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Febvey-Combes O, Guitton J, Marec-Berard P, Faure-Conter C, Blanc E, Chabaud S, Conjard-Duplany A, Schell M, Derain Dubourg L. Renal toxicity of ifosfamide in children with cancer: an exploratory study integrating aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymatic activity data and a wide-array urinary metabolomics approach. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:196. [PMID: 38504218 PMCID: PMC10949630 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ifosfamide is a major anti-cancer drug in children with well-known renal toxicity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this toxicity could help identify children at increased risk of toxicity. METHODS The IFOS01 study included children undergoing ifosfamide-based chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. A fully evaluation of renal function was performed during and after chemotherapy. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and conventional biochemistry were used to detect early signs of ifosfamide-induced tubulopathy. The enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was measured in the peripheral blood lymphocytes as a marker of ifosfamide-derived chloroacetaldehyde detoxification capacity. Plasma and urine concentrations of ifosfamide and dechloroethylated metabolites were quantified. RESULTS The 15 participants received a median total ifosfamide dose of 59 g/m2 (range: 24-102), given over a median of 7 cycles (range: 4-14). All children had acute proximal tubular toxicity during chemotherapy that was reversible post-cycle, seen with both conventional assays and NMR. After a median follow-up of 31 months, 8/13 children presented overall chronic toxicity among which 7 had decreased glomerular filtration rate. ALDH enzymatic activity showed high inter- and intra-individual variations across cycles, though overall activity looked lower in children who subsequently developed chronic nephrotoxicity. Concentrations of ifosfamide and metabolites were similar in all children. CONCLUSIONS Acute renal toxicity was frequent during chemotherapy and did not allow identification of children at risk for long-term toxicity. A role of ALDH in late renal dysfunction is possible so further exploration of its enzymatic activity and polymorphism should be encouraged to improve the understanding of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Febvey-Combes
- Centre Léon Bérard, Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de toxicologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Perrine Marec-Berard
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique - Centre Léon Bérard, Département d'oncologie pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Faure-Conter
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique - Centre Léon Bérard, Département d'oncologie pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Ellen Blanc
- Centre Léon Bérard, Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Chabaud
- Centre Léon Bérard, Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Conjard-Duplany
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Schell
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique - Centre Léon Bérard, Département d'oncologie pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Derain Dubourg
- Service de Néphrologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Dialyse, Hypertension et Exploration Fonctionnelle Rénale 5, place d'Arsonval, Lyon cedex 03, 69437, France.
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5305, Lyon, France.
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Gupta S, Gudsoorkar P, Jhaveri KD. Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients with Cancer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:1385-1398. [PMID: 35338071 PMCID: PMC9625110 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.15681221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy have significantly improved overall patient survival; however, AKI remains a common complication in patients with cancer, occurring in anywhere from 11% to 22% of patients, depending on patient-related or cancer-specific factors. Critically ill patients with cancer as well as patients with certain malignancies (e.g., leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and renal cell carcinoma) are at highest risk of developing AKI. AKI may be a consequence of the underlying malignancy itself or from the wide array of therapies used to treat it. Cancer-associated AKI can affect virtually every compartment of the nephron and can present as subclinical AKI or as overt acute tubular injury, tubulointerstitial nephritis, or thrombotic microangiopathy, among others. AKI can have major repercussions for patients with cancer, potentially jeopardizing further eligibility for therapy and leading to greater morbidity and mortality. This review highlights the epidemiology of AKI in critically ill patients with cancer, risk factors for AKI, and common pathologies associated with certain cancer therapies, as well as the management of AKI in different clinical scenarios. It highlights gaps in our knowledge of AKI in patients with cancer, including the lack of validated biomarkers, as well as evidence-based therapies to prevent AKI and its deleterious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gupta
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prakash Gudsoorkar
- Division of Nephrology & Kidney Clinical Advancement, Research & Education Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kenar D. Jhaveri
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York
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3
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Kooijmans ECM, van der Pal HJH, Pluijm SMF, van der Heiden-van der Loo M, Kremer LCM, Bresters D, van Dulmen-den Broeder E, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Loonen JJ, Louwerens M, Neggers SJC, Ronckers C, Tissing WJE, de Vries ACH, Kaspers GJL, Bökenkamp A, Veening MA. Long-Term Tubular Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors; DCCSS-LATER 2 Renal Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2754. [PMID: 35681735 PMCID: PMC9179377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this nationwide cross-sectional cohort study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for tubular dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). In the DCCSS-LATER 2 Renal study, 1024 CCS (≥5 years after diagnosis), aged ≥ 18 years at study, treated between 1963 and 2001 with potentially nephrotoxic therapy (i.e., nephrectomy, abdominal radiotherapy, total body irradiation, cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, high-dose cyclophosphamide, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) participated, and 500 age- and sex-matched participants from Lifelines acted as controls. Tubular electrolyte loss was defined as low serum levels (magnesium < 0.7 mmol/L, phosphate < 0.7 mmol/L and potassium < 3.6 mmol/L) with increased renal excretion or supplementation. A α1-microglobulin:creatinine ratio > 1.7 mg/mmol was considered as low-molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP). Multivariable risk analyses were performed. After median 25.5 years follow-up, overall prevalence of electrolyte losses in CCS (magnesium 5.6%, potassium 4.5%, phosphate 5.5%) was not higher compared to controls. LMWP was more prevalent (CCS 20.1% versus controls 0.4%). LMWP and magnesium loss were associated with glomerular dysfunction. Ifosfamide was associated with potassium loss, phosphate loss (with cumulative dose > 42 g/m2) and LMWP. Cisplatin was associated with magnesium loss and a cumulative dose > 500 mg/m2 with potassium and phosphate loss. Carboplatin cumulative dose > 2800 mg/m2 was associated with potassium loss. In conclusion, long-term tubular dysfunction is infrequent. Yet, ifosfamide, cisplatin and carboplatin are risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee C. M. Kooijmans
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.D.-d.B.); (G.J.L.K.); (M.A.V.)
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
| | - Helena J. H. van der Pal
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
| | - Saskia M. F. Pluijm
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
| | - Margriet van der Heiden-van der Loo
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leontien C. M. Kremer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Deparmtnet of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine Bresters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Willem Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eline van Dulmen-den Broeder
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.D.-d.B.); (G.J.L.K.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Marry M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J. Loonen
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marloes Louwerens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sebastian J. C. Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cécile Ronckers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
| | - Wim J. E. Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 8713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrica C. H. de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J. L. Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.D.-d.B.); (G.J.L.K.); (M.A.V.)
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
| | - Arend Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Margreet A. Veening
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.v.D.-d.B.); (G.J.L.K.); (M.A.V.)
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (S.M.F.P.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (C.R.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.)
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4
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Rieder MJ, Elzagallaai AA. Pharmacogenomics in Children. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:569-593. [PMID: 36068477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Historically genetics has not been considered when prescribing drugs for children. However, it is clear that genetics are not only an important determinant of disease in children but also of drug response for many important drugs that are core agents used in the therapy of common problems in children. Advances in therapy and in the ethical construct of children's research have made pharmacogenomic assessment for children much easier to pursue. It is likely that pharmacogenomics will become part of the therapeutic decision-making process for children, notably in areas such as childhood cancer where weighing benefits and risks of therapy is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rieder
- Division of Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Abdelbaset A Elzagallaai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Dieffenbach BV, Liu Q, Murphy AJ, Stein DR, Wu N, Madenci AL, Leisenring WM, Kadan-Lottick NS, Christison-Lagay ER, Goldsby RE, Howell RM, Smith SA, Oeffinger KC, Yasui Y, Armstrong GT, Weldon CB, Chow EJ, Weil BR. Late-onset kidney failure in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Eur J Cancer 2021; 155:216-226. [PMID: 34391054 PMCID: PMC8429192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of and risk factors for late-onset kidney failure among survivors over the very long term remains understudied. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25,530 childhood cancer survivors (median follow-up 22.3 years, interquartile range 17.4-28.8) diagnosed between 1970 and 1999, and 5045 siblings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study were assessed for self-reported late-onset kidney failure, defined as dialysis, renal transplantation, or death attributable to kidney disease. Piecewise exponential models evaluated associations between risk factors and the rate of late-onset kidney failure. RESULTS A total of 206 survivors and 10 siblings developed late-onset kidney failure, a 35-year cumulative incidence of 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-1.9) and 0.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1-0.4), respectively, corresponding to an adjusted rate ratio (RR) of 4.9 (95% CI = 2.6-9.2). High kidney dose from radiotherapy (≥15Gy; RR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.1-7.4), exposure to high-dose anthracycline (≥250 mg/m2; RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0-2.6) or any ifosfamide chemotherapy (RR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.2-5.7), and nephrectomy (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.4) were independently associated with elevated risk for late-onset kidney failure among survivors. Survivors who developed hypertension, particularly in the context of prior nephrectomy (RR = 14.4, 95% CI = 7.1-29.4 hypertension with prior nephrectomy; RR = 5.9, 95% CI = 3.3-10.5 hypertension without prior nephrectomy), or diabetes (RR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.2-4.2) were also at elevated risk for late-onset kidney failure. CONCLUSIONS Survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk for late-onset kidney failure. Kidney dose from radiotherapy ≥15 Gy, high-dose anthracycline, any ifosfamide, and nephrectomy were associated with increased risk of late-onset kidney failure among survivors. Successful diagnosis and management of modifiable risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension may mitigate the risk for late-onset kidney failure. The association of late-onset kidney failure with anthracycline chemotherapy represents a novel finding that warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan V Dieffenbach
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deborah R Stein
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Wu
- Clinical Research and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arin L Madenci
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy M Leisenring
- Clinical Research and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nina S Kadan-Lottick
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Yale University and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily R Christison-Lagay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Robert E Goldsby
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Howell
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan A Smith
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin C Oeffinger
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher B Weldon
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Chow
- Clinical Research and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent R Weil
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gupta S, Portales-Castillo I, Daher A, Kitchlu A. Conventional Chemotherapy Nephrotoxicity. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2021; 28:402-414.e1. [PMID: 35190107 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapies remain the mainstay of treatment for many malignancies. Kidney complications of these therapies are not infrequent and may have serious implications for future kidney function, cancer treatment options, eligibility for clinical trials, and overall survival. Kidney adverse effects may include acute kidney injury (via tubular injury, tubulointerstitial nephritis, glomerular disease and thrombotic microangiopathy), long-term kidney function loss and CKD, and electrolyte disturbances. In this review, we summarize the kidney complications of conventional forms of chemotherapy and, where possible, provide estimates of incidence, and identify risk factors and strategies for kidney risk mitigation. In addition, we provide recommendations regarding kidney dose modifications, recognizing that these adjustments may be limited by available supporting pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes data. We discuss management strategies for kidney adverse effects associated with these therapies with drug-specific recommendations. We focus on frequently used anticancer agents with established kidney complications, including platinum-based chemotherapies (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin), cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, methotrexate and pemetrexed, among others.
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7
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Paul A, Duncan A, Bacchetta J, Dubourg L, Marec-Bérard P, Tanné C. Chronic kidney disease consecutive to chemotherapy for chondroblastic osteosarcoma: A report on 6 pediatric cases. Nephrol Ther 2021; 17:543-546. [PMID: 34229968 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of osteosarcoma in children and adolescents is based on poly-chemotherapy including several nephrotoxic drugs (e.g. ifosfamide, methotrexate, and cisplatinum). Chronic renal toxicity is a frequent complication but stage 5 chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis is rare. We report here a series of six pediatric patients with osteosarcoma displaying chronic kidney disease after chemotherapy. CASE-DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts, mainly for clinical history, timing between chemotherapy and development of tubulopathy and CKD, type of therapies and global evolution (chronic dialysis and further renal transplantation, n=2; death, n=1). Notably, all patients suffered from chondroblastic osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Advanced chronic kidney disease can be a complication of osteosarcoma management that could more frequently lead to dialysis and further transplantation. It would be interesting to identify specific risk factors of such renal toxicity. The chondroblastic sub-type may be associated with such susceptibility, but this needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Paul
- Centre de référence des maladies rénales rares, Service de néphrologie rhumatologie dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France.
| | - Anita Duncan
- Centre de référence des maladies rénales rares, Service de néphrologie rhumatologie dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Centre de référence des maladies rénales rares, Service de néphrologie rhumatologie dermatologie pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69500 Bron, France; Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Dubourg
- Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Service d'exploration fonctionnelle rénale, Groupement hospitalier Édouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Perrine Marec-Bérard
- Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie pédiatrique (IHOPe), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Corentin Tanné
- Service de pédiatrie et néonatologie, Hôpitaux du Pays du Mont Blanc, Sallanches, France
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8
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Spalato M, Italiano A. The safety of current pharmacotherapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:427-438. [PMID: 33478264 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1881060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Peri-operative chemotherapy is the backbone of treatment for patients with osteosarcoma. Methotrexate, cisplatinum, doxorubicin and ifosfamide are the main drugs used in chemotherapy regimens used for osteosarcoma.Areas covered: We have reviewed here the relevant literature related to the incidence and management of acute and late toxicities of systemic treatment used for the management of patients with osteosarcoma.Expert opinion: Early diagnosis and appropriate management of acute and late toxicities of chemotherapy is crucial for an efficient care of osteosarcoma patients. Although the incidence and management of chemotherapy-related acute toxicities are well known by most oncologists, the use of high doses of methotrexate have the potential to cause fatal toxicities and, therefore, needs careful monitoring. Moreover, the diagnosis of late toxicities is more challenging and requires long-term follow-up for an appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Sarcoma Unit, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Faculty of Medicine, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) are at risk for renal and hepatic complications related to curative cancer treatments. Although acute renal and hepatic toxicities of cancer treatments are well described, data regarding long-term and late-occurring sequelae or their associations with acute sequelae are less robust. This article highlights the literature on the prevalence of and risk factors for late renal and hepatic toxicity in CCSs. Studies investigating these outcomes are needed to inform surveillance practices and the development of future frontline cancer treatment protocols.
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Multicentric survey on dose reduction/interruption of cancer drug therapy in 12.472 patients: indicators of suspected adverse reactions. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40719-40724. [PMID: 27119511 PMCID: PMC5130038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiblastic drugs have a high number of potential side-effects. Paradoxically, according to the National Network of Pharmacovigilance, the number of reported adverse reactions to these agents is proportionally lower than that registered for non antiblastic drugs. Critical phenomena such as treatment interruptions and significant dose reductions within the first two months of use may be indicators of adverse drug reactions. The aim of the present study was to increase our knowledge of pharmacovigilance to facilitate the actions taken to improve the risk-benefit profile of cancer drugs and, consequently, their safety. This retrospective observational survey was carried out on prescriptions from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2012. Dose reductions of more than 10% during the first 90 days of therapy were considered as a surrogate indicator of an adverse reaction. Dose interruptions during the first 60 days of therapy were taken into consideration. Of the12,472 patients 1,248 underwent a dose reduction. The drugs that most often required a dose reduction were paclitaxel and oxaliplatin (17.4% and 17.3%, respectively), docetaxel (14.8%), carboplatin (15%), fluorouracil (10.7%) and, among oral medications, capecitabine (6.9%). Of the 1896 patients treated with the same drugs, 9.7% interrupted treatment. Patients required a lower dose reduction than that reported by other authors. Around 15% of cases underwent a 30% dose reduction within three months of starting therapy, indicating a possible adverse reaction. Constant monitoring of dose prescription and continuous training of medical and nursing staff are clearly needed to increase awareness of the importance of reporting adverse events.
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11
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Late renal toxicity of treatment for childhood malignancy: risk factors, long-term outcomes, and surveillance. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:215-225. [PMID: 28434047 PMCID: PMC5769827 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glomerular and tubular nephrotoxicity is reported in 20-50% and 20-25%, respectively, of children and adolescents treated with ifosfamide and 60-80% and 10-30%, respectively, of those given cisplatin. Up to 20% of children display evidence of chronic glomerular damage after unilateral nephrectomy for a renal tumour. Overall, childhood cancer survivors have a ninefold higher risk of developing renal failure compared with their siblings. Such chronic nephrotoxicity may have multiple causes, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy exposure to kidneys, renal surgery, supportive care drugs and tumour-related factors. These cause a wide range of chronic glomerular and tubular toxicities, often with potentially severe clinical sequelae. Many risk factors for developing nephrotoxicity, mostly patient and treatment related, have been described, but we remain unable to predict all episodes of renal damage. This implies that other factors may be involved, such as genetic polymorphisms influencing drug metabolism. Although our knowledge of the long-term outcomes of chronic nephrotoxicity is increasing, there is still much to learn, including how we can optimally predict or achieve early detection of nephrotoxicity. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity is needed before its occurrence can be prevented.
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13
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Pan Q, Sun Y, Jin Q, Li Q, Wang Q, Liu H, Zhao S. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of 3-bromopyruvate in mice. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:724-729. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160110000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, China
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Drug-induced acid-base disorders. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1407-23. [PMID: 25370778 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acid-base disorders (ABDs) is high, especially in hospitalized patients. ABDs are often indicators for severe systemic disorders. In everyday clinical practice, analysis of ABDs must be performed in a standardized manner. Highly sensitive diagnostic tools to distinguish the various ABDs include the anion gap and the serum osmolar gap. Drug-induced ABDs can be classified into five different categories in terms of their pathophysiology: (1) metabolic acidosis caused by acid overload, which may occur through accumulation of acids by endogenous (e.g., lactic acidosis by biguanides, propofol-related syndrome) or exogenous (e.g., glycol-dependant drugs, such as diazepam or salicylates) mechanisms or by decreased renal acid excretion (e.g., distal renal tubular acidosis by amphotericin B, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin D); (2) base loss: proximal renal tubular acidosis by drugs (e.g., ifosfamide, aminoglycosides, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, antiretrovirals, oxaliplatin or cisplatin) in the context of Fanconi syndrome; (3) alkalosis resulting from acid and/or chloride loss by renal (e.g., diuretics, penicillins, aminoglycosides) or extrarenal (e.g., laxative drugs) mechanisms; (4) exogenous bicarbonate loads: milk-alkali syndrome, overshoot alkalosis after bicarbonate therapy or citrate administration; and (5) respiratory acidosis or alkalosis resulting from drug-induced depression of the respiratory center or neuromuscular impairment (e.g., anesthetics, sedatives) or hyperventilation (e.g., salicylates, epinephrine, nicotine).
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Gupta P, Talreja VT, Dhananjaya MS, Mittal S. A case report of recurrent hypokalaemic periodic paralysis in a young male patient. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Faught LN, Greff MJE, Rieder MJ, Koren G. Drug-induced acute kidney injury in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:901-9. [PMID: 25395343 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious problem occurring in anywhere between 8 and 30% of children in the intensive care unit. Up to 25% of these cases are believed to be the result of pharmacotherapy. In this review we have focused on several relevant drugs and/or drug classes, which are known to cause AKI in children, including cancer chemotherapeutics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antimicrobials. AKI demonstrates a steady association with increased long term risk of poor outcomes including chronic kidney disease and death as determined by the extent of injury. For this reason it is important to understand the causality and implications of these drugs and drug classes. Children occupy a unique patient population, advocating the importance of understanding how they are affected dissimilarly compared with adults. While the kidney itself is likely more susceptible to injury than other organs, the inherent toxicity of these drugs also plays a major role in the resulting AKI. Mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these drugs include oxidative damage, hypersensitivity reactions, altered haemodynamics and tubule obstruction and may affect the glomerulus and/or the tubules. Understanding these mechanisms is critical in determining the most effective strategies for treatment and/or prevention, whether these strategies are less toxic versions of the same drugs or add-on agents to mitigate the toxic effect of the existing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Faught
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael J Rieder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,CIHR-GSK Chair in Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kim HY, Kim SS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Decreased Renal Expression of H(+)-ATPase and Pendrin in a Patient with Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Associated with Sjögren's Syndrome. Intern Med 2015; 54:2899-904. [PMID: 26568006 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old woman with no significant past medical or family history was admitted with complaints of general weakness. Laboratory tests revealed: serum potassium 3.0 mEq/L, arterial blood pH 7.28, serum bicarbonate 17.8 mEq/L and urinary pH 7.0. Double-labeling confocal fluorescence microscopy using H(+)-ATPase and pendrin antibodies demonstrated a decreased expression of these proteins in the patient's renal collecting duct compared to normal controls. Anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A (Anti-Ro/SS-A) and anti-Sjögren's syndrome type B (anti-La/SS-B) antibodies were strongly positive with very high titers, consistent with Sjögren's syndrome. We present a case of distal renal tubular acidosis-associated Sjögren's syndrome with a defect in H(+)-ATPase and pendrin in the renal collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
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18
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Akilesh S, Juaire N, Duffield JS, Smith KD. Chronic Ifosfamide Toxicity: Kidney Pathology and Pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:843-50. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Historically genetics has not been considered when prescribing drugs for children. However, it is clear that genetics are not only an important determinant of disease in children but also of drug response for many important drugs that are core agents used in the therapy of common problems in children. Advances in therapy and in the ethical construct of children's research have made pharmacogenomic assessment for children much easier to pursue. It is likely that pharmacogenomics will become part of the therapeutic decision making process for children, notably in areas such as childhood cancer where the benefits and risks of therapy are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rieder
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Western University, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON, Canada, N6C 2V5,
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20
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Interleukin 18 as a marker of chronic nephropathy in children after anticancer treatment. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:811-8. [PMID: 24379519 PMCID: PMC3860090 DOI: 10.1155/2013/369784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel markers of nephrotoxicity, including kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and beta-2 microglobulin, were used in the detection of acute renal injury. The aim of the study was to establish the frequency of postchemotherapy chronic kidney dysfunction in children and to assess the efficacy of IL-18, KIM-1, and beta-2 microglobulin in the detection of chronic nephropathy. We examined eighty-five patients after chemotherapy (median age of twelve years). The median age at the point of diagnosis was 4.2 years, and the median follow-up time was 4.6 years. We performed classic laboratory tests assessing kidney function and compared the results with novel markers (KIM-1, beta-2 microglobulin, and IL-18). Features of subclinical renal injury were identified in forty-eight children (56.3% of the examined group). Nephropathy, especially tubulopathy, appeared more frequently in patients treated with ifosfamide, cisplatin, and/or carboplatin, following nephrectomy or abdominal radiotherapy (P = 0.14, P = 0.11, and P = 0.08, resp.). Concentrations of IL-18 and beta-2 microglobulin were comparable with classic signs of tubulopathy (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.05). Concentrations of IL-18 were also significantly higher in children treated with highly nephrotoxic drugs (P = 0.0004) following nephrectomy (P = 0.0007) and abdominal radiotherapy (P = 0.01). Concentrations of beta-2 microglobulin were higher after highly toxic chemotherapy (P = 0.004) and after radiotherapy (P = 0.02). ROC curves created utilizing IL-18 data allowed us to distinguish between children with nephropathy (value 28.8 pg/mL) and tubulopathy (37.1 pg/mL). Beta-2 microglobulin and IL-18 seem to be promising markers of chronic renal injury in children after chemotherapy.
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21
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Kamran SC, Pendergraft WF, Harmon DC, Rubin MF. Ifosfamide-induced Fanconi syndrome and desmopressin-responsive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Am J Med 2013; 126:e7-8. [PMID: 23684064 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Ifosfamide (IFA) is a powerful chemotherapeutic drug that is active against a variety of paediatric malignancies. However, renal toxicities such as haemorrhagic cystitis and Fanconi syndrome are major hazards that hinder its use in clinical practice. The authors present a case of a patient treated for Wilms' tumour with IFA who developed rickets with Fanconi syndrome. Patients undergoing IFA treatment must be carefully monitored for the development of iatrogenic complications. Recent studies have improved our understanding of the underlying pathomechanism of IFA induced Fanconi syndrome, and selective renal protection against during chemotherapy with IFA may be possible soon.
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Church DN, Hassan AB, Harper SJ, Wakeley CJ, Price CGA. Osteomalacia as a late metabolic complication of Ifosfamide chemotherapy in young adults: illustrative cases and review of the literature. Sarcoma 2011; 2007:91586. [PMID: 17641745 PMCID: PMC1906873 DOI: 10.1155/2007/91586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Ifosfamide is a drug commonly used in the management of sarcomas and other solid tumours. One potential toxicity of its use is renal tubular damage, which can lead to skeletal abnormalities; rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. We aimed to characterise this rare complication in adults. Patients. Three illustrative patient cases treated in our institution are presented. All were treated for sarcoma, and received varying doses of ifosfamide during their therapy. Methods. We performed a review of the literature on the renal tubular and skeletal complications of ifosfamide in adults. Papers were identified by searches of PubMed using the terms "osteomalacia," "nephrotoxicity," "Fanconi syndrome," "ifosfamide," and "chemotherapy" for articles published between 1970 and 2006. Additional papers were identified from review of references of relevant articles. Results. There are only four case reports of skeletal toxicity secondary to ifosfamide in adults; the majority of data refer to children. Risk factors for development of renal tubular dysfunction and osteodystrophy include platinum chemotherapy, increasing cumulative ifosfamide dose, and reduced nephron mass. The natural history of ifosfamide-induced renal damage is variable, dysfunction may not become apparent until some months after treatment, and may improve or worsen with time. Discussion. Ifosfamide-induced osteomalacia is seldom described in adults. Clinicians should be vigilant for its development, as timely intervention may minimise complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. N. Church
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK
- *D. N. Church:
| | - A. B. Hassan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - S. J. Harper
- Richard Bright Kidney Unit, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - C. J. Wakeley
- Department of Radiology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - C. G. A. Price
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK
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Gunness P, Aleksa K, Kosuge K, Ito S, Koren G. Comparison of the novel HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cell line with the standard LLC-PK1 cell line in studying drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:448-55. [PMID: 20555413 DOI: 10.1139/y10-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Established cell lines are widely used as in vitro models in toxicology studies. The choice of an appropriate cell line is critical when performing studies to elucidate drug-induced toxicity in humans. The porcine renal proximal tubular cell line LLC-PK1 is routinely used to study the nephrotoxic effects of drugs in humans. However, there are significant interspecies differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The objective of this study was to determine whether the human renal proximal tubular cell line HK-2 is an acceptable model to use when performing in vitro toxicity studies to predict effects in humans. We examined 2 nephrotoxic agents, ifosfamide (IFO) and acyclovir, that exhibit different clinical nephrotoxic patterns. HK-2 cells metabolized IFO to its nephrotoxic metabolite, chloroacetaldehyde (CAA). Acyclovir induced a concentration-dependent decrease in HK-2 cell viability, suggesting that acyclovir may induce direct insult to renal proximal tubular cells. The results support clinical pathology data in humans and suggest that HK-2 cells are a suitable model to use in in vitro toxicity studies to determine drug-induced nephrotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrina Gunness
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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25
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Abstract
Chronic renal impairment in children with cancer may be caused by the malignant process itself or result from adverse effects of treatment including cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, surgery or supportive treatment. Although severe renal chronic disease is uncommon, occurring in only 0.8% of long-term survivors of childhood cancer, 1.9% of all cases of established renal failure are due to malignancy and 0.8% to drug nephrotoxicity. The relative risk of severe renal chronic disease (compared with siblings) is 8.1, and that of renal failure or the need for dialysis is 8.9. The cytotoxic drugs most likely to cause important chronic nephrotoxicity are ifosfamide and cisplatin, both of which are used widely in many solid tumors and may cause chronic glomerular and/or renal tubular toxicity in 30–60% of treated children. Significant renal toxicity is less frequent with other chemotherapeutic drugs, but may result from treatment with carboplatin, methotrexate and nitrosoureas. Other cytotoxic drugs occasionally cause specific patterns of glomerular or tubular toxicity in children. Partial or unilateral nephrectomy leads to hypertrophy and hyperfiltration of the remaining renal tissue, and may result in microalbuminuria, hypertension and in rare cases, chronic renal impairment. Radiotherapy to a field including renal tissue may cause late onset chronic renal damage, manifest by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and anemia, sometimes progressing to chronic renal failure. Chronic nephrotoxicity is also common in survivors of hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, and is often multifactorial with contributions from prior chemotherapy, total body irradiation, immunosuppressive drugs and transplant complications, such as infection or hemorrhage. Patients at risk of renal damage should be monitored regularly with a defined surveillance protocol to enable timely management. General measures often employed to prevent or reduce nephrotoxicity include the use of intravenous hydration during drug administration and avoidance of known risk factors, such as high drug doses. Although numerous potentially nephroprotective drugs have been suggested and investigated, none have yet been introduced into clinical use in children due to the lack of proven efficacy. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity is necessary to reduce the frequency and severity of this potentially serious complication of treatment in children with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Skinner
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Oncology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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Abstract
Hypophosphatemia (serum phosphorus concentration <2.5 mg/dl, 0.8 mmol/l), although rare in the general population, is commonly observed in hospitalized patients and may be associated with drug therapy. In fact, hypophosphatemia frequently develops in the course of treatment with drugs used in every-day clinical practice including diuretics and bisphosphonates. Proper diagnostic approach of patients with low serum phosphorus concentrations should involve a detailed medical history with special attention to the recent use of medications. The clinical manifestations of drug-induced hypophosphatemia are usually mild but might also be severe and potentially life-threatening. This review aims at a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors of drug therapy-related hypophosphatemia thus allowing prevention and effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Skinner R, Parry A, Price L, Cole M, Craft AW, Pearson ADJ. Glomerular toxicity persists 10 years after ifosfamide treatment in childhood and is not predictable by age or dose. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:983-9. [PMID: 20405516 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective longitudinal single institution cohort study evaluated the natural history of and risk factors for chronic nephrotoxicity 10 years after ifosfamide treatment in childhood. PROCEDURE Twenty-five patients (16 males) treated with ifosfamide were investigated at end of treatment (End), 1 and 10 years later. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum phosphate (PO4) and bicarbonate (HCO3) and renal tubular threshold for phosphate (Tmp/GFR) were measured, and total nephrotoxicity score (Ns) graded. RESULTS More patients had a low GFR at 1 (72%) and 10 (50%) years than at End (26%) (P = 0.006 for End vs. 1 year). Electrolyte supplementation requirements for tubular toxicity resolved by 10 years (0% vs. 32% at End and 24% at 1 year; both P < 0.05). At 10 years, 17% of patients had moderate overall nephrotoxicity and 13% clinically significant reduction of GFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m2). Neither dose nor age at treatment predicted any measure of toxicity at 10 years or reduced GFR at any timepoint. Higher cumulative ifosfamide dose correlated with greater tubular and overall nephrotoxicity at End and/or 1 year (P < 0.05 for each of PO4, HCO3, Tmp/GFR, Ns), but age at treatment did not differ between patients with normal or abnormal results. CONCLUSIONS Although clinically significant tubular toxicity had resolved by 10 years, GFR was <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in 13% of patients, raising concerns about very long-term glomerular function. Higher cumulative dose was associated with greater tubular and overall toxicity at End and 1 year, but not at 10 years. Age at treatment did not predict nephrotoxicity at any timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Skinner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Metabolic acidosis may occasionally develop in the course of treatment with drugs used in everyday clinical practice, as well as with the exposure to certain chemicals. Drug-induced metabolic acidosis, although usually mild, may well be life-threatening, as in cases of lactic acidosis complicating antiretroviral therapy or treatment with biguanides. Therefore, a detailed medical history, with special attention to the recent use of culprit medications, is essential in patients with acid-base derangements. Effective clinical management can be handled through awareness of the adverse effect of certain pharmaceutical compounds on the acid-base status. In this review, we evaluate relevant literature with regard to metabolic acidosis associated with specific drug treatment, and discuss the clinical setting and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. These mechanisms involve renal inability to excrete the dietary H+ load (including types I and IV renal tubular acidoses), metabolic acidosis owing to increased H+ load (including lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, ingestion of various substances, administration of hyperalimentation solutions and massive rhabdomyolysis) and metabolic acidosis due to HCO3- loss (including gastrointestinal loss and type II renal tubular acidosis). Determinations of arterial blood gases, the serum anion gap and, in some circumstances, the serum osmolar gap are helpful in delineating the pathogenesis of the acid-base disorder. In all cases of drug-related metabolic acidosis, discontinuation of the culprit medications and avoidance of readministration is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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29
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The suggestion of a risk stratification system for febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic disease. Leuk Res 2010; 34:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oberlin O, Fawaz O, Rey A, Niaudet P, Ridola V, Orbach D, Bergeron C, Defachelles AS, Gentet JC, Schmitt C, Rubie H, Munzer M, Plantaz D, Deville A, Minard V, Corradini N, Leverger G, de Vathaire F. Long-term evaluation of Ifosfamide-related nephrotoxicity in children. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5350-5. [PMID: 19826134 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ifosfamide is widely used in pediatric oncology but its nephrotoxicity may become a significant issue in survivors. This study is aimed at evaluating the incidence of late renal toxicity of ifosfamide and its risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of the 183 patients prospectively investigated for renal function, 77 treated for rhabdomyosarcoma, 39 for other soft tissue sarcoma, 39 for Ewing's sarcoma, and 28 for osteosarcoma were investigated at least 5 years after treatment. No patients had received cisplatin and/or carboplatin. Glomerular and tubular functions were graded according to the Skinner system. RESULTS The median dose of ifosfamide was 54 g/m(2) (range, 18 to 117 g/m(2)). After a median follow-up of 10 years, 89.5% of patients had normal tubular function, and 78.5% had normal glomerular function rate (GFR). Serum bicarbonate and calcium were normal in all patients. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 1.2% and hypophosphatemia in 1%. The tubular threshold for phosphate was reduced in 24% of the patients (grade 1 in 15%, grade 2 in 8%, and grade 3 in 0.5%). Glycosuria was detected in 37% of the patients but was more than 0.5 g/24 hours in only 5%. Proteinuria was observed in 12%. Ifosfamide dose and interval from therapy to investigations were predictors of tubulopathy in univariate and multivariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, an older age at diagnosis and the length of interval since treatment had independent impacts on the risk of abnormal GFR. CONCLUSION Renal toxicity is moderate with a moderate dose of ifosfamide. However, since it can be permanent and can get worse with time, repeated long-term evaluations are important, and this risk should be balanced against efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Oberlin
- Pediatrics and Biostatistics Departments, and l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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Hanly L, Chen N, Rieder M, Koren G. Ifosfamide nephrotoxicity in children: a mechanistic base for pharmacological prevention. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:155-68. [PMID: 19309244 DOI: 10.1517/14740330902808169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antineoplastic drug ifosfamide (IFO) in the treatment of solid tumors, particularly in children, is the cause of severe nephrotoxicity. Although it is a potent and effective chemotherapeutic agent, the associated nephrotoxicity has a serious impact on the health and the quality of life of exposed children. The toxic metabolite of IFO thought to be responsible for IFO-induced kidney damage is chloroacetaldehyde (CAA). Those suffering from nephrotoxicity typically develop tubular and glomerular toxicities, with the most severe form being Fanconi's syndrome. As the mode of toxicity of CAA seems to be primarily owing to oxidative stress, the use of antioxidants as a protective measure for the kidneys is a promising strategy. In this review, we highlight recent research that supports the local renal production of CAA as the proximate cause of IFO-induced nephrotoxicity with age as an important risk factor, those under the age of three being the most vulnerable. Most importantly, we focus on the potential advantages of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine owing to both its antioxidant properties and its current use clinically in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hanly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Yule SM, Skinner R, English MW, Cole M, Pearson AD, Lucraft HH, Craft AW. Outcome and toxicity of an Ifosfamide-based soft tissue sarcoma treatment protocol in children. The importance of local therapy. Sarcoma 2008; 2:171-7. [PMID: 18521250 PMCID: PMC2395403 DOI: 10.1080/13577149877939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Although the survival of children with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) has improved considerably, the outcome of patients with metastatic disease, and those with primary tumours of the extremities or parameningeal sites remains disappointing. We describe the clinical outcome of an ifosfamide-based regimen with local therapy directed only to children who failed to achieve a complete response to initial chemotherapy. Patients and Methods. Twenty-one children with STS (16 rhabdomyosarcoma) who presented with
unresectable tumours were treated with five courses of ifosfamide (9 g/m2) and etoposide
(600 mgm2). Patients who did not achieve a complete response then received local therapy. Chemotherapy
with ifosfamide combined with etoposide, vincristine (1.5 mg/m2 and doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) or
vincristine and actinomycin D (1.5 mg/m2) was continued for one year. Results and Discussion. Objective responses to five courses of ifosfamide and etoposide were seen in all patients. Disease free survival (DFS) at a median follow up of 59 months was 57% (95% CI 29–75%). The DFS of children who received local therapy was 89% compared with 33% in those who received chemotherapy alone (p=0.027). Locoregional recurrences did not occur in children who received radiotherapy to the site of the primary tumour. Ifosfamide-based chemotherapy does not reduce the incidence of loco-regional recurrence in children who do not receive local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yule
- Department of Child Health The University of Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Endocrine sequelae of cancer and cancer treatments. J Cancer Surviv 2007; 1:261-74. [PMID: 18648961 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-007-0038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to cancer and its treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, may result in late adverse effects including endocrine dysfunction. Endocrine disorders are the most commonly reported long-term complications of cancer treatment, especially by adult survivors of childhood cancers. This review will explore the endocrinologic adverse effects from non-endocrine cancer therapies. METHODS Searches including various Internet-based medical search engines such as PubMed, Medline Plus, and Google Scholar were conducted for published articles. RESULTS One hundred sixty-nine journal articles met the inclusion criteria. They included case reports, systematic analyses, and cohort reports. Endocrine disorders including hypothalamus dysfunction, hypopituitarism, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion, diabetes insipidus, growth hormone disorders, hyperprolactinemia, gonadotropin deficiency, serum thyroid hormone-binding protein abnormalities, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypomagnesium, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, adrenal dysfunction, gonadal dysfunction, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and glycosuria were identified and their association with cancer therapies were outlined. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The journal articles have highlighted the association of cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with endocrine dysfunction. Some of the dysfunctions were more often experienced than others. Especially in patients treated with radiotherapy, some endocrinologic disorders were progressive in nature. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Recognition and awareness of endocrine sequelae of cancer treatments may permit for early detection and appropriate follow-up care for cancer survivors, thus improving their overall health and quality of life.
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Schlondorff JS, Mendez GP, Rennke HG, Magee CC. Electrolyte abnormalities and progressive renal failure in a cancer patient. Kidney Int 2007; 71:1181-4. [PMID: 17332730 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Schlondorff
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Stöhr W, Patzer L, Paulides M, Kremers A, Beck JD, Langer T, Rossi R. Growth impairment after ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:571-6. [PMID: 16755549 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to analyze long-term consequences of ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity on growth and renal function in children treated for cancer. PROCEDURE In a retrospective study, departments for pediatric oncology and nephrology in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were asked to report patients with serious long-term nephrotoxicity after ifosfamide-treatment. Data at first appearance of renal dysfunction and at the last renal examination were collected using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients with tubulopathy (35 severe, 24 moderate) following ifosfamide therapy were eligible for analysis of long-term outcome (median follow-up 4 years, range 1.1 to 12.9). Median height standard deviation score was significantly reduced at renal diagnosis, and at last renal examination (-1.7 and -2.1 respectively, P < 0.01 at each point in time). Patients with tubulopathy also had stunted growth in comparison with a control group of cancer patients without renal disease (mean difference at last examination: 7.3 cm (95% confidence interval: 2.5 to 12.1 cm). In patients with severe tubulopathy, glomerular filtration rate deteriorated significantly over time. End-stage renal disease was reported in one patient only, not solely caused by ifosfamide. CONCLUSION Depending on the extent of tubular dysfunction, patients with ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity experienced significant growth impairment and a slow decline in glomerular filtration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stöhr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, LESS Centre, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Erlangen, Germany
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Stöhr W, Paulides M, Bielack S, Jürgens H, Treuner J, Rossi R, Langer T, Beck JD. Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in 593 sarcoma patients: a report from the Late Effects Surveillance System. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:447-52. [PMID: 16628552 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ifosfamide is widely used in paediatric oncology, but its use is limited by nephrotoxic side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of tubulopathy, with special emphasis on the influence of age, where different findings have been published so far. PROCEDURE Five hundred ninety three children and adolescents treated for Ewing, osteo- or soft-tissue sarcoma (median age at diagnosis: 11.7 years) were prospectively investigated for nephrotoxicity in the Late Effects Surveillance System (LESS) study. Tubulopathy was diagnosed in case of continuing hypophosphatemia and proteinuria. RESULTS After a median follow up of 19 months, 27 patients (4.6%; 95% CI: 3.0-6.6%) had newly developed tubulopathy. This incidence was 0.4% (95% CI: 0-2.4%) in patients treated with a cumulative ifosfamide dose of < or =24 g/m2, 6.5% (95% CI: 3.6-10.7%) after 24-60 g/m2, and 8.0% (95% CI: 4.2-13.6%) after > or = 60 g/m2. In multivariate analysis, children younger than 4 years at time of diagnosis had an 8.7-fold (95% CI: 3.5-21.8) higher risk for tubulopathy than older patients. Neither carboplatin treatment nor abdominal irradiation showed any significant influence. CONCLUSION Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity was found in 4.6% of patients. Risk factors were the cumulative ifosfamide dose and young age at treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stöhr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, LESS center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity adversely affects the health and well-being of children with cancer. We have recently shown age-dependent nephrotoxicity induced by ifosfamide, with younger children (<3 years) substantially more vulnerable. The mechanisms leading to this age-related ifosfamide-induced renal damage have not been identified. Underlying this work is the hypothesis that renal ontogeny is involved in the expression and activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes responsible for IF metabolism to the nephrotoxic chloroacetaldehyde. We evaluated renal CYP3A and 2B22 activity in pigs between the ages of 1 day and adulthood, as well as the metabolism of ifosfamide by renal microsomes to 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide (2-DCEIF and 3-DCEIF, respectively). Kidney CYP3A messenger RNA expression peaked 15 to 60 days (0.7-76 +/- 0.19 CYP3A/actin ratio; P < 0.001). Subsequently, this level decreased to adult values (0.54 - 0.03 CYP3A/actin ratio; P = 0.04). Similarly, we detected an increase in the ifosfamide-metabolism rate between young (18 +/- 2 pmol/mg protein/min) and adult (12.2 +/- 0.17 pmol/mg protein/min) animals (P = 0.002). Ours is the first documentation of ontogeny of renal CYP3A and of renal ifosfamide metabolism. These data suggest that age-dependent ifosfamide nephrotoxicity is, at least in part, due to ontogeny in the production chloroacetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Aleksa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ikarashi Y, Kakihara T, Imai C, Tanaka A, Watanabe A, Uchiyama M. Glomerular dysfunction, independent of tubular dysfunction, induced by antineoplastic chemotherapy in children. Pediatr Int 2004; 46:570-5. [PMID: 15491386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the purpose of studying renal side-effects induced by antineoplastic agents, the authors examined glomerular injury as well as tubular injury of patients with chemotherapy. METHODS Thirteen patients underwent a combined total of 64 courses of chemotherapy. Urinary albumin, beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) and urinary protein were measured before and serially after chemotherapy. RESULTS The values of albumin/creatinine (albumin/cre) ratio and beta2-MG/creatinine (beta2-MG/cre) ratio after chemotherapy were higher than those before chemotherapy (P <0.01). NAG/creatinine (NAG/cre) ratio and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were not different. These were also examined before the next course of chemotherapy and were compared with those of control children. Albumin/cre ratio was significantly different (P <0.01). beta2-MG/cre ratio and NAG/cre were not different. Furthermore, in patients with normal beta2-MG/cre, the albumin/cre ratio was significantly higher than in control children. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that antineoplastic agents can not only induce tubular dysfunction but also glomerular dysfunction, which is persistent and independent of tubular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Ikarashi
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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McCune JS, Friedman DL, Schuetze S, Blough D, Magbulos M, Hawkins DS. Influence of age upon Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004; 42:427-32. [PMID: 15049014 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity is well recognized in children, although it has also been reported in adults. Whether ifosfamide nephrotoxicity is more common in children than in adults is not known. PROCEDURE Medical records of adults and children diagnosed with sarcoma whom received ifosfamide with a cumulative dose >20 g/m(2) were evaluated. Twenty-five children (</=18-years of age) and 28 adults were identified. RESULTS National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade 3-4 ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity was present in 24 and 17% of children and adults, respectively (P = 0.58). Cumulative ifosfamide doses were similar between the two populations, with the median (range) of 70.2 g/m(2) (22.4-72) for children and 59 g/m(2) (20.8-146) for adults (P = 0.25). Logistic regression analysis indicated that neither age or cumulative ifosfamide dose were associated with grade 3-4 ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity (P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS Children and adults receiving >20 g/m(2) of ifosfamide have similar susceptibility to ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity. Factors other than age and cumulative dose should be considered for understanding the inter-individual variation in nephrotoxicity.
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Ulgenalp A, Duman N, Schaefer FV, Whetsell L, Bora E, Gülcan H, Kumral A, Oren H, Giray O, Erçal D, Ozkan H. Analyses of polymorphism for UGT1*1 exon 1 promoter in neonates with pathologic and prolonged jaundice. Neonatology 2003; 83:258-62. [PMID: 12743455 DOI: 10.1159/000069487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether a TATA box polymorphism in the promoter of the UGT1*1 exon I, the most common detected DNA polymorphism in Gilbert's syndrome, is a contributory factor in unexplained pathologic or prolonged jaundice. 38 neonates who had unexplained pathologic jaundice, 37 neonates who had unexplained prolonged jaundice, and 35 healthy, nonjaundiced neonates were enrolled in the study. Genotypes were assigned as follows: 6/6 (homozygous for a normal allele bearing the sequence [TA](6)TAA), 7/7 (homozygous for an abnormal allele with the sequence [TA](7)TAA), and 6/7 (heterozygous with one of each allele). Of the 110 infants, 10 (9%) had 7/7, 51 (46%) had 6/7, and 49 (45%) had 6/6 genotype; the differences between the three groups were not statistically significant. Also no differences were observed among different genotypes and mean serum total bilirubin concentrations. In conclusion, we showed that TA 7/7 and TA 6/7 genotypes are not rare in our population and that the presence of these polymorphisms alone does not play a significant role in the etiology of unexplained pathologic or prolonged neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ulgenalp
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Butani L, West DC, Taylor DS. End-stage renal disease after high-dose carboplatinum in preparation of autologous stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2003; 7:408-12. [PMID: 14738305 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.2003.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is one therapy employed in the management of children with high-risk solid tumors. However, this therapy is not without risk, having been associated with multiple end-organ toxicities. Both acute renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency have been reported in marrow transplant recipients, primarily in the context of the use of calcineurin inhibitors and radiation therapy. This report reviews our experience in managing an adolescent with metastatic Ewing's sarcoma who developed rapid progression to end-stage renal disease following a pretransplant conditioning regimen with high-dose carboplatinum. She had not received radiation or prior cisplatinum therapy. The possible reasons for the patient's highly unusual course and recommendations on ways to prevent this complication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavjay Butani
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA.
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Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a frequent complication of treatment with ifosfamide in children. Although renal damage may be acute and reversible, chronic toxicity may develop with potentially serious consequences. Chronic nephrotoxicity due to ifosfamide may lead to a wide variety of subclinical and clinical manifestations. Proximal tubular dysfunction is the commonest presentation, and may lead to a Fanconi syndrome, including hypophosphataemic rickets and proximal renal tubular acidosis. Glomerular impairment is also common, whilst distal tubular impairment has been described but is relatively rare. Although full reversibility has been described occasionally, there is no information about the very long-term outcome of chronic ifosfamide nephrotoxicity. We studied a cohort of 12 children 1 and 10 years after completion of ifosfamide treatment. There was no statistically significant change in either glomerular or tubular toxicity in the group as a whole over this time period. However, marked improvements were seen in some aspects of toxicity in some patients, and deterioration was observed in others. We concluded that considerable nephrotoxicity is still present 10 years after completion of ifosfamide treatment, but that the outcome varies between individual patients. Although several risk factors for the development of chronic nephrotoxicity have been described, total ifosfamide dose, patient age at treatment, previous or concurrent cisplatin treatment, and unilateral nephrectomy are the most important. Nevertheless, it remains difficult to predict the occurrence of this toxicity with confidence. The pathogenesis of ifosfamide nephrotoxicity is poorly understood. There is an urgent need for the development and clinical investigation of nephroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Skinner
- Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Since the biology, pharmacology and toxicology of pediatric cancer is so different from cancer in adults, it is impossible to extrapolate from adult cancer experience; however, conducting studies in children with cancer is ethically and clinically very complex. This is especially so in phase 1 trials, aimed at dose finding for new modalities, where the chances to cure the child who failed standard therapy are marginal to non-existent. Hence, the child may be exposed to risks and discomfort which may be unbalanced by potential benefits. This situation, which is difficult for consenting adults, is much more complex when a parent gives proxy consent. This review addresses the ethical and clinical framework of such studies in the most vulnerable of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Aleksa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Caglar M, Yarís N, Akyuz C. The utility of (99m)Tc-DMSA and Tc(99m)-EC scintigraphy for early diagnosis of ifosfamide induced nephrotoxicity. Nucl Med Commun 2001; 22:1325-32. [PMID: 11711903 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200112000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A serious undesired effect of certain cytostatics is their nephrotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of ifosfamide and cisplatin by clinical and biochemical parameters in relation to (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA) and Tc(99m)N, N-ethylenedicysteine (EC) renal scintigraphy. The indicators were urinary beta2-microglobulin levels, tubular resorption of phosphate, urinary protein and glucose excretion, glomerular filtration rate, urinary pH and osmolarity. Thirteen paediatric patients (seven boys and six girls), aged 2-16 years, were investigated. Five patients received only cisplatin, six patients were treated with ifosfamide and cisplatin and two with ifosfamide and carboplatin for various malignancies. All except three patients had normal DMSA uptake (median, 19; range, 16-29%) prior to chemotherapy. The reduction in DMSA uptake was unilateral due to tumour invasion in those three patients. Following chemotherapy, DMSA uptake showed reduction in five patients with or without clinical nephrotoxicity. The observed pattern was decreased renal uptake and elevated bladder activity. Three patients with decreased DMSA uptake had normal tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption, which suggested subclinical injury. Decrease in DMSA uptake and tubular phosphate reabsorption (TPR) was detected simultaneously in two patients. No abnormalities were seen on Tc(99m)-EC scintigraphy to suggest nephrotoxicity in our investigation. However, Tc(99m)-EC clearly demonstrated a reduction in split renal function in children with tumour invasion. In summary, we found that ifosfamide induced tubular injury can be detected with (99m)Tc-DMSA scintigraphy before chemotherapy associated nephrotoxicity is observed by laboratory measurements. Our results also imply that, although a tubular agent, renal scintigraphy performed with Tc(99m)-EC is not able to detect subclinical injury or predict the outcome during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caglar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Sihhiye Ankara, 06100 Turkey.
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49
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Skinner R, Cotterill SJ, Stevens MC. Risk factors for nephrotoxicity after ifosfamide treatment in children: a UKCCSG Late Effects Group study. United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1636-45. [PMID: 10817497 PMCID: PMC2374517 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this multicentre study was to document the nephrotoxicity associated with ifosfamide and evaluate risk factors in 148 children and young people with sarcomas who underwent investigation of renal function on one occasion each, at a median of 6 (range 1-47) months after completion of ifosfamide (median dose 62.0 (range 6.1-165.0) g/m2). Investigations included glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum bicarbonate (HCO3) and phosphate (PO4), and renal tubular threshold for phosphate (Tmp/GFR). A clinically relevant nephrotoxicity score' was derived. GFR was < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 in 61 of 123 evaluable patients, Tmp/GFR < 0.9-1.1 mmol/l (age-dependent) in 45/103, serum PO4 < 0.9-1.mmol/l (age-dependent) in 28/135, and serum HCO3 < 20 (< 18 in infants) mmol/l in 22/95. Of 76 fully evaluable patients: 50% had mild, 20% moderate and 8% severe nephrotoxicity. Higher total ifosfamide dose correlated significantly with greater glomerular and tubular toxicity (P < 0.01); other risk factors, including age at treatment, demonstrated no consistent significant independent effect. Chronic ifosfamide-related glomerular and proximal tubular toxicity were common in this large comprehensive study. Restriction of total ifosfamide dose to < 84 g/m2 will reduce the frequency of, but not abolish, clinically significant nephrotoxicity, whilst doses > 119 g/m2 are associated with a very high risk of severe toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Skinner
- Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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50
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Hill PA, Miles Prince H, Power DA. Tubulointerstitial nephritis following high-dose ifosfamide in three breast cancer patients. Pathology 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/pat.32.3.166.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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