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Nuñez IA, Crane A, Crozier I, Worwa G, Kuhn JH. Treatment of highly virulent mammarenavirus infections-status quo and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:537-551. [PMID: 38606475 PMCID: PMC11069405 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2340494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammarenaviruses are negative-sense bisegmented enveloped RNA viruses that are endemic in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Several are highly virulent, causing acute human diseases associated with high case fatality rates, and are considered to be significant with respect to public health impact or bioterrorism threat. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the status quo of treatment development, starting with drugs that are in advanced stages of evaluation in early clinical trials, followed by promising candidate medical countermeasures emerging from bench analyses and investigational animal research. EXPERT OPINION Specific therapeutic treatments for diseases caused by mammarenaviruses remain limited to the off-label use of ribavirin and transfusion of convalescent sera. Progress in identifying novel candidate medical countermeasures against mammarenavirus infection has been slow in part because of the biosafety and biosecurity requirements. However, novel methodologies and tools have enabled increasingly efficient high-throughput molecular screens of regulatory-agency-approved small-molecule drugs and led to the identification of several compounds that could be repurposed for the treatment of infection with several mammarenaviruses. Unfortunately, most of them have not yet been evaluated in vivo. The most promising treatment under development is a monoclonal antibody cocktail that is protective against multiple lineages of the Lassa virus in nonhuman primate disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Perichon AM, Acosta A, Di Tulio L, Munuce MJ, Pezzotto S, Bottasso O, Nannini EC. Factors associated with mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease treated with convalescent plasma. mBio 2023; 14:e0177723. [PMID: 37938024 PMCID: PMC10746148 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of convalescent plasma (CP) for hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection might be a useful option in certain settings. Soon after the outbreak of COVID-19, the National Ministry of Health of Argentina recommended the use of CP transfusion for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease. Between 1 June and 3 October 2020, 480 patients, excluding those on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), received at least one CP infusion in the province of Santa Fe. We aimed to find factors associated with mortality among this cohort of patients. The median age was 60 years (interquartile range: 49-69 years) and 320 (66.7%) were males. Most of these patients (93.75%) received a single CP infusion, 82.1% and 95.6% before day 4 and day 7 of hospitalization, respectively. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers were determined in the CP units administered using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay. At 28 days of follow-up, 250 patients were discharged (52.1%), 131 (27.3%) remained hospitalized without and 16 (3.3%) with oxygen requirement, 27 (5.6%) were on IMV, and 56 (11.7%) had died. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the factors significantly associated with 28-day mortality were (i) requirement of IMV, (ii) the administration of CP after the third day of hospitalization, (iii) age, and (iv) number of comorbidities. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the infused CP were not associated with mortality. Our findings may imply a seemingly favorable effect of CP administration among patients with severe COVID-19 disease when infused sooner after hospitalization.IMPORTANCEThe use of convalescent plasma (CP) could be an option for patients with severe COVID-19, especially in poor-resource countries where direct antiviral drugs are not commercially available. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration limits the CP administration for outpatients and inpatients with COVID-19 who are immunocompromised and only if high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are confirmed in the CP unit. Although most of the randomized clinical trials failed to show a clear-cut benefit of CP in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, other studies have shown that if given early in the course of the disease, it might be a useful therapeutic option. In this retrospective study, we demonstrated that early treatment (within 3 days of hospitalization) was significantly associated with reduced 28-day mortality compared with those patients treated beyond day 3. The results from our study add up to the scientific evidence on the use of CP as a relatively safe, cheap, and possibly effective therapy in certain patients suffering from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M. Perichon
- Centro Único de Donación, Ablación e Implante de Órganos, Ministerio de Salud, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Acosta
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia Sur, Ministerio de Salud, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Liliana Di Tulio
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia Sur, Ministerio de Salud, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria José Munuce
- Laboratorio de Medicina Reproductiva–Área Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Stella Pezzotto
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo de Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Oscar Bottasso
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo de Investigaciones, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Esteban C. Nannini
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
- Servicio de Infectología, Sanatorio Británico, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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A MOPEVAC multivalent vaccine induces sterile protection against New World arenaviruses in non-human primates. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:64-76. [PMID: 36604507 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic New World arenaviruses (NWAs) cause haemorrhagic fevers and can have high mortality rates, as shown in outbreaks in South America. Neutralizing antibodies (Abs) are critical for protection from NWAs. Having shown that the MOPEVAC vaccine, based on a hyperattenuated arenavirus, induces neutralizing Abs against Lassa fever, we hypothesized that expression of NWA glycoproteins in this platform might protect against NWAs. Cynomolgus monkeys immunized with MOPEVACMAC, targeting Machupo virus, prevented the lethality of this virus and induced partially NWA cross-reactive neutralizing Abs. We then developed the pentavalent MOPEVACNEW vaccine, expressing glycoproteins from all pathogenic South American NWAs. Immunization of cynomolgus monkeys with MOPEVACNEW induced neutralizing Abs against five NWAs, strong innate followed by adaptive immune responses as detected by transcriptomics and provided sterile protection against Machupo virus and the genetically distant Guanarito virus. MOPEVACNEW may thus be efficient to protect against existing and potentially emerging NWAs.
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Abstract
Lassa Fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. LF begins with flu-like symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other common endemic diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever making it hard to diagnose clinically. Availability of a rapid diagnostic test and other serological and molecular assays facilitates accurate diagnosis of LF. Lassa virus therapeutics are currently in different stages of preclinical development. Arevirumab, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, demonstrates a great safety and efficacy profile in non-human primates. Major efforts have been made in the development of a Lassa virus vaccine. Two vaccine candidates, MeV-NP and pLASV-GPC are undergoing evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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Zeitlin L, Cone RA. Special focus issue: passive immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2028517. [PMID: 35507828 PMCID: PMC9090283 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2028517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ng WM, Sahin M, Krumm SA, Seow J, Zeltina A, Harlos K, Paesen GC, Pinschewer DD, Doores KJ, Bowden TA. Contrasting Modes of New World Arenavirus Neutralization by Immunization-Elicited Monoclonal Antibodies. mBio 2022; 13:e0265021. [PMID: 35315691 PMCID: PMC9040744 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02650-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of the New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses Junín virus (JUNV) and Machupo virus (MACV) to humans is facilitated, in part, by the interaction between the arenavirus GP1 glycoprotein and the human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1). We utilize a mouse model of live-attenuated immunization with envelope exchange viruses to isolate neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs) specific to JUNV GP1 and MACV GP1. Structures of two NAbs, termed JUN1 and MAC1, demonstrate that they neutralize through disruption of hTfR1 recognition. JUN1 utilizes a binding mode common to all characterized infection- and vaccine-elicited JUNV-specific NAbs, which involves mimicking hTfR1 binding through the insertion of a tyrosine into the receptor-binding site. In contrast, MAC1 undergoes a tyrosine-mediated mode of antigen recognition distinct from that used by the reported anti-JUNV NAbs and the only other characterized anti-MACV NAb. These data reveal the varied modes of GP1-specific recognition among New World arenaviruses by the antibody-mediated immune response. IMPORTANCE The GP1 subcomponent of the New World arenavirus GP is a primary target of the neutralizing antibody response, which has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of infection. Here, we characterize the structural basis of the antibody-mediated immune response that arises from immunization of mice against Junín virus and Machupo virus, two rodent-borne zoonotic New World arenaviruses. We isolate a panel of GP1-specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize overlapping epitopes and exhibit neutralizing behavior, in vitro. Structural characterization of two of these antibodies indicates that antibody recognition likely interferes with GP1-mediated recognition of the transferrin receptor 1. These data provide molecular-level detail for a key region of vulnerability on the New World arenavirus surface and a blueprint for therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng M. Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie A. Krumm
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Bagri A, Assis RR, Tsai C, Simmons G, Mei ZW, Von Goetz M, Gatmaitan M, Stone M, Di Germanio C, Martinelli R, Darst O, Rioveros J, Robinson PV, Ward D, Ziman A, Seftel D, Khan S, Busch MP, Felgner PL, Corash LM. Antibody profiles in
COVID
‐19 convalescent plasma prepared with Amotosalen/
UVA
pathogen reduction treatment. Transfusion 2022; 62:570-583. [PMID: 35128658 PMCID: PMC9115453 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP), from donors recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, is one of the limited therapeutic options currently available for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID‐19. There is growing evidence that CCP may reduce viral loads and disease severity; and reduce mortality. However, concerns about the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTI) and other complications associated with transfusion of plasma, remain. Amotosalen/UVA pathogen reduction treatment (A/UVA‐PRT) of plasma offers a mitigation of TTI risk, and when combined with pooling has the potential to increase the diversity of the polyclonal SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibodies. Study design and methods This study assessed the impact of A/UVA‐PRT on SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in 42 CCP using multiple complimentary assays including antigen binding, neutralizing, and epitope microarrays. Other mediators of CCP efficacy were also assessed. Results A/UVA‐PRT did not negatively impact antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viral epitopes, had no impact on neutralizing activity or other potential mediators of CCP efficacy. Finally, immune cross‐reactivity with other coronavirus antigens was observed raising the potential for neutralizing activity against other emergent coronaviruses. Conclusion The findings of this study support the selection of effective CCP combined with the use of A/UVA‐PRT in the production of CCP for patients with COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Bagri
- Cerus Corporation Concord California United States
| | - Rafael R. Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics School of Medicine, University of California Irvine Irvine California United States
| | - Cheng‐ting Tsai
- ENable Biosciences Inc South San Francisco California United States
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California United States
| | - Zhen W. Mei
- Wing‐Kwai and Alice Lee‐Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California United States
| | | | | | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California United States
| | - Jowin Rioveros
- Wing‐Kwai and Alice Lee‐Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - Dawn Ward
- Wing‐Kwai and Alice Lee‐Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Wing‐Kwai and Alice Lee‐Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - David Seftel
- ENable Biosciences Inc South San Francisco California United States
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of California Irvine Health Orange California United States
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics School of Medicine, University of California Irvine Irvine California United States
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Sahu A, Prakash S, Singh AK, Mukherjee S. Analysis of responses of the health care workers recovered from COVID-19 on convalescent plasma donation by apheresis: A single-center survey study. J Clin Apher 2022; 37:273-280. [PMID: 35119768 PMCID: PMC9015390 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) has been tried as a therapy in moderate COVID‐19 pneumonia. Donation of CCP requires motivation from recovered patients. This study evaluated the response of such recovered health care workers (HCWs) when they were motivated for CCP donation. Methods An interview‐based survey was carried out with recovered HCWs as study participants between August 2020 and November 2020. A qualified social worker explained the details of CCP donation over a mobile call; he clarified all their doubts and motivated them for the plasma donation. Their responses were recorded as “interested” or “not interested” followed by analysis. Results We tried to call 624 recovered HCWs, but could not reach 213, and the final group available for the study was 411 participants. Of these 411, 186 were deferred. Finally, we analyzed a total of 225 responses. Eventually, 105 out of 225 HCWs (47%) were interested; there were no significant differences in responses among males and females and between different age groups (<.001) and the “doctors” designation category (P = .01) had a maximum number of “interested” responses. In multivariate logistic regression, only the “interested” responses of the doctors were significantly higher after adjusting the confounding effect of the “graduate and above” educational qualification category. Conclusion This study found that nearly half of the eligible HCWs were interested in CCP donation. The educational qualification and designation among the recovered HCWs had an impact on CCP donation interest. The doctors were more interested in CCP donation compared to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Sahu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Roman-Sosa G, Leske A, Ficht X, Dau TH, Holzerland J, Hoenen T, Beer M, Kammerer R, Schirmbeck R, Rey FA, Cordo SM, Groseth A. Immunization with GP1 but Not Core-like Particles Displaying Isolated Receptor-Binding Epitopes Elicits Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies against Junín Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020173. [PMID: 35214632 PMCID: PMC8874384 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New World arenaviruses are rodent-transmitted viruses and include a number of pathogens that are responsible for causing severe human disease. This includes Junín virus (JUNV), which is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. The wild nature and mobility of the rodent reservoir host makes it difficult to control the disease, and currently passive immunization with high-titer neutralizing antibody-containing plasma from convalescent patients is the only specific therapy. However, dwindling supplies of naturally available convalescent plasma, and challenges in developing similar resources for other closely related viruses, have made the development of alternative antibody-based therapeutic approaches of critical importance. In this study, we sought to induce a neutralizing antibody response in rabbits against the receptor-binding subunit of the viral glycoprotein, GP1, and the specific peptide sequences in GP1 involved in cellular receptor contacts. While these specific receptor-interacting peptides did not efficiently induce the production of neutralizing antibodies when delivered as a particulate antigen (as part of hepatitis B virus core-like particles), we showed that recombinant JUNV GP1 purified from transfected mammalian cells induced virus-neutralizing antibodies at high titers in rabbits. Further, neutralization was observed across a range of unrelated JUNV strains, a feature that is critical for effectiveness in the field. These results underscore the potential of GP1 alone to induce a potent neutralizing antibody response and highlight the importance of epitope presentation. In addition, effective virus neutralization by rabbit antibodies supports the potential applicability of this species for the future development of immunotherapeutics (e.g., based on humanized monoclonal antibodies). Such information can be applied in the design of vaccines and immunogens for both prevention and specific therapies against this and likely also other closely related pathogenic New World arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.-S.); (A.G.)
| | - Anne Leske
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Tung Huy Dau
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (T.H.D.); (R.K.)
| | - Julia Holzerland
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory for Integrative Cell and Infection Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Martin Beer
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for BHV-1, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (T.H.D.); (R.K.)
| | - Reinhold Schirmbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Felix A. Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Sandra M. Cordo
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Allison Groseth
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.-S.); (A.G.)
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Hansda A, Biswas D, Bhatta A, Chakravorty N, Mukherjee G. Plasma therapy: a passive resistance against the deadliest. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:2006026. [PMID: 34886756 PMCID: PMC9116411 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2006026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma therapy provides a useful therapeutic tool to treat infectious diseases, especially where no specific therapeutic strategies have been identified. The ongoing pandemic puts back the spotlight on this age-old method as a viable treatment option. In this review, we discuss the usage of this therapy in different diseases including COVID-19, and the possible mechanisms of action. The current review also discusses the progress of therapeutic applications of blood-derivatives, from the simple transfer of immunized animal sera, to the more target-specific intravenous administration of human immunoglobulins from a pool of convalescent individuals, in both infectious and non-infectious diseases of various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hansda
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Debarati Biswas
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Aishwarya Bhatta
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Nishant Chakravorty
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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Vieira YR, Fernandes J, Pinto MA, Sampaio de Lemos ER, Guterres A. The importance of determining the amount of 'therapeutic units' before using convalescent plasma. Future Virol 2021. [PMID: 34777555 PMCID: PMC8577720 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Rangel Vieira
- Laboratory of Development Technological in Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Hantaviruses & Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratory of Development Technological in Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Hantaviruses & Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Guterres
- Hantaviruses & Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Khan T, Khan A, Wei DQ. MMV-db: vaccinomics and RNA-based therapeutics database for infectious hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses. Database (Oxford) 2021; 2021:baab063. [PMID: 34679165 PMCID: PMC8533362 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent viral outbreaks and the current pandemic situation urges us to timely address any emerging viral infections by designing therapeutic strategies. Multi-omics and therapeutic data are of great interest to develop early remedial interventions. This work provides a therapeutic data platform (Mammarenavirus (MMV)-db) for pathogenic mammarenaviruses with potential catastrophic effects on human health around the world. The database integrates vaccinomics and RNA-based therapeutics data for seven human pathogenic MMVs associated with severe viral hemorrhagic fever and lethality in humans. Protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, helper T-cell and interferon-inducing epitopes were mapped using a cluster of immune-omics-based algorithms and tools for the seven human pathogenic viral species. Furthermore, the physiochemical and antigenic properties were also explored to guide protein-specific multi-epitope subunit vaccine for each species. Moreover, highly efficacious RNAs (small Interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA and single guide RNA (sgRNA)) after extensive genome-based analysis with therapeutic relevance were explored. All the therapeutic RNAs were further classified and listed on the basis of predicted higher efficacy. The online platform (http://www.mmvdb.dqweilab-sjtu.com/index.php) contains easily accessible data sets and vaccine designs with potential utility in further computational and experimental work. Conclusively, the current study provides a baseline data platform to secure better future therapeutic interventions against the hemorrhagic fever causing mammarenaviruses. Database URL: http://www.mmvdb.dqweilab-sjtu.com/index.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R China
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14
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Sorvillo TE, Cross RW, Johnson DM, Dobias NS, Fenton KA, Mire CE, Geisbert TW. Single dose rVSVΔG-JUNVGP vaccine protects guinea pigs against lethal Junin virus challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:96. [PMID: 34373461 PMCID: PMC8352877 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV) is a pathogen of biodefense importance due to its potential for aerosol transmission and mortality rates reaching 30%. Currently, there are no JUNV vaccines licensed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for at-risk individuals. A vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) has been effectively used to prevent Ebola virus disease in humans. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a rVSV expressing the JUNV glycoprotein (rVSVΔG-JUNVGP) in a guinea pig model of lethal JUNV disease. Two groups of guinea pigs, one prime and one prime-boost, were vaccinated with rVSVΔG-JUNVGP; six control animals remained unvaccinated. Survival for prime and prime-boost vaccinated animals was 100% while the challenge virus was uniformly lethal in all control animals. Animals in both vaccine groups developed robust, high avidity IgG antibody titers post-vaccination as well as detectable neutralizing antibodies while control animals failed to develop detectable antibody responses. This study demonstrates for the first time that rVSV expressing the JUNV GP fully protects guinea pigs from lethal JUNV challenge with a single injection vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Sorvillo
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan M Johnson
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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15
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Second-Generation Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine Virus Resists Reversion and Protects against Lethal Junín Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2021; 95:e0039721. [PMID: 33952638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00397-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated virus vaccines are highly effective in preventing viral disease but carry intrinsic risks of residual virulence and reversion to pathogenicity. The classically derived Candid#1 virus protects seasonal field workers in Argentina against zoonotic infection by Junín virus (JUNV) but is not approved in the United States, in part due to the potential for reversion at the attenuating locus, a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 427 in the GP2 subunit of the GPC envelope glycoprotein. Previously, we demonstrated facile reversion of recombinant Candid#1 (rCan) in cell culture and identified an epistatic interaction between the attenuating I427 and a secondary K33S mutation in the stable signal peptide (SSP) subunit of GPC that imposes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The magnitude of this genetic barrier is manifest in our repeated failures to rescue the hypothetical revertant virus. In this study, we show that K33S rCan is safe and attenuated in guinea pigs and capable of eliciting potent virus-neutralizing antibodies. Immunized animals are fully protected against lethal challenge with virulent JUNV. In addition, we employed a more permissive model of infection in neonatal mice to investigate genetic reversion. RNA sequence analysis of the recovered virus identified revertant viruses in pups inoculated with the parental rCan virus and none in mice receiving K33S rCan (P < 0.0001). Taken together, our findings support the further development of K33S rCan as a safe second-generation JUNV vaccine. IMPORTANCE Our most successful vaccines comprise weakened strains of virus that initiate a limited and benign infection in immunized persons. The live-attenuated Candid#1 strain of Junín virus (JUNV) was developed to protect field workers in Argentina from rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever but is not licensed in the United States, in part due to the likelihood of genetic reversion to virulence. A single-amino-acid change in the GPC envelope glycoprotein of the virus is responsible for attenuation, and a single nucleotide change may regenerate the pathogenic virus. Here, we take advantage of a unique genetic interaction between GPC subunits to design a mutant Candid#1 virus that establishes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The mutant virus (K33S rCan) is fully attenuated and protects immunized guinea pigs against lethal JUNV infection. We find no instances of reversion in mice inoculated with K33S rCan. This work supports the further development of K33S rCan as a second-generation JUNV vaccine.
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16
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Priyadarsini AJ, Karan K, Arulselvi S. The Convalescent Plasma Craze! Where Does India Stand? J Lab Physicians 2021; 13:183-191. [PMID: 34483567 PMCID: PMC8409110 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
India becomes the country with second highest number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases (59,03,932) as of September 2020. As the world debates various treatment options, the current pandemic has led to the resurgence of an ancient technique, namely convalescent plasma therapy. Although it has been in use from the late 19th century, it is an uncharted territory for most developing nations. In this article, we have discussed the pros and cons of convalescent plasma transfusion in COVID-19 patients. Articles discussed in this review have been obtained from search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. We have also expressed our viewpoint on the feasibility and logistical challenges of convalescent plasma use in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumar Karan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Subramanian Arulselvi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Blood Bank, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, New Delhi, India
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17
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Tiberghien P, Toussirot E, Richard P, Morel P, Garraud O. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: Following the Argentinian lead. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103161. [PMID: 34045121 PMCID: PMC8141263 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tiberghien
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St Denis, France; UMR RIGHT 1098 Inserm, Université de Franche-Comté, Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France.
| | - Eric Toussirot
- UMR RIGHT 1098 Inserm, Université de Franche-Comté, Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France; CHU Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, Besançon, France
| | | | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine St Denis, France; UMR RIGHT 1098 Inserm, Université de Franche-Comté, Etablissement Français du Sang, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- INSERM U1059, Faculty of Medicine of Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon-Saint-Etienne, St Etienne, France
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18
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Therapy for Argentine hemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primates with a humanized monoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023332118. [PMID: 33836604 PMCID: PMC7980402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023332118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relatively high disease burden of arenaviruses in South America and Africa, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for use in preventing or treating any arenavirus infection. Currently, the sole clinically validated treatment option for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), caused by Junin virus (JUNV), is administration of immune plasma. While the relative success associated with this treatment supports passive immunotherapy interventions, the recent expansion of mAbs used in a clinical setting for infectious diseases offer a highly specific, consistently potent, and generally safe alternative to immune plasma. Here we show that a humanized mAb is highly efficacious in guinea pig and nonhuman primate models of AHF. The COVID-19 pandemic has reemphasized the need to identify safe and scalable therapeutics to slow or reverse symptoms of disease caused by newly emerging and reemerging viral pathogens. Recent clinical successes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in therapy for viral infections demonstrate that mAbs offer a solution for these emerging biothreats. We have explored this with respect to Junin virus (JUNV), an arenavirus classified as a category A high-priority agent and the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). There are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs available for preventing or treating AHF, although immune plasma from convalescent patients is used routinely to treat active infections. However, immune plasma is severely limited in quantity, highly variable in quality, and poses significant safety risks including the transmission of transfusion-borne diseases. mAbs offer a highly specific and consistently potent alternative to immune plasma that can be manufactured at large scale. We previously described a chimeric mAb, cJ199, that provided protection in a guinea pig model of AHF. To adapt this mAb to a format more suitable for clinical use, we humanized the mAb (hu199) and evaluated it in a cynomolgus monkey model of AHF with two JUNV isolates, Romero and Espindola. While untreated control animals experienced 100% lethality, all animals treated with hu199 at 6 d postinoculation (dpi) survived, and 50% of animals treated at 8 dpi survived. mAbs like hu199 may offer a safer, scalable, and more reproducible alternative to immune plasma for rare viral diseases that have epidemic potential.
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19
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Mahapatra S, Pati S. Constraints and challenges in convalescent plasma collection amidst the Covid 19 pandemic- strategies and recommendations to overcome these. Transfus Clin Biol 2021; 28:175-179. [PMID: 33677086 PMCID: PMC7931723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID 19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection by the virus SARS-COV-2 and has been declared as a pandemic whose specific treatment is still not established. One of the options in the treatment is Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy when there is presence of required amount of neutralizing antibodies in the plasma of recovered COVID patients. Our objective was to analyze the challenges and the constraints encountered in motivation of COVID 19 recovered persons to come for the screening procedures and to convince the selected persons to come for Plasma donation voluntarily. Material & methods The present retrospective observational study was conducted for a period of five and half months. Out of 1515 number of persons contacted telephonically for Plasma donation, 1291 persons came for screening of whom 1028 persons were eligible for donation, 263 cases were deferred and 966 persons finally donated. Results Maximum number of acceptance cases were from males-(98.7%). Of the accepted cases, (41.73%) were from the 18-30 years’ age group. 33.94% were from blood group ‘O’ Rh D positive giving maximum contribution from any blood group. 38.3% of the accepted cases had resolution of all COVID symptoms within time period of 28-40 days. Maximum number of accepted individuals (39.75%) had suffered from multiple symptoms followed by 39.02% of asymptomatic persons. Highest number of Plasma donation was contributed by Odisha Government Police personnel (51.56%). Discussion In this global ongoing pandemic, the “Fear Factor of contracting the disease” has acted as a major challenge in motivating and convincing a COVID recovered patient for plasma donation. The challenge before the medical professionals was to motivate, educate and convince the potential donors and the society about the likely benefits of convalescent plasma. This could be finally overcome with the help of positive orientation through social and conventional media as well as mass appeal from government side on the benefits of plasma therapy in saving lives in the present pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahapatra
- C/O- Mr NK Mishra, N-1/256, Nayapalli, IRC Village, 751015 Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - S Pati
- Regional Medical research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, 751023 Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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20
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Casadevall A, Pirofski LA, Joyner MJ. The Principles of Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases with Relevance for COVID-19. mBio 2021; 12:e03372-20. [PMID: 33653885 PMCID: PMC8092292 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03372-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody therapies such as convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies have emerged as major potential therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Immunoglobulins differ from conventional antimicrobial agents in that they mediate direct and indirect antimicrobial effects that work in concert with other components of the immune system. The field of infectious diseases pioneered antibody therapies in the first half of the 20th century but largely abandoned them with the arrival of conventional antimicrobial therapy. Consequently, much of the knowledge gained from the historical development and use of immunoglobulins such as serum and convalescent antibody therapies was forgotten; principles and practice governing their use were not taught to new generations of medical practitioners, and further development of this modality stalled. This became apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020 when convalescent plasma was initially deployed as salvage therapy in patients with severe disease. In retrospect, this was a stage of disease when it was less likely to be effective. Lessons of the past tell us that antibody therapy is most likely to be effective when used early in respiratory diseases. This article puts forth three principles of antibody therapy, namely, specificity, temporal, and quantitative principles, connoting that antibody efficacy requires the administration of specific antibody, given early in course of disease in sufficient amount. These principles are traced to the history of serum therapy for infectious diseases. The application of the specificity, temporal, and quantitative principles to COVID-19 is discussed in the context of current use of antibody therapy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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21
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Sayinalp B, Çinar OE, Haznedaroğlu İC. Perspectives for immune plasma treatment of COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1-9. [PMID: 32718128 PMCID: PMC7991854 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2005-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The SARS-CoV-2 infection was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, and the death toll from COVID-19, which is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has already surpassed that of many previous epidemics. A wide variety of treatment options are being considered for COVID-19, but there is still no definitive treatment or vaccine. This study aims to explain the background of convalescent plasma (CP) treatment and its relations with COVID-19 immunity, to define ideal treatment procedures, and to reveal present and future perspectives in the light of the rapidly growing data.
Immunological basis of COVID-19-associated immune response and convalescent plasma as a treatment option:
Since it has been shown that the impaired immune response of the host is one of the most important factors that increase the severity of the infection, treatment strategies to suppress aberrant immune activation are currently being considered. CP, which is derived from recently recovered patients and contains neutralizing antibodies and many other immune- modulatory substances, seems to be the most convenient strategy to restore normal immune function considering the fast spreading nature of the ongoing pandemic. Conclusion Even though mechanisms of action of plasma therapy are not fully delineated, it was shown that it could lead to a reduction in mortality since other alternatives such as monoclonal antibodies or SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmunoglobulin require much more time and effort to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Sayinalp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Olgu Erkin Çinar
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Frank MG, Beitscher A, Webb CM, Raabe V. South American Hemorrhagic Fevers: A summary for clinicians. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:505-515. [PMID: 33610781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article is one of a series on acute, severe diseases of humans caused by emerging viruses for which there are no or limited licensed medical countermeasures. We approached this summary on South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (SAHF) from a clinical perspective that focuses on pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostics with an emphasis on therapies and vaccines that have demonstrated potential for use in an emergency situation through their evaluation in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and/or in humans. METHODS A standardized literature review was conducted on the clinical, pathological, vaccine, and treatment factors for SAHF as a group and for each individual virus/disease. RESULTS We identified 2 treatments and 1 vaccine platform that have demonstrated potential benefit for treating or preventing infection in humans and 4 other potential treatments currently under investigation. CONCLUSION We provide succinct summaries of these countermeasures to give the busy clinician a head start in reviewing the literature if faced with a patient with South American Hemorrhagic Fever. We also provide links to other authoritative sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Frank
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States.
| | - Adam Beitscher
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States.
| | - Camille M Webb
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
| | - Vanessa Raabe
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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23
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Vegivinti CTR, Pederson JM, Saravu K, Gupta N, Evanson KW, Kamrowski S, Schmidt M, Barrett A, Trent H, Dibas M, Reierson NL, Mikoff N, Pisipati S, Joseph BA, Selvan PT, Dmytriw AA, Pulakurthi YS, Keesari PR, Sriram V, Chittajallu S, Brinjikji W, Katamreddy RR, Chibbar R, Davis AR, Malpe M, Mishra HK, Kallmes KM, Hassan AE. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Apher 2021; 36:470-482. [PMID: 33544910 PMCID: PMC8014691 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine clinical outcomes associated with convalescent plasma therapy in COVID‐19 patients. We performed a literature search on PubMed, medRxiv, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies published up to December 10th, 2020 that examined the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment for COVID‐19. The primary endpoints were mortality, clinical improvement, and hospital length of stay. We screened 859 studies that met the search criteria, performed full‐text reviews of 56 articles, and identified 15 articles that fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta‐analysis. The odds of mortality were significantly lower in the convalescent plasma group compared to the control group (OR = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.44; 0.78], P < .001), although results from two key randomized controlled trials did not support the mortality benefit. The odds of clinical improvement were significantly higher in the convalescent plasma group compared to the control group (OR = 2.02 [95% CI = 1.54; 2.65], P < .001). There was no difference in hospital length of stay between the convalescent plasma group and the control group (MD = −0.49 days [95% CI = −3.11; 2.12], P = .713). In all, these data indicate that a mortality benefit with convalescent plasma is unclear, although there remain benefits with convalescent plasma therapy for COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charan T R Vegivinti
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Kavitha Saravu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mahmoud Dibas
- Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Sailaja Pisipati
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Pragadeesh T Selvan
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- Neuroradiology & Neurointervention Service, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Praneeth R Keesari
- Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Varsha Sriram
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Rewanth R Katamreddy
- Department of General Surgery, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Richa Chibbar
- Department of Medicine, Lakeridge Health, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Ameer E Hassan
- Department of Neuroradiology, Valley Baptist Medical Center, Harlingen, Texas, USA
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24
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Bradfute SB, Hurwitz I, Yingling AV, Ye C, Cheng Q, Noonan TP, Raval JS, Sosa NR, Mertz GJ, Perkins DJ, Harkins MS. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Convalescent Plasma and Recipients in New Mexico: An Open Treatment Study in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1620-1628. [PMID: 32779705 PMCID: PMC7454720 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convalescent plasma (CP) is a potentially important therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, knowledge regarding neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in donor plasma and their impact in acute COVID-19 patients remains largely undetermined. We measured NAb titers in CP and in acute COVID-19 patients before and after transfusion through the traditional FDA IND pathway. Methods We performed a single-arm interventional trial measuring NAb and total antibody titers before and after CP transfusion over a 14-day period in hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04434131 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04434131) Results NAb titers in the donor CP units were low (<1:40 to 1:160) and had no effect on recipient neutralizing activity one day after transfusion. NAb titers were detected in 6/12 patients upon enrollment and in 11/12 patients during at least two timepoints. Average titers peaked on day 7 and declined towards day 14 (P=0.004). NAb and IgG titers were correlated in donor plasma units (ρ=0.938, P<0.0001) and in the cumulative patient measures (ρ=0.781, P<0.0001). Conclusions CP infusion did not alter recipient NAb titers. Pre-screening of CP may be necessary for selecting donors with high levels of neutralizing activity for infusion into patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alexandra V Yingling
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Timothy P Noonan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nestor R Sosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Gregory J Mertz
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Douglas J Perkins
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Michelle S Harkins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Liu STH, Lin HM, Baine I, Wajnberg A, Gumprecht JP, Rahman F, Rodriguez D, Tandon P, Bassily-Marcus A, Bander J, Sanky C, Dupper A, Zheng A, Nguyen FT, Amanat F, Stadlbauer D, Altman DR, Chen BK, Krammer F, Mendu DR, Firpo-Betancourt A, Levin MA, Bagiella E, Casadevall A, Cordon-Cardo C, Jhang JS, Arinsburg SA, Reich DL, Aberg JA, Bouvier NM. Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score–matched control study. Nat Med 2020; 26:1708-1713. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
In this Comment, Jonathan Abraham highlights the potential of passive immunization strategies for COVID-19.
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27
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Johnson DM, Jokinen JD, Wang M, Pfeffer T, Tretyakova I, Carrion R, Griffiths A, Pushko P, Lukashevich IS. Bivalent Junin & Machupo experimental vaccine based on alphavirus RNA replicon vector. Vaccine 2020; 38:2949-2959. [PMID: 32111526 PMCID: PMC7112472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Junin (JUNV) and Machupo (MACV), two mammalian arenaviruses placed on the 2018 WHO watch list, are prevalent in South America causing Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (AHF and BHF), respectively. The live attenuated JUNV vaccine, Candid #1, significantly reduced the incidence of AHF. Vaccination induces neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses which effectively target GP1 (the viral attachment glycoprotein) pocket which accepts the tyrosine residue of the cellular receptor, human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). In spite of close genetic relationships between JUNV and MACV, variability in the GP1 receptor binding site (e.g., MACV GP1 loop 10) results in poor MACV neutralization by Candid #1-induced nAbs. Candid #1 is not recommended for vaccination of children younger than 15 years old (a growing "at risk" group), pregnant women, or other immunocompromised individuals. Candid #1's primary reliance on limited missense mutations for attenuation, genetic heterogeneity, and potential stability concerns complicate approval of this vaccine in the US. To address these issues, we applied alphavirus RNA replicon vector technology based on the human Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine (VEEV) TC-83 to generate replication restricted virus-like-particles vectors (VLPVs) simultaneously expressing cellular glycoprotein precursors (GPC) of both viruses, JUNV and MACV. Resulting JV&MV VLPVs were found safe and immunogenic in guinea pigs. Immunization with VLPVs induced humoral responses which correlated with complete protection against lethal disease after challenge with pathogenic strains of JUNV (Romero) and MACV (Carvallo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jenny D Jokinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Tia Pfeffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Carrion
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute (TBRI), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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28
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Abstract
RNA viruses of the families Arena-, Bunya-, Filo-, Flavi-and Togaviridae cause illness in humans ranging from mild, non-specific febrile syndromes to fulminant, lethal haemorrhagic fever. They are transmitted from animals to humans and from human to human by arthropods, aerosols or contact with body fluids. Antiviral compounds, convalescent plasma and interferon inhibit many of these agents in vitro and in virus-infected animals. Drug or plasma treatment is now in use for several human diseases, and would probably be beneficial for a number of others for which there is only limited treatment experience. Success is linked to early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Ribavirin is used to treat Lassa fever and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and would probably be effective for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and for all New World arenavirus diseases. The value of ribavirin in the early treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is under evaluation. Convalescent plasma is the therapy of choice for Argentine haemorrhagic fever, and would also probably be effective for other New World arenaviruses and some other infections if a safe supply of plasma could be maintained. Ribavirin and interferon-α have both shown protective efficacy in non-human primates infected with Rift Valley fever virus. No effective therapy has yet been identified for filovirus infections, but results in animal models are encouraging. More clinical research is urgently needed. Even if placebo-controlled drug trials cannot be performed, conscientious reports of the results of therapy in limited numbers of patients can still provide evidence of antiviral drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bray
- Virology Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - John Huggins
- Virology Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland, MD 21702-5011, USA
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29
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Cross RW, Hastie KM, Mire CE, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Branco LM, Ollmann Saphire E, Garry RF. Antibody therapy for Lassa fever. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:97-104. [PMID: 31401518 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum from convalescent Lassa fever patients was previously shown to be ineffective as a source of protective antibodies in some early studies. Subsequently, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the Lassa virus (LASV) glycoprotein produced by memory B cells of West African patients who survived Lassa fever were identified. Development of MAbs as potential Lassa immunotherapeutics was facilitated by structural studies and mutational analyses that identified protective epitopes on the prefusion form of the LASV glycoprotein. Human mAbs were screened for reactivity to different neutralizing epitopes, potency, and broad reactivity against multiple lineages of LASV. MAbs were downselected in a guinea pig model of Lassa fever. A cocktail of three human MAbs designated Arevirumab-3 rescued 100% of Cynomolgus macaques at advanced stages of disease more than a week post-infection. Antibody therapeutics may be further developed in clinical trials in endemic areas potentially offering a key treatment option for Lassa fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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30
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Differential Antibody-Based Immune Response against Isolated GP1 Receptor-Binding Domains from Lassa and Junín Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00090-19. [PMID: 30728269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00090-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two predominant subgroups in the Arenaviridae family of viruses, the Old World and the New World viruses, that use distinct cellular receptors for entry. While New World viruses typically elicit good neutralizing antibody responses, the Old World viruses generally evade such responses. Antibody-based immune responses are directed against the glycoprotein spike complexes that decorate the viruses. A thick coat of glycans reduces the accessibility of antibodies to the surface of spike complexes from Old World viruses, but other mechanisms may further hamper the development of efficient humoral responses. Specifically, it was suggested that the GP1 receptor-binding module of the Old World Lassa virus might help with evasion of the humoral response. Here we investigated the immunogenicity of the GP1 domain from Lassa virus and compared it to that of the GP1 domain from the New World Junín virus. We found striking differences in the ability of antibodies that were developed against these immunogens to target the same GP1 receptor-binding domains in the context of the native spike complexes. Whereas GP1 from Junín virus elicited productive neutralizing responses, GP1 from Lassa virus elicited only nonproductive responses. These differences can be rationalized by the conformational changes that GP1 from Lassa virus but not GP1 from Junín virus undergoes after dissociating from the trimeric spike complex. Hence, shedding of GP1 in the case of Lassa virus can indeed serve as a mechanism to subvert the humoral immune response. Moreover, the realization that a recombinant protein may be used to elicit a productive response against the New World Junín virus may suggest a novel and safe way to design future vaccines.IMPORTANCE Some viruses that belong to the Arenaviridae family, like Lassa and Junín viruses, are notorious human pathogens, which may lead to fatal outcomes when they infect people. It is thus important to develop means to combat these viruses. For developing effective vaccines, it is vital to understand the basic mechanisms that these viruses utilize in order to evade or overcome host immune responses. It was previously noted that the GP1 receptor-binding domain from Lassa virus is shed and accumulates in the serum of infected individuals. This raised the possibility that Lassa virus GP1 may function as an immunological decoy. Here we demonstrate that mice develop nonproductive immune responses against GP1 from Lassa virus, which is in contrast to the effective neutralizing responses that GP1 from Junín virus elicits. Thus, GP1 from Lassa virus is indeed an immunological decoy and GP1 from Junín virus may serve as a constituent of a future vaccine.
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31
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Assessing cross-reactivity of Junín virus-directed neutralizing antibodies. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:106-116. [PMID: 30668977 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviruses cause several viral hemorrhagic fevers endemic to Africa and South America. The respective causative agents are classified as biosafety level (BSL) 4 pathogens. Unlike for most other BSL4 agents, for the New World arenavirus Junín virus (JUNV) both a highly effective vaccination (Candid#1) and a post-exposure treatment, based on convalescent plasma transfer, are available. In particular, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) represent a key protective determinant in JUNV infection, which is supported by the correlation between successful passive antibody therapy and the levels of nAbs administered. Unfortunately, comparable resources for the management of other closely related arenavirus infections are not available. Given the significant challenges inherent in studying BSL4 pathogens, our goal was to first assess the suitability of a JUNV transcription and replication-competent virus-like particle (trVLP) system for measuring virus neutralization under BSL1/2 conditions. Indeed, we could show that infection with JUNV trVLPs is glycoprotein (GP) dependent, that trVLP input has a direct correlation to reporter readout, and that these trVLPs can be neutralized by human serum with kinetics similar to those obtained using authentic virus. These properties make trVLPs suitable for use as a proxy for virus in neutralization assays. Using this platform we then evaluated the potential of JUNV nAbs to cross-neutralize entry mediated by GPs from other arenaviruses using JUNV (strain Romero)-based trVLPs bearing GPs either from other JUNV strains, other closely related New World arenaviruses (e.g. Tacaribe, Machupo, Sabiá), or the distantly related Lassa virus. While nAbs against the JUNV vaccine strain are also active against a range of other JUNV strains, they appear to have little or no capacity to neutralize other arenavirus species, suggesting that therapy with whole plasma directed against another species is unlikely to be successful and that the targeted development of cross-specific monoclonal antibody-based resources is likely needed. Such efforts will be supported by the availability of this BSL1/2 screening platform which provides a rapid and easy means to characterize the potency and reactivity of anti-arenavirus neutralizing antibodies against a range of arenavirus species.
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32
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Linero F, Sepúlveda C, Christopoulou I, Hulpiau P, Scolaro L, Saelens X. Neutralization of Junín virus by single domain antibodies targeted against the nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11451. [PMID: 30061671 PMCID: PMC6065417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates a broad range of diseases that are caused by different viruses including members of the family Arenaviridae. Prophylaxis for Argentine Haemorrhagic Fever (AHF), caused by the arenavirus Junín (JUNV), has been achieved by the use of a live attenuated vaccine, named Candid#1. The standard treatment of AHF is transfusion of convalescent human plasma. Our aim was to develop an alternative and safer treatment for AHF based on the use of virus-neutralizing single domain antibodies (VHHs). We describe the first reported VHHs directed against an arenavirus. These VHHs could neutralize Candid#1 by altering virion binding/fusion. Surprisingly, the neutralizing VHHs appeared to be specific for the viral nucleoprotein (N) that is not known to be involved in arenavirus entry. Candid#1 VHH-escape viruses had acquired a predicted N-glycosylation site in the surface glycoprotein GP1 that is present in highly pathogenic JUNV strains. Accordingly, the Candid#1-neutralizing VHHs could not neutralize pathogenic JUNV strains, but they could still bind to cells infected with a pathogenic strain or the escape mutant viruses. These results show that the attenuated strains of JUNV can be potently neutralized by nucleoprotein-specific VHHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Linero
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Claudia Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Ioanna Christopoulou
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Luis Scolaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.
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33
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Ko JH, Seok H, Cho SY, Ha YE, Baek JY, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Park JK, Chung CR, Kang ES, Cho D, Müller MA, Drosten C, Kang CI, Chung DR, Song JH, Peck KR. Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience. Antivir Ther 2018; 23:617-622. [PMID: 29923831 DOI: 10.3851/imp3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of convalescent plasma (CP) infusion, one of the treatment options for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, have not yet been evaluated. METHODS Serological responses of CP-infused MERS patients during the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak at a tertiary care centre were evaluated. Serological activity was evaluated with anti-MERS-CoV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoglobulin (Ig)G, ELISA IgA, immunofluorescence assay IgM and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Donor plasma and one or two recipient's serum samples per week of illness including one taken the day after each CP infusion were evaluated. For sensitivity and specificity analysis of ELISA IgG in predicting neutralization activity, a data set of 138 previously evaluated MERS-CoV-infected patients was used. RESULTS Three of thirteen MERS patients with respiratory failure received four CP infusions from convalesced MERS-CoV-infected patients, and only two of them showed neutralizing activity. Donor plasma with a PRNT titre 1:80 demonstrated meaningful serological response after CP infusion, while that with a PRNT titre 1:40 did not. ELISA IgG predicted neutralization activity of a PRNT titre ≥1:80 with more than 95% specificity at a cutoff optical density (OD) ratio of 1.6, and with 100% specificity at an OD ratio of 1.9. CONCLUSIONS For effective CP infusion in MERS, donor plasma with a neutralization activity of a PRNT titre ≥1:80 should be used. ELISA IgG could substitute for the neutralization test in resource-limited situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Seok
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyeong Park
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Clark LE, Mahmutovic S, Raymond DD, Dilanyan T, Koma T, Manning JT, Shankar S, Levis SC, Briggiler AM, Enria DA, Wucherpfennig KW, Paessler S, Abraham J. Vaccine-elicited receptor-binding site antibodies neutralize two New World hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 29760382 PMCID: PMC5951886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While five arenaviruses cause human hemorrhagic fevers in the Western Hemisphere, only Junin virus (JUNV) has a vaccine. The GP1 subunit of their envelope glycoprotein binds transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) using a surface that substantially varies in sequence among the viruses. As such, receptor-mimicking antibodies described to date are type-specific and lack the usual breadth associated with this mode of neutralization. Here we isolate, from the blood of a recipient of the live attenuated JUNV vaccine, two antibodies that cross-neutralize Machupo virus with varying efficiency. Structures of GP1-Fab complexes explain the basis for efficient cross-neutralization, which involves avoiding receptor mimicry and targeting a conserved epitope within the receptor-binding site (RBS). The viral RBS, despite its extensive sequence diversity, is therefore a target for cross-reactive antibodies with activity against New World arenaviruses of public health concern.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Arenaviruses, New World/genetics
- Arenaviruses, New World/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, American/virology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/isolation & purification
- Junin virus/genetics
- Junin virus/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- Receptors, Transferrin/chemistry
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Selma Mahmutovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Donald D Raymond
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Taleen Dilanyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sundaresh Shankar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Silvana C Levis
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui", Monteagudo 251 Pergamino, Buenos Aires, 2700, Argentina
| | - Ana M Briggiler
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui", Monteagudo 251 Pergamino, Buenos Aires, 2700, Argentina
| | - Delia A Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas "Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui", Monteagudo 251 Pergamino, Buenos Aires, 2700, Argentina
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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35
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Baseline mapping of Lassa fever virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:11. [PMID: 29581897 PMCID: PMC5861057 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic disease associated with acute and potentially fatal hemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa virus (LASV), a member of the family Arenaviridae. It is generally assumed that a single infection with LASV will produce life-long protective immunity. This suggests that protective immunity induced by vaccination is an achievable goal and that cell-mediated immunity may play a more important role in protection, at least following natural infection. Seropositive individuals in endemic regions have been shown to have LASV-specific T cells recognizing epitopes for nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC), suggesting that these will be important vaccine immunogens. The role of neutralizing antibodies in protective immunity is still equivocal as recent studies suggest a role for neutralizing antibodies. There is extensive genetic heterogeneity among LASV strains that is of concern in the development of assays to detect and identify all four LASV lineages. Furthermore, the gene disparity may complicate the synthesis of effective vaccines that will provide protection across multiple lineages. Non-human primate models of LASV infection are considered the gold standard for recapitulation of human LF. The most promising vaccine candidates to date are the ML29 (a live attenuated reassortant of Mopeia and LASV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and vaccinia-vectored platforms based on their ability to induce protection following single doses, high rates of survival following challenge, and the use of live virus platforms. To date no LASV vaccine candidates have undergone clinical evaluation.
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36
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Epistastic Interactions within the Junín Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Provide an Evolutionary Barrier to Reversion in the Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01682-17. [PMID: 29070682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01682-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Candid#1 strain of Junín virus was developed using a conventional attenuation strategy of serial passage in nonhost animals and cultured cells. The live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine is used in Argentina to protect at-risk individuals against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, but it has not been licensed in the United States. Recent studies have revealed that Candid#1 attenuation is entirely dependent on a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 427 in the fusion subunit (GP2) of the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (GPC), thereby raising concerns regarding the potential for reversion to virulence. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of an intragenic epistatic interaction between the attenuating F427I mutation in GP2 and a lysine-to-serine mutation at position 33 in the stable signal peptide (SSP) subunit of GPC, and we demonstrate the utility of this interaction in creating an evolutionary barrier against reversion to the pathogenic genotype. In the presence of the wild-type F427 residue, the K33S mutation abrogates the ability of ectopically expressed GPC to mediate membrane fusion at endosomal pH. This defect is rescued by the attenuating F427I mutation. We show that the recombinant Candid#1 (rCan) virus bearing K33S GPC is viable and retains its attenuated genotype under cell culture conditions that readily select for reversion in the parental rCan virus. If back-mutation to F427 offers an accessible pathway to increase fitness in rCan, reversion in K33S-GPC rCan is likely to be lethal. The epistatic interaction between K33S and F427I thus may minimize the likelihood of reversion and enhance safety in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine.IMPORTANCE The live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine strain of Junín virus is used to protect against Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Recent findings that a single missense mutation in the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (GPC) is responsible for attenuation raise the prospect of facile reversion to pathogenicity. Here, we characterize a genetic interaction between GPC subunits that evolutionarily forces retention of the attenuating mutation. By incorporating this secondary mutation into Candid#1 GPC, we hope to minimize the likelihood of reversion and enhance safety in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine. A similar approach may guide the design of live-attenuated vaccines against Lassa and other arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers.
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Convergent immunological solutions to Argentine hemorrhagic fever virus neutralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702127114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of hemorrhagic fever New World arenaviruses from their rodent reservoirs to human populations poses substantial public health and economic dangers. These zoonotic events are enabled by the specific interaction between the New World arenaviral attachment glycoprotein, GP1, and cell surface human transferrin receptor (hTfR1). Here, we present the structural basis for how a mouse-derived neutralizing antibody (nAb), OD01, disrupts this interaction by targeting the receptor-binding surface of the GP1 glycoprotein from Junín virus (JUNV), a hemorrhagic fever arenavirus endemic in central Argentina. Comparison of our structure with that of a previously reported nAb complex (JUNV GP1-GD01) reveals largely overlapping epitopes but highly distinct antibody-binding modes. Despite differences in GP1 recognition, we find that both antibodies present a key tyrosine residue, albeit on different chains, that inserts into a central pocket on JUNV GP1 and effectively mimics the contacts made by the host TfR1. These data provide a molecular-level description of how antibodies derived from different germline origins arrive at equivalent immunological solutions to virus neutralization.
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Connor J, Kobinger G, Olinger G. Therapeutics Against Filovirus Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:263-290. [PMID: 28653190 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for filovirus infections are urgently needed. The paradoxical issue facing therapies is the need for rigorous safety and efficacy testing, adhering to the principle tenant of medicine to do no harm, while responding to the extreme for a treatment option during an outbreak. Supportive care remains a primary goal for infected patients. Years of research into filoviruses has provided possible medical interventions ranging from direct antivirals, host-factor supportive approaches, and passive immunity. As more basic research is directed toward understanding these pathogens and their impact on the host, effective approaches to treat patients during infection will be identified. The ability to manage outbreaks with medical interventions beyond supportive care will require clinical trial design that will balance the benefits of the patient and scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Connor
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Ville de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Gene Olinger
- Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albaney Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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de Lamballerie X. [Diagnosis and treatment of emerging viral diseases : how can we do better ?]. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2016; 200:1605-1615. [PMID: 32226054 PMCID: PMC7095179 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)30571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Les épisodes d’émergence virale se succèdent à un rythme rapide. La communauté scientifique et médicale répond au coup par coup à ces urgences sanitaires mais peine à offrir une réponse stratégique globale à moyen et long terme. En matière de diagnostic, la priorité devrait aller à l’anticipation de la prise en charge des pathologies ré-émergentes, au développement des capacités de diagnostic par les techniques moléculaires en temps réel, et à la préservation des expertises et des ressources biologiques de référence. Cet effort devrait également englober des études séro-épidémiologiques donnant accès à une meilleure cartographie de la circulation des pathogènes potentiellement ré-émergents. En matière de traitement (à l’exception des vaccins qui sont abordés dans une autre présentation), les avancées attendues sont la mise en place par anticipation de trames de protocoles thérapeutiques utilisables au cours des épisodes d’émergence et celle d’une stratégie ambitieuse et volontariste de développement de molécules antivirales couvrant progressivement le spectre taxinomique des groupes évolutifs viraux infectant les vertébrés.
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40
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Molecular Basis for Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of New World Hemorrhagic Fever Mammarenaviruses. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:705-13. [PMID: 26651946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Western hemisphere, at least five mammarenaviruses cause human viral hemorrhagic fevers with high case fatality rates. Junín virus (JUNV) is the only hemorrhagic fever virus for which transfusion of survivor immune plasma that contains neutralizing antibodies ("passive immunity") is an established treatment. Here, we report the structure of the JUNV surface glycoprotein receptor-binding subunit (GP1) bound to a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The antibody engages the GP1 site that binds transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)-the host cell surface receptor for all New World hemorrhagic fever mammarenaviruses-and mimics an important receptor contact. We show that survivor immune plasma contains antibodies that bind the same epitope. We propose that viral receptor-binding site accessibility explains the success of passive immunity against JUNV and that this functionally conserved epitope is a potential target for therapeutics and vaccines to limit infection by all New World hemorrhagic fever mammarenaviruses.
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41
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Marik PE, Bowles S. Analytic Reviews: Management of Patients Exposed to Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents. J Intensive Care Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066602017004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological and chemical weapons have been used for waging war since the dawn of recorded history. Recently, these agents have been used on civilian populations by terrorist groups. Terrorist attacks using biological or chemical weapons have far-reaching implications, as they cause widespread fear, anxiety, and panic among the public. Biological agents have particular appeal for use in terrorist attacks because they are reasonably easy to acquire, are inexpensive to produce, and have the potential to affect large populations of people. Biological agents are selected based on their toxicity, ease of production and stability, and ability to be dispersed in respirable aerosols. The most common biological agents that have been weaponized include anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism toxin, and smallpox. Chemical agents are more expensive and more difficult to manufacture and deploy and are therefore more likely to be used in conventional warfare. Mustard gas and nerve agents are the favored chemical agents of mass destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Marik
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, ,
| | - Stephen Bowles
- Trauma Life-Support Center, Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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42
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Robinson JE, Hastie KM, Cross RW, Yenni RE, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Kannadka CB, Smira AA, Garry CE, Bradley BT, Yu H, Shaffer JG, Boisen ML, Hartnett JN, Zandonatti MA, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Martínez-Sobrido L, Cheng B, de la Torre JC, Andersen KG, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Gbakie M, Kanneh L, Koroma VJ, Fonnie R, Jalloh SC, Kargbo B, Vandi MA, Gbetuwa M, Ikponmwosa O, Asogun DA, Okokhere PO, Follarin OA, Schieffelin JS, Pitts KR, Geisbert JB, Kulakoski PC, Wilson RB, Happi CT, Sabeti PC, Gevao SM, Khan SH, Grant DS, Geisbert TW, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Garry RF. Most neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies target novel epitopes requiring both Lassa virus glycoprotein subunits. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11544. [PMID: 27161536 PMCID: PMC4866400 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a severe multisystem disease that often has haemorrhagic manifestations. The epitopes of the Lassa virus (LASV) surface glycoproteins recognized by naturally infected human hosts have not been identified or characterized. Here we have cloned 113 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for LASV glycoproteins from memory B cells of Lassa fever survivors from West Africa. One-half bind the GP2 fusion subunit, one-fourth recognize the GP1 receptor-binding subunit and the remaining fourth are specific for the assembled glycoprotein complex, requiring both GP1 and GP2 subunits for recognition. Notably, of the 16 mAbs that neutralize LASV, 13 require the assembled glycoprotein complex for binding, while the remaining 3 require GP1 only. Compared with non-neutralizing mAbs, neutralizing mAbs have higher binding affinities and greater divergence from germline progenitors. Some mAbs potently neutralize all four LASV lineages. These insights from LASV human mAb characterization will guide strategies for immunotherapeutic development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Robinson
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Rachael E Yenni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Deborah H Elliott
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Julie A Rouelle
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Chandrika B Kannadka
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Ashley A Smira
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Courtney E Garry
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Haini Yu
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Benson Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronica J Koroma
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Richard Fonnie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Simbirie C Jalloh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed A Vandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Gbetuwa
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Odia Ikponmwosa
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Follarin
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kelly R Pitts
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Peter C Kulakoski
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Russell B Wilson
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sahr M Gevao
- Department of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luis M Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
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Native functionality and therapeutic targeting of arenaviral glycoproteins. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:70-5. [PMID: 27104809 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface glycoproteins direct cellular targeting, attachment, and membrane fusion of arenaviruses and are the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Despite significant conservation of the glycoprotein architecture across the arenavirus family, there is considerable variation in the molecular recognition mechanisms used during host cell entry. We review recent progress in dissecting these infection events and describe how arenaviral glycoproteins can be targeted by small-molecule antivirals, the natural immune response, and immunoglobulin-based therapeutics. Arenaviral glycoprotein-mediated assembly and infection pathways present numerous opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention.
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Abstract
Countermeasures against potential biothreat agents remain important to US Homeland Security, and many of these pharmaceuticals could have dual use in the improvement of global public health. Junin virus, the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), is an arenavirus identified as a category A high-priority agent. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs available for preventing or treating AHF, and the current treatment option is limited to administration of immune plasma. Whereas immune plasma demonstrates the feasibility of passive immunotherapy, it is limited in quantity, variable in quality, and poses safety risks such as transmission of transfusion-borne diseases. In an effort to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based alternative to plasma, three previously described neutralizing murine mAbs were expressed as mouse-human chimeric antibodies and evaluated in the guinea pig model of AHF. These mAbs provided 100% protection against lethal challenge when administered 2 d after infection (dpi), and one of them (J199) was capable of providing 100% protection when treatment was initiated 6 dpi and 92% protection when initiated 7 dpi. The efficacy of J199 is superior to that previously described for all other evaluated drugs, and its high potency suggests that mAbs like J199 offer an economical alternative to immune plasma and an effective dual use (bioterrorism/public health) therapeutic.
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Glycoprotein-Specific Antibodies Produced by DNA Vaccination Protect Guinea Pigs from Lethal Argentine and Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever. J Virol 2016; 90:3515-29. [PMID: 26792737 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02969-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several members of the Arenaviridae can cause acute febrile diseases in humans, often resulting in lethality. The use of convalescent-phase human plasma is an effective treatment in humans infected with arenaviruses, particularly species found in South America. Despite this, little work has focused on developing potent and defined immunotherapeutics against arenaviruses. In the present study, we produced arenavirus neutralizing antibodies by DNA vaccination of rabbits with plasmids encoding the full-length glycoprotein precursors of Junín virus (JUNV), Machupo virus (MACV), and Guanarito virus (GTOV). Geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers, as measured by the 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT(50)), exceeded 5,000 against homologous viruses. Antisera against each targeted virus exhibited limited cross-species binding and, to a lesser extent, cross-neutralization. Anti-JUNV glycoprotein rabbit antiserum protected Hartley guinea pigs from lethal intraperitoneal infection with JUNV strain Romero when the antiserum was administered 2 days after challenge and provided some protection (∼30%) when administered 4 days after challenge. Treatment starting on day 6 did not protect animals. We further formulated an IgG antibody cocktail by combining anti-JUNV, -MACV, and -GTOV antibodies produced in DNA-vaccinated rabbits. This cocktail protected 100% of guinea pigs against JUNV and GTOV lethal disease. We then expanded on this cocktail approach by simultaneously vaccinating rabbits with a combination of plasmids encoding glycoproteins from JUNV, MACV, GTOV, and Sabia virus (SABV). Sera collected from rabbits vaccinated with the combination vaccine neutralized all four targets. These findings support the concept of using a DNA vaccine approach to generate a potent pan-arenavirus immunotherapeutic. IMPORTANCE Arenaviruses are an important family of emerging viruses. In infected humans, convalescent-phase plasma containing neutralizing antibodies can mitigate the severity of disease caused by arenaviruses, particularly species found in South America. Because of variations in potency of the human-derived product, limited availability, and safety concerns, this treatment option has essentially been abandoned. Accordingly, despite this approach being an effective postinfection treatment option, research on novel approaches to produce potent polyclonal antibody-based therapies have been deficient. Here we show that DNA-based vaccine technology can be used to make potently neutralizing antibodies in rabbits that exclusively target the glycoproteins of several human-pathogenic arenaviruses found in South America, including JUNV, MACV, GTOV, and SABV. These antibodies protected guinea pigs from lethal disease when given post-virus challenge. We also generated a purified antibody cocktail with antibodies targeting three arenaviruses and demonstrated protective efficacy against all three targets. Our findings demonstrate that use of the DNA vaccine technology could be used to produce candidate antiarenavirus neutralizing antibody-based products.
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History of passive antibody administration for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 10:129-34. [PMID: 25760933 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We describe the history of passive immunization to provide context for the series of articles to follow. The history of passive immunization with antibodies to prevent or treat infectious diseases is a story of different eras. There was an extraordinary era of discovery and clinical implementation before the chemical nature of antibodies was even known. This empirical process provided the resources and reagents used to describe and characterize humoral immunity, better define the chemical properties and structure of antibodies, and extend the clinical use of immunoglobulin products to treat or prevent multiple viral and bacterial diseases over the ensuing several decades. The next distinct era came with the discovery of processes to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and development of more specific therapies. Interestingly, mAb technology resulted in many products to treat autoimmune and allergic diseases, but only one common infectious disease, respiratory syncytial virus, and only in a restricted population of high-risk infants. RECENT FINDINGS The current era began in 2003 with a series of publications demonstrating processes for rapidly producing human mAbs. SUMMARY This technology combined with new sequencing technology, advances in structural biology, atomic-level molecular design, and increased capacity for synthetic biology, promises new opportunities to apply passive immunization to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
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47
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Sommerstein R, Flatz L, Remy MM, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Fischer N, Sahin M, Bergthaler A, Igonet S, ter Meulen J, Rigo D, Meda P, Rabah N, Coutard B, Bowden TA, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA, Pinschewer DD. Arenavirus Glycan Shield Promotes Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Protracted Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005276. [PMID: 26587982 PMCID: PMC4654586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus (LASV) can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. As a major impediment to vaccine development, delayed and weak neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses represent a unifying characteristic of both natural infection and all vaccine candidates tested to date. To investigate the mechanisms underlying arenavirus nAb evasion we engineered several arenavirus envelope-chimeric viruses and glycan-deficient variants thereof. We performed neutralization tests with sera from experimentally infected mice and from LASV-convalescent human patients. NAb response kinetics in mice correlated inversely with the N-linked glycan density in the arenavirus envelope protein’s globular head. Additionally and most intriguingly, infection with fully glycosylated viruses elicited antibodies, which neutralized predominantly their glycan-deficient variants, both in mice and humans. Binding studies with monoclonal antibodies indicated that envelope glycans reduced nAb on-rate, occupancy and thereby counteracted virus neutralization. In infected mice, the envelope glycan shield promoted protracted viral infection by preventing its timely elimination by the ensuing antibody response. Thus, arenavirus envelope glycosylation impairs the protective efficacy rather than the induction of nAbs, and thereby prevents efficient antibody-mediated virus control. This immune evasion mechanism imposes limitations on antibody-based vaccination and convalescent serum therapy. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) represent a key principle of antiviral immunity. Protective vaccines aim at inducing nAbs to prevent viral infection, and infusion of nAbs in convalescent patient serum can offer a potent antiviral therapy. Certain viruses, however, have found ways to evade nAb control. Amongst them are high-risk pathogens of the arenavirus family such as Lassa virus (LASV), which is a frequent cause of hemorrhagic fever in West Africa. Here we unveil the molecular strategy by which arenaviruses escape antibody neutralization and avoid efficient immune control. We show that their surface is decorated with sugar moieties, serving to shield the virus against the neutralizing effect of the host’s antibodies. This immune evasion strategy differs from those described for other viruses, in which sugars impair primarily the induction of antibodies or allow for viral mutational escape. The arenavirus sugar coat renders the host nAb response inefficient and as a consequence thereof, the host fails to promptly control the infection. Our results offer a compelling explanation for the long history of failures in trying to make a nAb-based vaccine against LASV or in using convalescent serum for therapy. These mechanistic insights will support vaccine development efforts against arenaviruses such as LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M. Remy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Mehmet Sahin
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Igonet
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale and CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dorothée Rigo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Rabah
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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48
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Convalescent plasma: new evidence for an old therapeutic tool? BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2015; 14:152-7. [PMID: 26674811 DOI: 10.2450/2015.0131-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive immunisation for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases can be traced back to the 20(th) century. The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has turned the spotlight onto the possible use of convalescent whole blood and convalescent plasma in the treatment of infectious diseases because they are the only therapeutic strategy available in some cases, given the unavailability of vaccines, drugs or other specific treatments. Convalescent blood products could be a valid option in the treatment/prophylaxis of several infectious diseases both in association with other drugs/preventive measures and as the only therapy when a specific treatment is not available. However, there are still some issues to consider in determining the advisability of implementing a large-scale convalescent plasma transfusion programme.
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49
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Schieffelin J. Treatment of Arenavirus Infections. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-015-0058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Toll-like receptor 2-mediated innate immune responses against Junín virus in mice lead to antiviral adaptive immune responses during systemic infection and do not affect viral replication in the brain. J Virol 2014; 88:7703-14. [PMID: 24760892 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00050-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful adaptive immunity to virus infection often depends on the initial innate response. Previously, we demonstrated that Junín virus, the etiological agent responsible for Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), activates an early innate immune response via an interaction between the viral glycoprotein and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Here we show that TLR2/6 but not TLR1/2 heterodimers sense Junín virus glycoprotein and induce a cytokine response, which in turn upregulates the expression of the RNA helicases RIG-I and MDA5. NF-κB and Erk1/2 were important in the cytokine response, since both proteins were phosphorylated as a result of the interaction of virus with TLR2, and treatment with an Erk1/2-specific inhibitor blocked cytokine production. We show that the Junín virus glycoprotein activates cytokine production in a human macrophage cell line as well. Moreover, we show that TLR2-mediated immune response plays a role in viral clearance because wild-type mice cleared Candid 1 (JUNV C1), the vaccine strain of Junín virus, more rapidly than did TLR2 knockout mice. This clearance correlated with the generation of Junín virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, infected wild-type and TLR2 knockout mice developed TLR2-independent blocking antibody responses with similar kinetics. We also show that microglia and astrocytes but not neurons are susceptible to infection with JUNV C1. Although JUNV C1 infection of the brain also triggered a TLR2-dependent cytokine response, virus levels were equivalent in wild-type and TLR2 knockout mice. Importance: Junín virus is transmitted by rodents native to Argentina and is associated with both systemic disease and, in some patients, neurological symptoms. Humans become infected when they inhale aerosolized Junín virus. AHF has a 15 to 30% mortality rate, and patients who clear the infection develop a strong antibody response to Junín virus. Here we investigated what factors determine the immune response to Junín virus. We show that a strong initial innate immune response to JUNV C1 determines how quickly mice can clear systemic infection and that this depended on the cellular immune response. In contrast, induction of an innate immune response in the brain had no effect on virus infection levels. These findings may explain how the initial immune response to Junín virus infection could determine different outcomes in humans.
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