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Tu Y, Wang X. Tracking cell migration by cellular force footprint recorded with a mechano-optical biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113533. [PMID: 34343934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cell migration assays require time-lapse imaging of live cells to trace cell migration paths, consequently demanding cumbersome hardware setup and suffering from low data throughput. In this work, we developed an assay named Tracking Cells by Footprint (TCF) based on a mechano-optical biosensor that irreversibly becomes fluorescent when sensing local cell adhesive force. Cell migration paths are visualized and recorded as fluorescent footprints on glass or elastic substrates coated with such biosensor. From the footprints, cell migration ranges, speeds and persistence are analyzed and quantified without the need of time-lapse imaging. The feasibility of TCF assays was demonstrated with three types of cells with different migratory capabilities. TCF was then applied to evaluating cell motility affected by biochemical or biomechanical cues. The results show that fibroblast motility is reduced by blebbistatin and vinblastine but promoted by bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), and the motility correlates with the substrate rigidity. TCF is also compatible with 96-well plates which, combined with static imaging and large-area scanning, provides high data throughput with minimal additional effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Development Biology Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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2
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Welten SPM, Oderbolz J, Yilmaz V, Bidgood SR, Gould V, Mercer J, Spörri R, Oxenius A. Influenza- and MCMV-induced memory CD8 T cells control respiratory vaccinia virus infection despite residence in distinct anatomical niches. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:728-742. [PMID: 33479479 PMCID: PMC8075924 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of memory CD8 T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of interest for T cell-based vaccines as these cells are located at mucosal and barrier sites and can immediately exert effector functions, thus providing protection in case of local pathogen encounter. Different memory CD8 T cell subsets patrol peripheral tissues, but it is unclear which subset is superior in providing protection upon secondary infections. We used influenza virus to induce predominantly tissue resident memory T cells or cytomegalovirus to elicit a large pool of effector-like memory cells in the lungs and determined their early protective capacity and mechanism of reactivation. Both memory CD8 T cell pools have unique characteristics with respect to their phenotype, localization, and maintenance. However, these distinct features do not translate into different capacities to control a respiratory vaccinia virus challenge in an antigen-specific manner, although differential activation mechanisms are utilized. While influenza-induced memory CD8 T cells respond to antigen by local proliferation, MCMV-induced memory CD8 T cells relocate from the vasculature into the tissue in an antigen-independent and partially chemokine-driven manner. Together these results bear relevance for the development of vaccines aimed at eliciting a protective memory CD8 T cell pool at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Josua Oderbolz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vural Yilmaz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanna R Bidgood
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victoria Gould
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Lee KY, Seol JH, Yi CH, Lee WH. Cerebrospinal fluid type I interferon and cytokine profiles in enteroviral meningitis according to the presence or absence of pleocytosis. Pediatr Neonatol 2021; 62:305-311. [PMID: 33707153 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviral meningitis is typically diagnosed as the presence of pleocytosis and of viral RNA in cerebrospinal fluid. However, it was recently reported that more than 50% of infants with enteroviral meningitis diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction had no cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. This study investigated type I interferon (IFN) and cytokine profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid based on the presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in children with enteroviral meningitis. METHODS We included 51 enteroviral meningitis patients showing cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (pleocytosis group), 31 enteroviral meningitis patients without cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (non-pleocytosis group), and 52 controls (control group) and compared cerebrospinal fluid interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL-10), IFN-α, and IFN-β levels. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL-10 levels across the three groups, with highest values in the pleocytosis patients, followed by those in the non-pleocytosis and control subjects. IFN-α level was higher in the pleocytosis group than in the non-pleocytosis and control groups. Meanwhile, the IFN-β level was higher in the pleocytosis and non-pleocytosis groups than in the control group (34.54 [31.23-38.59] pg/mL vs. 33.21 [31.23-35.21] pg/mL vs. 0.00 [0.00-0.00] pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). Furthermore, cerebrospinal fluid IFN-β was detected in all patients with enteroviral meningitis, except one (98.8%) regardless of pleocytosis, whereas it was detected in only two (3.8%) control subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles remarkably differed based on the presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Further investigations are required to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid IFN-β could be used as a surrogate marker of viral meningitis instead of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hee Seol
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyeok Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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4
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Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Bassi MR, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Effector CD8 T Cell-Dependent Zika Virus Control in the CNS: A Matter of Time and Numbers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1977. [PMID: 32973802 PMCID: PMC7461798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, came into the spotlight in 2016 when it was found to be associated with an increased rate of microcephalic newborns in Brazil. The virus has further been recognized to cause neurologic complications in children and adults in the form of myelitis, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Guillain Barre Syndrome in a fraction of infected individuals. With the ultimate goal of identifying correlates of protection to guide the design of an effective vaccine, the study of the immune response to ZIKV infection has become the focus of research worldwide. Both innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential for controlling the infection. Induction of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies has been strongly correlated with protection against reinfection in various models, while the role of CD8 T cells as antiviral effectors in the CNS has been controversial. In an attempt to improve our understanding regarding the role of ZIKV-induced CD8 T cells in protective immunity inside the CNS, we have expanded on previous studies in intracranially infected mice. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that, peripheral ZIKV infection in adult C57BL/6 mice induces a robust CD8 T cell response that peaks within a week. In the present study, we used B cell deficient as well as wild-type mice to show that there is a race between CXCR3-dependent recruitment of the effector CD8 T cells and local ZIKV replication, and that CD8 T cells are capable of local viral control if they arrive in the brain early after viral invasion, in appropriate numbers and differentiation state. Our data highlight the benefits of considering this subset when designing vaccines against Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Chaudhari J, Liew CS, Workman AM, Riethoven JJM, Steffen D, Sillman S, Vu HLX. Host Transcriptional Response to Persistent Infection with a Live-Attenuated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080817. [PMID: 32731586 PMCID: PMC7474429 DOI: 10.3390/v12080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both virulent and live-attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains can establish persistent infection in lymphoid tissues of pigs. To investigate the mechanisms of PRRSV persistence, we performed a transcriptional analysis of inguinal lymphoid tissue collected from pigs experimentally infected with an attenuated PRRSV strain at 46 days post infection. A total of 6404 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected of which 3960 DEGs were upregulated and 2444 DEGs were downregulated. Specifically, genes involved in innate immune responses and chemokines and receptors associated with T-cell homing to lymphoid tissues were down regulated. As a result, homing of virus-specific T-cells to lymphoid tissues seems to be ineffective, evidenced by the lower frequencies of virus-specific T-cell in lymphoid tissue than in peripheral blood. Genes associated with T-cell exhaustion were upregulated. Likewise, genes involved in the anti-apoptotic pathway were upregulated. Collectively, the data suggested that the live-attenuated PRRSV strain establishes a pro-survival microenvironment in lymphoid tissue by suppressing innate immune responses, T-cell homing, and preventing cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (D.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Chia-Sin Liew
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (C.-S.L.); (J.-J.M.R.)
| | - Aspen M. Workman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
| | - Jean-Jack M. Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (C.-S.L.); (J.-J.M.R.)
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (D.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Sillman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (D.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4528
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6
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Suphaphiphat K, Bernard-Stoecklin S, Gommet C, Delache B, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Kent SJ, Wines BD, Hogarth PM, Le Grand R, Cavarelli M. Innate and Adaptive Anti-SIV Responses in Macaque Semen: Implications for Infectivity and Risk of Transmission. Front Immunol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32528466 PMCID: PMC7247827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is transmitted primarily by sexual exposure, with semen being the principal contaminated fluid. However, HIV-specific immune response in semen has been understudied. We investigated specific parameters of the innate, cellular, and humoral immune response that may affect semen infectivity in macaques infected with SIVmac251. Serial semen levels of cytokines and chemokines, SIV-specific antibodies, neutralization, and FcγR-mediated functions and SIV-specific T-cell responses were assessed and compared to systemic responses across 53 cynomolgus macaques. SIV infection induced an overall inflammatory state in the semen. Several pro-inflammatory molecules correlated with SIV virus levels. Effector CD8+ T cells were expanded in semen upon infection. SIV-specific CD8+ T-cells that expressed multiple effector molecules (IFN-γ+MIP-1β+TNF+/−) were induced in the semen of a subset of SIV-infected macaques, but this did not correlate with local viral control. SIV-specific IgG, commonly capable of engaging the FcγRIIIa receptor, was detected in most semen samples although this positively correlated with seminal viral load. Several inflammatory immune responses in semen develop in the context of higher levels of SIV seminal plasma viremia. These inflammatory immune responses could play a role in viral transmission and should be considered in the development of preventive and prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunasinee Suphaphiphat
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sibylle Bernard-Stoecklin
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Céline Gommet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Benoit Delache
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-INSERM U1184, "Immunology of Viral Infections and Auto-Immune Diseases", IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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7
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Migration and Function of Memory CD8 + T Cells in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:748-755. [PMID: 31812277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells provide anamnestic host defense against intracellular pathogens and cancer immunosurveillance but are also pathogenic in some autoimmune diseases. In mouse skin, there are two unique subsets of CD8+ memory T cells, resident memory cells that reside long-term in steady state skin and recirculating memory cells that are transient. They have distinct mechanisms of recruitment, development, and maintenance in response to skin-derived signals. In this review, we will focus on these mechanisms and the functional relationship of these two types of CD8+ memory cells with host defense and disease.
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8
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Sikder S, Rush CM, Govan BL, Alim MA, Ketheesan N. Anti-streptococcal antibody and T-cell interactions with vascular endothelial cells initiate the development of rheumatic carditis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:263-271. [PMID: 31617241 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0919-096rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of group A streptococcal and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis M-protein specific Abs and T-cells in endothelial cell activation was investigated using cultured rat aortic endothelial cells, and in a rat model of autoimmune valvulitis. Heat inactivated serum and mononuclear cells from streptococcal M-protein immunized rats independently induced upregulation of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in cultured cells. We also observed T-cell migration across endothelial cell monolayers incubated with serum from M-protein-immunized rats. Furthermore, we observed VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in the myocardium of rats injected with M-protein compared to control animals. These observations support the contention that initial interactions between streptococcal M-protein specific Abs and/or T-cells with the heart endothelium lead to endothelial cell activation followed by transmigration of M-protein specific T-cells into heart tissue leading to an inflammatory process that leads to carditis in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandan Sikder
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Current affiliation: Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Current affiliation: School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Catherine M Rush
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Brenda L Govan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Md A Alim
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Current affiliation: Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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9
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Kistner L, Doll D, Holtorf A, Nitsche U, Janssen KP. Interferon-inducible CXC-chemokines are crucial immune modulators and survival predictors in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89998-90012. [PMID: 29163806 PMCID: PMC5685727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating T-cells are strongly associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms governing intratumoral lymphocyte recruitment are unclear. We investigated the clinical relevance and functional contribution of interferon-regulated CXC-chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, described as T-cells attractants. Their expression was significantly elevated in tumors as compared to normal colon in 163 patients with colon cancer, represented an independent positive predictor of post-operative survival, and was highly significantly correlated with the presence of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ TH1-effector cells. The regulation of chemokine expression was investigated in established cell lines and in tissue explants from resected tumor specimen (n=22). All colorectal cancer cell lines tested, as well as stroma or endothelial cells, produced CXC-chemokines in response to cytokine stimulation. Moreover, resected tumor explants could be stimulated to produce CXC-chemokines, even in cases with initially low CXC-levels. Lastly, a causative role of chemokine expression was evaluated with an orthotopic mouse model, based on isogenic rectal CT26 cancer cells, engineered to express CXCL10. The orthotopic model demonstrated a protective and anti-metastatic role of intratumoral CXCL10 expression, mediated mainly by adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kistner
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Doll
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany.,Current/Present Address: St. Marienhospital Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Anne Holtorf
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, Germany
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10
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Fridman WH, Remark R, Goc J, Giraldo NA, Becht E, Hammond SA, Damotte D, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C. The immune microenvironment: a major player in human cancers. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164:13-26. [PMID: 24852691 DOI: 10.1159/000362332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue and figures among the leading causes of death in the world. Cancer development is a long process, involving the mutation, amplification or deletion of genes and chromosomal rearrangements. The transformed cells change morphologically, enlarge, become invasive and finally detach from the primary tumor to metastasize in other organs through the blood and/or lymph. During this process, the tumor cells interact with their microenvironment, which is complex and composed of stromal and immune cells that penetrate the tumor site via blood vessels and lymphoid capillaries. All subsets of immune cells can be found in tumors, but their respective density, functionality and organization vary from one type of tumor to another. Whereas inflammatory cells play a protumoral role, there is a large body of evidence of effector memory T cells controlling tumor invasion and metastasis. Thus, high densities of memory Th1/CD8 cytotoxic T cells in the primary tumors correlate with good prognosis in most tumor types. Tertiary lymphoid structures, which contain mature dendritic cells (DC) in a T cell zone, proliferating B cells and follicular DC, are found in the tumor stroma and they correlate with intratumoral Th1/CD8 T cell and B cell infiltration. Eventually, tumors undergo genetic and epigenetic modifications that allow them to escape being controlled by the immune system. This comprehensive review describes the immune contexture of human primary and metastatic tumors, how it impacts on patient outcomes and how it could be used as a predictive biomarker and guide immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Fridman
- Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, UMRS1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
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11
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Vinet J, van Zwam M, Dijkstra IM, Brouwer N, van Weering HRJ, Watts A, Meijer M, Fokkens MR, Kannan V, Verzijl D, Vischer HF, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Biber K, Boddeke HWGM. Inhibition of CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis by the human chemokine receptor-like protein CCX-CKR. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1375-87. [PMID: 23121557 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Induction of cellular migration is the primary effect of chemokine receptor activation. However, several chemokine receptor-like proteins bind chemokines without subsequent induction of intracellular signalling and chemotaxis. It has been suggested that they act as chemokine scavengers, which may control local chemokine levels and contribute to the function of chemokines during inflammation. This has been verified for the chemokine-like receptor proteins D6 and DARC as well as CCX-CKR. Here, we provide evidence for an additional biological function of human (h)CCX-CKR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used transfection strategies in HEK293 and human T cells. KEY RESULTS Co-expression of hCCX-CKR completely inhibits hCXCR3-induced chemotaxis. We found that hCCX-CKR forms complexes with hCXCR3, suggesting a relationship between CCX-CKR heteromerization and inhibition of chemotaxis. Moreover, negative binding cooperativity induced by ligands both for hCXCR3 and hCCX-CKR was observed in cells expressing both receptors. This negative cooperativity may also explain the hCCX-CKR-induced inhibition of chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that hCCX-CKR prevents hCXCR3-induced chemotaxis by heteromerization thus representing a novel mechanism of regulation of immune cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vinet
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Kasprzak A, Surdacka A, Tomczak M, Konkol M. Role of high endothelial postcapillary venules and selected adhesion molecules in periodontal diseases: a review. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:1-21. [PMID: 22582923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is accompanied by the proliferation of small blood vessels in the gingival lamina propria. Specialized postcapillary venules, termed periodontal high endothelial-like venules, are also present, and demonstrate morphological and functional traits similar to those of high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymphatic organs. The suggested role of HEVs in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis involves participation in leukocyte transendothelial migration and therefore proinflammatory effects appear. Recent observations suggest that chronic periodontitis is an independent risk factor for systemic vascular disease and may result in stimulation of the synthesis of acute phase protein by cytokines released by periodontal high endothelial cells (HECs). However, tissue expression of HEV-linked adhesion molecules has not been evaluated in the gingiva of patients with chronic periodontitis. This is significant in relation to potential therapy targeting expression of the adhesion molecules. In this review, current knowledge of HEV structure and the related expression of four surface adhesion molecules of HECs [CD34, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, endoglin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)], involved in the key steps of the adhesion cascade in periodontal diseases, are discussed. Most studies on the expression of adhesion molecules in the development and progression of periodontal diseases pertain to ICAM-1 (CD54). Studies by the authors demonstrated quantitatively similar expression of three of four selected surface markers in gingival HEVs of patients with chronic periodontitis and in HEVs of reactive lymph nodes, confirming morphological and functional similarity of HEVs in pathologically altered tissues with those in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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13
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Gandini M, Reis SRNI, Torrentes-Carvalho A, Azeredo EL, Freire MDS, Galler R, Kubelka CF. Dengue-2 and yellow fever 17DD viruses infect human dendritic cells, resulting in an induction of activation markers, cytokines and chemokines and secretion of different TNF-α and IFN-α profiles. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:594-605. [PMID: 21894381 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause severe acute febrile and haemorrhagic infections, including dengue and yellow fever and the pathogenesis of these infections is caused by an exacerbated immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are targets for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YF) replication and are the first cell population to interact with these viruses during a natural infection, which leads to an induction of protective immunity in humans. We studied the infectivity of DENV2 (strain 16681), a YF vaccine (YF17DD) and a chimeric YF17D/DENV2 vaccine in monocyte-derived DCs in vitro with regard to cell maturation, activation and cytokine production. Higher viral antigen positive cell frequencies were observed for DENV2 when compared with both vaccine viruses. Flavivirus-infected cultures exhibited dendritic cell activation and maturation molecules. CD38 expression on DCs was enhanced for both DENV2 and YF17DD, whereas OX40L expression was decreased as compared to mock-stimulated cells, suggesting that a T helper 1 profile is favoured. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in cell cultures was significantly higher in DENV2-infected cultures than in cultures infected with YF17DD or YF17D/DENV. In contrast, the vaccines induced higher IFN-α levels than DENV2. The differential cytokine production indicates that DENV2 results in TNF induction, which discriminates it from vaccine viruses that preferentially stimulate interferon expression. These differential response profiles may influence the pathogenic infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gandini
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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14
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Breitenbach JE, Shelby KS, Popham HJR. Baculovirus induced transcripts in hemocytes from the larvae of Heliothis virescens. Viruses 2011; 3:2047-64. [PMID: 22163334 PMCID: PMC3230841 DOI: 10.3390/v3112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using RNA-seq digital difference expression profiling methods, we have assessed the gene expression profiles of hemocytes harvested from Heliothis virescens that were challenged with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV). A reference transcriptome of hemocyte-expressed transcripts was assembled from 202 million 42-base tags by combining the sequence data of all samples, and the assembled sequences were then subject to BLASTx analysis to determine gene identities. We used the fully sequenced HzSNPV reference genome to align 477,264 Illumina sequence tags from infected hemocytes in order to document expression of HzSNPV genes at early points during infection. A comparison of expression profiles of control insects to those lethally infected with HzSNPV revealed differential expression of key cellular stress response genes and genes involved in lipid metabolism. Transcriptional regulation of specific insect hormones in baculovirus-infected insects was also altered. A number of transcripts bearing homology to retroviral elements that were detected add to a growing body of evidence for extensive invasion of errantiviruses into the insect genome. Using this method, we completed the first and most comprehensive gene expression survey of both baculoviral infection and host immune defense in lepidopteran larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Breitenbach
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
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15
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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular biology. Int J Clin Oncol 2010; 15:544-51. [PMID: 20924634 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-010-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are one of the representative components of host antitumor immune responses. Both the quality and quantity of TIL determine the effect of the antitumor immune reaction. Previous studies have indicated that patients with cancers showing massive infiltration of CD8(+) T cells generally have a better clinical outcome. Conversely, patients with marked infiltration of immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells tend to have a worse prognosis for several types of cancer. The density and distribution of TIL are also strongly affected by the trafficking route. Tumor-associated blood vessels in various cancers are structurally and functionally abnormal, and such abnormal vessels reportedly become an obstacle for infiltration of immune effector cells into tumors. Recently, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte trafficking has progressed rapidly. This review focuses on the mechanisms of lymphocyte trafficking to tumor cells and also discusses the importance of blood vessel for TIL trafficking, especially in relation to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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16
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Response: To force the expression of CCR4 and/or of CCR5 chemokine receptor in T cells for immunotherapy of Hodgkin lymphoma: that is the question. Blood 2010. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-248302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Kohlmeier JE, Cookenham T, Miller SC, Roberts AD, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR, Woodland DL. CXCR3 directs antigen-specific effector CD4+ T cell migration to the lung during parainfluenza virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4378-84. [PMID: 19734208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells are a crucial component of the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infections. Although it was previously reported that the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 affect trafficking of respiratory virus-specific CD8+ T cells, it is unclear whether these receptors govern effector CD4+ T cell migration to the lungs. To assess the role of CCR5 and CXCR3 in vivo, we directly compared the migration of Ag-specific wild-type and chemokine receptor-deficient effector T cells in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice during a parainfluenza virus infection. CXCR3-deficient effector CD4+ T cells were 5- to 10-fold less efficient at migrating to the lung compared with wild-type cells, whereas CCR5-deficient effector T cells were not impaired in their migration to the lung. In contrast to its role in trafficking, CXCR3 had no impact on effector CD4+ T cell proliferation, phenotype, or function in any of the tissues examined. These findings demonstrate that CXCR3 controls virus-specific effector CD4+ T cell migration in vivo, and suggest that blocking CXCR3-mediated recruitment may limit T cell-induced immunopathology during respiratory virus infections.
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18
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Reduced Levels of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 Protect Mice from the Lethal Effects of Ebola Virus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Christensen JE, Thomsen AR. Co-ordinating innate and adaptive immunity to viral infection: mobility is the key. APMIS 2009; 117:338-55. [PMID: 19400861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The host counters a viral infection through a complex response made up of components belonging to both the innate and the adaptive immune system. In this report, we review the mechanisms underlying this response, how it is induced and how it is co-ordinated. As cell-cell communication represents the very essence of immune system physiology, a key to a rapid, efficient and optimally regulated immune response is the ability of the involved cells to rapidly shift between a stationary and a mobile state, combined with stringent regulation of cell migration during the mobile state. Through the co-ordinated recruitment of different cell types intended to work in concert, cellular co-operation is optimized particularly under conditions that may involve rare cells. Consequently, a major focus is placed on presenting an overview of the co-operative events and the associated cell migration, which is essential in mounting an efficient host response and co-ordinating innate and adaptive immunity during a primary viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Erbo Christensen
- Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Christensen JE, Simonsen S, Fenger C, Sørensen MR, Moos T, Christensen JP, Finsen B, Thomsen AR. Fulminant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced inflammation of the CNS involves a cytokine-chemokine-cytokine-chemokine cascade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1079-87. [PMID: 19124751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral inoculation of immunocompetent mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) normally results in fatal CD8+ T cell mediated meningoencephalitis. However, in CXCL10-deficient mice, the virus-induced CD8+ T cell accumulation in the neural parenchyma is impaired, and only 30-50% of the mice succumb to the infection. Similar results are obtained in mice deficient in the matching chemokine receptor, CXCR3. Together, these findings point to a key role for CXCL10 in regulating the severity of the LCMV-induced inflammatory process. For this reason, we now address the mechanisms regulating the expression of CXCL10 in the CNS of LCMV-infected mice. Using mice deficient in type I IFN receptor, type II IFN receptor, or type II IFN, as well as bone marrow chimeras expressing CXCL10 only in resident cells or only in bone marrow-derived cells, we analyzed the up-stream regulation as well as the cellular source of CXCL10. We found that expression of CXCL10 initially depends on signaling through the type I IFN receptor, while late expression and up-regulation requires type II IFN produced by the recruited CD8+ T cells. Throughout the infection, the producers of CXCL10 are exclusively resident cells of the CNS, and astrocytes are the dominant expressors in the neural parenchyma, not microglial cells or recruited bone marrow-derived cell types. These results are consistent with a model suggesting a bidirectional interplay between resident cells of the CNS and the recruited virus-specific T cells with astrocytes as active participants in the local antiviral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Krieg C, Boyman O. The role of chemokines in cancer immune surveillance by the adaptive immune system. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:76-83. [PMID: 19038343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are key molecules involved in the migration and homeostasis of immune cells. However, also tumor cells use chemokine signals for different processes such as tumor progression and metastasis. It is thus unclear whether chemokines, through their immunostimulatory roles, contribute to the repression of tumor cells by tumor immunosurveillance or whether chemokines act primarily as growth factors and chemoattractants for primary and metastatizing tumors, respectively. Research of recent years, using gene knockout mice, recombinant chemokines, and agents able to block chemokine actions, has provided further insight into the diverse functions of chemokines. Here, we review the current knowledge on the complex actions of chemokines at the interface of the immune system and the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Krieg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Bromley SK, Mempel TR, Luster AD. Orchestrating the orchestrators: chemokines in control of T cell traffic. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:970-80. [PMID: 18711434 DOI: 10.1038/ni.f.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of how chemokines orchestrate the trafficking and activity of immune cells has increased considerably. So far, over 50 chemokines and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified. Detailed analyses have demonstrated the function of chemokine receptors on T cell subsets, the temporal and spatial expression patterns of chemokines in vivo and the phenotypes of animals genetically deficient in one component or several components of the chemokine-chemokine receptor system. New microscopy modalities for studying the influence of chemokines on the migratory activity of T cells in the lymph node have also brought new insights. Here we review such advances with particular emphasis on control of the migration of T cell subsets in lymph nodes and in peripheral tissues in homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Bromley
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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23
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Xie M, Chen P, He LJ, Qi BT, Wang P, Wang XF, Ren HX. The detection of sLFA-3 in plasma of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2008; 9:67-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-008-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced central nervous system disease: a model for studying the role of chemokines in regulating the acute antiviral CD8+ T-cell response in an immune-privileged organ. J Virol 2008; 83:20-8. [PMID: 18787010 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00682-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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25
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26
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Carpentier PA, Getts MT, Miller SD. Pro-inflammatory functions of astrocytes correlate with viral clearance and strain-dependent protection from TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. Virology 2008; 375:24-36. [PMID: 18289626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral infection of susceptible strains of mice, e.g. SJL/J, with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) leads to a persistent CNS infection accompanied by development of a chronic-progressive inflammatory CNS autoimmune demyelinating disease which is clinically and pathologically similar to human multiple sclerosis. In contrast, resistant strains of mice, e.g. C57BL/6 (B6), effectively clear TMEV from the CNS and do not develop demyelinating disease. Although CD8(+) T cells are crucial for viral clearance in B6 mice, SJL mice also mount potent CD8(+) T cell responses against virus, thus the reason for the viral persistence in the CNS in these mice is unclear. Here, we examined innate anti-viral responses of CNS-resident astrocytes as a potential determinant of viral persistence and disease susceptibility. We demonstrate that B6 astrocytes produce significantly higher levels of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in response to TMEV infection, or stimulation with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha or poly I:C than SJL mice. In addition, TMEV more effectively induces MHC I molecules on B6 astrocytes than SJL, corresponding with an increased ability to activate TMEV-specific CD8(+) T cells directly ex vivo. These results suggest that enhanced anti-viral responses of B6 astrocytes contribute to the ability of these mice to clear TMEV from the CNS and therefore to their resistance to the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Carpentier
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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27
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Regulation of immune response and inflammatory reactions against viral infection by VCAM-1. J Virol 2008; 82:2952-65. [PMID: 18216105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02191-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of activated antigen-specific immune cells to the target tissues of virus replication is controlled by the expression of adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium that bind to ligands on circulating lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate that the adhesion pathway mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) plays a role in regulating T-cell-mediated inflammation and pathology in nonlymphoid tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS) during viral infection. The ablation of VCAM-1 expression from endothelial and hematopoietic cells using a loxP-Cre recombination strategy had no major effect on the induction or overall tissue distribution of antigen-specific T cells during a systemic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), except in the case of lung tissue. However, enhanced resistance to lethal LCM and the significantly reduced magnitude and duration of footpad swelling observed in VCAM-1 mutant mice compared to B6 controls suggest a significant role for VCAM-1 in promoting successful local inflammatory reactions associated with efficient viral clearance and even life-threatening immunopathology under particular infection conditions. Interestingly, analysis of the infiltrating populations in the brains of intracerebrally infected mice revealed that VCAM-1 deletion significantly delayed migration into the CNS of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells), which are critical for optimal stimulation of migrating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells initiating a pathological cascade. We propose that the impaired migration of these accessory cells in the brain may explain the improved clinical outcome of infection in VCAM-1 mutant mice. Thus, these results underscore the potential role of VCAM-1 in regulating the immune response and inflammatory reactions against viral infections.
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28
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Holst PJ, Orskov C, Qvortrup K, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. CCR5 and CXCR3 are dispensable for liver infiltration, but CCR5 protects against virus-induced T-cell-mediated hepatic steatosis. J Virol 2007; 81:10101-12. [PMID: 17626099 PMCID: PMC2045423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01242-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 and CXCR3 are important molecules in regulating the migration of activated lymphocytes. Thus, the majority of tissue-infiltrating T cells found in the context of autoimmune conditions and viral infections express CCR5 and CXCR3, and the principal chemokine ligands are expressed within inflamed tissues. Accordingly, intervention studies have pointed to nonredundant roles of these receptors in models of allograft rejection, viral infection, and autoimmunity. In spite of this, considerable controversy exists, with many studies failing to support a role for CCR5 or CXCR3 in disease pathogenesis. One possible explanation is that different chemokine receptors may take over in the absence of any individual receptor, thus rendering individual receptors redundant. We have attempted to address this issue by analyzing CCR5(-/-), CXCR3(-/-), and CCR5/CXCR3(-/-) mice with regard to virus-induced liver inflammation, generation and recruitment of effector cells, virus control, and immunopathology. Our results indicate that CCR5 and CXCR3 are largely dispensable for tissue infiltration and virus control. In contrast, the T-cell response is accelerated in CCR5(-/-) and CCR5/CXCR3(-/-) mice and the absence of CCR5 is associated with the induction of CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunopathology consisting of marked hepatic microvesicular steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Holst
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, 3C Blegdamsvej, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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29
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Galkina E, Thatte J, Dabak V, Williams MB, Ley K, Braciale TJ. Preferential migration of effector CD8+ T cells into the interstitium of the normal lung. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3473-83. [PMID: 16308575 PMCID: PMC1288831 DOI: 10.1172/jci24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a primary site of infection and exposure to environmental antigens and an important site of memory T cell localization. We analyzed the migration and retention of naive and activated CD8+ T cells within the noninflamed lungs and quantitated the partitioning of adoptively transferred T cells between the pulmonary vascular and interstitial compartments. Activated but not naive T cells were retained within the lungs for a prolonged period. Effector CD8+ T cells preferentially egressed from the pulmonary vascular compartment into the noninflamed pulmonary interstitium. T cell retention within the lung vasculature was leukocyte function antigen-1 dependent, while the egress of effector T cells from the vascular to the interstitium functions through a pertussis toxin-sensitive (PTX-sensitive) mechanism driven in part by constitutive CC chemokine ligand 5 expression in the lungs. These results document a novel mechanism of adhesion receptor- and pulmonary chemokine-dependent regulation of the migration of activated CD8+ T cells into an important nonlymphoid peripheral site (i.e., the normal/noninflamed lung).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Galkina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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30
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de Lemos C, Christensen JE, Nansen A, Moos T, Lu B, Gerard C, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Opposing Effects of CXCR3 and CCR5 Deficiency on CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Virus-Infected Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1767-75. [PMID: 16034118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a key role in the control of viral infection in the CNS but may also contribute to immune-mediated cell damage. To study the redundancy of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 in regulating virus-induced CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation in the brain, CXCR3/CCR5 double-deficient mice were generated and infected intracerebrally with noncytolytic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Because these chemokine receptors are mostly expressed by overlapping subsets of activated CD8+ T cells, it was expected that absence of both receptors would synergistically impair effector T cell invasion and therefore protect mice against the otherwise fatal CD8+ T cell-mediated immune attack. Contrary to expectations, the accumulation of mononuclear cells in cerebrospinal fluid was only slightly delayed compared with mice with normal expression of both receptors. Even more surprising, CXCR3/CCR5 double-deficient mice were more susceptible to intracerebral infection than CXCR3-deficient mice. Analysis of effector T cell generation revealed an accelerated antiviral CD8+ T cell response in CXCR3/CCR5 double-deficient mice. Furthermore, while the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the neural parenchyma was significantly delayed in both CXCR3- and CXCR3/CCR5-deficient mice, more CD8+ T cells were found in the parenchyma of double-deficient mice when these were analyzed around the time when the difference in clinical outcome becomes manifest. Taken together, these results indicate that while CXCR3 plays an important role in controlling CNS inflammation, other receptors but not CCR5 also contribute significantly. Additionally, our results suggest that CCR5 primarily functions as a negative regulator of the antiviral CD8+ T cell response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Chemistry/genetics
- Brain Chemistry/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Aggregation/genetics
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/pathology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Virus Activation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina de Lemos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Gupta S, Janani R, Bin Q, Luciw P, Greer C, Perri S, Legg H, Donnelly J, Barnett S, O'Hagan D, Polo JM, Vajdy M. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific gamma interferon-expressing cells following protective mucosal immunization with alphavirus replicon particles. J Virol 2005; 79:7135-45. [PMID: 15890953 PMCID: PMC1112144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.7135-7145.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe, replication-defective viral vector that can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses and confer protection against many infectious pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), may be an ideal vaccine platform. Accordingly, we have generated and tested alphavirus replicon particles encoding HIV-1 Gag from Sindbis virus (SIN-Gag) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE-Gag), as well as chimeras between the two (VEE/SIN-Gag). Following intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or intravaginal (IVAG) immunization with VEE/SIN-Gag and an IVAG challenge with vaccinia virus encoding HIV Gag (VV-Gag), a larger number of Gag-specific CD8+ intracellular gamma interferon-expressing cells (iIFNEC) were detected in iliac lymph nodes (ILN), which drain the vaginal/uterine mucosa (VUM), than were observed after immunizations with SIN-Gag. Moreover, a single i.n. or IVAG immunization with VEE/SIN-Gag induced a larger number of cells expressing HIV Gag in ILN, and immunizations with VEE/SIN-Gag through any route induced better protective responses than immunizations with SIN-Gag. In VUM, a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed alpha4beta7 or alpha(Ebeta)7 integrin than expressed CD62L integrin. However, in spleens (SP), a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed alpha4beta7 or CD62L than expressed alpha(Ebeta)7. Moreover, a larger percentage of iIFNEC expressed the chemokine receptor CCR5 in VUM and ILN than in SP. These results demonstrate a better induction of cellular and protective responses following immunizations with VEE/SIN-Gag than that following immunizations with SIN-Gag and also indicate a differential expression of homing and chemokine receptors on iIFNEC in mucosal effector and inductive sites versus systemic lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Gupta
- Department of Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Marino APMP, Azevedo MIP, Lannes-Vieira J. Differential expression of adhesion moleculesshaping the T-cell subset prevalence during the early phase of autoimmune and Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited myocarditis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 98:945-52. [PMID: 14762523 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the establishment of autoimmune and infectious myocarditis is an important matter of investigation and may have therapeutic implication. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces a CD8-mediated myocarditis in patients with severe cardiomyopathy and experimental animals. Previously, we have proposed that this predominance of CD8+ T-cells is, at least in part, consequence of the differential expression of CAMs on circulating CD8+ lymphocytes. In the present study we investigated the participation of CAMs in shaping the phenotypic nature of the autoimmune CD4-mediated myosin-induced and the CD8-mediated T. cruzi-elicited myocarditis. We provide evidence that the prevalence of a certain T-cell subset inside the inflamed heart reflects the differential profile of the adhesion molecules VLA-4, LFA-1, and ICAM-1 displayed on a large proportion of this particular T-cell population in peripheral blood during the early phase of inflammation. Further, the expression of VCAM-1, ligand for VLA-4, and ICAM-1, counter-receptor for LFA-1, was up-regulated on vascular endothelium and paralleled the entrance of inflammatory cells into the cardiac tissue. Thus, this up-regulated expression of receptors-counter-receptors that regulate T-cell transmigration through the vascular endothelium may have an important role in the pathogenesis of the early phase of both autoimmune and infectious myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula M P Marino
- Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imuno-regulação, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brasil
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Madsen AN, Nansen A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Role of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha in T-cell-mediated immunity to viral infection. J Virol 2003; 77:12378-84. [PMID: 14581577 PMCID: PMC254281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.12378-12384.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice lacking macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) was evaluated. Generation of virus-specific effector T cells is unimpaired in MIP-1alpha-deficient mice. Furthermore, MIP-1alpha is not required for T-cell-mediated virus control or virus-induced T-cell-dependent inflammation. Thus, MIP-1alpha is not mandatory for T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas N Madsen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Roffê E, Silva AA, Marino APMP, dos Santos PVA, Lannes-Vieira J. Essential role of VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathway in the establishment of CD8+ T-cell-mediated Trypanosoma cruzi-elicited meningoencephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 142:17-30. [PMID: 14512161 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) damage can occur during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, especially in immunosuppressed patients. The enhanced susceptibility of C3H/He mice to CD8-mediated acute meningoencephalitis is associated with higher up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on CNS vascular endothelia than in the less susceptible C57BL/6. Further, in vitro adhesion of activated peripheral blood cells to CNS blood vessels was abrogated by anti-VLA-4 antibodies that also inhibited cell migration into the CNS of T. cruzi-infected mice. Lastly, the reactivation of meningoencephalitis in immunosuppressed chronically infected mice was associated with VCAM-1 up-regulation. Therefore, we hypothesize that VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathway plays a pivotal role in the establishment of T. cruzi-elicited encephalitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections/immunology
- Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections/metabolism
- Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections/parasitology
- Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections/pathology
- Chagas Disease/immunology
- Chagas Disease/metabolism
- Chagas Disease/parasitology
- Chagas Disease/pathology
- Chronic Disease
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/parasitology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Integrin alpha4beta1/biosynthesis
- Integrin alpha4beta1/physiology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology
- Meningoencephalitis/immunology
- Meningoencephalitis/metabolism
- Meningoencephalitis/parasitology
- Meningoencephalitis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Recurrence
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Roffê
- Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imuno-regulação, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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