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Cohen JI. Therapeutic vaccines for herpesviruses. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179483. [PMID: 38690731 PMCID: PMC11060731 DOI: 10.1172/jci179483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish latent infections, and most reactivate frequently, resulting in symptoms and virus shedding in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised patients, reactivating virus can cause severe disease. Persistent EBV has been associated with several malignancies in both immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised persons. Reactivation and shedding occur with most herpesviruses, despite potent virus-specific antibodies and T cell immunity as measured in the blood. The licensure of therapeutic vaccines to reduce zoster indicates that effective therapeutic vaccines for other herpesviruses should be feasible. However, varicella-zoster virus is different from other human herpesviruses in that it is generally only shed during varicella and zoster. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, in which the correlate of immunity is antibody function, T cell immunity is the correlate of immunity for the only effective therapeutic herpesvirus vaccine-zoster vaccine. While most studies of therapeutic vaccines have measured immunity in the blood, cellular immunity at the site of reactivation is likely critical for an effective therapeutic vaccine for certain viruses. This Review summarizes the status of therapeutic vaccines for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus and proposes approaches for future development.
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Chiu CY, Patel K, Thomas SK, Khawaja F, Dailey Garnes NJM, Lee HC, Ohanian M, Jiang Y, Wang LS, Hwang JP, Torres HA. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with past HBV infection receiving anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies. Hepatol Int 2022; 17:509-511. [PMID: 36477692 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Krina Patel
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheeba K Thomas
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fareed Khawaja
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Natalie J M Dailey Garnes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hans C Lee
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maro Ohanian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lan S Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica P Hwang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harrys A Torres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1460, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Cruz-Lorenzo E, Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Pandhe S, Wang L, Hernandez-Doria J, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Petersen T, Jain MK, Martinez ED, D’Orso I. Host Cell Redox Alterations Promote Latent HIV-1 Reactivation through Atypical Transcription Factor Cooperativity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102288. [PMID: 36298843 PMCID: PMC9612055 DOI: 10.3390/v14102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell state alterations rewire HIV-1 gene expression, thereby influencing viral latency and reactivation, but the mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, using a screen approach on CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency, we revealed Small Molecule Reactivators (SMOREs) with unique chemistries altering the CD4+ T cell state and consequently promoting latent HIV-1 transcription and reactivation through an unprecedented mechanism of action. SMOREs triggered rapid oxidative stress and activated a redox-responsive program composed of cell-signaling kinases (MEK-ERK axis) and atypical transcription factor (AP-1 and HIF-1α) cooperativity. SMOREs induced an unusual AP-1 phosphorylation signature to promote AP-1/HIF-1α binding to the latent HIV-1 proviral genome for its activation. Consistently, latent HIV-1 reactivation was compromised with pharmacologic inhibition of oxidative stress sensing or of cell-signaling kinases, and transcription factor’s loss of expression, thus functionally linking the host redox-responsive program to viral transcriptional rewiring. Notably, SMOREs induced the redox program in primary CD4+ T cells and reactivated latent HIV-1 in aviremic patient samples alone and in combination with known latency-reversing agents, thus providing physiological relevance. Our findings suggest that manipulation of redox-sensitive pathways could be exploited to alter the course of HIV-1 latency, thus rendering host cells responsive to help achieve a sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cruz-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nora-Guadalupe P. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sonali Pandhe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan Hernandez-Doria
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tianna Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mamta K. Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Parkland Health & Hospital System, 5200 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Iván D’Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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Nguyen HO, Schioppa T, Tiberio L, Facchinetti F, Villetti G, Civelli M, Del Prete A, Sozio F, Gaudenzi C, Passari M, Barbazza I, Sozzani S, Salvi V, Bosisio D. The PDE4 Inhibitor Tanimilast Blunts Proinflammatory Dendritic Cell Activation by SARS-CoV-2 ssRNAs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:797390. [PMID: 35140709 PMCID: PMC8818995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are immunomodulatory drugs approved to treat diseases associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as COPD, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Tanimilast (international non-proprietary name of CHF6001) is a novel, potent and selective inhaled PDE4 inhibitor in advanced clinical development for the treatment of COPD. To begin testing its potential in limiting hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we took advantage of an in vitro model of dendritic cell (DC) activation by SARS-CoV-2 genomic ssRNA (SCV2-RNA). In this context, Tanimilast decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines (CCL3, CXCL9, and CXCL10) and of Th1-polarizing cytokines (IL-12, type I IFNs). In contrast to β-methasone, a reference steroid anti-inflammatory drug, Tanimilast did not impair the acquisition of the maturation markers CD83, CD86 and MHC-II, nor that of the lymph node homing receptor CCR7. Consistent with this, Tanimilast did not reduce the capability of SCV2-RNA-stimulated DCs to activate CD4+ T cells but skewed their polarization towards a Th2 phenotype. Both Tanimilast and β-methasone blocked the increase of MHC-I molecules in SCV2-RNA-activated DCs and restrained the proliferation and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that Tanimilast can modulate the SCV2-RNA-induced pro-inflammatory and Th1-polarizing potential of DCs, crucial regulators of both the inflammatory and immune response. Given also the remarkable safety demonstrated by Tanimilast, up to now, in clinical studies, we propose this inhaled PDE4 inhibitor as a promising immunomodulatory drug in the scenario of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Gino Villetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Carolina Gaudenzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Passari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbazza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniela Bosisio,
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Ravindranath MH, El Hilali F, Filippone EJ. The Impact of Inflammation on the Immune Responses to Transplantation: Tolerance or Rejection? Front Immunol 2021; 12:667834. [PMID: 34880853 PMCID: PMC8647190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation (Tx) remains the optimal therapy for end-stage disease (ESD) of various solid organs. Although alloimmune events remain the leading cause of long-term allograft loss, many patients develop innate and adaptive immune responses leading to graft tolerance. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of selected aspects of the effects of inflammation on this delicate balance following solid organ transplantation. Initially, we discuss the inflammatory mediators detectable in an ESD patient. Then, the specific inflammatory mediators found post-Tx are elucidated. We examine the reciprocal relationship between donor-derived passenger leukocytes (PLs) and those of the recipient, with additional emphasis on extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, and we examine their role in determining the balance between tolerance and rejection. The concept of recipient antigen-presenting cell "cross-dressing" by donor exosomes is detailed. Immunological consequences of the changes undergone by cell surface antigens, including HLA molecules in donor and host immune cells activated by proinflammatory cytokines, are examined. Inflammation-mediated donor endothelial cell (EC) activation is discussed along with the effect of donor-recipient EC chimerism. Finally, as an example of a specific inflammatory mediator, a detailed analysis is provided on the dynamic role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its receptor post-Tx, especially given the potential for therapeutic interdiction of this axis with monoclonal antibodies. We aim to provide a holistic as well as a reductionist perspective of the inflammation-impacted immune events that precede and follow Tx. The objective is to differentiate tolerogenic inflammation from that enhancing rejection, for potential therapeutic modifications. (Words 247).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H. Ravindranath
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Terasaki Foundation Laboratory, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | | | - Edward J. Filippone
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Jaggi U, Matundan HH, Yu J, Hirose S, Mueller M, Wormley FL, Ghiasi H. Essential role of M1 macrophages in blocking cytokine storm and pathology associated with murine HSV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009999. [PMID: 34653236 PMCID: PMC8550391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular HSV-1 infection is a major cause of eye disease and innate and adaptive immunity both play a role in protection and pathology associated with ocular infection. Previously we have shown that M1-type macrophages are the major and earliest infiltrates into the cornea of infected mice. We also showed that HSV-1 infectivity in the presence and absence of M2-macrophages was similar to wild-type (WT) control mice. However, it is not clear whether the absence of M1 macrophages plays a role in protection and disease in HSV-1 infected mice. To explore the role of M1 macrophages in HSV-1 infection, we used mice lacking M1 activation (M1-/- mice). Our results showed that macrophages from M1-/- mice were more susceptible to HSV-1 infection in vitro than were macrophages from WT mice. M1-/- mice were highly susceptible to ocular infection with virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae, while WT mice were refractory to infection. In addition, M1-/- mice had higher virus titers in the eyes than did WT mice. Adoptive transfer of M1 macrophages from WT mice to M1-/- mice reduced death and rescued virus replication in the eyes of infected mice. Infection of M1-/- mice with avirulent HSV-1 strain KOS also increased ocular virus replication and eye disease but did not affect latency-reactivation seen in WT control mice. Severity of virus replication and eye disease correlated with significantly higher inflammatory responses leading to a cytokine storm in the eyes of M1-/- infected mice that was not seen in WT mice. Thus, for the first time, our study illustrates the importance of M1 macrophages specifically in primary HSV-1 infection, eye disease, and survival but not in latency-reactivation. Macrophages circulating in the blood or present in different tissues constitute an important barrier against infection. We previously showed that the absence of M2 macrophages does not impact HSV-1 infectivity in vivo. However, in this study we demonstrated an essential role of M1 macrophages in protection from primary HSV-1 replication, death, and eye disease but not in latency-reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harry H. Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mathias Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Floyd L. Wormley
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ford ES, Sholukh AM, Boytz R, Carmack SS, Klock A, Phasouk K, Shao D, Rossenkhan R, Edlefsen PT, Peng T, Johnston C, Wald A, Zhu J, Corey L. B cells, antibody-secreting cells, and virus-specific antibodies respond to herpes simplex virus 2 reactivation in skin. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142088. [PMID: 33784252 PMCID: PMC8087200 DOI: 10.1172/jci142088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-based T cells are important effectors in the prevention and control of mucosal viral infections; less is known about tissue-based B cells. We demonstrate that B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are present in inflammatory infiltrates in skin biopsy specimens from study participants during symptomatic herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) reactivation and early healing. Both CD20+ B cells, most of which are antigen inexperienced based on their coexpression of IgD, and ASCs - characterized by dense IgG RNA expression in combination with CD138, IRF4, and Blimp-1 RNA - were found to colocalize with T cells. ASCs clustered with CD4+ T cells, suggesting the potential for crosstalk. HSV-2-specific antibodies to virus surface antigens were also present in tissue and increased in concentration during HSV-2 reactivation and healing, unlike in serum, where concentrations remained static over time. B cells, ASCs, and HSV-specific antibody were rarely detected in biopsies of unaffected skin. Evaluation of samples from serial biopsies demonstrated that B cells and ASCs followed a more migratory than resident pattern of infiltration in HSV-affected genital skin, in contrast to T cells. Together, these observations suggest the presence of distinct phenotypes of B cells in HSV-affected tissue; dissecting their role in reactivation may reveal new therapeutic avenues to control these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Ford
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Anton M. Sholukh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - RuthMabel Boytz
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alexis Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
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Vollbrecht T, Angerstein AO, Menke B, Kumar NM, de Oliveira MF, Richman DD, Guatelli JC. Inconsistent reversal of HIV-1 latency ex vivo by antigens of HIV-1, CMV, and other infectious agents. Retrovirology 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 33228686 PMCID: PMC7684880 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reservoir of replication-competent but latent virus is the main obstacle to a cure for HIV-1 infection. Much of this reservoir resides in memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be reactivated with antigens from HIV-1 and other common pathogens to reverse latency. RESULTS We obtained mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of antiretroviral-treated patients with suppressed viremia. We tested pools of peptides and proteins derived from HIV-1 and from other pathogens including CMV for their ability to reverse latency ex vivo by activation of memory responses. We assessed activation of the CD4 T cells by measuring the up-regulation of cell-surface CD69. We assessed HIV-1 expression using two assays: a real-time PCR assay for virion-associated viral RNA and a droplet digital PCR assay for cell-associated, multiply spliced viral mRNA. Reversal of latency occurred in a minority of cells from some participants, but no single antigen induced HIV-1 expression ex vivo consistently. When reversal of latency was induced by a specific peptide pool or protein, the extent was proportionally greater than that of T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients in whom antiretroviral therapy was started during chronic infection, the latent reservoir does not appear to consistently reside in CD4 T cells of a predominant antigen-specificity. Peptide-antigens reversed HIV-1 latency ex vivo with modest and variable activity. When latency was reversed by specific peptides or proteins, it was proportionally greater than the extent of T cell activation, suggesting partial enrichment of the latent reservoir in cells of specific antigen-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Aaron O Angerstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryson Menke
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nikesh M Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelli Faria de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John C Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Diedrich CR, Rutledge T, Maiello P, Baranowski TM, White AG, Borish HJ, Karell P, Hopkins F, Brown J, Fortune SM, Flynn JL, Ambrose Z, Lin PL. SIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis synergy within the granuloma accelerates the reactivation pattern of latent tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008413. [PMID: 32730321 PMCID: PMC7419014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus infection is the most common risk factor for severe forms of tuberculosis (TB), regardless of CD4 T cell count. Using a well-characterized cynomolgus macaque model of human TB, we compared radiographic, immunologic and microbiologic characteristics of early (subclinical) reactivation of latent M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection among animals subsequently infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or who underwent anti-CD4 depletion by a depletion antibody. CD4 depleted animals had significantly fewer CD4 T cells within granulomas compared to Mtb/SIV co-infected and Mtb-only control animals. After 2 months of treatment, subclinical reactivation occurred at similar rates among CD4 depleted (5 of 7 animals) and SIV infected animals (4 of 8 animals). However, SIV-induced reactivation was associated with more dissemination of lung granulomas that were permissive to Mtb growth resulting in greater bacterial burden within granulomas compared to CD4 depleted reactivators. Granulomas from Mtb/SIV animals displayed a more robust T cell activation profile (IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-17, IL-2, IL-10, IL-4 and granzyme B) compared to CD4 depleted animals and controls though these effectors did not protect against reactivation or dissemination, but instead may be related to increased viral and/or Mtb antigens. SIV replication within the granuloma was associated with reactivation, greater overall Mtb growth and reduced Mtb killing resulting in greater overall Mtb burden. These data support that SIV disrupts protective immune responses against latent Mtb infection beyond the loss of CD4 T cells, and that synergy between SIV and Mtb occurs within granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R. Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tara Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tonilynn M. Baranowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. White
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Karell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Forrest Hopkins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Han JW, Sung PS, Hong SH, Lee H, Koh JY, Lee H, White S, Maslow JN, Weiner DB, Park SH, Jeong M, Heo J, Ahn SH, Shin EC. IFNL3-adjuvanted HCV DNA vaccine reduces regulatory T cell frequency and increases virus-specific T cell responses. J Hepatol 2020; 73:72-83. [PMID: 32088322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment results in a sustained virologic response (SVR) in most patients with chronic HCV infection, they are at risk of re-infection. Moreover, the immune system is not completely normalized even after SVR (e.g. increased regulatory T [Treg] cell frequency). We developed a DNA vaccine, GLS-6150, to prevent re-infection of patients with DAA-induced SVR and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity in individuals with chronic HCV infection. METHODS GLS-6150 consists of plasmids encoding HCV non-structural proteins (NS3-NS5A) and adjuvant IFNL3. The vaccine was administered 4 times at 4-weekly intervals to 3 groups (1, 3, or 6 mg/vaccination; n = 6 per group), followed by a 6 mg boost at 24 weeks (n = 14). Peripheral blood T cell responses were evaluated by interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays, intracellular cytokine staining, and major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) dextramer staining. Treg cell frequency was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Severe adverse events or vaccine discontinuation were not reported. The IFN-γ spot-forming cells specific to NS3-NS5A were increased by GLS-6150. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced multiple cytokines. However, the frequency and phenotype of HCV-specific MHC-I dextramer+CD8+ T cells were not changed. Interestingly, the frequency of Treg cells, particularly activated Treg cells, was decreased by GLS-6150, as expected from previous reports that IFNL3 adjuvants decrease Treg cell frequency. Ex vivo IFN-λ3 treatment reduced Treg frequency in pre-vaccination peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, Treg cell frequency inversely correlated with HCV-specific, IFN-γ-producing T cell responses in the study participants. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that GLS-6150 decreases Treg cell frequency and enhances HCV-specific T cell responses without significant side effects. A phase I clinical trial of GLS-6150 is currently underway in patients with DAA-induced SVR. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT02027116. LAY SUMMARY Although direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are successfully used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a prophylactic HCV vaccine needs to be developed, especially for patients who achieve a sustained virologic response. In the current study, we show that a DNA vaccine (GLS-6150) was safe and increased HCV-specific T cell responses. A clinical trial is underway to test this vaccine in patients with a sustained virologic response following DAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hui Hong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - June Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 06060, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott White
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Joel N Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 06060, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsup Jeong
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 06060, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Baskett J, Culos KA, Satyanarayana G, Patel D, Engelhardt B, Savani B, Jagasia M, Kassim AA, Gatwood KS. Risk factors associated with early viral reactivation following haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide: a pilot study. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:1137-1139. [PMID: 32140894 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-03972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Baskett
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn A Culos
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gowri Satyanarayana
- Department of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dilan Patel
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Engelhardt
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bipin Savani
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Madan Jagasia
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adetola A Kassim
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katie S Gatwood
- Department of Pharmacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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12
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Camargo MC, Kim KM, Matsuo K, Torres J, Liao LM, Morgan D, Michel A, Waterboer T, Song M, Gulley ML, Dominguez RL, Yatabe Y, Kim S, Cortes-Martinez G, Lissowska J, Zabaleta J, Pawlita M, Rabkin CS. Circulating Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and p53 in EBV-Positive and -Negative Gastric Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:414-419. [PMID: 31719065 PMCID: PMC8272980 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive gastric cancers have clinicopathologic differences from EBV-negative tumors and lack TP53 mutation. Serologic profiles may inform viral contribution to carcinogenesis. METHODS We compared humoral responses of EBV-positive (n = 67) and EBV-negative (n = 137) patients with gastric cancer from the International EBV-Gastric Cancer Consortium. Serum antibodies against four EBV proteins, nuclear (EBNA), viral capsid (VCA), early-diffuse (EA-D), and Zta replication activator (ZEBRA), and to p53 were assessed by multiplex assays. OR of antibody level tertiles (T1-T3) were adjusted by logistic regression. We also conducted a meta-analysis of reported anti-p53 seropositivity in gastric cancer. RESULTS Consistent with EBV's ubiquity, 99% of patients were seropositive for anti-EBNA and 98% for anti-VCA, without difference by tumor EBV status. Seropositivity varied between patients with EBV-positive and EBV-negative tumors for anti-EA-D (97% vs. 67%, respectively, P < 0.001) and anti-ZEBRA (97% vs. 85%, respectively, P = 0.009). Adjusted ORs (vs. T1) for patients with EBV-positive versus EBV-negative tumors were significantly elevated for higher antibodies against EBNA (2.6 for T2 and 13 for T3), VCA (1.8 for T2 and 2.4 for T3), EA-D (6.0 for T2 and 44 for T3), and ZEBRA (4.6 for T2 and 12 for T3). Antibodies to p53 were inversely associated with EBV positivity (3% vs. 15%; adjusted OR = 0.16, P = 0.021). Anti-p53 prevalence from the literature was 15%. CONCLUSIONS These serologic patterns suggest viral reactivation in EBV-positive cancers and identify variation of p53 seropositivity by subtype. IMPACT Anti-EBV and anti-p53 antibodies are differentially associated with tumor EBV positivity. Serology may identify EBV-positive gastric cancer for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constanza Camargo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Douglas Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Angelika Michel
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minkyo Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ricardo L Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, Western Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gustavo Cortes-Martinez
- Servicio de Cirugía, Hospital de Oncología, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, México
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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13
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El-Mayet FS, Sawant L, Wijesekera N, Jones C. Progesterone increases the incidence of bovine herpesvirus 1 reactivation from latency and stimulates productive infection. Virus Res 2020; 276:197803. [PMID: 31697987 PMCID: PMC7068234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), including modified live vaccines, can cause abortions in pregnant cows. Progesterone maintains pregnancy and promotes spermiogenesis and testosterone biosynthesis in males: furthermore, progesterone is a neuro-steroid. Recent published studies demonstrated progesterone stimulated the BoHV-1 immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter, and two glucocorticoid receptor response elements within the promoter were required for progesterone mediated transactivation. In this study, we tested whether progesterone induces reactivation from latency in rabbits. As expected, the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently induced reactivation from latency in males and females. While progesterone induced reactivation from latency in approximately one-half of male rabbits, virus shedding was sporadic compared to dexamethasone and less efficient in female rabbits. Progesterone significantly increased productive infection in rabbit skin cells, which correlated with stimulating reactivation. These studies suggest progesterone promotes BoHV-1 spread in cattle, in part, by increasing the frequency of reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad S El-Mayet
- Oklahoma State University, College for Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, United States; Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Moshtohor 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Laximan Sawant
- Oklahoma State University, College for Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Nishani Wijesekera
- Oklahoma State University, College for Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College for Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, United States.
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14
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Elder EG, Krishna BA, Williamson J, Lim EY, Poole E, Sedikides GX, Wills M, O'Connor CM, Lehner PJ, Sinclair J. Interferon-Responsive Genes Are Targeted during the Establishment of Human Cytomegalovirus Latency. mBio 2019; 10:e02574-19. [PMID: 31796538 PMCID: PMC6890990 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02574-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is an active process which remodels the latently infected cell to optimize latent carriage and reactivation. This is achieved, in part, through the expression of viral genes, including the G-protein-coupled receptor US28. Here, we use an unbiased proteomic screen to assess changes in host proteins induced by US28, revealing that interferon-inducible genes are downregulated by US28. We validate that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and two pyrin and HIN domain (PYHIN) proteins, myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) and IFI16, are downregulated during experimental latency in primary human CD14+ monocytes. We find that IFI16 is targeted rapidly during the establishment of latency in a US28-dependent manner but only in undifferentiated myeloid cells, a natural site of latent carriage. Finally, by overexpressing IFI16, we show that IFI16 can activate the viral major immediate early promoter and immediate early gene expression during latency via NF-κB, a function which explains why downregulation of IFI16 during latency is advantageous for the virus.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus which infects 50 to 100% of humans worldwide. HCMV causes a lifelong subclinical infection in immunocompetent individuals but is a serious cause of mortality and morbidity in the immunocompromised and neonates. In particular, reactivation of HCMV in the transplant setting is a major cause of transplant failure and related disease. Therefore, a molecular understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation could provide insights into potential ways to target the latent viral reservoir in at-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Elder
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Krishna
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Y Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George X Sedikides
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Gentile G, Antonelli G. HBV Reactivation in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Narrative Review. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111049. [PMID: 31717647 PMCID: PMC6893755 DOI: 10.3390/v11111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HBV reactivation (HBVr) can occur due to the ability of HBV to remain latent in the liver as covalently closed circular DNA and by the capacity of HBV to alter the immune system of the infected individuals. HBVr can occur in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with a clinical spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant hepatic failure. The risk of HBVr is determined by a complex interplay between host immunity, virus factors, and immunosuppression related to HSCT. All individuals who undergo HSCT should be screened for HBV. HSCT patients positive for HBsAg and also those HBcAb-positive/HBsAg-negative are at high risk of HBV reactivation (HBVr) due to profound and prolonged immunosuppression. Antiviral prophylaxis prevents HBVr, decreases HBVr-related morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic or previous HBV. The optimal duration of antiviral prophylaxis remains to be elucidated. The vaccination of HBV-naïve recipients and their donors against HBV prior to HSCT has an important role in the prevention of acquired HBV infection. This narrative review provides a comprehensive update on the current concepts, risk factors, molecular mechanisms, prevention, and management of HBVr in HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Dept. Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Dept. Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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16
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Palermo E, Acchioni C, Di Carlo D, Zevini A, Muscolini M, Ferrari M, Castiello L, Virtuoso S, Borsetti A, Antonelli G, Turriziani O, Sgarbanti M, Hiscott J. Activation of Latent HIV-1 T Cell Reservoirs with a Combination of Innate Immune and Epigenetic Regulators. J Virol 2019; 93:e01194-19. [PMID: 31413127 PMCID: PMC6803272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01194-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of T cell reservoirs in which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes latency by integrating into the host genome represents a major obstacle to an HIV cure and has prompted the development of strategies aimed at the eradication of HIV from latently infected cells. The "shock-and-kill" strategy is one of the most pursued approaches to the elimination of viral reservoirs. Although several latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have shown promising reactivation activity, they have failed to eliminate the cellular reservoir. In this study, we evaluated a novel immune system-mediated approach to clearing the HIV reservoir, based on a combination of innate immune stimulation and epigenetic reprogramming. The combination of the STING agonist cGAMP (cyclic GMP-AMP) and the FDA-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor resminostat resulted in a significant increase in HIV proviral reactivation and specific apoptosis in HIV-infected cells in vitro Reductions in the proportion of HIV-harboring cells and the total amount of HIV DNA were also observed in CD4+ central memory T (TCM) cells, a primary cell model of latency, where resminostat alone or together with cGAMP induced high levels of selective cell death. Finally, high levels of cell-associated HIV RNA were detected ex vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+ T cells from individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although synergism was not detected in PBMCs with the combination, viral RNA expression was significantly increased in CD4+ T cells. Collectively, these results represent a promising step toward HIV eradication by demonstrating the potential of innate immune activation and epigenetic modulation for reducing the viral reservoir and inducing specific death of HIV-infected cells.IMPORTANCE One of the challenges associated with HIV-1 infection is that despite antiretroviral therapies that reduce HIV-1 loads to undetectable levels, proviral DNA remains dormant in a subpopulation of T lymphocytes. Numerous strategies to clear residual virus by reactivating latent virus and eliminating the reservoir of HIV-1 (so-called "shock-and-kill" strategies) have been proposed. In the present study, we use a combination of small molecules that activate the cGAS-STING antiviral innate immune response (the di-cyclic nucleotide cGAMP) and epigenetic modulators (histone deacetylase inhibitors) that induce reactivation and HIV-infected T cell killing in cell lines, primary T lymphocytes, and patient samples. These studies represent a novel strategy for HIV eradication by reducing the viral reservoir and inducing specific death of HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Palermo
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Carlo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zevini
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Muscolini
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Castiello
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Virtuoso
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - John Hiscott
- Pasteur Institute-Italy, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
People with immunoreactivity to tuberculosis are thought to have lifelong asymptomatic infection and remain at risk for active tuberculosis. Marcel A Behr and colleagues argue that most of these people are no longer infected
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Behr
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paul H Edelstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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18
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Svicher V, Salpini R, Malagnino V, Piermatteo L, Alkhatib M, Cerva C, Sarmati L. New Markers in Monitoring the Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090783. [PMID: 31450680 PMCID: PMC6784136 DOI: 10.3390/v11090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence is at the basis of HBV reactivation as a consequence of chemotherapy and immunosuppressive treatments. The identification of early viral replication indicators and markers of effective HBV immunological control would be useful in monitoring patients who are at risk of potential viral reactivation during the course of immunosuppressive treatment. Currently, international guidelines have shared some criteria to identify patients with a low, medium or high risk of HBV reactivation; however, permanently placing a patient in a definitive category is not always easy. More often, patients move from one category to another during the course of their immunosuppressive treatment; therefore, in many cases, there are no precise indicators or tools for monitoring possible reactivation and establishing the duration and suspension of antiviral prophylaxis. Historically, the sequence of HBV antigens and antibodies and HBV DNA levels has been used to evaluate the different stages of the acute and chronic phases of an HBV infection. In the last few years, new biomarkers, such as anti-HBs and anti-HBc titres, HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg), ultra-sensitive HBsAg evaluation and HBV RNA, have been used in patients with an HBV infection to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential. The aim of this review is to evaluate the published results on the use of new infection markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of HBV reactivation over the course of immunosuppressive treatments. Moreover, the importance of viral genotypic studies was emphasized, given the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the mutational profiles of HBsAg during the HBV reactivation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Salpini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piermatteo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cerva
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Kawase T, Tanaka H, Kojima H, Uchida N, Ohashi K, Fukuda T, Ozawa Y, Ikegame K, Eto T, Mori T, Miyamoto T, Hidaka M, Shiratori S, Takanashi M, Atsuta Y, Ichinohe T, Kanda Y, Kanda J. Impact of High-Frequency HLA Haplotypes on Clinical Cytomegalovirus Reactivation in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:2482-2489. [PMID: 31400501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some studies support the hypothesis that HLA genes and haplotypes evolved by natural selection through their protective abilities against specific infectious pathogens. However, very little is known regarding the impact of high-frequency HLA haplotypes on the risk of relevant infectious diseases among a given ethnic group. We evaluated the impact of high-frequency HLA haplotypes on cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in a Japanese population as a model of infectious disease that has coexisted with humans. A total of 21,127 donor-patient pairs were analyzed. HLA-A-B-DRB1 haplotypes were estimated using the maximum probability algorithm. Seven haplotypes with >1% frequency were defined as high-frequency haplotypes (HfHPs). Homozygotes of HfHP and heterozygotes had significantly lower risk of CMV reactivation and infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, P = .009 and HR = 0.93, P = .003, respectively) than homozygotes of low-frequency HLA haplotypes (LfHPs). In subgroup analyses of a different donor source, these associations were statistically significant in unrelated donor transplants. Finally, CMV risk for homozygotes and heterozygotes of each HfHP was compared with that of homozygotes of LfHPs. The 2 most predominant HfHP groups (A*24:02-B*52:01-DRB1*15:02 group and A*24:02-B*07:02-DRB1*01:01 group) had a significantly lower risk of CMV reactivation and infection (HR = 0.86, P < .001 and HR = 0.91, P = .033, respectively). Our findings suggest that HfHPs may be protective against CMV reactivation and infection and that increased care regarding CMV reactivation and infection may be necessary for patients with LfHP after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Kawase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Ohashi
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Ozawa
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikegame
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Hematology, Oncology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Hidaka
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Souichi Shiratori
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Minoko Takanashi
- Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Aichi, Japan; Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junya Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Navarro J, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Martin-Castillo M, Fernández-Sojo J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Latency reversal agents affect differently the latent reservoir present in distinct CD4+ T subpopulations. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007991. [PMID: 31425551 PMCID: PMC6715238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRAs) have proven to induce HIV-1 transcription in vivo but are ineffective at decreasing the size of the latent reservoir in antiretroviral treated patients. The capacity of the LRAs to perturb the viral reservoir present in distinct subpopulations of cells is currently unknown. Here, using a new RNA FISH/flow ex vivo viral reactivation assay, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the viral reactivation capacity of different families of LRAs, and their combinations, in different CD4+ T cell subsets. We observed that a median of 16.28% of the whole HIV-reservoir induced HIV-1 transcripts after viral reactivation, but only 10.10% of these HIV-1 RNA+ cells produced the viral protein p24. Moreover, none of the LRAs were powerful enough to reactivate HIV-1 transcription in all CD4+ T cell subpopulations. For instance, the combination of Romidepsin and Ingenol was identified as the best combination of drugs at increasing the proportion of HIV-1 RNA+ cells, in most, but not all, CD4+ T cell subsets. Importantly, memory stem cells were identified as highly resistant to HIV-1 reactivation, and only the combination of Panobinostat and Bryostatin-1 significantly increased the number of cells transcribing HIV within this subset. Overall, our results validate the use of the RNA FISH/flow technique to assess the potency of LRAs among different CD4+ T cell subsets, manifest the intrinsic differences between cells that encompass the latent HIV reservoir, and highlight the difficulty to significantly impact the latent infection with the currently available drugs. Thus, our results have important implications for the rational design of therapies aimed at reversing HIV latency from diverse cellular reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin-Castillo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Sojo
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Calò F, Martini S, Sagnelli E, Coppola N. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with hemo-lymphoproliferative diseases, and its prevention. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3299-3312. [PMID: 31341357 PMCID: PMC6639550 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is characterized by increased HBV-DNA serum values of about 1 log or by HBV DNA turning positive if previously undetectable in serum, possibly associated with liver damage and seldom life-threatening. Due to HBV reactivation, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative/anti-HBc-positive subjects may revert to HBsAg-positive. In patients with hemo-lymphoproliferative disease, the frequency of HBV reactivation depends on the type of lymphoproliferative disorder, the individual's HBV serological status and the potency and duration of immunosuppression. In particular, it occurs in 10%-50% of the HBsAg-positive and in 2%-25% of the HBsAg- negative/anti-HBc-positive, the highest incidences being registered in patients receiving rituximab-based therapy. HBV reactivation can be prevented by accurate screening of patients at risk and by a pharmacological prophylaxis with anti-HBV nucleo(t)sides starting 2-3 wk before the beginning of immunosuppressive treatment and covering the entire period of administration of immunosuppressive drugs and a long subsequent period, the duration of which depends substantially on the degree of immunodepression achieved. Patients with significant HBV replication before immunosuppressive therapy should receive anti-HBV nucleo(t)sides as a long-term (may be life-long) treatment. This review article is mainly directed to doctors engaged every day in the treatment of patients with onco-lymphoproliferative diseases, so that they can broaden their knowledge on HBV infection and on its reactivation induced by the drugs with high immunosuppressive potential that they use in the care of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Federica Calò
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Salvatore Martini
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80127, Italy
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Ahmadinejad Z, Talebi F, Yazdi NA, Ghiasvand F. A 41-year-old female with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after liver transplant. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:605-607. [PMID: 31140129 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease caused by JC virus reactivation. Its occurrence is very rare after solid organ transplantation, especially liver transplantation. We report a patient who received liver transplantation due to liver failure resulting from autoimmune hepatitis and advanced PML presenting with aphasia. A 41-year-old female with a history of liver transplantation who received a usual immunosuppression regimen was admitted with a stroke attack resulting in right hemiplegia 2 months after liver transplantation. Surprisingly, she gradually developed dysarthria and left central facial paresis. A brain MRI showed an abnormal multifocal area with a high T2/flair signal in the deep subcortical white matter of the left hemisphere as well as the splenium of the corpus callosum. PCR evaluation of CSF for JCV was positive while other PCR results were negative. A liver transplant recipient receiving immunosuppressive treatment for a long time could develop PML due to JCV reactivation. Only eight cases of JCV infection were reported after liver transplantation by the time of reporting this case. Unfortunately, there is no definite treatment for PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ahmadinejad
- Liver transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Talebi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi
- Department of Radiology, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (ADIR) Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Liver transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Gagne M, Michaels D, Schiralli Lester GM, Gummuluru S, Wong WW, Henderson AJ. Strength of T cell signaling regulates HIV-1 replication and establishment of latency. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007802. [PMID: 31116788 PMCID: PMC6548398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to curing HIV-1 is the long-lived latent reservoir that supports re-emergence of HIV-1 upon treatment interruption. Targeting this reservoir will require mechanistic insights into the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Whether T cell signaling at the time of HIV-1 infection influences productive replication or latency is not fully understood. We used a panel of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with different ligand binding affinities to induce a range of signaling strengths to model differential T cell receptor signaling at the time of HIV-1 infection. Stimulation of T cell lines or primary CD4+ T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors supported HIV-1 infection regardless of affinity for ligand; however, only signaling by the highest affinity receptor facilitated HIV-1 expression. Activation of chimeric antigen receptors that had intermediate and low binding affinities did not support provirus transcription, suggesting that a minimal signal is required for optimal HIV-1 expression. In addition, strong signaling at the time of infection produced a latent population that was readily inducible, whereas latent cells generated in response to weaker signals were not easily reversed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed HIV-1 transcription was limited by transcriptional elongation and that robust signaling decreased the presence of negative elongation factor, a pausing factor, by more than 80%. These studies demonstrate that T cell signaling influences HIV-1 infection and the establishment of different subsets of latently infected cells, which may have implications for targeting the HIV-1 reservoir. Activation of CD4+ T cells facilitates HIV-1 infection; however, whether there are minimal signals required for the establishment of infection, replication, and latency has not been explored. To determine how T cell signaling influences HIV-1 infection and the generation of latently infected cells, we used chimeric antigen receptors to create a tunable model. Stronger signals result in robust HIV-1 expression and an inducible latent population. Minimal signals predispose cells towards latent infections that are refractory to reversal. We discovered that repression of HIV-1 transcription immediately after infection is due to RNA polymerase II pausing and inefficient transcription elongation. These studies demonstrate that signaling events influence the course of HIV-1 infection and have implications for cure strategies. They also provide a mechanistic explanation for why a significant portion of the HIV-1 latent reservoir is not responsive to latency reversing agents which function by modifying chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Michaels
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gillian M. Schiralli Lester
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Wilson W. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Inoue J, Nakamura T, Masamune A. Roles of Hepatitis B Virus Mutations in the Viral Reactivation after Immunosuppression Therapies. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050457. [PMID: 31109119 PMCID: PMC6563158 DOI: 10.3390/v11050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major problem in patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant diseases or immunosuppression therapies. It has been thought that a reduction in the immune responses might result in the reactivation of HBV replication from covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) residing in hepatocytes. However, not only the host’s immune status, but also viral mutations have been reported to be associated with reactivation. Especially, several case reports about amino acid mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) that escape from immune reactions have been reported, and recent reports showed that the frequencies of such mutations are higher than previously expected. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of viral mutations, including immune escape mutations in HBV-reactivated patients, and discuss their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Takuya Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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25
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Roux A, Leroy H, De Muylder B, Bracq L, Oussous S, Dusanter-Fourt I, Chougui G, Tacine R, Randriamampita C, Desjardins D, Le Grand R, Bouillaud F, Benichou S, Margottin-Goguet F, Cheynier R, Bismuth G, Mangeney M. FOXO1 transcription factor plays a key role in T cell-HIV-1 interaction. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007669. [PMID: 31042779 PMCID: PMC6513100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is dependent on the host cell for providing the metabolic resources for completion of its viral replication cycle. Thus, HIV-1 replicates efficiently only in activated CD4+ T cells. Barriers preventing HIV-1 replication in resting CD4+ T cells include a block that limits reverse transcription and also the lack of activity of several inducible transcription factors, such as NF-κB and NFAT. Because FOXO1 is a master regulator of T cell functions, we studied the effect of its inhibition on T cell/HIV-1 interactions. By using AS1842856, a FOXO1 pharmacologic inhibitor, we observe that FOXO1 inhibition induces a metabolic activation of T cells with a G0/G1 transition in the absence of any stimulatory signal. One parallel outcome of this change is the inhibition of the activity of the HIV restriction factor SAMHD1 and the activation of the NFAT pathway. FOXO1 inhibition by AS1842856 makes resting T cells permissive to HIV-1 infection. In addition, we found that FOXO1 inhibition by either AS1842856 treatment or upon FOXO1 knockdown induces the reactivation of HIV-1 latent proviruses in T cells. We conclude that FOXO1 has a central role in the HIV-1/T cell interaction and that inhibiting FOXO1 with drugs such as AS1842856 may be a new therapeutic shock-and-kill strategy to eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir in human T cells. HIV-1 is controlled by host restriction factors that interfere with its life cycle. However, the virus has equipped itself to counter these strategies. We report a new interplay between HIV-1 and human T lymphocytes through the FOXO1 transcription factor. By using AS1842856, a drug targeting FOXO1, we found that FOXO1 inhibition triggers metabolic activation and G0/G1 transition of resting T cells and also by the inactivation of the SAMHD1 viral restriction factor. FOXO1 inhibition makes resting CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV-1 infection. We finally found that pharmacologic (AS1842856 treatment) or genetic (shRNA) silencing of FOXO1 reactivate HIV-1 latent proviruses. Thus FOXO1 appears as an important player of the HIV-1/T-cell relationship and a new potential therapeutic target for intervention during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Roux
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Héloise Leroy
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte De Muylder
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bracq
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur Paris, and Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
| | - Samia Oussous
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusanter-Fourt
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ghina Chougui
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Tacine
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM -Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), U1184, IDMIT Department, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM -Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases department (IMVA), U1184, IDMIT Department, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Serge Benichou
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA VirHost), CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur Paris, and Institut Pasteur Shangai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shangai, China
| | - Florence Margottin-Goguet
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Remi Cheynier
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Georges Bismuth
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- NSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Sullivan NL, Eberhardt CS, Wieland A, Vora KA, Pulendran B, Ahmed R. Understanding the immunology of the Zostavax shingles vaccine. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:25-30. [PMID: 30970291 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zostavax is a live-attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine recommended for use in adults >50 years of age to prevent shingles. The main risk factor for the development of shingles is age, which correlates with decreasing cell-mediated immunity. These data suggest a predominant role of T cell immunity in controlling VZV latency. However, other components of the immune system may also contribute. In this review, we will discuss how the immune system responds to Zostavax, focusing on recent studies examining innate immunity, transcriptomics, metabolomics, cellular, and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Sullivan
- MRL, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- MRL, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Reuter S, Lemmermann NAW, Maxeiner J, Podlech J, Beckert H, Freitag K, Teschner D, Ries F, Taube C, Buhl R, Reddehase MJ, Holtappels R. Coincident airway exposure to low-potency allergen and cytomegalovirus sensitizes for allergic airway disease by viral activation of migratory dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007595. [PMID: 30845208 PMCID: PMC6405056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a broad cell-type tropism, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an evidentially pulmonary pathogen. Predilection for the lungs is of medical relevance in immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation, in whom interstitial CMV pneumonia is a frequent and, if left untreated, fatal clinical manifestation of human CMV infection. A conceivable contribution of CMV to airway diseases of other etiology is an issue that so far attracted little medical attention. As the route of primary CMV infection upon host-to-host transmission in early childhood involves airway mucosa, coincidence of CMV airway infection and exposure to airborne environmental antigens is almost unavoidable. For investigating possible consequences of such a coincidence, we established a mouse model of airway co-exposure to CMV and ovalbumin (OVA) representing a protein antigen of an inherently low allergenic potential. Accordingly, intratracheal OVA exposure alone failed to sensitize for allergic airway disease (AAD) upon OVA aerosol challenge. In contrast, airway infection at the time of OVA sensitization predisposed for AAD that was characterized by airway inflammation, IgE secretion, thickening of airway epithelia, and goblet cell hyperplasia. This AAD histopathology was associated with a T helper type 2 (Th2) transcription profile in the lungs, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-25, known inducers of Th2-driven AAD. These symptoms were all prevented by a pre-challenge depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not of CD8+ T cells. As to the underlying mechanism, murine CMV activated migratory CD11b+ as well as CD103+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which have been associated with Th2 cytokine-driven AAD and with antigen cross-presentation, respectively. This resulted in an enhanced OVA uptake and recruitment of the OVA-laden cDCs selectively to the draining tracheal lymph nodes for antigen presentation. We thus propose that CMV, through activation of migratory cDCs in the airway mucosa, can enhance the allergenic potential of otherwise poorly allergenic environmental protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Maxeiner
- Asthma Core Facility and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederic Ries
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Roland Buhl
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumonology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Tatfi M, Hermine O, Suarez F. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Ataxia Telangiectasia: Does ATM Regulate EBV Life Cycle? Front Immunol 2019; 9:3060. [PMID: 30662441 PMCID: PMC6329310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous herpesvirus with a tropism for epithelial cells (where lytic replication occurs) and B-cells (where latency is maintained). EBV persists throughout life and chronic infection is asymptomatic in most individuals. However, immunocompromised patients may be unable to control EBV infection and are at increased risk of EBV-related malignancies, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas or Hodgkin's lymphomas. Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the ATM gene and associated with an increased incidence of cancers, particularly EBV-associated lymphomas. However, the immune deficiency present in AT patients is often too modest to explain the increased incidence of EBV-related malignancies. The ATM defect in these patients could therefore impair the normal regulation of EBV latency in B-cells, thus promoting lymphomagenesis. This suggests that ATM plays a role in the normal regulation of EBV latency. ATM is a serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple cell functions such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, and gene expression. ATM is implicated in the lytic cycle of EBV, where EBV uses the activation of DNA damage repair pathway to promote its own replication. ATM regulates the latent cycle of the EBV-related herpesvirus KSHV and MHV68. However, the contribution of ATM in the control of the latent cycle of EBV is not yet known. A better understanding of the regulation of EBV latency could be harnessed in the conception of novel therapeutic strategies in AT and more generally in all ATM deficient EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Suarez
- INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL8254 - Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
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30
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Onishchenko N, Riabokon Y, Riabokon E. CLINICAL-PATHOGENETICAL ROLE OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2 (RS 5743708) AND INTERLEUKIN-10 (RS 1800896) GENES POLYMORPHISM IN THE COURSE OF HERPES ZOSTER IN ADULTS. Georgian Med News 2018:81-86. [PMID: 30702075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study included 50 adult patients with shingles by which analyzed the clinical course of the disease depending on the gene polymorphism of interleukin-10 (rs 1800896) and toll-like receptor 2 (rs 5743708). According to the results of our study, it was established that genotype AA of gene Toll-like receptor 2 was associated with a high risk of Varicella-Zoster virus reactivation and manifestation of herpes zoster, moderate course. Analysis of the IL-10 gene polymorphism showed that genotype TT was associated with a risk of the development severe complicated course of shingles. The genotype CC of gene IL-10 caused to formation of recurrence course of the disease, and also significantly more frequently registered in patients with disseminated form of herpes zoster compared with patients with localized and generalized forms of the disease (χ2=11,94, р=0.0003). Subject to the formation of localized form in carriers of genotype CC more often was occurred damage paravertebral ganglia (p=0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Riabokon
- Zaporizhzhya State Medical University, Ukraine
| | - E Riabokon
- Zaporizhzhya State Medical University, Ukraine
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, De Assis CM, Sorensen ES, Moszczynski P, Huang SH, Ren Y, Spivak AM, Jones RB, Planelles V, Bosque A. Dual TLR2 and TLR7 agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122673. [PMID: 30282829 PMCID: PMC6237480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells in HIV-infected patients is a major barrier towards finding a cure. One active cure strategy is to find latency-reversing agents that induce viral reactivation, thus leading to immune cell recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, known as the shock-and-kill strategy. Therefore, the identification of molecules that reactivate latent HIV and increase immune activation has the potential to further these strategies into the clinic. Here, we characterized synthetic molecules composed of a TLR2 and a TLR7 agonist (dual TLR2/7 agonists) as latency-reversing agents and compared their activity with that of the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and the TLR7 agonist GS-9620. We found that these dual TLR2/7 agonists reactivate latency by 2 complementary mechanisms. The TLR2 component reactivates HIV by inducing NF-κB activation in memory CD4+ T cells, while the TLR7 component induces the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promoting viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the TLR2 component induces the secretion of IL-22, which promotes an antiviral state and blocks HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. Our study provides insight into the use of these agonists as a multipronged approach targeting eradication of latent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caroline M. De Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric S. Sorensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paula Moszczynski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Szu-han Huang
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Aygen B, Demir AM, Gümüş M, Karabay O, Kaymakoğlu S, Köksal AŞ, Köksal İ, Örmeci N, Tabak F. Immunosuppressive therapy and the risk of hepatitis B reactivation: Consensus report. Turk J Gastroenterol 2018; 29:259-269. [PMID: 29755010 PMCID: PMC6284666 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This consensus report includes expert opinions and recommendations regarding the screening, and if necessary, the follow-up, prophylaxis, and treatment of hepatitis B before the treatment in patients who will undergo immunosuppressive therapy due to an emergency risk of hepatitis B reactivation. To increase awareness regarding the risk of hepatitis B reactivation in immunosuppressive patients, academicians from several university health research and training centers across Turkey came together and discussed the importance of the subject, current status, and issues in accordance with the current literature data and presented solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgehan Aygen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Muzaffer Demir
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Diseases, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gümüş
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Diseases, İstanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Karabay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Kaymakoğlu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Şeref Köksal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Diseases, Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - İftihar Köksal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Necati Örmeci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Diseases, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Tabak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Ahn SS, Jung SM, Song JJ, Park YB, Park JY, Lee SW. Safety of Tocilizumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Data from Real-World Experience. Yonsei Med J 2018; 59:452-456. [PMID: 29611409 PMCID: PMC5889999 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.3.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the use of IL-6 receptor antagonist (tocilizumab) might be associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, particularly in those with resolved HBV infection [HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) negative and antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) positive, serologically]. HBsAg, anti-HBc, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and HBV DNA titers were measured in RA patients who had continuously received tocilizumab for more than 3 months. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of anti-HBc. Clinical and laboratory data, in addition to medications administered along with tocilizumab during the treatment duration with tocilizumab, were compared between the two groups. HBV reactivation was defined as the presence of HBV DNA in sera, and alterations in HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs titers according to the use of tocilizumab were also evaluated. Fifteen of 39 patients (38.5%) had anti-HBc positivity, while 24 patients (61.5%) did not. There were no differences in demographic data, serologic classification, and variables related to tocilizumab between the anti-HBc-positive and -negative groups. Comparison of the medications administered along with tocilizumab treatment revealed no meaningful differences. None of the patients experienced reactivation of HBV. In addition, in 15 patients with resolved HBV infection, no alterations in HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs titers were observed with the use of tocilizumab. Tocilizumab may be applied to RA patients safely with few concerns for HBV reactivation, particularly in those with resolved HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Brizić I, Šušak B, Arapović M, Huszthy PC, Hiršl L, Kveštak D, Juranić Lisnić V, Golemac M, Pernjak Pugel E, Tomac J, Oxenius A, Britt WJ, Arapović J, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Brain-resident memory CD8 + T cells induced by congenital CMV infection prevent brain pathology and virus reactivation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:950-964. [PMID: 29500823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital HCMV infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) intraperitoneally is a well-established model of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection, which best recapitulates the hematogenous route of virus spread to brain and subsequent pathology. Here, we used this model to investigate the role, dynamics, and phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the brain following infection of newborn mice. We show that CD8+ T cells infiltrate the brain and form a pool of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) that persist for lifetime. Adoptively transferred virus-specific CD8+ T cells provide protection against primary MCMV infection in newborn mice, reduce brain pathology, and remain in the brain as TRM cells. Brain CD8+ TRM cells were long-lived, slowly proliferating cells able to respond to local challenge infection. Importantly, brain CD8+ TRM cells controlled latent MCMV and their depletion resulted in virus reactivation and enhanced inflammation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božo Šušak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daria Kveštak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ester Pernjak Pugel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Tomac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jurica Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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Yu X, Xu L, Chang Y, Huang X, Zhao X. Rapid reconstitution of NK1 cells after allogeneic transplantation is associated with a reduced incidence of graft-versus-host disease. Sci China Life Sci 2018. [PMID: 29541991 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The balance between immunostimulation and immunoregulation in T cell immunity is achieved by maintaining specific ratios of Th1, Th2, Th3 and Tr1 cells. Here, we investigate levels of type 1 (IFN-gamma; NK1), type 2 (IL-13; NK2), type 3 (TGF-beta; NK3) and regulatory (IL-10; NKr) cytokines in peripheral blood to assess the cytokine profiles of natural killer (NK) cells following human allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). NK2 and NK3 cell expansion was observed after allo-HSCT; levels of NKr cells reached donor levels at day 15, though levels of NK1 cells were consistently lower than donor levels until day 60 after allo-HSCT. Multivariate analysis showed that a higher level of NK1 cells by day 15 was associated with a lower overall risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (HR 0.157, P=0.010) as well as II-IV acute GVHD (HR 0.260, P=0.059). Furthermore, higher levels of NK1 cells by day 15 were correlated with lower rates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation (HR 0.040, 0.005-0.348, P=0.003). These results indicate that rapid reconstitution of NK cells, especially NK1 cells, can help prevent the development of GVHD as well as CMV reactivation after allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, 100044, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, 100044, China
- Yantai YuHuangDing Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, 100044, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Davis-Gardner ME, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Farzan M. eCD4-Ig promotes ADCC activity of sera from HIV-1-infected patients. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006786. [PMID: 29253851 PMCID: PMC5749896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity (ADCC) can eliminate HIV-1 infected cells, and may help reduce the reservoir of latent virus in infected patients. Sera of HIV-1 positive individuals include a number of antibodies that recognize epitopes usually occluded on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers. We have recently described eCD4-Ig, a potent and exceptionally broad inhibitor of HIV-1 entry that can be used to protect rhesus macaques from multiple high-dose challenges with simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV-AD8). Here we show that eCD4-Ig bearing an IgG1 Fc domain (eCD4-IgG1) can mediate efficient ADCC activity against HIV-1 isolates with differing tropisms, and that it does so at least 10-fold more efficiently than CD4-Ig, even when more CD4-Ig molecules bound cell surface-expressed Env. An ADCC-inactive IgG2 form of eCD4-Ig (eCD4-IgG2) exposes V3-loop and CD4-induced epitopes on cell-expressed trimers, and renders HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC mediated by antibodies of these classes. Moreover, eCD4-IgG2, but not IgG2 forms of the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01 and 10-1074, enhances the ADCC activities of serum antibodies from patients by 100-fold, and significantly enhanced killing of two latently infected T-cell lines reactivated by vorinostat or TNFα. Thus eCD4-Ig is qualitatively different from CD4-Ig or neutralizing antibodies in its ability to mediate ADCC, and it may be uniquely useful in treating HIV-1 infection or reducing the reservoir of latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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Craigie M, Cicalese S, Sariyer IK. Neuroimmune Regulation of JC Virus by Intracellular and Extracellular Agnoprotein. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:126-142. [PMID: 29159704 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus and the etiologic agent of the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is observed in patients with underlying immunocompromising conditions, suggesting that neuro-immune interactions between peripheral immune cells and neuro-glia play an important role in controlling viral reactivation in the brain. There is little known about the immunobiology of JCV reactivation in glial cells and the role of immune, glial, and viral players in this regulation. We have previously showed that agnoprotein, a small JCV regulatory protein, is released from infected cells and internalized by neighboring bystander cells. Here we have investigated the possible role of extracellular and intracellular agnoprotein in the neuroimmune response to JC virus. Our findings suggest that glial cells exposed to agnoprotein secrete significantly less GM-CSF, which is mediated by agnoprotein induced suppression of GM-CSF transcription. Likewise, monocytes treated with agnoprotein showed altered differentiation and maturation. In addition, monocytes and microglial cells exposed to agnoprotein showed a significant reduction in their phagocytic activities. Moreover, when an in vitro blood-brain barrier model was used, agnoprotein treatment resulted in decreased monocyte migration through the endothelial cell layer in response to activated astrocytes. All together, these results have revealed a novel immunomodulatory function of agnoprotein during JCV infection within theCNS and open a new avenue of research to better understand the mechanisms associated with JCV reactivation in patients who are at risk of developing PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Craigie
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Almanan M, Raynor J, Sholl A, Wang M, Chougnet C, Cardin RD, Hildeman DA. Tissue-specific control of latent CMV reactivation by regulatory T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006507. [PMID: 28796839 PMCID: PMC5552023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a persistent, lifelong infection. CMV persists in a latent state and undergoes intermittent subclinical viral reactivation that is quelled by ongoing T cell responses. While T cells are critical to maintain control of infection, the immunological factors that promote CMV persistence remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of latent CMV infection using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor (Foxp3-DTR) mice. Eight months after infection, MCMV had established latency in the spleen, salivary gland, lung, and pancreas, which was accompanied by an increased frequency of Treg. Administration of diphtheria toxin (DT) after establishment of latency efficiently depleted Treg and drove a significant increase in the numbers of functional MCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, Treg depletion decreased the number of animals with reactivatable latent MCMV in the spleen. Unexpectedly, in the same animals, ablation of Treg drove a significant increase in viral reactivation in the salivary gland that was accompanied with augmented local IL-10 production by Foxp3-CD4+T cells. Further, neutralization of IL-10 after Treg depletion significantly decreased viral load in the salivary gland. Combined, these data show that Treg have divergent control of MCMV infection depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg antagonize CD8+ effector function and promote viral persistence while in the salivary gland Treg prevent IL-10 production and limit viral reactivation and replication. These data provide new insights into the organ-specific roles of Treg in controlling the reactivation of latent MCMV infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in both mice and humans is normally initially contained by a vigorous adaptive immune response that drives the virus into latency in multiple tissues. However, the immunologic mechanisms that control latency are not well understood. In this report, we have examined the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of CMV infection. Interestingly, depletion of regulatory T cells had profound consequences on MCMV latent infection, depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg depletion enhanced CD8+ T cell responses and reduced reactivatable latent infection from the spleen. In striking contrast, in the salivary gland, Treg depletion enhanced the production of IL-10 from CD4+ T cells as well as viral reactivation. Thus, Treg play divergent and tissue specific roles in controlling MCMV reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Almanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression. They alter mRNA translation through base-pair complementarity, leading to regulation of genes during both physiological and pathological processes. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to take advantage of the host cells to multiply and/or persist over the lifetime of the host. Herpesviridae are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses that are associated with a number of important diseases, including lymphoproliferative diseases. Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections through modulation of the interface between the virus and its host. A number of reports have identified miRNAs in a very large number of human and animal herpesviruses suggesting that these short non-coding transcripts could play essential roles in herpesvirus biology. This review will specifically focus on the recent advances on the functions of herpesvirus miRNAs in infection and pathogenesis.
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van Aalderen MC, Remmerswaal EBM, Heutinck KM, ten Brinke A, Feltkamp MCW, van der Weerd NC, van der Pant KAMI, Bemelman FJ, van Lier RAW, ten Berge IJM. Clinically Relevant Reactivation of Polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) in HLA-A02-Positive Renal Transplant Recipients Is Associated with Impaired Effector-Memory Differentiation of BKPyV-Specific CD8+ T Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005903. [PMID: 27723787 PMCID: PMC5056763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) frequently reactivates in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and may lead to graft loss due to BKPyV-induced interstitial nephritis (BKVN). Little is known on the differentiation of CD8+ T cells targeting BKPyV in RTRs. Here we investigated whether BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cell differentiation differs in RTRs with varying degrees of BKPyV reactivation and/or BKVN. Using combinatorial encoding with tetramers carrying BKPyV major capsid protein (VP1) and large T antigen protein (LTAG) epitopes, we investigated CD8+ T cell responses to BKPyV in longitudinally obtained PBMC samples from 46 HLA-A02-positive RTRs and 20 healthy adults. We were also able to isolate BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cells from five renal allografts, two of which were affected by BKVN. Before transplantation, BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cells targeting VP1 and LTAG epitopes appeared predominantly as central-memory and CD27+/CD28+ effector-memory (TEM), and naïve-like PD-1-expressing cells, respectively. After viral reactivation, BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cells assumed CD28− TEM and TEMRA states in patients who were able to control BKPyV, whereas differentiation lagged behind in patients with severe viral reactivation or BKVN. Furthermore, VP1-specific CD69+/CD103+ tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells accumulated in BKVN-affected allografts but lacked signs of effector differentiation. In contrast, granzyme B-expressing effector cells were detected in allografts not affected by BKVN. In conclusion, effector-memory differentiation of BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with high viral load or BKVN is impaired. Further characterization of the specific mechanisms behind this altered cellular differentiation is necessary to develop therapies that can prevent the emergence of BKVN. In immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients (RTRs), BKPyV frequently reactivates from latency and may cause severe interstitial nephritis in the allograft (BKVN). Not only is there no effective treatment, it also not understood why BKVN arises in some RTRs but not in all. In the current study we investigated populations of CD8+ T cells targeting epitopes from structural and non-structural BKPyV proteins in RTRs over the course of transplantation. In contrast to RTRs who suffered from self-limiting reactivation of BKPyV, patients who developed severe viral reactivation and BKVN were found to have BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cells which did not, or less often differentiate into CD28− effector-memory cells during viral reactivation. Moreover, virus-specific CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation was not only impaired in the circulation, but possibly also in BKVN-affected renal allografts. In contrast to the CD8+ T cells in kidneys from three patients who did not develop BKVN, T cells in two BKVN-affected kidneys did not display typical cytotoxic effector traits. These findings suggest that impaired BKPyV-specific CD8+ T cell maturation in response to viral reactivation, possibly owing to inter-individual differences in sensitivity to immunosuppressive medication or to certain viral quasispecies, underlies the emergence of severe viral reactivation and BKVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel C. van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ester B. M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin M. Heutinck
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Neelke C. van der Weerd
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frederike J. Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René A. W. van Lier
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Landsteiner laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ineke J. M. ten Berge
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Gokturk HS, Unler GK, Gokturk B. Reactivation of Resolved Hepatitis B virus Infection before the Relapse of Lymphoma : Immunosuppressive effect of the Lymphoproliferative disorders? Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2016; 79:63-64. [PMID: 26852769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a heterogeneous disease with distinct phases determined mainly by the interaction between virus replication and host immune response. HBV reactivation can occur spontaneously, developing resistance to antiviral treatment while the patient is undergoing treatment, after cessation of antiviral drugs, or be triggered by immunosuppressive drugs and chemotherapy. HBV reactivation can be severe and sometimes fatal because of liver failure. Here we report a patient with resolved HBV infection who presented with reactivation before being diagnosed with a relapse of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Yuen MF. Need to improve awareness and management of hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatol Int 2016; 10:102-5. [PMID: 26739134 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy is not an uncommon event because of upsurge in the development of more potent and new immunosuppressive therapy (IST) including monoclonal antibodies leading to profound B cell depletion. However, this condition is still not being commonly made known to practising clinicians. More importantly, serious adverse outcomes including liver decompensation and death have been reported from time to time. This is likely related to the insufficient efforts to disseminate the knowledge or inattentive attitude from clinicians towards the need for hepatitis B virus screening before starting IST. It is of crucial importance, as these adverse outcomes are largely preventable by prophylactic or early treatment by antiviral agents. The risk of hepatitis B reactivation depends on the type and duration of the IST, patient characteristics and disease conditions. While we are eagerly waiting for a more cohesive consensual management recommendations from the different specialties who are involved in managing these patients, consolidated data are readily available for clinicians to define whether their patients would have a low or a high risk of hepatitis B reactivation. A management strategy without ambiguity should be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Burns DM, Tierney R, Shannon-Lowe C, Croudace J, Inman C, Abbotts B, Nagra S, Fox CP, Chaganti S, Craddock CF, Moss P, Rickinson AB, Rowe M, Bell AI. Memory B-cell reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an EBV-associated transformation event. Blood 2015; 126:2665-75. [PMID: 26450987 PMCID: PMC4732759 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-665000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) provides a unique opportunity to track Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the context of the reconstituting B-cell system. Although many allo-HSCT recipients maintain low or undetectable levels of EBV DNA posttransplant, a significant proportion exhibit elevated and rapidly increasing EBV loads which, if left untreated, may lead to potentially fatal EBV-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Intriguingly, this high-level EBV reactivation typically arises in the first 3 months posttransplant, at a time when the peripheral blood contains low numbers of CD27+ memory cells which are the site of EBV persistence in healthy immunocompetent donors. To investigate this apparent paradox, we prospectively monitored EBV levels and B-cell reconstitution in a cohort of allo-HSCT patients for up to 12 months posttransplant. In patients with low or undetectable levels of EBV, the circulating B-cell pool consisted predominantly of transitional and naive cells, with a marked deficiency of CD27+ memory cells which lasted >12 months. However, among patients with high EBV loads, there was a significant increase in both the proportion and number of CD27+ memory B cells. Analysis of sorted CD27+ memory B cells from these patients revealed that this population was preferentially infected with EBV, expressed EBV latent transcripts associated with B-cell growth transformation, had a plasmablastic phenotype, and frequently expressed the proliferation marker Ki-67. These findings suggest that high-level EBV reactivation following allo-HSCT may drive the expansion of latently infected CD27+ B lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Tierney
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Croudace
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Inman
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Abbotts
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Nagra
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher P Fox
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Chaganti
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Charles F Craddock
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Moss
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rowe
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Bell
- School for Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Ludwig E, Cohen N, Papanicolaou GA, Seo SK. Screening and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation During Chemotherapy. Oncology (Williston Park) 2015; 29:937-943. [PMID: 26676897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Sung JAM, Pickeral J, Liu L, Stanfield-Oakley SA, Lam CYK, Garrido C, Pollara J, LaBranche C, Bonsignori M, Moody MA, Yang Y, Parks R, Archin N, Allard B, Kirchherr J, Kuruc JD, Gay CL, Cohen MS, Ochsenbauer C, Soderberg K, Liao HX, Montefiori D, Moore P, Johnson S, Koenig S, Haynes BF, Nordstrom JL, Margolis DM, Ferrari G. Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting proteins direct T cell-mediated cytolysis of latently HIV-infected cells. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4077-90. [PMID: 26413868 DOI: 10.1172/jci82314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of HIV-specific immunity is likely required to eliminate latent HIV infection. Here, we have developed an immunotherapeutic modality aimed to improve T cell-mediated clearance of HIV-1-infected cells. Specifically, we employed Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART) proteins, which are bispecific, antibody-based molecules that can bind 2 distinct cell-surface molecules simultaneously. We designed DARTs with a monovalent HIV-1 envelope-binding (Env-binding) arm that was derived from broadly binding, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies known to bind to HIV-infected target cells coupled to a monovalent CD3 binding arm designed to engage cytolytic effector T cells (referred to as HIVxCD3 DARTs). Thus, these DARTs redirected polyclonal T cells to specifically engage with and kill Env-expressing cells, including CD4+ T cells infected with different HIV-1 subtypes, thereby obviating the requirement for HIV-specific immunity. Using lymphocytes from patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), we demonstrated that DARTs mediate CD8+ T cell clearance of CD4+ T cells that are superinfected with the HIV-1 strain JR-CSF or infected with autologous reservoir viruses isolated from HIV-infected-patient resting CD4+ T cells. Moreover, DARTs mediated CD8+ T cell clearance of HIV from resting CD4+ T cell cultures following induction of latent virus expression. Combined with HIV latency reversing agents, HIVxCD3 DARTs have the potential to be effective immunotherapeutic agents to clear latent HIV-1 reservoirs in HIV-infected individuals.
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Harrer A, Wipfler P, Pilz G, Oppermann K, Haschke-Becher E, Afazel S, Kraus J, Trinka E, Sellner J. Adaptive Immune Responses in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient with Acute Varicella-Zoster Virus Reactivation during Treatment with Fingolimod. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21832-45. [PMID: 26378517 PMCID: PMC4613283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod, an oral sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, is approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The interference with S1P signaling leads to retention particularly of chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) expressing T cells in lymph nodes. The immunological basis of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections during fingolimod treatment is unclear. Here, we studied the dynamics of systemic and intrathecal immune responses associated with symptomatic VZV reactivation including cessation of fingolimod and initiation of antiviral therapy. Key features in peripheral blood were an about two-fold increase of VZV-specific IgG at diagnosis of VZV reactivation as compared to the previous months, a relative enrichment of effector CD4+ T cells (36% versus mean 12% in controls), and an accelerated reconstitution of absolute lymphocytes counts including a normalized CD4+/CD8+ ratio and reappearance of CCR7+ T cells. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the lymphocytic pleocytosis and CD4+/CD8+ ratios at diagnosis of reactivation and after nine days of fingolimod discontinuation remained unchanged. During this time CCR7+ T cells were not observed in CSF. Further research into fingolimod-associated VZV reactivation and immune reconstitution is mandatory to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with this potentially life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Peter Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Georg Pilz
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Katrin Oppermann
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Elisabeth Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (E.H.-B.); (S.A.)
| | - Shahrzad Afazel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (E.H.-B.); (S.A.)
| | - Jörg Kraus
- Department of Neurology, A.ö. Krankenhaus Zell am See, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5700 Zell am See, Austria; E-Mail:
- Research Institute of Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 München, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +43-662-4483-(ext. 0); Fax: +43-662-4483-3004
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Matar CG, Anthony NR, O’Flaherty BM, Jacobs NT, Priyamvada L, Engwerda CR, Speck SH, Lamb TJ. Gammaherpesvirus Co-infection with Malaria Suppresses Anti-parasitic Humoral Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004858. [PMID: 25996913 PMCID: PMC4440701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria is estimated to occur within 1-2 infections in areas of endemic transmission for Plasmodium falciparum. Yet, nearly 20% of infected children die annually as a result of severe malaria. Multiple risk factors are postulated to exacerbate malarial disease, one being co-infections with other pathogens. Children living in Sub-Saharan Africa are seropositive for Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) by the age of 6 months. This timing overlaps with the waning of protective maternal antibodies and susceptibility to primary Plasmodium infection. However, the impact of acute EBV infection on the generation of anti-malarial immunity is unknown. Using well established mouse models of infection, we show here that acute, but not latent murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection suppresses the anti-malarial humoral response to a secondary malaria infection. Importantly, this resulted in the transformation of a non-lethal P. yoelii XNL infection into a lethal one; an outcome that is correlated with a defect in the maintenance of germinal center B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the spleen. Furthermore, we have identified the MHV68 M2 protein as an important virus encoded protein that can: (i) suppress anti-MHV68 humoral responses during acute MHV68 infection; and (ii) plays a critical role in the observed suppression of anti-malarial humoral responses in the setting of co-infection. Notably, co-infection with an M2-null mutant MHV68 eliminates lethality of P. yoelii XNL. Collectively, our data demonstrates that an acute gammaherpesvirus infection can negatively impact the development of an anti-malarial immune response. This suggests that acute infection with EBV should be investigated as a risk factor for non-cerebral severe malaria in young children living in areas endemic for Plasmodium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caline G. Matar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neil R. Anthony
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children’s Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brigid M. O’Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nathan T. Jacobs
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children’s Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children’s Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel H. Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHS); (TJL)
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children’s Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHS); (TJL)
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