets (such as vascular endothelial growth factor) might one day play a role in the treatment of hemangioblastoma and renal cell carcinoma. On the other hand, clear genotype-phenotype correlations are emerging in VHL disease and can be rationalized if pVHL has functions separate from its control of HIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Y Kim
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Richard S, Lidereau R, Giraud S. The growing family of hereditary renal cell carcinoma. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:2954-8. [PMID: 15507478 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfh535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Richard
- Génétique Oncologique EPHE, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Pavlovich
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Brady Urological Institute, A-345, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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19
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Chen J, Lui WO, Vos MD, Clark GJ, Takahashi M, Schoumans J, Khoo SK, Petillo D, Lavery T, Sugimura J, Astuti D, Zhang C, Kagawa S, Maher ER, Larsson C, Alberts AS, Kanayama HO, Teh BT. The t(1;3) breakpoint-spanning genes LSAMP and NORE1 are involved in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Cell 2003; 4:405-13. [PMID: 14667507 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By positional cloning, we identified two breakpoint-spanning genes in a familial clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC)-associated t(1;3)(q32.1;q13.3): LSAMP and NORE1 (RASSF1 homolog). Both genes are downregulated in 9 of 9 RCC cell lines. While the NORE1A promoter predominantly presents partial methylation in 6 of the cell lines and 17/53 (32%) primary tumors, the LSAMP promoter is completely methylated in 5 of 9 cell lines and in 14/53 (26%) sporadic and 4 familial CCRCCs. Expression of LSAMP and NORE1A proteins in CCRCC cell lines inhibited cell proliferation. These characteristics indicate that LSAMP and NORE1A may represent new candidate tumor suppressors for CCRCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Methylation
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Chen
- Lab of Cancer Genetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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20
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic basis of familial renal neoplasia. Identification of key genes in the pathogenesis of various hereditary renal cancer syndromes has provided opportunities to screen family members at risk and to explore the significance of these genetic abnormalities in the development and genesis of much more common sporadic counterparts. As researchers continue to delineate critical carcinogenic pathways and accumulate expansive knowledge on oncogenic mechanisms driving cancer initiation and progression at the cellular and molecular levels, this information will be integrated and translated into effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that will dictate clinical management of all renal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hwang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg#10, Room 2B47, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Abstract
The recognition of hereditary forms of renal cancer and the development of high-throughput genetic analysis have led to the identification of genes responsible for familial renal epithelial tumors of differing histologies and cytogenetic features. Some of these genes (VHL) are known to have an important role in sporadic renal neoplasia. This article describes the various epithelial renal tumors most commonly encountered by the urologist, the molecular and cytogenetic distinctions between them, and the hereditary syndromes that predispose to these tumors. Consideration of these syndromes is important for proper treatment when one encounters patients with multiple renal tumors, tumors at an early age of onset, or patients with a positive family history of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Pavlovich
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, A-345 Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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22
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Abstract
We studied families with multiple members affected with renal cancer to delineate clinically distinct forms of inherited renal cancer, and to identify and characterize the genes responsible for these disorders. Today, cancer geneticists recognize seven clinically distinct, inherited forms of epithelial renal cancer; genes responsible for five inherited predispositions have been found. Positional cloning efforts for one kidney cancer gene are nearing completion. These discoveries will provide diagnostic tests for these diseases, a foundation for studies of the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and a basis for studies of the pathophysiology of the diverse types of epithelial renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berton Zbar
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zimmer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, MGH Familial Renal Cancer Clinic, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Gudbjartsson T, Jónasdóttir TJ, Thoroddsen A, Einarsson GV, Jónsdóttir GM, Kristjánsson K, Hardarson S, Magnússon K, Gulcher J, Stefánsson K, Amundadóttir LT. A population-based familial aggregation analysis indicates genetic contribution in a majority of renal cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:476-9. [PMID: 12115533 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of RCC is incompletely understood and the inherited genetic contribution uncertain. Although there are rare mendelian forms of RCC stemming from inherited mutations, most cases are thought to be sporadic. We sought to determine the extent of familial aggregation among Icelandic RCC patients in general. Medical and pathologic records for all patients diagnosed with RCC in Iceland between 1955 and 1999 were reviewed. This included a total of 1,078 RCC cases, 660 males and 418 females. With the use of an extensive computerized database containing genealogic information on 630,000 people in Iceland during the past 11 centuries, several analyses were conducted to determine whether the patients were more related to each other than members drawn at random from the population. Patients with RCC were significantly more related to each other than were subjects in matched groups of controls. This relatedness extended beyond the nuclear family. RRs were significantly greater than 1.0 for siblings, parents and cousins of probands. RRs were 2-3 for first-degree relatives and 1.6 for third-degree relatives. The risk of RCC is significantly higher for members of the extended family of an affected individual, as well as the nuclear family. Our results indicate that germline mutations are significantly involved in what has been defined as sporadic RCC.
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25
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Bodmer D, Eleveld M, Ligtenberg M, Weterman M, van der Meijden A, Koolen M, Hulsbergen-van der Kaa C, Smits A, Smeets D, Geurts van Kessel A. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of early stage renal cell carcinomas in a family with a translocation (2;3)(q35;q21). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 134:6-12. [PMID: 11996788 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described a family with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a constitutional balanced t(2;3) (q35;q21). Based on loss of heterozygosity and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutation analyses in five tumor biopsies from three patients in this family, we proposed a multistep model for RCC development in which the familial translocation may act as a primary oncogenic event leading to (nondisjunctional) loss of the translocation-derived chromosome 3, and somatic mutation of the VHL gene as a secondary event related to tumor progression. Here, we describe the cytogenetic and molecular analysis of three novel tumors at early stages of development in two members of this family. Again, loss of derivative chromosome 3 was found in two of these tumors and a VHL mutation in one of them. In the third tumor, however, none of these abnormalities could be detected. These results underline our previous notion that loss of derivative chromosome 3 and VHL gene mutation play critical roles in familial RCC. In addition, they show that both anomalies may occur at relatively early stages of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Bodmer
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Duffy K, Al-Saleem T, Karbowniczek M, Ewalt D, Prowse AH, Henske EP. Mutational analysis of the von hippel lindau gene in clear cell renal carcinomas from tuberous sclerosis complex patients. Mod Pathol 2002; 15:205-10. [PMID: 11904337 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by seizures, mental retardation, autism, and tumors of multiple organs. Renal disease in TSC includes angiomyolipomas, cysts, and renal cell carcinomas. It is known that somatic mutations in the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occur in most clear cell renal carcinomas. To determine whether TSC-associated clear cell carcinomas also contain VHL mutations, we analyzed six tumors for loss of heterozygosity in the VHL gene region of chromosome 3p and for mutations in the VHL gene. Four of the patients were women between the ages of 34 and 68 years, and two were males under the age of 21 years. The loss of heterozygosity analysis was performed using polymorphic microsatellite markers, and the mutational analysis was performed using direct sequencing. Chromosome 3p loss of heterozygosity was not detected, and no VHL mutations were identified. These findings suggest that mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes lead to clear cell renal carcinogenesis via an alternate pathway not involving VHL mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duffy
- Medical Oncology Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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27
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Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease (MIM 193300) is the most common cause of familial clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL disease results from germline mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene and is characterized by variable expression and the development of benign and malignant neoplasms in multiple organs. The clinical management of VHL disease is challenging and requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. However, early detection of VHL tumors by annual surveillance has improved the prognosis for VHL gene carriers. Complex genotype-phenotype correlations for the major manifestations of VHL disease result from allelic heterogeneity and suggest that the VHL gene product has multiple and tissue-specific functions. Recent studies suggest that the VHL protein represents the adaptor unit of an Skp1-Cdc53/Cul1-F-box (SCF)-like protein complex which targets specific proteins for ubiquitinylation and proteolysis. Tumors from VHL patients and sporadic tumors with VHL gene inactivation (e.g., most clear cell RCC) are hypervascular and overexpress hypoxia-inducible mRNAs such as vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF). Recently, pVHL has been shown to regulate proteolysis of the transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 (EPAS). Thus absence or inactivation of pVHL leads to constitutive HIF-1 and HIF-2 expression, which activates transcription of VEGF and other hypoxia-inducible mRNAs. Evidence for further pVHL functions including roles in fibronectin metabolism and cell cycle regulation has also been reported, but it is unclear whether these functions are mediated via pVHL-targeted proteolysis or other mechanisms. Clinical and laboratory studies of VHL disease have provided a paradigm for demonstrating the importance of familial cancer syndromes in elucidating mechanisms of tumorigenesis in familial and sporadic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Clifford
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumorigenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has partially come from studies of RCC related familial cancer syndromes such as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease and hereditary papillary RCC (HPRC). These studies have led to the identification of RCC related genes, which, besides allowing accurate diagnosis of these diseases, have been found mutated or abnormally expressed in the sporadic counterparts of these familial renal tumours. To date, a number of renal tumour related syndromes have been described. We review recent advances in this field and discuss a genetic approach to managing familial cases of renal tumours occasionally encountered by cancer geneticists and urologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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29
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Rae FK, Hooper JD, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Nicol DL, Clements JA. TTYH2, a human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster gene tweety, is located on 17q24 and upregulated in renal cell carcinoma. Genomics 2001; 77:200-7. [PMID: 11597145 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Using differential display PCR, we identified a novel gene upregulated in renal cell carcinoma. Characterization of the full-length cDNA and gene revealed that the encoded protein is a human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster Tweety protein, and so we have termed the novel protein TTYH2. The orthologous mouse cDNA was also identified and the predicted mouse protein is 81% identical to the human protein. The encoded human TTYH2 protein is 534 amino acids and, like the other members of the tweety-related protein family, is a putative cell surface protein with five transmembrane regions. TTYH2 is located at 17q24; it is expressed most highly in brain and testis and at lower levels in heart, ovary, spleen, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Expression of this gene is upregulated in 13 of 16 (81%) renal cell carcinoma samples examined. In addition to a putative role in brain and testis, the over-expression of TTYH2 in renal cell carcinoma suggests that it may have an important role in kidney tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Rae
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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30
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Clifford SC, Astuti D, Hooper L, Maxwell PH, Ratcliffe PJ, Maher ER. The pVHL-associated SCF ubiquitin ligase complex: molecular genetic analysis of elongin B and C, Rbx1 and HIF-1alpha in renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2001; 20:5067-74. [PMID: 11526493 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2000] [Revised: 01/23/2001] [Accepted: 01/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The VHL gene product (pVHL) forms a multimeric complex with the elongin B and C, Cul2 and Rbx1 proteins (VCBCR complex), which is homologous to the SCF family of ubiquitin ligase complexes. The VCBCR complex binds HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, transcription factors critically involved in cellular responses to hypoxia, and targets them for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Germline mutations in the VHL gene cause susceptibility to haemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), phaeochromocytoma and other tumours. In addition somatic inactivation of the VHL gene occurs in most sporadic clear cell RCC (CC-RCC). However, the absence of somatic VHL inactivation in 30-40% of CC-RCC implies the involvement of other gatekeeper genes in CC-RCC development. We reasoned that in CC-RCC without VHL inactivation, other pVHL-interacting proteins might be defective. To assess the role of elongin B/C, Rbx1 and HIF-1alpha in RCC tumorigenesis we (a) mapped the genes to chromosomes 8q(cen) (elongin C), 16p13.3 (elongin B) and 22q11.2 (Rbx1) by FISH, monochromosomal somatic cell hybrid panel screening and in silico GenBank homology searching; (b) determined the genomic organisation of elongin C (by direct sequencing of PAC clones), Rbx1 and elongin B (by GenBank homology searching); and (c) performed mutation analysis of exons comprising the coding regions of elongins B, C and Rbx1 and the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-1alpha by SSCP screening and direct sequencing in 35 sporadic clear cell RCC samples without VHL gene inactivation and in 13 individuals with familial non-VHL clear cell RCC. No coding region sequence variations were detected for the elongin B, elongin C or Rbx1 genes. Two amino acid substitutions (Pro582Ser and Ala588Thr) were identified in the oxygen-dependent degradation/pVHL binding domain of HIF-1alpha, however neither substitution was observed exclusively in tumour samples. Association analysis in panels of CC-RCC and non-neoplastic samples using the RFLPs generated by each variant did not reveal allelic frequency differences between RCC patients and controls (P>0.32 by chi-squared analysis). Nevertheless, the significance of these variations and their potential for modulation of HIF-1alpha function merits further investigation in both other tumour types and in non-neoplastic disease. Taken together with our previous Cul2 mutation analysis these data suggest that development of sporadic and familial RCC is not commonly contributed to by genetic events altering the destruction domain of HIF-1alpha, or components of the HIF-alpha destruction complex other than VHL itself. Although (a) activation of HIF could occur through mutation of another region of HIF-a, and (b) epigenetic silencing of elongin B/C, Cul2 or Rbx1 cannot be excluded, these findings suggest that pVHL may represent the sole mutational target through which the VCBR complex is disrupted in CC-RCC. HIF response is activated in CC-RCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Clifford
- Section of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Division of Reproductive and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Dreijerink K, Braga E, Kuzmin I, Geil L, Duh FM, Angeloni D, Zbar B, Lerman MI, Stanbridge EJ, Minna JD, Protopopov A, Li J, Kashuba V, Klein G, Zabarovsky ER. The candidate tumor suppressor gene, RASSF1A, from human chromosome 3p21.3 is involved in kidney tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7504-9. [PMID: 11390984 PMCID: PMC34698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131216298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell-type renal cell carcinomas (clear RCC) are characterized almost universally by loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 3p, which usually involves any combination of three regions: 3p25-p26 (harboring the VHL gene), 3p12-p14.2 (containing the FHIT gene), and 3p21-p22, implying inactivation of the resident tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). For the 3p21-p22 region, the affected TSGs remain, at present, unknown. Recently, the RAS association family 1 gene (isoform RASSF1A), located at 3p21.3, has been identified as a candidate lung and breast TSG. In this report, we demonstrate aberrant silencing by hypermethylation of RASSF1A in both VHL-caused clear RCC tumors and clear RCC without VHL inactivation. We found hypermethylation of RASSF1A's GC-rich putative promoter region in most of analyzed samples, including 39 of 43 primary tumors (91%). The promoter was methylated partially or completely in all 18 RCC cell lines analyzed. Methylation of the GC-rich putative RASSF1A promoter region and loss of transcription of the corresponding mRNA were related causally. RASSF1A expression was reactivated after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Forced expression of RASSF1A transcripts in KRC/Y, a renal carcinoma cell line containing a normal and expressed VHL gene, suppressed growth on plastic dishes and anchorage-independent colony formation in soft agar. Mutant RASSF1A had reduced growth suppression activity significantly. These data suggest that RASSF1A is the candidate renal TSG gene for the 3p21.3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dreijerink
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corporation, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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32
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Launonen V, Vierimaa O, Kiuru M, Isola J, Roth S, Pukkala E, Sistonen P, Herva R, Aaltonen LA. Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3387-92. [PMID: 11248088 PMCID: PMC30663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051633798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the clinical, histopathological, and molecular features of a cancer syndrome with predisposition to uterine leiomyomas and papillary renal cell carcinoma. The studied kindred included 11 family members with uterine leiomyomas and two with uterine leiomyosarcoma. Seven individuals had a history of cutaneous nodules, two of which were confirmed to be cutaneous leiomyomatosis. The four kidney cancer cases occurred in young (33- to 48-year-old) females and displayed a unique natural history. All these kidney cancers displayed a distinct papillary histology and presented as unilateral solitary lesions that had metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Genetic-marker analysis mapped the predisposition gene to chromosome 1q. Losses of the normal chromosome 1q were observed in tumors that had occurred in the kindred, including a uterine leiomyoma. Moreover, the observed histological features were used as a tool to diagnose a second kindred displaying the phenotype. We have shown that predisposition to uterine leiomyomas and papillary renal cell cancer can be inherited dominantly through the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) gene. The HLRCC gene maps to chromosome 1q and is likely to be a tumor suppressor. Clinical, histopathological, and molecular tools are now available for accurate detection and diagnosis of this cancer syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Launonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 21, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Kanayama H, Lui WO, Takahashi M, Naroda T, Kedra D, Wong FK, Kuroki Y, Nakahori Y, Larsson C, Kagawa S, Teh BT. Association of a novel constitutional translocation t(1q;3q) with familial renal cell carcinoma. J Med Genet 2001; 38:165-70. [PMID: 11238683 PMCID: PMC1734822 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Four cases of late onset clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a case of gastric cancer, and a case of exocrine pancreatic cancer were identified in a Japanese family. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanism for tumorigenesis in this family, extensive genetic studies were performed including routine and spectral karyotyping (SKY), fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), loss of heterozygosity studies (LOH), and VHL mutation analysis. A germline translocation t(1;3)(q32-q41;q13-q21) was identified by karyotyping in five members of the family including all three RCC cases tested. The translocation was refined to t(1;3)(q32;q13.3) by FISH analysis using locus specific genomic clones, and the two breakpoints were mapped to a 5 cM region in 3q13.3 and a 3.6 cM region in 1q32. Both CGH and allelotyping using microsatellite markers showed loss of the derivative chromosome 3 carrying a 1q segment in the three familial RCCs analysed. Additional chromosomal imbalances were identified by CGH, including amplifications of chromosomes 5 and 7 and loss of 8p and 9. No germline VHL mutation was found but two different somatic mutations, a splice (IVS1-2A>C) and a frameshift (726delG), were identified in two RCCs from the same patient confirming their distinct origin. Taken together, these results firmly support a three step model for tumorigenesis in this family. A constitutional translocation t(1q;3q) increased the susceptibility to loss of the derivative chromosome 3 which is then followed by somatic mutations of the RCC related tumour suppressor gene VHL located in the remaining copy of chromosome 3.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Family Health
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Ligases
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Pedigree
- Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanayama
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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34
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Rae FK, Stephenson SA, Nicol DL, Clements JA. Novel association of a diverse range of genes with renal cell carcinoma as identified by differential display. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:726-32. [PMID: 11072240 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001201)88:5<726::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have used differential-display PCR (DD-PCR) to compare renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) and normal kidney gene expression with the aim of identifying genes specifically associated with RCC. Using a modified DD-PCR approach, which was non-radioactive, quicker and simpler than the conventional method, 24 cDNA samples were clearly up- or down-regulated in RCC tissue from 4 patients. Fourteen of these showed high similarity to a number of known genes. Eight of these cDNA clones were chosen for further analysis. These were a regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS-5), Notch-3, Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit, HLA class II antigen, ETS-like protein, transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone (TSC-22), bladder cancer-related protein (BC10) and adipophilin. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR using specific primers to each of these genes confirmed differential expression in 67% to 83% of a further 12 RCC and normal kidney paired samples from 7 of the 8 cDNA clones. Northern analysis further confirmed the up-regulation in expression of RGS-5 and Notch-3 in RCC. Further characterisation of these differentially expressed genes should lead to a better understanding of the changes that occur at the molecular level during RCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Rae
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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35
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Beales PL, Reid HA, Griffiths MH, Maher ER, Flinter FA, Woolf AS. Renal cancer and malformations in relatives of patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1977-85. [PMID: 11096143 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.12.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder with five loci identified thus far. The spectrum of disease includes diverse malformations of the kidney and lower urinary tract. The incidence of BBS is approximately 1/100,000 with a predicted heterozygote frequency of 1/160, and it has been suggested that heterozygotes are at increased risk of obesity and hypertension. METHODS We describe renal disease in relatives of 109 UK BBS patients. Using PCR with fluorescent microsatellite markers we amplified DNA derived from renal tumours of affected parents to determine whether there was loss of heterozygosity at any of four BBS loci and two other gene loci associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC). RESULTS CC-RCC was diagnosed in three of 180 BBS parents and there was loss of heterozygosity at BBS1 (11q13) in the tumour tissue of one of these subjects. In addition, there was a high incidence of renal agenesis in siblings of BBS patients and two BBS families were identified with apparently dominant inheritance of renal malformations. In one family we were able to demonstrate that renal malformations segregated with the BBS2 locus (16q21). CONCLUSIONS Since all parents and two-thirds of siblings of BBS patients must be heterozygous for BBS mutations, our observations may implicate BBS genes in the pathogenesis of both renal cancer and malformations, both disorders of precursor cell growth and differentiation. We suggest these observations may have important implications for screening potential BBS carriers for kidney disease and may lead to a greater understanding of the aetiology of renal disease in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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36
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Abstract
This review summarizes information on inherited epithelial tumors of the kidney. Emphasis is placed on identifying clinically distinct inherited forms of renal cancer because each distinct clinical syndrome defines a different renal cancer susceptibility gene. So far, two genes that predispose to epithelial cancers of the kidney have been identified, VHL and the MET proto-oncogene. Available evidence suggests that several renal cancer genes remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zbar
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Divison of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Woodward ER, Clifford SC, Astuti D, Affara NA, Maher ER. Familial clear cell renal cell carcinoma (FCRC): clinical features and mutation analysis of the VHL, MET, and CUL2 candidate genes. J Med Genet 2000; 37:348-53. [PMID: 10807693 PMCID: PMC1734586 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.5.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Familial renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is genetically heterogeneous. Genetic predisposition to clear cell RCC (CCRCC) is a major feature of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease (MIM 193300) and has rarely been associated with chromosome 3 translocations. In addition, familial papillary (non-clear cell) RCC may result from germline mutations in the MET proto-oncogene (MIM 164860). However, rare kindreds with familial CCRCC (FCRC) not linked to the VHL tumour suppressor gene have been described suggesting that further familial RCC susceptibility genes exist. To investigate the genetic epidemiology of FCRC, we undertook a clinical and molecular study of FCRC in nine kindreds with two or more cases of CCRCC in first degree relatives. FCRC was characterised by an earlier age at onset (mean 47.1 years, 52% of cases <50 years of age) than sporadic cases. These findings differ from the only previous report of two FCRC kindreds and have important implications for renal surveillance in FCRC. The molecular basis of CCRCC susceptibility was investigated in nine FCRC kindreds and seven isolated cases with features of possible genetic susceptibility to CCRCC (four bilateral CCRCC aged <50 years and three with unilateral CCRCC aged <30 years). No germline mutations were detected in the VHL or MET genes, suggesting that FCRC is not allelic with VHL disease or HPRC. As binding of the VHL gene product to the CUL2 protein is important for pVHL function, we then searched for germline CUL2 mutations. Although CUL2 polymorphisms were identified, no pathogenic mutations were detected. These findings further define the clinical features of FCRC and exclude a major role for mutations in VHL, MET, or CUL2 in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Woodward
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Clifford SC, Walsh S, Hewson K, Green EK, Brinke A, Green PM, Gianelli F, Eng C, Maher ER. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the humanCUL2 gene and the role of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor-binding protein (CUL2 and VBP1) mutation and loss in renal-cell carcinoma development. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199909)26:1<20::aid-gcc3>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Abstract
Studies of families with inherited carcinomas have provided powerful tools to identify the genes involved in the pathogenesis of human cancers. In this review, we summarize the clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics of the inherited carcinomas of the kidney. We emphasize the observation that different genes predispose to histologically different types of renal carcinoma. Hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, a recently described inherited disorder, is discussed in detail along with the predisposing gene, the MET protooncogene. The data support a classification of renal carcinomas based on molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zbar
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by the development of vascular tumors of the central nervous system and retina, clear cell renal carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic islet cell tumors, endolymphatic sac tumors, and benign cysts affecting a variety of organs. VHL disease is caused by germline mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p25. Tumor development in this setting is due to inactivation or loss of the remaining wild-type allele in a susceptible cell. The highly vascular nature of VHL-associated neoplasms can be understood in light of the recent finding that the VHL gene product (pVHL) inhibits the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible mRNAs, such as the mRNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), under normoxic conditions. This property of pVHL appears to be linked to its ability to bind to complexes containing elongin B, elongin C, and cullin 2 (Cul2). Elongin C and Cul2, based on their homology with Skp1 and Cdc53, respectively, are suspected of targeting certain proteins for covalent modification with ubiquitin and hence for degradation. One model, which remains to be tested, is that the binding of pVHL to elongins B/C and Cul2 affects the ubiquitination of RNA-binding proteins that regulate the stability of hypoxia-inducible mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Maher
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK
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