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Pandey VK, Srivastava S, Ashish, Dash KK, Singh R, Dar AH, Singh T, Farooqui A, Shaikh AM, Kovacs B. Bioactive properties of clove ( Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil nanoemulsion: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22437. [PMID: 38163240 PMCID: PMC10755278 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Syzygium aromaticum, commonly called clove, is a culinary spice with medical uses. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This review article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivangi Srivastava
- Department of Food Technology, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Nawabganj, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshirod Kumar Dash
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and Technology (GKCIET), Malda, West Bengal, 732141, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aamir Hussain Dar
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Kashmir, India
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alvina Farooqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayaz Mukkaram Shaikh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Bela Kovacs
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Port-Lougarre Y, Gourlaouen C, Vileno B, Giménez-Arnau E. Antioxidant Activity and Skin Sensitization of Eugenol and Isoeugenol: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1804-1813. [PMID: 37922503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol and isoeugenol are well acknowledged to possess antioxidant and thus cytoprotective activities. Yet both compounds are also important skin sensitizers, compelling the cosmetics and fragrance industries to notify their presence in manufactured products. While they are structurally very similar, they show significant differences in their sensitization properties. Consequently, eugenol and isoeugenol have been the subject of many mechanistic studies where the final oxidation forms, electrophilic ortho-quinone and quinone methide, are blamed as the reactive species forming an antigenic complex with nucleophilic residues of skin proteins, inducing skin sensitization. However, radical mechanisms could compete with such an electrophilic-nucleophilic pathway. The antioxidant activity results from neutralizing reactive oxygen radicals by the release of the phenolic hydrogen atom. The so-formed phenoxyl radicals can then fully delocalize upon the structure, becoming potentially reactive toward skin proteins at several positions. To obtain in-depth insights into such reactivity, we investigated in situ the formation of radicals from eugenol and isoeugenol using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with spin trapping in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE), mimicking human skin and closer to what may happen in vivo. Two modes of radical initiation were used, exposing RHE to (i) horseradish peroxidase (HRP), complementing RHE metabolic capacities, and mimicking peroxidases present in vivo or (ii) solar light using a AM 1.5 solar simulator. In both experimental approaches, where the antioxidant character of both compounds is revealed, oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals were formed in RHE. Our hypothesis is that such carbon radicals are relevant candidates to form antigenic entities prior to conversion into electrophilic quinones. On this basis, these studies suggest that pro- or prehapten fingerprints could be advanced depending on the radical initiation method. The introduction of HRP suggested that eugenol and isoeugenol behave as prohaptens, while when exposed to light, a prehapten nature could be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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De Anda-Cuéllar CE, Ruíz-Rodríguez S, Ortiz-Magdaleno M, Escobar-García DM, Pozos-Guillén A. Effect of 4-Allyl-1-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene (eugenol) in the expression of genes involved in cellular cycle and apoptotic process in dental pulp fibroblasts. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:321-327. [PMID: 34843422 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.2009027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the effect of eugenol on the cell morphology and expression of genes involved in the apoptotic process in human dental pulp fibroblasts (hDPFs) from deciduous teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS hDPFs were cultured with 4 concentrations of eugenol (0.06 nM, 0.6 nM, 6 nM, 12 nM) and compared with a control group. After a 72 h incubation period, the cytotoxic effect on cell morphology by optical microscopy and gene expression by RT-PCR were evaluated. RESULTS At 0.06 nM and 0.6 nM eugenol concentrations, vacuolisation of the cytoplasm was observed with atypical granulation of the hDPFs, and, at 6 nM and 12 nM cytoplasmic extensions disappeared almost completely. Casp-3, Casp-9, and telomerase genes were not expressed at the concentrations evaluated nor in the control group. The relative expression responses of Bcl-2 and TGF-β genes were overexpressed at the 4 concentrations. MAKP's 0.06 nM (p < .001), 0.6 nM (p < .05) and 12 nM (p < .05) and Cyclin 1 at 12 nM showed significant difference versus the control group (p < .05). CONCLUSION Eugenol is capable of causing morphological changes in hDPFs in a dose-dependent manner, higher concentrations may promote overexpression of apoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Socorro Ruíz-Rodríguez
- Pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marine Ortiz-Magdaleno
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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de Oliveira LRM, de Aquino LVC, Santos MVDO, Freitas VJDF, Bertini LM, Pereira AF. Antioxidant effect of bioactive compounds isolated from Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on the in vitro developmental potential of bovine oocytes. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anand T, Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. A comparison between plain eugenol and eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for prevention of in vitro selenite-induced cataractogenesis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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da Silva Gündel S, Dos Reis TR, Copetti PM, Favarin FR, Sagrillo MR, da Silva AS, Segat JC, Baretta D, Ourique AF. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity of nanoemulsions containing Mancozeb and Eugenol. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:207-215. [PMID: 30448703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, mostly against the pathogen Glomerella cingulata responsible for the rot of ripe grape, but presents high toxicity. Strategies are sought to reduce the toxicity of this fungicide and alternative treatments are welcome. An alternative could be the use of clove oil, which has Eugenol as its major compound, and has antifungal potential against G. cingulata, however, Eugenol is susceptible to degradation processes which may compromise its efficacy. The nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a possible strategy to overcome the limitations of toxicity, solubility and instability of these compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop nanoemulsions containing Mancozeb (0.1 mg/mL) and Eugenol (33 mg/mL), isolated or associated, and evaluate the safety of these formulations through cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity tests. Nanoemulsions were developed by the spontaneous emulsification method, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in healthy human cells through MTT, Dichlorofluorescein diacetate and Picogreen tests, and ecotoxicity assessment was carried out using the chronic toxicity test in springtails. After preparation, the physicochemical characterization of the nanoemulsions were performed which presented mean particle size between 200 and 300 nm, polydispersity index less than 0.3, negative zeta potential and acid pH. The nanoencapsulation was able to avoid the reduction of the cell viability caused by Mancozeb, while Eugenol was shown to be safe for cell use in both free and nanostructured forms, however the association of the two active compounds showed toxicity in the higher doses of Mancozeb. In the ecotoxicity tests, both free Mancozeb and Eugenol forms presented high toxic potential for soil, whereas the nanoencapsulation of these compounds did not cause a reduction in number of springtails. Therefore, from the tests performed, it was possible to observe that nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a safe alternative for the application of these compounds mainly in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Corá Segat
- Department of Zootechnical, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Department of Zootechnical, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Bezerra DP, Militão GCG, de Morais MC, de Sousa DP. The Dual Antioxidant/Prooxidant Effect of Eugenol and Its Action in Cancer Development and Treatment. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121367. [PMID: 29258206 PMCID: PMC5748817 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during metabolism is a normal process usually compensated for by the antioxidant defense system of an organism. However, ROS can cause oxidative damage and have been proposed to be the main cause of age-related clinical complications and diseases such as cancer. In recent decades, the relationship between diet and cancer has been more studied, especially with foods containing antioxidant compounds. Eugenol is a natural compound widely found in many aromatic plant species, spices and foods and is used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Eugenol has a dual effect on oxidative stress, which can action as an antioxidant or prooxidant agent. In addition, it has anti-carcinogenic, cytotoxic and antitumor properties. Considering the importance of eugenol in the area of food and human health, in this review, we discuss the role of eugenol on redox status and its potential use in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pereira Bezerra
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Mayara Castro de Morais
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-970, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Al Wafai R, El-Rabih W, Katerji M, Safi R, El Sabban M, El-Rifai O, Usta J. Chemosensitivity of MCF-7 cells to eugenol: release of cytochrome-c and lactate dehydrogenase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43730. [PMID: 28272477 PMCID: PMC5341120 DOI: 10.1038/srep43730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals have been extensively researched for their potential anticancer effects. In previous study, direct exposure of rat liver mitochondria to eugenol main ingredient of clove, uncoupled mitochondria and increased F0F1ATPase activity. In the present study, we further investigated the effects of eugenol on MCF-7 cells in culture. Eugenol demonstrated: a dose-dependent decrease in viability (MTT assay), and proliferation (real time cell analysis) of MCF-7 cells, (EC50: 0.9 mM); an increase in reactive oxygen species; a decrease in ATP level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MitoPT JC-1 assay); and a release of cytochrome-c and lactate dehydrogenase (Cytotoxicity Detection Kit PLUS) into culture media at eugenol concentration >EC50. Pretreatment with the antioxidants Trolox and N-acetyl cysteine partially restored cell viability and decreased ROS, with Trolox being more potent. Expression levels of both anti- and pro-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively) decreased with increasing eugenol concentration, with no variation in their relative ratios. Eugenol-treated MCF-7 cells overexpressing Bcl-2 exhibited results similar to those of MCF-7. Our findings indicate that eugenol toxicity is non-apoptotic Bcl-2 independent, affecting mitochondrial function and plasma membrane integrity with no effect on migration or invasion. We report here the chemo-sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to eugenol, a phytochemical with anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al Wafai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Warde El-Rabih
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Meghri Katerji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Remi Safi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar El-Rifai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Julnar Usta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Lim DG, Kim KH, Kang E, Lim SH, Ricci J, Sung SK, Kwon MT, Jeong SH. Comprehensive evaluation of carboxylated nanodiamond as a topical drug delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2381-95. [PMID: 27307736 PMCID: PMC4887070 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The best strategy in the development of topical drug delivery systems may be to facilitate the permeation of drugs without any harmful effects, while staying on the skin surface and maintaining stability of the system. Nanodiamonds (NDs) play a key role with their excellent physicochemical properties, including high biocompatibility, physical adsorption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability, and photostabilizing activity. Z-average sizes of carboxylated ND (ND–COOH) agglutinate decreased significantly as the pH increased. Fluorescein-conjugated ND was observed only on the stratum corneum, and no sample diffused into the dermal layer even after 48 hours. Moreover, ND–COOH and ND–COOH/eugenol complex did not show significant toxic effects on murine macrophage cells. ND improved in vitro skin permeation >50% acting as a “drug reservoir” to maintain a high drug concentration in the donor chamber, which was supported by quartz crystal microbalance results. Moreover, ND–COOH could adsorb a drug amount equivalent to 80% of its own weight. A photostability study showed that ND–COOH increased the photostability ~47% with regard to rate constant of the eugenol itself. A significant decrease in ROS was observed in the ND–COOH and ND–COOH/eugenol complex compared with the negative control during intracellular ROS assay. Moreover, ROS and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity evaluation showed that ND–COOH had synergistic effects of antioxidation with eugenol. Therefore, ND–COOH could be used as an excellent topical drug delivery system with improved permeability, higher stability, and minimized safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gon Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunah Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lim
- NanoResource Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Antitumor phenylpropanoids found in essential oils. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:392674. [PMID: 25949996 PMCID: PMC4408748 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The search for new bioactive substances with anticancer activity and the understanding of their mechanisms of action are high-priorities in the research effort toward more effective treatments for cancer. The phenylpropanoids are natural products found in many aromatic and medicinal plants, food, and essential oils. They exhibit various pharmacological activities and have applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In this review, the anticancer potential of 17 phenylpropanoids and derivatives from essential oils is discussed. Chemical structures, experimental report, and mechanisms of action of bioactive substances are presented.
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Peng S, Zou L, Liu W, Gan L, Liu W, Liang R, Liu C, Niu J, Cao Y, Liu Z, Chen X. Storage stability and antibacterial activity of eugenol nanoliposomes prepared by an ethanol injection-dynamic high-pressure microfluidization method. J Food Prot 2015; 78:22-30. [PMID: 25581174 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is a major phenolic component with diverse biological activities. However, it is difficult to formulate into an aqueous solution due to poor water solubility, and this limits its application. In the present study, eugenol nanoliposomes (EN) were prepared by combining the ethanol injection method with the dynamic high-pressure microfluidization method. Good physicochemical characterizations of EN were obtained. The successful encapsulation of eugenol in nanoliposomes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A good storage stability of EN was confirmed by its low variation of average particle diameter and encapsulation efficiency after 8 weeks of storage. No oil drops were found in EN after 8 weeks of storage at 4°C and at room temperature, which suggested that the poor water solubility of eugenol was overcome by nanoliposome encapsulation. Compared with that of eugenol solution, a relatively good sustained release property was observed in EN. The antibacterial activity of EN against four common foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes) was evaluated in both Luria broth and milk medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Liu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Roemer E, Dempsey R, Lawless-Pyne J, Lukman S, Evans AD, Trelles-Sticken E, Wittke S, Schorp M. Toxicological assessment of kretek cigarettes part 4: Mechanistic investigations, smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70 Suppl 1:S41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee ME, Kim E, Liu Y, March JC, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Rapid and repeatable redox cycling of an insoluble dietary antioxidant: electrochemical analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9760-9768. [PMID: 25265934 DOI: 10.1021/jf503479d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many unresolved questions concerning the health benefits of dietary antioxidants due in part to the complexity of the materials and mechanisms of action. We applied a new electrochemical method and report new observations for one of the richest sources of dietary antioxidants. We observed that the insoluble fraction of clove is redox-active and can be rapidly and repeatedly switched between oxidized and reduced states. Also, the radical scavenging antioxidant properties of insoluble clove are largely independent of this reversible redox activity, which is similar to observations made with the natural phenolic melanin. In contrast to melanin, insoluble clove was observed to have little pro-oxidant activity (as measured by H2O2 generation) irrelevant to whether it was poised in an oxidized or reduced state. These results suggest that dietary antioxidants, even when insoluble and nonabsorbed, can undergo important redox interactions in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Lee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Volk J, Leyhausen G, Wessels M, Geurtsen W. Reduced glutathione prevents camphorquinone-induced apoptosis in human oral keratinocytes. Dent Mater 2014; 30:215-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tammannavar P, Pushpalatha C, Jain S, Sowmya SV. An unexpected positive hypersensitive reaction to eugenol. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-009464. [PMID: 24049087 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol is an active, principal aromatic liquid responsible for several pharmacological activities. It is widely used in dental practice to relieve pain arising from various sources, such as pulpitis and dentinal hypersensitivity. As a primary irritant and sensitiser, it is known to cause contact urticaria as well as chronic urticaria. However, eugenol causes allergic contact dermatitis, possibly because it can react directly with proteins to form conjugate and reactive haptens. It is found that eugenol in various dental preparations-especially in the case of some zinc oxide-contains preparations such as periodontal dressings and root canal cements. This can cause hypersensitivity when it comes in contact with gingiva or teeth. This article presents a case of immediate allergic contact urticaria to eugenol during dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Tammannavar
- Department of Orthodontics, BVP Dental College Sangli, Sangli, Maharahstra, India
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Yossa N, Patel J, Millner P, Lo YM. Essential oils reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves. J Food Prot 2012; 75:488-96. [PMID: 22410222 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of cinnamaldehyde and Sporan for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on spinach leaves was investigated. Spinach leaves were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7, air dried for ca. 30 min, and then immersed in a treatment solution containing 5 ppm of free chlorine, cinnamaldehyde, or Sporan (800 and 1,000 ppm) alone or in combination with 200 ppm of acetic acid (20%) for 1 min or with water (control). After spin drying, treated leaves were analyzed periodically during 14 days of storage at 4°C for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, total coliforms, mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, and yeasts and molds. Treatment effects on color and texture of leaves also were determined. Sporan alone (1,000S), Sporan plus acetic acid (1,000SV), and cinnamaldehyde-Tween (800T) reduced E. coli O157:H7 by more than 3 log CFU/g (P < 0.05), and 1,000SV treatment reduced Salmonella by 2.5 log CFU/g on day 0. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations on treated spinach leaves declined during storage at 4°C. The 1,000SV treatment was superior to chlorine and other treatments for reducing E. coli O157:H7 during storage. Saprophytic microbiota on spinach leaves increased during storage at 4°C but remained lower on leaves treated with Sporan (800S) and Sporan plus acetic acid (1,000SV) than on control leaves. The color and texture of Sporan-treated leaves were not significantly different from those of the control leaves after 14 days. Sporan plus acetic acid (1,000SV) reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on baby spinach leaves without adverse effects on leaf color and texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Yossa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 3102 Marie Mount Hall, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Hernández-Sánchez P, López-Miranda S, Lucas-Abellán C, Núñez-Delicado E. Complexation of Eugenol (EG), as Main Component of Clove Oil and as Pure Compound, with <i>β</i>- and HP-<i>β</i>-CDs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2012.36097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of food constituents: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:345-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gülçin İ. Antioxidant Activity of Eugenol: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study. J Med Food 2011; 14:975-85. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- School of Health Services, İbrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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Cytotoxicity of Portland Cement with Different Radiopacifying Agents: A Cell Death Study. J Endod 2011; 37:203-10. [PMID: 21238803 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Devi KP, Nisha SA, Sakthivel R, Pandian SK. Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:107-15. [PMID: 20435121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antibacterial activity of eugenol and its mechanism of bactericidal action against Salmonella typhi. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial activity was checked by disc-diffusion method, MIC, MBC, time course assay and pH sensitivity assay. The chemo-attractant property of eugenol was verified by chemotaxis assay. The mode of action of eugenol was determined by crystal violet assay, measurement of release of 260 nm absorbing material, SDS-PAGE, FT-IR spectroscopy, AFM and SEM. RESULTS Treatment with eugenol at their MIC (0.0125%) and MBC (0.025%) reduced the viability and resulted in complete inhibition of the organism. Eugenol inactivated Salmonella typhi within 60 min exposure. The chemo-attractant property of eugenol combined with the observed high antibacterial activity at alkaline pH favors the fact that the compound can work more efficiently when given in vivo. Eugenol increased the permeability of the membrane, as evidenced by crystal violet assay. The measurement of release of 260 nm absorbing intracellular materials, SDS-PAGE, SEM and AFM analysis confirmed the disruptive action of eugenol on cytoplasmic membrane. The deformation of macromolecules in the membrane, upon treatment with eugenol was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the antibacterial activity of eugenol against Salmonella typhi is due to the interaction of eugenol on bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nuchuchua O, Saesoo S, Sramala I, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Soottitantawat A, Ruktanonchai U. Physicochemical investigation and molecular modeling of cyclodextrin complexation mechanism with eugenol. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Choi MJ, Soottitantawat A, Nuchuchua O, Min SG, Ruktanonchai U. Physical and light oxidative properties of eugenol encapsulated by molecular inclusion and emulsion–diffusion method. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Zhan H, Jiang ZT, Wang Y, Li R, Dong TS. Molecular microcapsules and inclusion interactions of eugenol with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives. Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla-Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother Res 2007; 21:501-6. [PMID: 17380552 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil extracted from the dried flower buds of clove, Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), is used as a topical application to relieve pain and to promote healing and also finds use in the fragrance and flavouring industries. The main constituents of the essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. The biological activity of Eugenia caryophyllata has been investigated on several microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, Herpes simplex and hepatitis C viruses. In addition to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activity, clove essential oil possesses antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellent and anaesthetic properties. This short review addresses the chemical composition and biological effects of clove essential oil, and includes new results from GC/MS analysis and a study of its antimicrobial activity against a large number of multi-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dialysis biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Chaieb
- Laboratoire d'Analyses, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie, rue Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisie.
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Kadoma Y, Atsumi T, Okada N, Ishihara M, Yokoe I, Fujisawa S. Radical-scavenging activity of natural methoxyphenols vs. synthetic ones using the induction period method. Molecules 2007; 12:130-8. [PMID: 17846562 PMCID: PMC6149362 DOI: 10.3390/12020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The radical-scavenging activities of the synthetic antioxidants 2-allyl-4-X-phenol (X = NO2, Cl, Br, OCH3, COCH3, CH3, t-(CH3)3, C6H5) and 2,4-dimethoxyphenol, and the natural antioxidants eugenol and isoeugenol, were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by measuring their anti-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical activity and the induction period for polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). 2-Allyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,4-dimethoxy-phenol scavenged not only oxygen-centered radicals (PhCOO*) derived from BPO, but also carbon-centered radicals (R*) derived from the AIBN and DPPH radical much more efficiently, in comparison with eugenol and isoeugenol. 2-Allyl-4-methoxyphenol may be useful for its lower prooxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kadoma
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; E-mail:
| | - Toshiko Atsumi
- Meikai Unversity School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan; E-mails: , ,
| | - Norihisa Okada
- Meikai Unversity School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan; E-mails: , ,
| | - Mariko Ishihara
- Meikai Unversity School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan; E-mails: , ,
| | - Ichiro Yokoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 3500295, Japan; E-mail:
| | - Seiichiro Fujisawa
- Meikai Unversity School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 3500283, Japan; E-mails: , ,
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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Yoo CB, Han KT, Cho KS, Ha J, Park HJ, Nam JH, Kil UH, Lee KT. Eugenol isolated from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata induces a reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 225:41-52. [PMID: 15922856 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is a major component of essential oil isolated from the Eugenia caryophyllata (Myrtaceae), which has been widely used as a herbal drug. In this study, we investigated the effects of eugenol on the cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and the putative pathways of its actions in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) under the standard laboratory illumination. Eugenol-treated HL-60 cells displayed features of apoptosis including DNA fragmentation and formation of DNA ladders in agarose gel electrophoresis. We observed that eugenol transduced the apoptotic signal via ROS generation, thereby inducing mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), reducing anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 level, inducing cytochrome c release to the cytosol, and subsequent apoptotic cell death. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that ROS plays a critical role in eugenol-induced apoptosis in HL-60, and this is the first report on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of eugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Bin Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Pagoria D, Lee A, Geurtsen W. The effect of camphorquinone (CQ) and CQ-related photosensitizers on the generation of reactive oxygen species and the production of oxidative DNA damage. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4091-9. [PMID: 15664636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that following visible-light (VL) irradiation, CQ and the CQ-related photosensitizers benzil (BZ), benzophenone (BP), and 9-fluorenone (9-F) generate initiating radicals that may indiscriminately react with molecular oxygen forming reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether VL-irradiated CQ, BZ, BP, and 9-F cause DNA damage due to the generation of ROS in vitro. ROS formation by CQ and CQ-related photosensitizers+/-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT) was investigated in a cell-free system with VL irradiation. DNA damage was determined using PhiX-174 RF I supercoiled double-stranded plasmid DNA and ROS quantified with 4-((9-acridinecarbonyl)amino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO-9-AC), a fluorogenic ROS-sensitive probe. VL-irradiated CQ, BZ, BP, and 9-F (+/-DMT) produced significant DNA damage at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM and in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.05). TEMPO-9-AC revealed that all investigated VL-irradiated photosensitizers produced significant amounts of ROS with BZ in the presence of DMT generating the most ROS after 30, 60, and 90 min. VL-irradiated CQ, BZ, BP, and 9-F +/-DMT continued to generate significant amounts of ROS 90 min after VL irradiation. As a result, future investigations should evaluate the effect of VL-irradiated photosensitizers in cells and possible protective effects provided by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Pagoria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, D-770, Health Science Building, Box 357456, Seattle, WA 98195-7456, USA
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Atsumi T, Fujisawa S, Tonosaki K. Relationship between intracellular ROS production and membrane mobility in curcumin- and tetrahydrocurcumin-treated human gingival fibroblasts and human submandibular gland carcinoma cells. Oral Dis 2005; 11:236-42. [PMID: 15984955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Curcumin is a well-known chemopreventive agent of oral cancers as well as stomach and intestinal cancers. The relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell membrane mobility was investigated to clarify the pro-oxidant mechanism of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin (TH-curcumin). METHODS The intracellular ROS production and membrane mobility by curcumin or TH-curcumin were measured in human submandibular adenocarcinoma cells (HSGs) and human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). ROS and mobility were measured by 5-(and -6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining and fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching, respectively. RESULTS Curcumin produced ROS dose-dependently. ROS appeared in the region surrounding the cell membrane. The membrane mobility coefficient of the curcumin-treated cells was significantly lower than that of control cells. The lowered membrane mobility induced by curcumin was reversed by the addition of glutathione, an antioxidant. In contrast, TH-curcumin did not affect the ROS production or the membrane mobility coefficient. The alternations induced by curcumin treated HSG cells were greater than those by HGF cells. CONCLUSION The reduction in membrane mobility induced by curcumin was attributed to ROS production. The oxidative effects of curcumin may be related to the structure of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety as well as the phenolic OH group of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atsumi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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Atsumi T, Fujisawa S, Tonosaki K. A comparative study of the antioxidant/prooxidant activities of eugenol and isoeugenol with various concentrations and oxidation conditions. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:1025-33. [PMID: 15964168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol (compound in , 4-allyl-2-methyoxyphenol) and isoeugenol (compound in , 4-propenyl-2-methoxyphenol), both used as a flavor agent in cosmetic and food products, have both prooxidant and antioxidant activities. Their adverse effects such as allergic and inflammatory reaction may be due to their prooxidant activity. To clarify the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity and the factors affecting their antioxidant/prooxidant activities, we investigated the cytotoxicity, ROS production, and cellular glutathione (GSH) levels induced by eugenol and isoeugenol in a human submandibular cell line. The cytotoxicity (MTT method) of eugenol was 1 order of magnitude lower than that of isoeugenol (CC50: eugenol, 0.395 mM; isoeugenol, 0.0523 mM); and ROS production (CDF staining) was induced significantly by isoeugenol, but not by eugenol. Under treatment with H2O2 (100 microM) plus horseradish peroxidase (1 microg/ml) for 30 min or with visible light irradiation for 5 min, eugenol caused biphasic ROS production characterized by enhanced at lower eugenol concentrations (5-10 microM) and decreased at higher concentrations (500 microM). In contrast, isoeugenol enhanced ROS production over a wide range of concentrations (5-500 microM). Isoeugenol at 1000 microM significantly reduced GSH levels compared with eugenol at the same concentration. The high cytotoxicity of isoeugenol may be attributed to its induction of high ROS production and low GSH levels, possibly as a result of benzyl radical formation. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of eugenol is likely to be mediated by ROS-independent mechanisms, possibly involving phenoxyl radicals and/or eugenol quinone methide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atsumi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1, Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
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Kil UH, Lee KH, Lee KT, Jin JY. Eugenol Induces a Reactive Oxygen Species-mediated Apoptosis in HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2005.40.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uk-Hyun Kil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kee Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Youl Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Holy Family Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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Dip EC, Pereira NA, Fernandes PD. Ability of eugenol to reduce tongue edema induced by Dieffenbachia picta Schott in mice. Toxicon 2004; 43:729-35. [PMID: 15109894 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dieffenbachia picta Schott (Araceae), known in Brazil as "comigo-ninguém-pode" is an ornamental plant with toxic properties. Its juice, when chewed, causes a painful edema of the oral mucous membranes, buccal ulcerations and tongue hypertrophy. This acute inflammation sometimes becomes severe enough to produce glottis obstruction, respiratory compromise and death. Eugenol (4-alil-2-metoxiphenol), the essential oil extracted from Caryophyllus aromaticus (Myrtaceae) is widely used in odontology. In this study, our objective was to standardize, in mice, a measurable methodology for the tongue edema induced by the topical application of the D. picta stem juice; evaluate the effects of eugenol in this model and compare the results with emergency treatment used in hospitals. Our results show that in spite of a small increase in edema a few minutes after administration, emergency treatment reduced by 70% the overall edema. When compared with the combination of the above drugs, eugenol, even at the smallest dose of 5 microg/kg, regardless of the chosen administration route, or the moment the treatment began, presents better results in the reduction and inhibition of the tongue edema induced by the D. picta juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etyene Castro Dip
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Oxido Nítrico, Departamento de Farmacologia Básica e Clínica, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68016, 21944-970 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Fujisawa S, Atsumi T, Satoh K, Sakagami H. Interaction between 2-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) and eugenol, and related changes in cytotoxicity. J Dent Res 2003; 82:43-7. [PMID: 12508044 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liquid of 2-ethoxybenzoic acid cements is composed of 2-ethoxybenzoic acid and eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol). Recently, eugenol was reported to produce radicals at a higher pH, which consequently directly damages cells. We examined here whether eugenol radicals are generated from the mixture of eugenol/calcium hydroxide, and also whether 2-ethoxybenzoic acid or acetylsalicylic acid scavenges radicals, using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Radicals were generated from the mixture of eugenol/calcium hydroxide in 50% dimethylsulfoxide solution. The radical intensity of eugenol in 50% dimethylsulfoxide with 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.5) was dose-dependently reduced by 2-ethoxybenzoic acid, whereas it was enhanced by acetylsalicylic acid. Next, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of eugenol on 2-ethoxybenzoic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, or calcium hydroxide on human pulp fibroblasts or a human submandibular gland cancer cell line. The cytotoxicity of EBA was decreased, whereas that of acetylsalicylic acid was increased by eugenol. In contrast, that of calcium hydroxide was not affected by eugenol. Human pulp fibroblast but not human submandibular gland cells showed a high resistance against calcium hydroxide. The generation of eugenol radicals in the liquid of 2-ethoxybenzoic acid cements caused by oxidation may be suppressed by 2-ethoxybenzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujisawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University, School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
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Fujisawa S, Atsumi T, Kadoma Y, Sakagami H. Antioxidant and prooxidant action of eugenol-related compounds and their cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2002; 177:39-54. [PMID: 12126794 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the possible link between radicals and the cytotoxicity of eugenol-related compounds, 2-allyl-4-X-phenols (2-allyl-4-chlorophenol (1), 2-allyl-4-phenylphenol (2), 2-allyl-4-methoxyphenol (3), 2-allyl-4-acetylphenol (4), 2-allyl-4-nitrophenol (5), 2-allyl-4-t-butylphenol (6), 2-allyl-4-methyphenol (7), 2-allyl-4-bromophenol (8), 2,4-dimethoxyphenol (9)), and dimeric compounds from eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), BHA (2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol) or MMP (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol); bis-EUG (3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-di-2-propenyl-1, 1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol) (10), bis-MMP (3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol) (11) bis-BHA (3,3'-di-t-butyl-5,5'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diol) (12) were synthesized. The radical production, radical-scavenging activity and the cytotoxicity of these synthetic compounds and conventional antioxidants (i.e. butylhydroxytoluine, BHT; butylhydroxyanisole, BHA; alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc); eugenol, phenol) were studied. Erectron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy suggested that compounds of 3, 6, 9, eugenol and BHA, but not compounds of 10, 11, and 12 produced radicals in alkaline solutions (pH>9.5) and compounds, 3, eugenol and 9 most efficiently scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS, O(2)(-)). The cytotoxic activity of 6 toward human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells was the highest and was 1000-fold greater than that of eugenol and 100-fold greater than that of BHA, possibly due to the high hydrophobicity and stable phenoxy radicals of this compound. The kinetic polymerization method in the presence of methyl methacrylate (MMA), an antioxidant, and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was developed for the measurements of the number of moles of peroxy radicals trapped by moles of the relative phenols (stoichiometric factors, n), the inhibition rate of polymerization (R(inh)), and the inhibition rate constants (k(inh), the rate constants for scavenging of radicals by an antioxidant). The n values of conventional phenolic antioxidants decreased in the order: alpha-Toc>BHT>eugenol>phenol. Those for eugenol and phenol, less hindered phenols, were much less than two, whereas those for alpha-Toc and BHT, hindered phenols, were approximately two. The R(inh) of alpha-Toc significantly increased tcompared with that of BHT, eugenol and phenol. The k(inh) of the polymer radicals of the MMA reaction with conventional phenolic antioxidants was a low value of 1-2x10(2) M(-1) s(-1), suggesting that the antioxidants trapped radicals quickly. The comparative cytotoxicity of methoxyphenols against HSG cells was investigated. The cytotoxic activity of dimers of 10 and 12 was markedly lower than that of their corresponding monomers, whereas that of the dimer of MMP, 11 was not reduced even after the dimerization. In particular, visible-light (VL) exposure enhanced the cytotoxicity of 11 similar to the monomers of eugenol, BHA and MMP. Changes in BDE (ph(O-H)) (homolytic bond dissociation energy) for phenols is well known to be associated with the n and k(inh) values, and consequently the cytotoxic activity. Thus, the BDE was calculated using a PM3 semiempirical method. The n and k(inh) values for monophenols, but not for dimers were correlated to the BDE, possibly due to the steric hindrance of orthosubstituents of dimers. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of eugenol-related compounds was investigated, indicating that logP (octanol-water partition coefficients), the redox potential measured in culture medium, was effective as a term for QSAR. A parabolic relation between the cytotoxic activity and the logP or the redox potential, but not the BDE was observed with an optimum value. In conclusion, the cytotocity of eugenol-related compounds was significantly associated with the activity of the production of phenoxyl radicals, their stability of the subsequent quinonemethide (QM) and the hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Fujisawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan .
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