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Rekowski SP, Wani AA, Conrad J, Bharatam PV, Frey W, Beifuss U. Transition metal-free diastereospecific synthesis of (Z)-2-arylidene-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxines by reaction of (Z)-1,2-dibromo-3-aryl-2-propenes with catechols. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Santos GDA, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Directed Evolution of P450 BM3 towards Functionalization of Aromatic O-Heterocycles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3353. [PMID: 31288417 PMCID: PMC6651506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-heterocycles, benzo-1,4-dioxane, phthalan, isochroman, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, benzofuran, and dibenzofuran are important building blocks with considerable medical application for the production of pharmaceuticals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) Bacillus megaterium 3 (BM3) wild type (WT) from Bacillus megaterium has low to no conversion of the six O-heterocycles. Screening of in-house libraries for active variants yielded P450 BM3 CM1 (R255P/P329H), which was subjected to directed evolution and site saturation mutagenesis of four positions. The latter led to the identification of position R255, which when introduced in the P450 BM3 WT, outperformed all other variants. The initial oxidation rate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption increased ≈140-fold (WT: 8.3 ± 1.3 min-1; R255L: 1168 ± 163 min-1), total turnover number (TTN) increased ≈21-fold (WT: 40 ± 3; R255L: 860 ± 15), and coupling efficiency, ≈2.9-fold (WT: 8.8 ± 0.1%; R255L: 25.7 ± 1.0%). Computational analysis showed that substitution R255L (distant from the heme-cofactor) does not have the salt bridge formed with D217 in WT, which introduces flexibility into the I-helix and leads to a heme rearrangement allowing for efficient hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurao V Dhoke
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Cohn JA, Brown ET, Reynolds WS, Kaufman MR, Dmochowski RR. Pharmacologic management of non-neurogenic functional obstruction in women. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:657-67. [PMID: 27095013 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1178239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired bladder emptying in women without neurologic disease may be related to urethral obstruction and/or impaired bladder contractility. Mechanical obstruction generally requires surgical management and options are limited for impaired bladder contractility. However, functional obstruction from voiding dysfunction or primary bladder neck obstruction may present an opportunity for pharmacologic intervention. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors extensively reviewed available literature regarding the use of off-label medications for functional bladder outlet obstruction in women. In addition, side effect profiles and pharmacology of these medications determined from on-label indications are reviewed. Specific medications reviewed include vaginal diazepam, baclofen, urethral botulinum toxin injection, and alpha-adrenergic blockers. EXPERT OPINION Alpha-blockers in particular have demonstrated promise in women with demonstrable or suspected bladder outlet obstruction with side effect profiles similar to those observed in men. However, lack of quality data hinders informed decision making with alpha-blockers or any of the other agents studied in women with non-neurogenic functional outlet obstruction. In the absence of well-designed, placebo-controlled multi-institutional trials, those prescribing these medications must be aware of special considerations and side effects associated with relatively unfamiliar treatments in the context of uncertain benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Cohn
- a Department of Urologic Surgery , University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Elizabeth T Brown
- a Department of Urologic Surgery , University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - W Stuart Reynolds
- a Department of Urologic Surgery , University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Melissa R Kaufman
- a Department of Urologic Surgery , University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Roger R Dmochowski
- a Department of Urologic Surgery , University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
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Rouf A, Aga MA, Kumar B, Taneja SC. A facile approach to chiral 1,4-benzodioxane toward the syntheses of doxazosin, prosympal, piperoxan, and dibozane. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Inci M, Sarli B, Davarci M, Yalcinkaya FR, Rifaioğlu MM, Davran R, Arica S, Motor S, DemirbaŞ O. Relationship between endothelial dysfunction and nocturia with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Scand J Urol 2013; 47:384-9. [DOI: 10.3109/21681805.2012.762038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rouf A, Gupta P, Aga MA, Kumar B, Chaubey A, Parshad R, Taneja SC. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of piperoxan, prosympal, dibozane, and doxazosin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wyllie MG. Monotherapy for comorbid erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms: phosphodiesterase inhibitor or α-adrenoceptor antagonist? BJU Int 2012; 109:965-6. [PMID: 22373009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.10984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao Y, Peng J, Zheng L, Yu W, Jin J. Transforming growth factor beta1 mediates apoptotic activity of angiotensin II type I receptor blocker on prostate epithelium in vitro. Prostate 2010; 70:899-905. [PMID: 20135646 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant association of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and hypertension indicates a common pathophysiological factor for both diseases. Hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported in BPH. Angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor is the principal mediator of the RAS, and the antagonist, AT1 receptor blocker (ARB), can induce apoptosis in prostate epithelium cells and increase transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of AT1 receptor in prostate epithelium cells and the role of TGF-beta1. METHODS Human prostate epithelium cell lines were treated with different concentrations of ARB (losartan) (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microM) for 24-72 hr. Cell proliferation was analyzed by cell proliferation assay. The location of AT1 receptor was shown by immunocytohistochemistry and immunocytofluorescence study. Analysis of apoptosis was by use of terminal transferase TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling (TUNEL) and caspase 3/7 activity assay. Mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization was measured by JC-1 staining. The level of TGF-beta1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis showed AT1 receptor expressed in epithelium cells. Compared to control cultures, cultures treated with losartan for 24-72 hr showed a dose-dependent significant decrease in cell number, with apoptosis increased by 65.2%. Decreased cell number was reversed on treatment with anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. TUNEL staining showed increased apoptosis in prostate epithelium cells exposed to losartan. Caspase 3/7 activation was increased and mitochondrial membrane potential was downregulated. Expression of TGF-beta1 in cells treated with losartan was higher than that in untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS The apoptotic effect of blockade of AT1 receptor on human prostatic epithelium cells may be mediated through an autocrine the production of TGF-beta1. Furthermore, this finding may have implications for medication options. Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Lv PC, Li HQ, Xue JY, Shi L, Zhu HL. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel luteolin derivatives as antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:908-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sun SZ. Effects of dietary flaxseed lignan extract on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Med Food 2008; 11:207-14. [PMID: 18358071 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A flaxseed lignan extract containing 33% secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was evaluated for its ability to alleviate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in 87 subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with repeated measurements was conducted over a 4-month period using treatment dosages of 0 (placebo), 300, or 600 mg/day SDG. After 4 months of treatment, 78 of the 87 subjects completed the study. For the 0, 300, and 600 mg/day SDG groups, respectively, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) decreased -3.67 +/- 1.56, -7.33 +/- 1.18, and -6.88 +/- 1.43 (mean +/- SE, P = .100, < .001, and < .001 compared to baseline), the Quality of Life score (QOL score) improved by -0.71 +/- 0.23, -1.48 +/- 0.24, and -1.75 +/- 0.25 (mean +/- SE, P = .163 and .012 compared to placebo and P = .103, < .001, and < .001 compared to baseline), and the number of subjects whose LUTS grade changed from "moderate/severe" to "mild" increased by three, six, and 10 (P = .188, .032, and .012 compared to baseline). Maximum urinary flows insignificantly increased 0.43 +/- 1.57, 1.86 +/- 1.08, and 2.7 +/- 1.93 mL/second (mean +/- SE, no statistical significance reached), and postvoiding urine volume decreased insignificantly by -29.4 +/- 20.46, -19.2 +/- 16.91, and -55.62 +/- 36.45 mL (mean +/- SE, no statistical significance reached). Plasma concentrations of secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED), and enterolactone (EL) were significantly raised after the supplementation. The observed decreases in IPSS and QOL score were correlated with the concentrations of plasma total lignans, SECO, ED, and EL. In conclusion, dietary flaxseed lignan extract appreciably improves LUTS in BPH subjects, and the therapeutic efficacy appeared comparable to that of commonly used intervention agents of alpha1A-adrenoceptor blockers and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Tumor Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia: dietary and metabolic risk factors. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40:649-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kwak C, Lee JK, Ku JH. High-dose terazosin therapy (5mg) in Korean patients with lower urinary tract symptoms with or without concomitant hypertension: a prospective, open-label study. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:994-1000. [PMID: 18159592 PMCID: PMC2628180 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2007.48.6.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the efficacy and safety of a relatively high dose of terazosin (5mg) in Korean patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), with or without concomitant hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS From July to December 2006, 200 men who consecutively presented with LUTS were prospectively studied. Eight weeks after treatment, blood pressure (BP), uroflowmetry, and International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) were assessed. For analysis purposes, patients were stratified according to concomitant hypertension. Of the 200 patients, 173 completed the scheduled eight-week treatment period. RESULTS At baseline, no differences were evident in the two groups in terms of I-PSS, Qmax, PVR and BP. After eight weeks of treatment-although I-PSS and uroflowmetry parameters were not significantly different in the two groups-systolic and diastolic BP in the non-hypertensive control group were higher than in the hypertensive group (p= 0.001 and p=0.0100, respectively). Changes in I-PSS, uroflowmetry parameters, and BPs measured at week eight post- treatment commencement did not significantly differ between the two groups. Moreover, the addition of 5mg of terazosin to antihypertensives did not cause a significant reduction in either systolic or diastolic BP in either group. CONCLUSION Adding terazosin to existing antihypertensive regimens did not seem to increase the incidence of adverse events. Our findings suggest that 5mg terazosin is effective and that it has an acceptable safety profile as an add-on therapy for patients with LUTS and concomitant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kwak
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | | | - Ja Hyeon Ku
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Nageswara Rao R, Nagaraju D, Narasa Raju A. Enantiomeric resolution of doxazosin mesylate and its process-related substances on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:766-73. [PMID: 16495033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for separation of racemic doxazosin mesylate and its synthetic precursors on polysaccharide based stationary phases viz., amylose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralpak AD-H) and cellulose tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (Chiralcel OD-H) were developed. The base line separation with Rs>1.50 was obtained using a mobile phase containing n-hexane-alcohol-0.1% diethylamine (ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) in various proportions. The effect of concentration of the alcoholic modifiers on the resolution was studied. A good separation was achieved on amylose based Chiralpak AD-H column when compared with cellulose based Chiralcel OD-H. The effects of structural features of the solutes and solvents on discrimination between the enantiomers were examined. The detection was carried out at 240 nm with UV detector while identification by polarimetric detector connected in series. The method was suitable not only for process development of doxazosin mesylate but also determination of enantiomeric purity of bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Chung BH, Hong SJ. Long-term follow-up study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with or without concomitant hypertension. BJU Int 2006; 97:90-5. [PMID: 16336335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.05858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of extended-release doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) under routine clinical care conditions over 12 months in Korean men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with and without coexisting hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this open-label, multicentre, uncontrolled, flexible-dose study, 475 men (> or =40 years old) with clinical evidence of BPH were enrolled from 40 centres. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 1, 2, 6 and 12 months of treatment. The primary efficacy variable was the Clinicians Global Assessment of Change (CGAC; improved, no change, or worse). Secondary efficacy variables were International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Q(max)), and postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume. Adverse events (AEs) and blood pressure (BP) were also recorded. RESULTS In all, 186 patients completed the study; based on the CGAC, most patients (155, 83.8%) improved and 31 (16.2%) had no change in symptoms. The mean (sd) change in the IPSS and QoL from baseline were -9.0 (6.8) and -1.6 (1.4), respectively (both P < 0.05). The Q(max) and PVR urine volume were significantly better than at baseline, with means of 10.5 (4.3) vs 13.7 (6.3), and 39.1 (37.0) vs 23.2 (33.7); P < 0.05). The decrease in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) from baseline in 52 hypertensive patients was significantly greater than in 134 normotensive patients, at (SBP/DBP) -9.5 (18.4)/-13.4 (10.9) vs -3.3 (12.5)/-1.4 (9.5); P < 0.05). A total of 47 AEs were reported in 41 of 475 patients (8.6%); the most common were dizziness (2.7%), erectile dysfunction (1.1%), dry mouth (1.1%), prostatic disorder (0.6%), and postural hypotension (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS After 12 months, treatment with doxazosin GITS resulted in an improvement in > 83% of patients based on the CGAC, with significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Q(max,) and PVR urine volume. Doxazosin GITS was effective and well tolerated as long-term therapy for Korean patients with BPH.
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Barendrecht MM, Koopmans RP, de la Rosette JJMCH, Michel MC. Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: the cardiovascular system. BJU Int 2005; 95 Suppl 4:19-28. [PMID: 15871732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Calvo C, Gil-Extremera B, Gomez-Fernández P, Masramon X, Pueyo C, Armada B. Doxazosin GITS versus standard doxazosin in mild to moderate hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2005; 101:97-104. [PMID: 15860390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist doxazosin in both standard formulation and gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) controlled-release formulation is effective for hypertension without having a negative impact on serum lipids. This study was designed to compare the relative efficacy of these two formulations of doxazosin on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and serum lipids in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. METHODS Hypertensive patients aged 18-70 years (n = 335) were evaluated in a multi-center prospective randomized study. Following a 2-week placebo run-in phase, patients were randomized to receive doxazosin 2 or 4 mg, with dose titration, or doxazosin GITS 4 mg, no dose titration, for 9 weeks. RESULTS Both doxazosin formulations reduced clinic diastolic and systolic blood pressure from baseline (P < 0.0001). Doxazosin GITS and doxazosin 4 mg had similar blood pressure-lowering effects. Doxazosin GITS reduced sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure compared with doxazosin 2 mg (P < 0.01 for both). A greater proportion of the doxazosin GITS group reached goal blood pressure (< or = 140/90 mm Hg) after 9 weeks compared with the doxazosin 2-mg group. All doses of doxazosin reduced 24-h and daytime (7:00 am to 10:00 pm) ambulatory blood pressure from baseline (all P < 0.01). Doxazosin GITS significantly reduced nighttime (10:00 pm to 7:00 am) ambulatory blood pressure from baseline. A neutral effect on serum lipids was observed with doxazosin. CONCLUSIONS Doxazosin GITS and doxazosin were effective in reducing clinic and ambulatory blood pressure. The GITS formulation reduced the need for dose titration. Both doxazosin formulations were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calvo
- Unidad de Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular, Hospital Clínico Univeritario, Travesia de la Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Steers WD, Kirby RS. Clinical ease of using doxazosin in BPH patients with and without hypertension. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:152-7. [PMID: 15711605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated that doxazosin therapy reduced blood pressure (BP) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who were hypertensive at baseline but not in patients who were physiologically or pharmacologically normotensive at baseline. In patients with BPH and uncontrolled hypertension, despite treatment with other antihypertensive drugs, the addition of doxazosin resulted in improved control with significant reductions in BP. The new formulation, doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS), is initiated at a therapeutic dose, simplifying dose titration. Based on its efficacy and pharmacokinetic and tolerability profiles, doxazosin GITS is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for normotensive and hypertensive patients with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Steers
- University of Virginia Hospital West, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Gu B, Reiter JP, Schwinn DA, Smith MP, Korstanje C, Thor KB, Dolber PC. EFFECTS OF α
1
-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPE SELECTIVE ANTAGONISTS ON LOWER URINARY TRACT FUNCTION IN RATS WITH BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2004; 172:758-62. [PMID: 15247777 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000131609.96301.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antagonists of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (alpha 1ARs) relieve obstructive and irritative symptoms in patients with bladder outlet obstruction. However, to our knowledge mechanisms underlying the relief of irritative symptoms remain unknown. Because bladder alpha 1dARs are up-regulated in some rats with bladder outlet obstruction, we investigated the effect of the alpha 1aAR antagonist 5-methyl urapidil (5MU) vs the alpha 1a/alpha 1dAR antagonist tamsulosin on urinary frequency in obstructed rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline frequency was measured using a chronic micturition recording system and then obstruction (40 rats) or sham obstruction surgery (11 rats) was performed. After 6 weeks frequency was reassessed, followed by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic pumps to deliver 5MU, tamsulosin or vehicle for 1 week. Upon the completion of drug treatment urinary frequency was again measured and the pressor response to the alpha 1AR agonist phenylephrine was documented. RESULTS Obstructed bladder mass was an average of 4.9 times greater than bladder mass in sham operated rats (p <0.001). Urinary frequency was elevated in obstructed rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg vs all rats with a bladder mass of under 255 mg (p = 0.01). Of rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg frequency was decreased in those treated with tamsulosin (p = 0.03) but not in those treated with 5MU. Tamsulosin and 5MU inhibited the pressor response to phenylephrine. CONCLUSIONS Urinary frequency is increased in rats with a bladder mass of greater than 500 mg. The combined alpha 1a/alpha 1dAR antagonist tamsulosin decreases urinary frequency more than the alpha 1aAR selective antagonist 5MU. This finding supports the hypothesis that the alpha 1dAR is important for mediating irritative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Gu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Zusman R. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension or concomitant hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Cardiol 2004; 27:63-9. [PMID: 14979621 PMCID: PMC6654573 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960270203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
At optimal doses, individual antihypertensive agents lower blood pressure (BP) by an average of 10 mmHg. Many patients with hypertension, including those with stage 3 hypertension, target organ damage, or those at high risk for cardiovascular events and/or adverse effects of high-dose monotherapy, are likely to require combination antihypertensive drug treatment to achieve the recommended systolic/diastolic BP (< 140/90 mmHg). Two studies, a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (n = 70) and a community-based, open-label trial (n = 491) investigated the antihypertensive efficacy of doxazosin, a long-acting selective alpha1-adrenoceptor blocker, as add-on therapy for uncontrolled hypertension with other antihypertensive medications and in patients with concomitant benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and treated but inadequately controlled hypertension, respectively. The addition of doxazosin to baseline antihypertensive medication(s) significantly lowered BP and had a significantly positive effect on the serum lipid profile. In patients with concomitant BPH, doxazosin significantly improved all BPH symptom scores, regardless of initial symptom severity. Add-on doxazosin sufficiently reduced systolic/diastolic BP such that many patients whose hypertension was previously uncontrolled by other antihypertensive medications were able to reach goal BP (< 140/90 mmHg). Doxazosin as add-on therapy was well tolerated. In conclusion, doxazosin as add-on therapy improves BP control in hypertensive patients not at goal BP and improves lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with concomitant BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Zusman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Michelotti GA, Schwinn DA. Mechanistic insights into the role of α1-adrenergic receptors in lower urinary tract symptoms. Curr Urol Rep 2004; 5:258-66. [PMID: 15260925 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-004-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although alpha(1)AR antagonists have been used for more than two decades to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), we have little understanding of the mechanistic basis of their efficacy and their role in the development of LUTS. It is clear that alpha(1)ARs play a critical role in bladder dysfunction and recent data suggest that alpha(1)AR subtype switching may play a key role in this pathophysiology, providing support for use of alpha(1)(d)AR-selective antagonists in treating irritative symptoms. This review seeks to summarize current levels of understanding in this field and discusses new concepts that suggest increased levels of complexity involving cross-talk in multiple receptor systems. Effective therapeutic modalities likely will involve increased subtype selective alpha(1)AR antagonists and other pharmacodynamic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Michelotti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Rokosh DG, Simpson PC. Knockout of the alpha 1A/C-adrenergic receptor subtype: the alpha 1A/C is expressed in resistance arteries and is required to maintain arterial blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9474-9. [PMID: 12093905 PMCID: PMC123165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.132552699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) play a major role in blood pressure regulation. The three alpha 1-AR subtypes (A/C, B, and D) stimulate contraction of isolated arteries, but it is uncertain how different subtypes contribute to blood pressure regulation in the intact animal. We studied the role of the alpha 1A/C subtype by using gene knockout. alpha 1A/C knockout (KO) mice were viable and overtly normal. The LacZ reporter gene replaced alpha 1A/C coding sequence in the KO, and beta-galactosidase staining was present in resistance arteries and arterioles, but not in the thoracic aorta or its main branches. By tail cuff manometer and arterial catheter in conscious mice, alpha 1A/C KO mice were hypotensive at rest, with an 8-12% reduction of blood pressure dependent on alpha 1A/C gene copy number. A61603, an alpha 1A/C-selective agonist, caused a pressor response that was lost in the KO and reduced but significant in heterozygous mice with a single copy of the alpha 1A/C. A subtype-nonselective agonist [phenylephrine (PE)] caused a pressor response in KO mice, but the final arterial pressure was only 85% of wild type. The baroreflex was reset in the KO, and heart rate variability was decreased. After baroreflex blockade with atropine, PE increased blood pressure but did not change heart rate. Cardiac and vascular responses to the beta-AR agonist isoproterenol were unchanged, and the arterial lumen area was not altered. We conclude that the alpha 1A/C-AR subtype is a vasopressor expressed in resistance arteries and is required for normal arterial blood pressure regulation. alpha 1A/C-selective antagonists might be desirable antihypertensive agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteries/drug effects
- Arteries/physiology
- Atropine/pharmacology
- Baroreflex/drug effects
- Baroreflex/physiology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Heart Rate/physiology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/classification
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Vascular Resistance/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gregg Rokosh
- Cardiology Division and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of Botanically Derived Inhibitors of 5-α-Reductase in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1089/107555302317371433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Prager
- Clinical Research and Development Network, Aurora, CO
| | - Karen Bickett
- Clinical Research and Development Network, Aurora, CO
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Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002; 8:143-52. [PMID: 12006122 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2002.8.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by the structural miniaturization of androgen-sensitive hair follicles in susceptible individuals and is anatomically defined within a given pattern of the scalp. Biochemically, one contributing factor of this disorder is the conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) via the enzyme 5-alpha reductase (5AR). This metabolism is also key to the onset and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Furthermore, AGA has also been shown to be responsive to drugs and agents used to treat BPH. Of note, certain botanical compounds have previously demonstrated efficacy against BPH. Here, we report the first example of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study undertaken in order to examine the benefit of these botanical substances in the treatment of AGA. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to test botanically derived 5AR inhibitors, specifically the liposterolic extract of Serenoa repens (LSESr) and beta-sitosterol, in the treatment of AGA. SUBJECTS Included in this study were males between the ages of 23 and 64 years of age, in good health, with mild to moderate AGA. RESULTS The results of this pilot study showed a highly positive response to treatment. The blinded investigative staff assessment report showed that 60% of (6/10) study subjects dosed with the active study formulation were rated as improved at the final visit. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes the effectiveness of naturally occurring 5AR inhibitors against AGA for the first time, and justifies the expansion to larger trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Prager
- Clinical Research and Development Network, Aurora, CO, USA
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HAMPEL CHRISTIAN, DOLBER PAULC, SMITH MICHAELP, SAVIC SANDRAL, THÜROFF JOACHIMW, THOR KARLB, SCHWINN DEBRAA. MODULATION OF BLADDER α1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPE EXPRESSION BY BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTIAN HAMPEL
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - PAUL C. DOLBER
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - MICHAEL P. SMITH
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - SANDRA L. SAVIC
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - JOACHIM W. THÜROFF
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - KARL B. THOR
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
| | - DEBRA A. SCHWINN
- From the Departments of Surgery (Urology), Anesthesiology, Pathology and Pharmacology/Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany
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Fang Q, Grover P, Han Z, McConville FX, Rossi RF, Olsson DJ, Kessler DW, Wald SA, Senanayake CH. Practical chemical and enzymatic technologies for (S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-carboxypiperizine intermediate in the synthesis of (S)-doxazosin mesylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Selective alpha1-adrenergic blockade is now a well accepted and widely used therapeutic treatment for patients presenting with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction thought to be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. This review summarizes the recent developments in this field relating to the subject of receptor subtype selectivity and the potential relevance of this to clinical usefulness of existing drug therapy. Whilst a number of unanswered questions remain as to the exact mechanisms of both drug action and side-effect profile, nevertheless it is clear that existing clinically available alpha1-antagonists provide a safe, effective and generally well tolerated therapy for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms thought to be associated with benign prostatic obstruction. The implications of the ALLHAT study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Chapple
- Department of Urology, The Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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Michel MC, Schafers RF, Goepel M. Alpha-blockers and lower urinary tract function: more than smooth muscle relaxation? BJU Int 2000; 86 Suppl 2:23-8; discussion 28-30. [PMID: 11501614 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Michel
- Department of Medicine, University of Essen, Germany.
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