1
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Haak A, Lesslich HM, Dietzel ID. Visualization of the membrane surface and cytoskeleton of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell growth cones using a combination of scanning ion conductance and four times expansion microscopy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:31-41. [PMID: 37950644 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth cones of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are challenging to investigate with conventional light microscopy due to their small size. Especially substructures such as filopodia, lamellipodia and their underlying cytoskeleton are difficult to resolve with diffraction limited microscopy. Light microscopy techniques, which surpass the diffraction limit such as stimulated emission depletion microscopy, often require expensive setups and specially trained personnel rendering them inaccessible to smaller research groups. Lately, the invention of expansion microscopy (ExM) has enabled super-resolution imaging with any light microscope without the need for additional equipment. Apart from the necessary resolution, investigating OPC growth cones comes with another challenge: Imaging the topography of membranes, especially label- and contact-free, is only possible with very few microscopy techniques one of them being scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). We here present a new imaging workflow combining SICM and ExM, which enables the visualization of OPC growth cone nanostructures. We correlated SICM recordings and ExM images of OPC growth cones captured with a conventional widefield microscope. This enabled the visualization of the growth cones' membrane topography as well as their underlying actin and tubulin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Haak
- Nanoscopy, RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko M Lesslich
- Nanoscopy, RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Irmgard D Dietzel
- Department of Biochemistry II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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2
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Takahashi Y, Sasaki Y, Yoshida T, Honda K, Zhou Y, Miyamoto T, Motoo T, Higashi H, Shevchuk A, Korchev Y, Ida H, Hanayama R, Fukuma T. Nanopipette Fabrication Guidelines for SICM Nanoscale Imaging. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12664-12672. [PMID: 37599426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a promising tool for visualizing the dynamics of nanoscale cell surface topography. However, there are still no guidelines for fabricating nanopipettes with ideal shape consisting of small apertures and thin glass walls. Therefore, most of the SICM imaging has been at a standstill at the submicron scale. In this study, we established a simple and highly reproducible method for the fabrication of nanopipettes with sub-20 nm apertures. To validate the improvement in the spatial resolution, we performed time-lapse imaging of the formation and disappearance of endocytic pits as a model of nanoscale time-lapse topographic imaging. We have also successfully imaged the localization of the hot spot and the released extracellular vesicles. The nanopipette fabrication guidelines for the SICM nanoscale topographic imaging can be an essential tool for understanding cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuya Sasaki
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kota Honda
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuanshu Zhou
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoko Motoo
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Higashi
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Andrew Shevchuk
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Hiroki Ida
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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4
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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5
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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6
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Zhuang J, Cheng L, Liao X, Zia AA, Wang Z. A fuzzy control for high-speed and low-overshoot hopping probe ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033703. [PMID: 32259936 DOI: 10.1063/1.5114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, hopping probe ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) is the most capable ion conductance microscopy for imaging complex surface topography. However, the HPICM controller usually does not begin to stop the pipette sample approach until the ion current reaches a threshold, which results in short deceleration distances. Furthermore, closed-loop piezo actuation usually increases the response time. These problems tend to increase the ion current overshoot and affect imaging speed and quality. A fuzzy control system was developed to solve these problems via ion current deviation and deviation rate. This lengthens the deceleration distance to enable a high-speed approach toward the sample and smooth deceleration. Open-loop control of the piezo actuator is also used to increase sensitivity. To compensate for the nonlinearity of the actuator, a multi-section fuzzy logic strategy was used to maintain performance in all sections. Glass and poly(dimethylsiloxane) samples were used to demonstrate greater imaging speed and stability of the fuzzy controller relative to those of conventional controllers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ali Akmal Zia
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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7
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Simeonov S, Schäffer TE. Ultrafast Imaging of Cardiomyocyte Contractions by Combining Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy with a Microelectrode Array. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9648-9655. [PMID: 31247725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Beating cardiomyocytes undergo fast morphodynamics during the contraction-relaxation cycle. However, imaging these morphodynamics with a high spatial and temporal resolution is difficult, owing to a lack of suitable techniques. Here, we combine scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) with a microelectrode array (MEA) to image the three-dimensional (3D) topography of cardiomyocytes during a contraction-relaxation cycle with 1 μm spatial and 1 ms time resolution. We record the vertical motion of cardiomyocytes at many locations across a cell by SICM and synchronize these data using the simultaneously recorded action potential by the MEA as a time reference. This allows us to reconstruct the time-resolved 3D morphology of cardiomyocytes during a full contraction-relaxation cycle with a raw data rate of 200 μs/frame and to generate spatially resolved images of contractile parameters (maximum displacement, time delay, asymmetry factor). We use the MEA-SICM setup to visualize the effect of blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, on the morphodynamics of contractions. Further, we find an upper limit of 0.02% for cell volume changes during an action potential. The results show that MEA-SICM provides an ultrafast imaging platform for investigating the functional interplay of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simeonov
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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8
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Simeonov S, Schäffer TE. High-speed scanning ion conductance microscopy for sub-second topography imaging of live cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8579-8587. [PMID: 30994121 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is an emerging tool for non-invasive and high-resolution topography imaging of live cells. However, the imaging speed of conventional SICM setups is slow, requiring several seconds or even minutes per image, thereby making it difficult to study cellular dynamics. Here, we describe a high-speed SICM (HS-SICM) setup for topography imaging in the hopping mode with a pixel rate of 11.0 kHz, which is 15 times faster than what was reported before. In combination with a "turn step" procedure for rapid pipette retraction, we image the ultra-fast morphodynamics of live human platelets, A6 cells, and U2OS cells at a rate as fast as 0.6 s per frame. The results show that HS-SICM provides a useful platform for investigating the dynamics of cell morphology on a sub-second timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simeonov
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Venkatesh V, Heinemann C, Sundaresan VB. Surface-tracked scanning ion conductance microscopy: A novel imaging technique for measuring topography-correlated transmembrane ion transport through porous substrates. Micron 2019; 120:57-65. [PMID: 30776683 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport through porous substrates is ubiquitous in biological and synthetic materials, and fundamental for chemical separation, drug delivery and bio-sensing. Contemporary imaging techniques for simultaneously characterizing topography and ion transport through porous substrates are limited in range and resolution. In this paper, we demonstrate 'surface-tracked scanning ion conductance microscopy' as a technique to image topography of a porous substrate and simultaneously measure voltage-driven transmembrane ion transport. This technique uses the principles of 'shear-force tracking' to image the surface of a polycarbonate track-etch membrane, and chronoamperometry to reconstruct topography-correlated transmembrane ion transport through the membrane at different transmembrane potentials. Spatial transmembrane transport through individual pores is modeled using Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) theory to examine the effects of shear-force modulation on magnitude of transmembrane currents recorded with a nanopipette. The modeled transmembrane current through the porous membrane is compared with experimental behavior, and discrepancies between predicted values and measured data are outlined. The proposed surface-tracked imaging mode allows for rapid assessment (approximately 7 s/μm2) of interfacial processes at the nanoscale and addresses a bottleneck for stable, large-area characterization of porous substrates using scanning ion conductance microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Venkatesh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Christian Heinemann
- HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH, Wiesenstraße 71, Lambrecht, Pfalz, Germany
| | - Vishnu Baba Sundaresan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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10
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Hagemann P, Gesper A, Happel P. Correlative Stimulated Emission Depletion and Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5807-5815. [PMID: 29791140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Correlation microscopy combining fluorescence and scanning probe or electron microscopy is limited to fixed samples due to the sample preparation and nonphysiological imaging conditions required by most probe or electron microscopy techniques. Among the few scanning probe techniques that allow imaging of living cells under physiological conditions, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has been shown to be the technique that minimizes the impact on the investigated sample. However, combinations of SICM and fluorescence microscopy suffered from the mismatch in resolution due to the limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. In the last years, the diffraction limit of light microscopy has been circumvented by various techniques, one of which is stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Here, we aimed at demonstrating the combination of STED and SICM. We show that both methods allow recording a living cellular specimen and provide a SICM and STED image of the same sample, which allowed us to correlate the membrane surface topography and the distribution of the cytoskeletal protein actin. Our proof-of-concept study exemplifies the benefit of correlating SICM with a subdiffraction fluorescence method and might form the basis for the development of a combined instrument that would allow the simultaneous recording of subdiffraction fluorescence and topography information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hagemann
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Nanoscopy Group, RUBION , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150 , D-44801 , Bochum , Germany
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12
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Zhuang J, Wang Z, Li Z, Liang P, Vincent M. Smart Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy Imaging Technique Using Horizontal Fast Scanning Method. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:264-276. [PMID: 29877171 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To solve extended acquisition time issues inherent in the conventional hopping-scanning mode of scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM), a new transverse-fast scanning mode (TFSM) is proposed. Because the transverse motion in SICM is not the detection direction and therefore presents no collision problem, it has the ability to move at high speed. In TSFM, the SICM probe gradually descends in the vertical/detection direction and rapidly scans in the transverse/nondetection direction. Further, the highest point that decides the hopping height of each scanning line can be quickly obtained. In conventional hopping mode, however, the hopping height is artificially set without a priori knowledge and is typically very large. Consequently, TFSM greatly improves the scanning speed of the SICM imaging system by effectively reducing the hopping height of each pixel. This study verifies the feasibility of this novel scanning method via theoretical analysis and experimental study, and compares the speed and quality of the scanning images obtained in the TFSM with that of the conventional hopping mode. The experimental results indicate that the TFSM method has a faster scanning speed than other SICM scanning methods while maintaining the quality of the images. Therefore, TFSM provides the possibility to quickly obtain high-resolution three-dimensional topographical images of extremely complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zeqing Li
- 2School of Mechanical Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Pengbo Liang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Mugubo Vincent
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
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13
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Schierbaum N, Hack M, Betz O, Schäffer TE. Macro-SICM: A Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope for Large-Range Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5048-5054. [PMID: 29569436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that uses an electrolyte-filled nanopipet as a probe. Its noncontact imaging principle makes the SICM uniquely suited for the investigation of soft and delicate surface structures in a liquid environment. The SICM has found an ever-increasing number of applications in chemistry, physics, and biology. However, a drawback of conventional SICMs is their relatively small scan range (typically 100 μm × 100 μm in the lateral and 10 μm in the vertical direction). We have developed a Macro-SICM with an exceedingly large scan range of 25 mm × 25 mm in the lateral and 0.25 mm in the vertical direction. We demonstrate the high versatility of the Macro-SICM by imaging at different length scales: from centimeters (fingerprint, coin) to millimeters (bovine tongue tissue, insect wing) to micrometers (cellular extensions). We applied the Macro-SICM to the study of collective cell migration in epithelial wound healing.
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14
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Zhou Y, Saito M, Miyamoto T, Novak P, Shevchuk AI, Korchev YE, Fukuma T, Takahashi Y. Nanoscale Imaging of Primary Cilia with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2891-2895. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshu Zhou
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pavel Novak
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Shevchuk
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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15
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Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE. An Accurate Model for the Ion Current–Distance Behavior in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy Allows for Calibration of Pipet Tip Geometry and Tip–Sample Distance. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11875-11880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman E. Schäffer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Gesper A, Hagemann P, Happel P. A low-cost, large field-of-view scanning ion conductance microscope for studying nanoparticle-cell membrane interactions. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14172-14183. [PMID: 28905955 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have the potential to become versatile tools in the medical and life sciences. One potential application is delivering drugs or other compounds to the cell cytoplasm, which requires the nanoparticles to bind to or cross the cell membrane. However, there are only a few tools available which allow studying the interaction of nanoparticles and the cell membrane of living cells in a physiological environment. Currently, the tool which least biases living cells is Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM). Specialized SICMs allow imaging at high resolution, however, they are cost intensive, particularly when providing a large field-of-view. In contrast, less cost intensive SICMs which provide a large field-of-view do not allow imaging at high resolutions. We have developed a SICM setup consisting of a compact three-axis piezo system and an additional fast shear-force piezo actor. This combination allows imaging fields-of-view of up to 80 μm × 80 μm, recording sections of living cells with a temporal resolution in the range of minutes as well as imaging with a spatial resolution of below 70 nm. Using our SICM we found that the cell membrane of HeLa cells treated with carboxylated latex nanoparticles was significantly more convoluted compared to control cells. The SICM setup we introduce here combines high resolution imaging with a large field-of-view at low costs. Our setup only requires a mounting adapter to extend existing inverted light microscopes, thus it could be a valuable and cost effective tool for researchers in all fields of the medical and life sciences performing investigations at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gesper
- Nanoscopy Group, Central Unit for Ion beams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraβe 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Klausen LH, Fuhs T, Dong M. Mapping surface charge density of lipid bilayers by quantitative surface conductivity microscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12447. [PMID: 27561322 PMCID: PMC5007656 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Local surface charge density of lipid membranes influences membrane–protein interactions leading to distinct functions in all living cells, and it is a vital parameter in understanding membrane-binding mechanisms, liposome design and drug delivery. Despite the significance, no method has so far been capable of mapping surface charge densities under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we use a scanning nanopipette setup (scanning ion-conductance microscope) combined with a novel algorithm to investigate the surface conductivity near supported lipid bilayers, and we present a new approach, quantitative surface conductivity microscopy (QSCM), capable of mapping surface charge density with high-quantitative precision and nanoscale resolution. The method is validated through an extensive theoretical analysis of the ionic current at the nanopipette tip, and we demonstrate the capacity of QSCM by mapping the surface charge density of model cationic, anionic and zwitterionic lipids with results accurately matching theoretical values. Surface charges on lipid bilayers deeply influence the way proteins interact with cellular membranes, yet their precise quantification has proven challenging. Here, the authors report on a quantitative method to map and evaluate surface charge densities under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Hyldgaard Klausen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Ossola D, Dorwling-Carter L, Dermutz H, Behr P, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Simultaneous Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy with Microchanneled Cantilevers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:238103. [PMID: 26684144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.238103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We combined scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) into a single tool using AFM cantilevers with an embedded microchannel flowing into the nanosized aperture at the apex of the hollow pyramid. An electrode was positioned in the AFM fluidic circuit connected to a second electrode in the bath. We could thus simultaneously measure the ionic current and the cantilever bending (in optical beam deflection mode). First, we quantitatively compared the SICM and AFM contact points on the approach curves. Second, we estimated where the probe in SICM mode touches the sample during scanning on a calibration grid and applied the finding to image a network of neurites on a Petri dish. Finally, we assessed the feasibility of a double controller using both the ionic current and the deflection as input signals of the piezofeedback. The experimental data were rationalized in the framework of finite elements simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ossola
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Dermutz
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Behr
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Seifert J, Rheinlaender J, Novak P, Korchev YE, Schäffer TE. Comparison of Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy for Live Cell Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6807-13. [PMID: 26011471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) are excellent and commonly used techniques for imaging the topography of living cells with high resolution. We present a direct comparison of AFM and SICM for imaging microvilli, which are small features on the surface of living cells, and for imaging the shape of whole cells. The imaging quality on microvilli increased significantly after cell fixation for AFM, whereas for SICM it remained constant. The apparent shape of whole cells in the case of AFM depended on the imaging force, which deformed the cell. In the case of SICM, cell deformations were avoided, owing to the contact-free imaging mechanism. We estimated that the lateral resolution on living cells is limited by the cell's elastic modulus for AFM, while it is not for SICM. By long-term, time-lapse imaging of microvilli dynamics, we showed that the imaging quality decreased with time for AFM, while it remained constant for SICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Seifert
- †Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Pavel Novak
- ‡Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- §School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- ‡Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- †Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Gesper A, Thatenhorst D, Wiese S, Tsai T, Dietzel ID, Happel P. Long-term, long-distance recording of a living migrating neuron by scanning ion conductance microscopy. SCANNING 2015; 37:226-231. [PMID: 25728639 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bias-free, three-dimensional imaging of entire living cellular specimen is required for investigating shape and volume changes that occur during cellular growth or migration. Here we present fifty consecutive recordings of a living cultured neuron from a mouse dorsal root ganglion obtained by Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). We observed a saltatory migration of the neuron with a mean velocity of approximately 20 μm/h. These results demonstrate the non-invasiveness of SICM, which makes it unique among the scanning probe microscopes. In contrast to SICM, most scanning probe techniques require a usually denaturating preparation of the cells, or they exert a non-negligible force on the cellular membrane, impeding passive observation. Moreover, the present series of recordings demonstrates the potential use of SICM for the detailed investigation of cellular migration and membrane surface dynamics even of such delicate samples as living neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Gesper
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Central Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Thatenhorst
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiese
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irmgard D Dietzel
- Department of Biochemisty II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Central Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Li P, Liu L, Yang Y, Zhou L, Wang D, Wang Y, Li G. Amplitude Modulation Mode of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:457-62. [PMID: 25759185 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215573191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging at the nanoscale resolution is a hot research topic in the field of life sciences for the direct observation of cellular biological activity. Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is one of the few effective imaging tools for live-cell imaging at the nanoscale resolution. However, there are various problems in existing scanning modes. The hopping and AC modes suffer from low speed, whereas the DC mode is prone to instability because of the DC drift and external electrical interference. In this article, we propose an amplitude modulation (AM) mode of SICM, which employs an AC voltage to enhance the stability and improve the scanning speed. In this AM mode, we introduce a capacitance compensation method to eliminate capacitance effect and use the amplitude of the AC current component to control the tip movement. Experimental results on polydimethylsiloxane samples verify the validity of the AM mode and demonstrate an improved performance of both speed and stability of this new mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
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22
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Kim J, Kim SO, Cho NJ. Alternative configuration scheme for signal amplification with scanning ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:023706. [PMID: 25725851 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) is an emerging nanotechnology tool to investigate the morphology and charge transport properties of nanomaterials, including soft matter. SICM uses an electrolyte filled nanopipette as a scanning probe and detects current changes based on the distance between the nanopipette apex and the target sample in an electrolyte solution. In conventional SICM, the pipette sensor is excited by applying voltage as it raster scans near the surface. There have been attempts to improve upon raster scanning because it can induce collisions between the pipette sidewalls and target sample, especially for soft, dynamic materials (e.g., biological cells). Recently, Novak et al. demonstrated that hopping probe ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) with an adaptive scan method can improve the image quality obtained by SICM for such materials. However, HPICM is inherently slower than conventional raster scanning. In order to optimize both image quality and scanning speed, we report the development of an alternative configuration scheme for SICM signal amplification that is based on applying current to the nanopipette. This scheme overcomes traditional challenges associated with low bandwidth requirements of conventional SICM. Using our alternative scheme, we demonstrate successful imaging of L929 fibroblast cells and discuss the capabilities of this instrument configuration for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhui Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Seong-Oh Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
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23
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Thatenhorst D, Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE, Dietzel ID, Happel P. Effect of Sample Slope on Image Formation in Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9838-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5024414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Thatenhorst
- Department
of Biochemistry II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- International
Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute
of Applied Physics and LISA+, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman E. Schäffer
- Institute
of Applied Physics and LISA+, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irmgard D. Dietzel
- Department
of Biochemistry II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Happel
- Central
Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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24
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Yamada H, Haraguchi D, Yasunaga K. Fabrication and Characterization of a K+-Selective Nanoelectrode and Simultaneous Imaging of Topography and Local K+ Flux Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8547-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502444y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Daiki Haraguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasunaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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25
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Imaging a Single Living Cell via Shear Force-based Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy in Standing Approach Mode with Differential Control. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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McKelvey K, Perry D, Byers JC, Colburn AW, Unwin PR. Bias Modulated Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3639-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C. Byers
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W. Colburn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
Directly observing individual protein molecules in action at high spatiotemporal resolution has long been a holy grail for biological science. This is because we long have had to infer how proteins function from the static snapshots of their structures and dynamic behavior of optical makers attached to the molecules. This limitation has recently been removed to a large extent by the materialization of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). HS-AFM allows us to directly visualize the structure dynamics and dynamic processes of biological molecules in physiological solutions, at subsecond to sub-100-ms temporal resolution, without disturbing their function. In fact, dynamically acting molecules such as myosin V walking on an actin filament and bacteriorhodopsin in response to light are successfully visualized. In this review, we first describe theoretical considerations for the highest possible imaging rate of this new microscope, and then highlight recent imaging studies. Finally, the current limitation and future challenges to explore are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ando
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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28
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Schäffer TE. Nanomechanics of molecules and living cells with scanning ion conductance microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6988-94. [PMID: 23692368 DOI: 10.1021/ac400686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic flow through a nanopipet in a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) can exert localized forces on a sample surface. These forces can be used for trapping of molecules in lipid bilayers and for mapping the mechanical properties of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman E Schäffer
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physics and LISA+, Tübingen, Germany
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29
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Lazenby RA, McKelvey K, Unwin PR. Hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM): visualizing interfacial reactions and fluxes from surfaces to bulk solution. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2937-44. [PMID: 23373422 DOI: 10.1021/ac303642p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM) is introduced as a powerful new technique for the quantitative visualization of redox activity and concentration at and above a surface of interest. HIC-SECM combines a hopping imaging mode, in which data are acquired at a tip as a function of distance (z) from the surface, at a series of x, y pixels across the surface, using the principles of intermittent contact to provide a nonelectrochemical means of determining when the tip and the substrate come into contact. The implementation of HIC-SECM is described, and SECM feedback measurements in three-dimensional (3D) space over a gold band array are presented. To demonstrate the generality of the methodology, flux imaging is also carried out over a Pt-disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) in the feedback mode and substrate generation/tip collection mode. The type of information that can be extracted from the data sets acquired include x-y current maps at a well-defined tip-substrate separation (parallel to the surface), x-z current maps (normal to the surface), 3D x-y-z profiles, approach curves at particular spots on the surface of interest, and surface topography. Moreover, because HIC-SECM utilizes an oscillating probe, alternating current data are also obtained that greatly enhances the information content compared to other types of electrochemical imaging. Furthermore, interfacial fluxes are ubiquitous in chemistry and allied areas, and HIC-SECM opens up the possibility of detailed flux visualization in three dimensions for many physicochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL
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30
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Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) has been developed as a nano-dynamics visualization technique. This microscopy permits direct observation of structure dynamics and dynamic processes of biological molecules in physiological solutions, at a subsecond to sub-100 ms temporal resolution and an ∼2 nm lateral and a 0.1 nm vertical resolution. Importantly, tip-sample interactions do not disturb the biomolecules' functions. Various functioning proteins including myosin V walking on an actin filament and bacteriorhodopsin responding to light have been successfully visualized with HS-AFM. In the quest for understanding the functional mechanisms of proteins, inferences no longer have to be made from static snapshots of molecular structures and dynamic behavior of optical markers attached to proteins. High-resolution molecular movies obtained from HS-AFM observations reveal the details of molecules' dynamic behavior in action, without the need for intricate analyses and interpretations. In this review, I first describe the fundamentals behind the achieved high imaging rate and low invasiveness to samples, and then highlight recent imaging studies. Finally, future studies are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ando
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
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31
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Happel P, Möller K, Schwering NK, Dietzel ID. Migrating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells swell prior to soma dislocation. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1806. [PMID: 23657670 PMCID: PMC3648797 DOI: 10.1038/srep01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the white matter is an indispensable requirement for an intact brain function. The mechanism of cell migration in general is not yet completely understood. Nevertheless, evidence is accumulating that besides the coordinated rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, a finetuned interplay of ion and water fluxes across the cell membrane is essential for cell migration. One part of a general hypothesis is that a local volume increase towards the direction of movement triggers a mechano-activated calcium influx that regulates various procedures at the rear end of a migrating cell. Here, we investigated cell volume changes of migrating OPCs using scanning ion conductance microscopy. We found that during accelerated migration OPCs undergo an increase in the frontal cell body volume. These findings are supplemented with time lapse calcium imaging data that hint an increase in calcium content the frontal part of the cell soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Happel
- Central Unit for Ionbeams and Radionuclides (RUBION), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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32
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Clarke RW, Zhukov A, Richards O, Johnson N, Ostanin V, Klenerman D. Pipette–Surface Interaction: Current Enhancement and Intrinsic Force. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:322-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3094586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Alexander Zhukov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Owen Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Victor Ostanin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a scanning probe technique that utilizes the increase in access resistance that occurs if an electrolyte filled glass micro-pipette is approached towards a poorly conducting surface. Since an increase in resistance can be monitored before the physical contact between scanning probe tip and sample, this technique is particularly useful to investigate the topography of delicate samples such as living cells. SICM has shown its potential in various applications such as high resolution and long-time imaging of living cells or the determination of local changes in cellular volume. Furthermore, SICM has been combined with various techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or patch clamping to reveal localized information about proteins or protein functions. This review details the various advantages and pitfalls of SICM and provides an overview of the recent developments and applications of SICM in biological imaging. Furthermore, we show that in principle, a combination of SICM and ion selective micro-electrodes enables one to monitor the local ion activity surrounding a living cell.
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34
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Caldwell M, Del Linz SJL, Smart TG, Moss GWJ. Method for Estimating the Tip Geometry of Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope Pipets. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8980-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301851n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Caldwell
- Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Sciences & Experimental Biology, University College London, London, U.K
- Department of Neuroscience,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Samantha J. L. Del Linz
- Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Sciences & Experimental Biology, University College London, London, U.K
- Department of Neuroscience,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Trevor G. Smart
- Department of Neuroscience,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Guy W. J. Moss
- Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Sciences & Experimental Biology, University College London, London, U.K
- Department of Neuroscience,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, U.K
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35
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The application of nanopipettes to conducting polymer fabrication, imaging and electrochemical characterization. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Zhang S, Cho SJ, Busuttil K, Wang C, Besenbacher F, Dong M. Scanning ion conductance microscopy studies of amyloid fibrils at nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:3105-3110. [PMID: 22532425 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr12049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has developed to become a very versatile nano-scale technique to reveal the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of amyloid aggregates under physiological conditions. However, the imaging principle of AFM is based on measuring the 'force' between a sharp tip and a given nanostructure, which may cause mechanical deformation of relatively soft objects. To avoid the deformation, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is an alternative scanning probe microscopy technique, operating with alternating current mode. Here we can indeed reveal the 3D morphology of amyloid fibrils and it is capable of exploring proteins with nanoscale resolution. Compared with conventional AFM, we show that SICM can provide precise height measurements of amyloid protein aggregates, a feature that enables us to obtain unique insight into the detailed nucleation and growth mechanisms behind amyloid self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Ny Munkegade 118, Building 152, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
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Chen CC, Zhou Y, Baker LA. Scanning ion conductance microscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:207-228. [PMID: 22524219 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a versatile type of scanning probe microscopy for studies in molecular biology and materials science. Recent advances in feedback and probe fabrication have greatly increased the resolution, stability, and speed of imaging. Noncontact imaging and the ability to deliver materials to localized areas have made SICM especially fruitful for studies of molecular biology, and many examples of such use have been reported. In this review, we highlight new developments in the operation of SICM and describe some of the most exciting recent studies from this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Zhou Y, Chen CC, Baker LA. Heterogeneity of multiple-pore membranes investigated with ion conductance microscopy. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3003-9. [PMID: 22390616 DOI: 10.1021/ac300257q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous conductance of individual pores on a porous membrane was studied with a four-electrode scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM). Application of a potential difference across the membrane resulted in migration of ions through nanopores, where subsequent conductance changes were measured by a nanopipet positioned above the nanopore as a change in pipet current. Current responses of single-pore membranes and individual pores within a multipore membrane were examined and demonstrated variations in ion current rectification (ICR) ratios due to the small differences in pore geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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39
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Morris CA, Chen CC, Baker LA. Transport of redox probes through single pores measured by scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM). Analyst 2012; 137:2933-8. [PMID: 22278118 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report scanning electrochemical microscopy-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM) experiments that describe transport of redox active molecules which emanate from single pores of a track-etch membrane. Experiments are performed with electrodes which consist of a thin gold layer deposited on one side of a nanopipet. Subsequent insulation of the electrode with parylene results in a hybrid electrode for SECM-SICM measurements. Electrode fabrication is straightforward and highly parallel. For image collection, ionic current measured at the nanopipet both controls the position of the electrode with respect to the membrane surface and reports the local conductance in the vicinity of the nanopipet, while faradaic current measured at the Au electrode reports the presence of redox-active molecules. Application of a transmembrane potential difference affords additional control over migration of charged species across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Yang X, Liu X, Lu H, Zhang X, Ma L, Gao R, Zhang Y. Real-Time Investigation of Acute Toxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles on Human Lung Epithelia with Hopping Probe Ion Conductance Microscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:297-304. [PMID: 22191635 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma
Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, People's Republic of China 300052
| | - Xiao Liu
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Hujie Lu
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Liying Ma
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Ruiling Gao
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology & Engineering, Tianjin, China 300457
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma
Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, People's Republic of China 300052
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41
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42
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Takahashi Y, Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Zhang Y, Ebejer N, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR, Pollard AJ, Roy D, Clifford CA, Shiku H, Matsue T, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Multifunctional nanoprobes for nanoscale chemical imaging and localized chemical delivery at surfaces and interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9638-42. [PMID: 21882305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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43
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Takahashi Y, Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Zhang Y, Ebejer N, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR, Pollard AJ, Roy D, Clifford CA, Shiku H, Matsue T, Klenerman D, Korchev YE. Multifunctional Nanoprobes for Nanoscale Chemical Imaging and Localized Chemical Delivery at Surfaces and Interfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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44
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Yang X, Liu X, Zhang X, Lu H, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Investigation of morphological and functional changes during neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells by combined Hopping Probe Ion Conductance Microscopy and patch-clamp technique. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1417-22. [PMID: 21864785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, China National Academy of Nanotechnology and Engineering, Tianjin 300457, China
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45
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Shevchuk AI, Novak P, Takahashi Y, Clarke R, Miragoli M, Babakinejad B, Gorelik J, Korchev YE, Klenerman D. Realizing the biological and biomedical potential of nanoscale imaging using a pipette probe. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:565-75. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells naturally operate on the nanoscale level, with molecules combining together to form complex molecular machines, which can work together to enable normal cell function or go wrong as in the case of many diseases. Visualizing these key processes on the nanoscale has been difficult and two main approaches have been used to date; nanometer resolution imaging of fixed cells using electron microscopy, or imaging live cells using optical or fluorescence microscopy, with a resolution of a few hundred nanometers. Scanning probe microscopy has the potential to allow live cells to be imaged at nanoscale resolution and a noncontact method based on the use of a nanopipette probe has been developed over the last 10 years that allows both topographic and functional imaging. The rapid progress in this area of research over the last 4 years is reviewed in this article, which shows that imaging of complex cellular structures and tissues is now possible and that these methods are now sufficiently mature to provide new insights into important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Novak
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Richard Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Miragoli
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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46
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Miragoli M, Moshkov A, Novak P, Shevchuk A, Nikolaev VO, El-Hamamsy I, Potter CMF, Wright P, Kadir SHSA, Lyon AR, Mitchell JA, Chester AH, Klenerman D, Lab MJ, Korchev YE, Harding SE, Gorelik J. Scanning ion conductance microscopy: a convergent high-resolution technology for multi-parametric analysis of living cardiovascular cells. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:913-25. [PMID: 21325316 PMCID: PMC3104336 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are complex pathologies that include alterations of various cell functions at the levels of intact tissue, single cells and subcellular signalling compartments. Conventional techniques to study these processes are extremely divergent and rely on a combination of individual methods, which usually provide spatially and temporally limited information on single parameters of interest. This review describes scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) as a novel versatile technique capable of simultaneously reporting various structural and functional parameters at nanometre resolution in living cardiovascular cells at the level of the whole tissue, single cells and at the subcellular level, to investigate the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. SICM is a multimodal imaging technology that allows concurrent and dynamic analysis of membrane morphology and various functional parameters (cell volume, membrane potentials, cellular contraction, single ion-channel currents and some parameters of intracellular signalling) in intact living cardiovascular cells and tissues with nanometre resolution at different levels of organization (tissue, cellular and subcellular levels). Using this technique, we showed that at the tissue level, cell orientation in the inner and outer aortic arch distinguishes atheroprone and atheroprotected regions. At the cellular level, heart failure leads to a pronounced loss of T-tubules in cardiac myocytes accompanied by a reduction in Z-groove ratio. We also demonstrated the capability of SICM to measure the entire cell volume as an index of cellular hypertrophy. This method can be further combined with fluorescence to simultaneously measure cardiomyocyte contraction and intracellular calcium transients or to map subcellular localization of membrane receptors coupled to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. The SICM pipette can be used for patch-clamp recordings of membrane potential and single channel currents. In conclusion, SICM provides a highly informative multimodal imaging platform for functional analysis of the mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, which should facilitate identification of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Miragoli
- Cardiovascular Science, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, , Dovehouse Street, London SW36LY, UK
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Rheinlaender J, Geisse NA, Proksch R, Schäffer TE. Comparison of scanning ion conductance microscopy with atomic force microscopy for cell imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:697-704. [PMID: 21158392 DOI: 10.1021/la103275y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present the first direct comparison of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) with atomic force microscopy (AFM) for cell imaging. By imaging the same fibroblast or myoblast cell with both technologies in series, we highlight their advantages and disadvantages with respect to cell imaging. The finite imaging force applied to the sample in AFM imaging results in a coupling of mechanical sample properties into the measured sample topography. For soft samples such as cells this leads to artifacts in the measured topography and to elastic deformation, which we demonstrate by imaging whole fixed cells and cell extensions at high resolution. SICM imaging, on the other hand, has a noncontact character and can provide the true topography of soft samples at a comparable resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rheinlaender
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 7, Bldg. A3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Tantra R, Knight A. Cellular uptake and intracellular fate of engineered nanoparticles: a review on the application of imaging techniques. Nanotoxicology 2010; 5:381-92. [PMID: 20846020 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.512987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of imaging tools to probe nanoparticle-cell interactions will be crucial to elucidating the mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Of particular interest are mechanisms associated with cell penetration, translocation and subsequent accumulation inside the cell, or in cellular compartments. The objective of the present paper is to review imaging techniques that have been previously used in order to assess such interactions, and new techniques with the potential to be useful in this area. In order to identify the most suitable techniques, they were evaluated and matched against a list of evaluation criteria. We conclude that limitations exist with all of the techniques and the ultimate choice will thus depend on the needs of end users, and their particular application. The state-of-the-art techniques appear to have the least limitations, despite the fact that they are not so well established and still far from being routine. For example, super-resolution microscopy techniques appear to have many advantages for understanding the details of the interactions between nanoparticles and cells. Future research should concentrate on further developing or improving such novel techniques, to include the development of standardized methods and appropriate reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Tantra
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex , UK.
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A boundary delimitation algorithm to approximate cell soma volumes of bipolar cells from topographical data obtained by scanning probe microscopy. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:323. [PMID: 20550692 PMCID: PMC2912302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell volume determination plays a pivotal role in the investigation of the biophysical mechanisms underlying various cellular processes. Whereas light microscopy in principle enables one to obtain three dimensional data, the reconstruction of cell volume from z-stacks is a time consuming procedure. Thus, three dimensional topographic representations of cells are easier to obtain by scanning probe microscopical measurements. Results We present a method of separating the cell soma volume of bipolar cells in adherent cell cultures from the contributions of the cell processes from data obtained by scanning ion conductance microscopy. Soma volume changes between successive scans obtained from the same cell can then be computed even if the cell is changing its position within the observed area. We demonstrate that the estimation of the cell volume on the basis of the width and the length of a cell may lead to erroneous determination of cell volume changes. Conclusions We provide a new algorithm to repeatedly determine single cell soma volume and thus to quantify cell volume changes during cell movements occuring over a time range of hours.
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50
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Takahashi Y, Murakami Y, Nagamine K, Shiku H, Aoyagi S, Yasukawa T, Kanzaki M, Matsue T. Topographic imaging of convoluted surface of live cells by scanning ion conductance microscopy in a standing approach mode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10012-7. [PMID: 20485766 DOI: 10.1039/c002607g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) using a nanopipette as a probe and ionic current as a feedback signal was introduced as a novel technique to study live cells in a physiological environment. To avoid contact between the pipette tip and cells during the conventional lateral scanning mode, we adopted a standing approach (STA) mode in which the probe was moved vertically to first approach and then retracted from the cell surface at each measurement point on an XY plane. The STA mode ensured non-contact imaging of the topography of live cells and for a wide range of uneven substrates (500 x 300 microm to 5 x 5 microm). We also used a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board to enhance feedback distance regulation. FPGA dramatically increased the feedback speed and decreased the imaging time (450 s per image) with enhanced accuracy and quality of live cell images. To evaluate the potential of the STA mode for SICM, we carried out imaging of a convoluted surface of live cell in various scan ranges and estimated the spatial resolutions of these images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11-605, Sendai 980-8579
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