1
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Nayak S, Gowda J, Abbas SA, Kim H, Han SB. Recent Advances in the Development of Sulfamoyl-Based Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid Assembly Modulators. Viruses 2023; 15:2367. [PMID: 38140607 PMCID: PMC10747759 DOI: 10.3390/v15122367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the primary contributor to severe liver ailments, encompassing conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Globally, 257 million people are affected by HBV annually and 887,000 deaths are attributed to it, representing a substantial health burden. Regrettably, none of the existing therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have achieved satisfactory clinical cure rates. This issue stems from the existence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is difficult to eliminate from the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. HBV genetic material is composed of partially double-stranded DNA that forms complexes with viral polymerase inside an icosahedral capsid composed of a dimeric core protein. The HBV core protein, consisting of 183 to 185 amino acids, plays integral roles in multiple essential functions within the HBV replication process. In this review, we describe the effects of sulfamoyl-based carboxamide capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) on capsid assembly, which can suppress HBV replication and disrupt the production of new cccDNA. We present research on classical, first-generation sulfamoyl benzocarboxamide CAMs, elucidating their structural composition and antiviral efficacy. Additionally, we explore newly identified sulfamoyl-based CAMs, including sulfamoyl bicyclic carboxamides, sulfamoyl aromatic heterocyclic carboxamides, sulfamoyl aliphatic heterocyclic carboxamides, cyclic sulfonamides, and non-carboxamide sulfomoyl-based CAMs. We believe that certain molecules derived from sulfamoyl groups have the potential to be developed into essential components of a well-suited combination therapy, ultimately yielding superior clinical efficacy outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesha Nayak
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayaraj Gowda
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Azeem Abbas
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hwang N, Wu S, Ban H, Luo H, Ma J, Cheng J, Zhao Q, Laney JA, Du N, Guo J, Suresh M, Shen L, Tolufashe G, Viswanathan U, Kulp J, Lam P, Chang J, Clement JA, Menne S, Guo JT, Du Y. Identification of novel tetrahydroquinoxaline derived phenyl ureas as modulators of the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid assembly. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115634. [PMID: 37499290 PMCID: PMC10753860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A key step of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is the selective packaging of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) by core protein (Cp) dimers, forming a nucleocapsid where the reverse transcriptional viral DNA replication takes place. One approach in the development of new anti-HBV drugs is to disrupt the assembly of HBV nucleocapsids by misdirecting Cp dimers to assemble morphologically normal capsids devoid of pgRNA. In this study, we built upon our previous discovery of benzamide-derived HBV capsid assembly modulators by exploring fused bicyclic scaffolds with an exocyclic amide that is β, γ to the fused ring, and identified 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline derived phenyl ureas as a novel scaffold. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that a favorable hydrophobic substitution can be tolerated at the 2-position of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline core, and the resulting compound 88 demonstrated comparable or improved antiviral potencies in mouse and human hepatocyte-derived HBV-replicating cell lines compared to our previously reported benzamide compound, 38017 (8). In addition, a novel bis-urea series based on 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline was also found to inhibit HBV DNA replication with sub-micromolar EC50 values. The mode of action of these compounds is consistent with specific inhibition of pgRNA encapsidation into nucleocapsids in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Hwang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Shuo Wu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Haiqun Ban
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA; Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1630 Dongfang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huixin Luo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Julia Ma
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Junjun Cheng
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jessilyn A Laney
- United States Naval Academy, 121 Blake Rd, Annapolis, MD, 21402, USA
| | - Na Du
- Pharmaron, 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Junyang Guo
- Pharmaron, 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Manasa Suresh
- Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Liangxian Shen
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Gideon Tolufashe
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Usha Viswanathan
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - John Kulp
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Patrick Lam
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Jason A Clement
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Stephan Menne
- Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
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4
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Asor R, Singaram SW, Levi-Kalisman Y, Hagan MF, Raviv U. Effect of ionic strength on the assembly of simian vacuolating virus capsid protein around poly(styrene sulfonate). THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:107. [PMID: 37917241 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are noninfectious nanocapsules that can be used for drug delivery or vaccine applications. VLPs can be assembled from virus capsid proteins around a condensing agent, such as RNA, DNA, or a charged polymer. Electrostatic interactions play an important role in the assembly reaction. VLPs assemble from many copies of capsid protein, with a combinatorial number of intermediates. Hence, the mechanism of the reaction is poorly understood. In this paper, we combined solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and computational modeling to determine the effect of ionic strength on the assembly of Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 (SV40)-like particles. We mixed poly(styrene sulfonate) with SV40 capsid protein pentamers at different ionic strengths. We then characterized the assembly product by SAXS and cryo-TEM. To analyze the data, we performed Langevin dynamics simulations using a coarse-grained model that revealed incomplete, asymmetric VLP structures consistent with the experimental data. We found that close to physiological ionic strength, [Formula: see text] VLPs coexisted with VP1 pentamers. At lower or higher ionic strengths, incomplete particles coexisted with pentamers and [Formula: see text] particles. Including the simulated structures was essential to explain the SAXS data in a manner that is consistent with the cryo-TEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Asor
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Surendra W Singaram
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02453, MA, USA
| | - Yael Levi-Kalisman
- Institute of Life Sciences and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02453, MA, USA.
| | - Uri Raviv
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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McFadden WM, Sarafianos SG. Biology of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core and capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cure. Glob Health Med 2023; 5:199-207. [PMID: 37655181 PMCID: PMC10461335 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2023.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepadnavirus, a small DNA virus that infects liver tissue, with some unusual replication steps that share similarities to retroviruses. HBV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a life-long infection associated with significant risks of liver disease, especially if untreated. HBV is a significant global health problem, with hundreds of millions currently living with CHB. Currently approved strategies to prevent or inhibit HBV are highly effective, however, a cure for CHB has remained elusive. To achieve a cure, elimination of the functionally integrated HBV covalently closed chromosomal DNA (cccDNA) genome is required. The capsid core is an essential component of HBV replication, serving roles when establishing infection and in creating new virions. Over the last two and a half decades, significant efforts have been made to find and characterize antivirals that target the capsid, specifically the HBV core protein (Cp). The antivirals that interfere with the kinetics and morphology of the capsid, termed capsid assembly modulators (CAMs), are extremely potent, and clinical investigations indicate they are well tolerated and highly effective. Several CAMs offer the potential to cure CHB by decreasing the cccDNA pools. Here, we review the biology of the HBV capsid, focused on Cp, and the development of inhibitors that target it.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. McFadden
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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DeRatt LG, Stoops B, Shaffer P, Lam AM, Espiritu C, Vogel R, Lau V, Flores OA, Kuduk SD. Di-Fluoro Azepane HBV Capsid Assembly Modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023:129350. [PMID: 37247697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The protein that forms the inner shell of the HBV virus, known as the capsid core protein, plays a crucial role in allowing chronic HBV infections to persist. Studies have shown that disrupting the assembly of the capsid can effectively combat the virus, and small molecule drugs that target the HBV capsid assembly modulator (CAM) process have been successful in clinical trials. Herein is described a distinct series of di-fluoro azepane CAMs with exceptional potency, pharmacokinetic, and solubility properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G DeRatt
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paul Shaffer
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Angela M Lam
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Robert Vogel
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Vincent Lau
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Osvaldo A Flores
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
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7
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Jin Y, Wang S, Xu S, Zhao S, Xu X, Poongavanam V, Menéndez-Arias L, Zhan P, Liu X. Targeting hepatitis B virus cccDNA levels: recent progress in seeking small molecule drug candidates. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103617. [PMID: 37196762 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem that puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. The presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected cells is considered to be the main obstacle to curing chronic hepatitis B. At present, the cccDNA cannot be completely eliminated by standard treatments. There is an urgent need to develop drugs or therapies that can reduce HBV cccDNA levels in infected cells. We summarize the discovery and optimization of small molecules that target cccDNA synthesis and degradation. These compounds are cccDNA synthesis inhibitors, cccDNA reducers, core protein allosteric modulators, ribonuclease H inhibitors, cccDNA transcriptional modulators, HBx inhibitors and other small molecules that reduce cccDNA levels. Teaser: HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) can be stably maintained in infected cells for a prolonged period, and this is the fundamental reason why hepatitis B cannot be completely cured. Here, we review recent progress in the development of small molecules that can reduce cccDNA levels in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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8
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Wang Y, Wang S, Tao X, Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen N, Hu C, Wang H, Yu S, Sheng R. The SAR-based development of small molecular HBV capsid assembly modulators. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Kuduk SD, DeRatt LG, Stoops B, Shaffer P, Lam AM, Espiritu C, Vogel R, Lau V, Flores OA, Hartman GD. Diazepinone HBV Capsid Assembly Modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128823. [PMID: 35644301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The HBV capsid core protein serves a number of important functions in the viral life cycle enabling chronic HBV infection to persist, and therefore is a promising drug target. Interfering with capsid assembly has shown efficacy in clinical trials with small molecule capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). Herein is described the further optimization of a progressive series of diazepinone HBV CAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477.
| | - Lindsey G DeRatt
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paul Shaffer
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Angela M Lam
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Robert Vogel
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Vincent Lau
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Osvaldo A Flores
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - George D Hartman
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477
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10
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Novel Neplanocin A Derivatives as Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis B Virus with a Unique Mechanism of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0207321. [PMID: 35604213 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02073-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel neplanocin A derivatives have been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro. These include (1S,2R,5R)-5-(5-bromo-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-7-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol (AR-II-04-26) and (1S,2R,5R)-5-(4-amino-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxylmethyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol (MK-III-02-03). The 50% effective concentrations of AR-II-04-26 and MK-III-02-03 were 0.77 ± 0.23 and 0.83 ± 0.36 μM in HepG2.2.15.7 cells, respectively. These compounds reduced intracellular HBV RNA levels in HepG2.2.15.7 cells and infected primary human hepatocytes. Accordingly, they could reduce HBs and HBe antigen production in the culture supernatants, which was not observed with clinically approved anti-HBV nucleosides and nucleotides (reverse transcriptase inhibitors). The neplanocin A derivatives also inhibited HBV RNA derived from cccDNA. In addition, unlike neplanocin A itself, the compounds did not inhibit S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase activity. Thus, it appears that the mechanism of action of AR-II-04-26 and MK-III-02-03 differs from that of the clinically approved anti-HBV agents. Although their exact mechanism (target molecule) remains to be elucidated, the novel neplanocin A derivatives are considered promising candidate drugs for inhibition of HBV replication.
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11
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Taverniti V, Ligat G, Debing Y, Kum DB, Baumert TF, Verrier ER. Capsid Assembly Modulators as Antiviral Agents against HBV: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051349. [PMID: 35268440 PMCID: PMC8911156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a preventive vaccine being available, more than 250 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a major cause of liver disease and HCC. HBV infects human hepatocytes where it establishes its genome, the cccDNA with chromosomal features. Therapies controlling HBV replication exist; however, they are not sufficient to eradicate HBV cccDNA, the main cause for HBV persistence in patients. Core protein is the building block of HBV nucleocapsid. This viral protein modulates almost every step of the HBV life cycle; hence, it represents an attractive target for the development of new antiviral therapies. Capsid assembly modulators (CAM) bind to core dimers and perturb the proper nucleocapsid assembly. The potent antiviral activity of CAM has been demonstrated in cell-based and in vivo models. Moreover, several CAMs have entered clinical development. The aim of this review is to summarize the mechanism of action (MoA) and the advancements in the clinical development of CAMs and in the characterization of their mod of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Taverniti
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.T.); (G.L.); (T.F.B.)
| | - Gaëtan Ligat
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.T.); (G.L.); (T.F.B.)
| | - Yannick Debing
- Aligos Belgium BV, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.D.); (D.B.K.)
| | | | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.T.); (G.L.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi R. Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (V.T.); (G.L.); (T.F.B.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Hwang N, Ban H, Wu S, McGuire K, Hernandez E, Chen J, Zhao Q, Suresh M, Blass B, Viswanathan U, Kulp J, Chang J, Clement J, Menne S, Guo JT, Du Y. 4-Oxooctahydroquinoline-1(2H)-carboxamides as hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid core protein assembly modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 58:128518. [PMID: 34979256 PMCID: PMC8792325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein, the building block of the HBV capsid, plays multiple roles in viral replication, and is an attractive target for development of antiviral agents with a new mechanism of action. In addition to the heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs), sulfamoylbenzamides (SBAs), dibenzothiazepine derivatives (DBTs), and sulfamoylpyrrolamides (SPAs) that inhibit HBV replication by modulation of viral capsid assembly and are currently under clinical trials for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), other chemical structures with activity to modulate HBV capsid assembly have also been explored. Here we describe our continued optimization of a benzamide originating from our high throughput screening. A new bicyclic carboxamide lead featuring an electron deficient non-planar core structure was discovered. Evaluations of its ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles demonstrate improved metabolic stability and good bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Hwang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA, Contribute equally
| | - Haiqun Ban
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1630 Dongfang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, China, Contribute equally
| | - Shuo Wu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA, Contribute equally
| | - Kelly McGuire
- Temple University, 1801 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 191222
| | - Ellen Hernandez
- Delaware Valley university, 700 E Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901
| | - Junjun Chen
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Manasa Suresh
- Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Benjamin Blass
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Usha Viswanathan
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - John Kulp
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jason Clement
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Stephan Menne
- Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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13
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Lin J, Yin L, Xu XZ, Sun HC, Huang ZH, Ni XY, Chen Y, Lin X. Bay41-4109-induced aberrant polymers of hepatitis b capsid proteins are removed via STUB1-promoted p62-mediated macroautophagy. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010204. [PMID: 35030230 PMCID: PMC8824320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) functions in multiple steps of the viral life cycle. Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compounds (HAPs) such as Bay41-4109 are capsid protein allosteric modulators that accelerate HBc degradation and inhibit the virion secretion of HBV, specifically by misleading HBc assembly into aberrant non-capsid polymers. However, the subsequent cellular fates of these HAP-induced aberrant non-capsid polymers are not well understood. Here, we discovered that that the chaperone-binding E3 ubiquitin ligase protein STUB1 is required for the removal of Bay41-4109-induced aberrant non-capsid polymers from HepAD38 cells. Specifically, STUB1 recruits BAG3 to transport Bay41-4109-induced aberrant non-capsid polymers to the perinuclear region of cells, thereby initiating p62-mediated macroautophagy and lysosomal degradation. We also demonstrate that elevating the STUB1 level enhances the inhibitory effect of Bay41-4109 on the production of HBeAg and HBV virions in HepAD38 cells, in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells, and in HBV transgenic mice. STUB1 overexpression also facilitates the inhibition of Bay41-4109 on the cccDNA formation in de novo infection of HBV. Understanding these molecular details paves the way for applying HAPs as a potentially curative regimen (or a component of a combination treatment) for eradicating HBV from hepatocytes of chronic infection patients. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 250 million people worldwide chronically. It is a major pathogen causing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma now. The HBV capsid protein (HBc) plays multiple roles in the viral life cycle, and many antivirals targeting HBc such as Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine compounds (HAPs) are under clinical trial recently. This study aimed to investigate how a HAP compound Bay41-4109 induces the degradation of HBc protein. Bay41-4109 induces aberrant non-capsid polymers, which form in complex with the chaperone-binding E3 ubiquitin ligase protein STUB1 and co-chaperone BAG3 and are transported to the perinuclear compartment. Subsequently, Bay41-4109-induced aberrant non-capsid polymers are removed by p62-mediated macroautophagy and lysosomal degradation. STUB1 overexpression accelerates Bay41-4109-induced degradation of HBc protein, and thus enhances the effect of Bay41-4109 on inhibiting secretion of HBeAg and HBV virions. When Bay41-4109 are enforced during HBV infection, de novo cccDNA formation were also negatively regulated by STUB1 overexpression. Altogether, this study provides novel mechanistic insights into developing more potent and safe HAP-based antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Limin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xia-Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - He-Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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14
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Kim H, Ko C, Lee JY, Kim M. Current Progress in the Development of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators: Chemical Structure, Mode-of-Action and Efficacy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247420. [PMID: 34946502 PMCID: PMC8705634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major causative agent of human hepatitis. Its viral genome comprises partially double-stranded DNA, which is complexed with viral polymerase within an icosahedral capsid consisting of a dimeric core protein. Here, we describe the effects of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) on the geometric or kinetic disruption of capsid construction and the virus life cycle. We highlight classical, early-generation CAMs such as heteroaryldihydropyrimidines, phenylpropenamides or sulfamoylbenzamides, and focus on the chemical structure and antiviral efficacy of recently identified non-classical CAMs, which consist of carboxamides, aryl ureas, bithiazoles, hydrazones, benzylpyridazinones, pyrimidines, quinolines, dyes, and antimicrobial compounds. We summarize the therapeutic efficacy of four representative classical compounds with data from clinical phase 1 studies in chronic HBV patients. Most of these compounds are in phase 2 trials, either as monotherapy or in combination with approved nucleos(t)ides drugs or other immunostimulatory molecules. As followers of the early CAMs, the therapeutic efficacy of several non-classical CAMs has been evaluated in humanized mouse models of HBV infection. It is expected that these next-generation HBV CAMs will be promising candidates for a series of extended human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Meehyein Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
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15
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Du Y, Broering R, Li X, Zhang X, Liu J, Yang D, Lu M. In Vivo Mouse Models for Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Their Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766534. [PMID: 34777385 PMCID: PMC8586444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccination, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major challenge worldwide. Research efforts are ongoing to find an effective cure for the estimated 250 million people chronically infected by HBV in recent years. The exceptionally limited host spectrum of HBV has limited the research progress. Thus, different HBV mouse models have been developed and used for studies on infection, immune responses, pathogenesis, and antiviral therapies. However, these mouse models have great limitations as no spread of HBV infection occurs in the mouse liver and no or only very mild hepatitis is present. Thus, the suitability of these mouse models for a given issue and the interpretation of the results need to be critically assessed. This review summarizes the currently available mouse models for HBV research, including hydrodynamic injection, viral vector-mediated transfection, recombinant covalently closed circular DNA (rc-cccDNA), transgenic, and liver humanized mouse models. We systematically discuss the characteristics of each model, with the main focus on hydrodynamic injection mouse model. The usefulness and limitations of each mouse model are discussed based on the published studies. This review summarizes the facts for considerations of the use and suitability of mouse model in future HBV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Kuduk SD, Stoops B, Lam AM, Espiritu C, Vogel R, Lau V, Klumpp K, Flores OA, Hartman GD. Oxadiazepinone HBV capsid assembly modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128353. [PMID: 34492302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The HBV core protein serves multiple essential functions in the viral life cycle that enable chronic HBV infection to persist, and as such, represents a promising drug target. Modulation of the HBV capsid assembly has shown efficacy in early clinical trials through use of small molecule capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). Herein is described the evolution and SAR of a novel pyrazolo piperidine lead series into advanced oxadiazepinone HBV CAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, NV Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Angela M Lam
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Robert Vogel
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Vincent Lau
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Osvaldo A Flores
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - George D Hartman
- Novira Therapeutics, A Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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17
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Niklasch M, Zimmermann P, Nassal M. The Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid-Dynamic Compartment for Infectious Virus Production and New Antiviral Target. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1577. [PMID: 34829806 PMCID: PMC8615760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus which replicates its tiny 3.2 kb genome by reverse transcription inside an icosahedral nucleocapsid, formed by a single ~180 amino acid capsid, or core, protein (Cp). HBV causes chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a severe liver disease responsible for nearly a million deaths each year. Most of HBV's only seven primary gene products are multifunctional. Though less obvious than for the multi-domain polymerase, P protein, this is equally crucial for Cp with its multiple roles in the viral life-cycle. Cp provides a stable genome container during extracellular phases, allows for directed intracellular genome transport and timely release from the capsid, and subsequent assembly of new nucleocapsids around P protein and the pregenomic (pg) RNA, forming a distinct compartment for reverse transcription. These opposing features are enabled by dynamic post-transcriptional modifications of Cp which result in dynamic structural alterations. Their perturbation by capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) is a promising new antiviral concept. CAMs inappropriately accelerate assembly and/or distort the capsid shell. We summarize the functional, biochemical, and structural dynamics of Cp, and discuss the therapeutic potential of CAMs based on clinical data. Presently, CAMs appear as a valuable addition but not a substitute for existing therapies. However, as part of rational combination therapies CAMs may bring the ambitious goal of a cure for CHB closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Nassal
- Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.N.); (P.Z.)
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18
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Botta L, Cesarini S, Zippilli C, Bizzarri BM, Fanelli A, Saladino R. Multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of antiviral compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2013-2050. [PMID: 34620058 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211007121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicomponent reactions are one-pot processes for the synthesis of highly functionalized hetero-cyclic and hetero-acyclic compounds, often endowed with biological activity. OBJECTIVE Multicomponent reactions are considered green processes with high atom economy. In addition, they present advantages compared to the classic synthetic methods such as high efficiency and low wastes production. METHOD In these reactions two or more reagents are combined together in the same flask to yield a product containing almost all the atoms of the starting materials. RESULTS The scope of this review is to present an overview of the application of multicomponent reactions in the synthesis of compounds endowed with antiviral activity. The syntheses are classified depending on the viral target. CONCLUSION Multicomponent reactions can be applied to all the stages of the drug discovery and development process making them very useful in the search for new agents active against emerging (viral) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Botta
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Silvia Cesarini
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Claudio Zippilli
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | | | - Angelica Fanelli
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo. Italy
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19
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Zhang X, Wang X, Wu M, Ghildyal R, Yuan Z. Animal Models for the Study of Hepatitis B Virus Pathobiology and Immunity: Past, Present, and Future. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715450. [PMID: 34335553 PMCID: PMC8322840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that plagues approximately 240 million people. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often leads to liver inflammation and aberrant repair which results in diseases ranging from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its narrow species tropism, researchers have established various in vivo models for HBV or its related viruses which have provided a wealth of knowledge on viral lifecycle, pathogenesis, and immunity. Here we briefly revisit over five decades of endeavor in animal model development for HBV and summarize their advantages and limitations. We also suggest directions for further improvements that are crucial for elucidation of the viral immune-evasion strategies and for development of novel therapeutics for a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Sajidah ES, Lim K, Wong RW. How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Build an Invasion Route to Hijack the Host Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking System. Cells 2021; 10:1424. [PMID: 34200500 PMCID: PMC8230057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Division of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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21
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Al-Wahaibi LH, Bysani SRS, Tawfik SS, Abdelbaky MSM, Garcia-Granda S, El-Emam AA, Percino MJ, Thamotharan S. Invariant and Variable Supramolecular Self-Assembly in 6-Substituted Uracil Derivatives: Insights from X-ray Structures and Quantum Chemical Study. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lamya H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sai Ramya Sree Bysani
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Samar S. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S. M. Abdelbaky
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oviedo University-CINN, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Granda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Oviedo University-CINN, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. Judith Percino
- Unidad de Polímeros y Electrónica Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Val3-Ecocampus Valsequillo, Independencia O2 Sur 50, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla, C.P.72960, México
| | - Subbiah Thamotharan
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
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22
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Kuduk SD, Stoops B, Alexander R, Lam AM, Espiritu C, Vogel R, Lau V, Klumpp K, Flores OA, Hartman GD. Identification of a new class of HBV capsid assembly modulator. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 39:127848. [PMID: 33610748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The HBV core protein is a druggable target of interest due to the multiple essential functions in the HBV life cycle to enable chronic HBV infection. The core protein oligomerizes to form the viral capsid, and modulation of the HBV capsid assembly has shown efficacy in clinical trials. Herein is described the identification and hit to lead SAR of a novel series of pyrazolo piperidine HBV capsid assembly modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Richard Alexander
- Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Angela M Lam
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Robert Vogel
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Vincent Lau
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Osvaldo A Flores
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - George D Hartman
- Novira Therapeutics, a Janssen Pharmaceuticals Company, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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23
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Sauviller S, Vergauwen K, Jaensch S, Gustin E, Peeters D, Vermeulen P, Wuyts D, Vandyck K, Pauwels F, Berke JM. Development of a cellular high-content, immunofluorescent HBV core assay to identify novel capsid assembly modulators that induce the formation of aberrant HBV core structures. J Virol Methods 2021; 293:114150. [PMID: 33839187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) core protein has multiple functions in the viral life cycle and is an attractive target for new anti-viral therapies. Capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) target the core protein and induce the formation of either morphologically normal (CAM-N) or aberrant structures (CAM-A), both devoid of genomic material. To date a diverse family of CAM-N chemotypes has been identified, but in contrast, described CAM-As are based on the heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) scaffold. We used the HBV-inducible HepG2.117 cell line with immunofluorescent labeling of HBV core to develop and validate a cellular high-content image-based assay where aggregated core structures are identified using image analysis spot texture features. Treatment with HAPs led to a dose- and time-dependent formation of aggregated core appearing as dot-like structures in the cytoplasm and nucleus. By combining a biochemical and cellular screening approach, a compound was identified as a novel non-HAP scaffold able to induce dose-dependent formation of aberrant core structures, which was confirmed by electron microscopy and native gel electrophoresis. This compound displayed anti-HBV activity in HepG2.117 cells, providing proof-of-concept for our screening approach. We believe our combined biochemical and cellular high-content screening method will aid in expanding the range of CAM-A chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sauviller
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karen Vergauwen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gustin
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Danielle Peeters
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Vermeulen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Wuyts
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Koen Vandyck
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Martin Berke
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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24
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Chen L, Liu WG, Xiong F, Ma C, Sun C, Zhu YR, Zhang XG, Wang ZH. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations analyses of a series of heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivatives as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In silico design of heteroaryldihydropyrimidine-based selective HBV capsid assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Guang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ren Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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25
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Advances in Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Infections by Human Pathogenic Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239289. [PMID: 33291453 PMCID: PMC7730764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. This review discusses progress in the development and use of transgenic mice for the study of virus-induced human diseases towards identification of new drug innovations to treat and control human pathogenic infectious diseases.
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26
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Ren Y, Ma Y, Cherukupalli S, Tavis JE, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Discovery and optimization of benzenesulfonamides-based hepatitis B virus capsid modulators via contemporary medicinal chemistry strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112714. [PMID: 32949990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable, but potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It represents an important health burden, with 257 million active cases globally. Current HBV treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferons cannot alleviate the situation completely since they are unable to cure the infection or reduce the amount of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The HBV core protein is a small protein of 183 amino acids that participates in multiple essential functions in the HBV replicative cycle. Capsid assembly modulators that target the core protein are being developed. Sulfonamides are synthetic functional groups, found in several drugs. Herein, we provide a concise report focusing on the sulfamoylbenzamides as HBV capsid modulators, and medicinal chemistry strategies used in their design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Rybicka M, Bielawski KP. Recent Advances in Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1416. [PMID: 32942584 PMCID: PMC7565763 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 292 million people worldwide and is associated with a broad range of clinical manifestations including cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the availability of an effective vaccine HBV still causes nearly 900,000 deaths every year. Current treatment options keep HBV under control, but they do not offer a cure as they cannot completely clear HBV from infected hepatocytes. The recent development of reliable cell culture systems allowed for a better understanding of the host and viral mechanisms affecting HBV replication and persistence. Recent advances into the understanding of HBV biology, new potential diagnostic markers of hepatitis B infection, as well as novel antivirals targeting different steps in the HBV replication cycle are summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Rybicka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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Ligat G, Goto K, Verrier E, Baumert TF. Targeting Viral cccDNA for Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 19:235-244. [PMID: 36034467 PMCID: PMC7613435 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-020-00534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a major cause of advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. HBV replication is characterized by the synthesis of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA which is not targeted by antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) the key modality of standard of care. While HBV replication is successfully suppressed in treated patients, they remain at risk for developing HCC. While functional cure, characterized by loss of HBsAg, is the first goal of novel antiviral therapies, curative treatments eliminating cccDNA remain the ultimate goal. This review summarizes recent advances in the discovery and development of novel therapeutic strategies and their impact on cccDNA biology. Recent Findings Within the last decade, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of cccDNA biology including the discovery of host dependency factors, epigenetic regulation of cccDNA transcription and immune-mediated degradation. Several approaches targeting cccDNA either in a direct or indirect manner are currently at the stage of discovery, preclinical or early clinical development. Examples include genome-editing approaches, strategies targeting host dependency factors or epigenetic gene regulation, nucleocapsid modulators and immune-mediated degradation. Summary While direct-targeting cccDNA strategies are still largely at the preclinical stage of development, capsid assembly modulators and immune-based approaches have reached the clinical phase. Clinical trials are ongoing to assess their efficacy and safety in patients including their impact on viral cccDNA. Combination therapies provide additional opportunities to overcome current limitations of individual approaches.
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29
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Wang C, Pei Y, Wang L, Li S, Jiang C, Tan X, Dong Y, Xiang Y, Ma Y, Liu G. Discovery of (1 H-Pyrazolo[3,4- c]pyridin-5-yl)sulfonamide Analogues as Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators by Conformation Constraint. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6066-6089. [PMID: 32421339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) have been suggested to be effective anti-HBV agents in both preclinical and clinical studies. In addition to blocking HBV replication, CAMs could reduce the formation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which accounts for the persistence of HBV infection. Here, we describe the discovery of (1H-indazole-5-yl)sulfonamides and (1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-5-yl)sulfonamides as new CAM chemotypes by constraining the conformation of the sulfamoylbenzamide derivatives. Lead optimization resulted in compound 56 with an EC50 value of 0.034 μM and good metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes. To increase the solubility, the amino acid prodrug (65) and its citric acid salt (67) were prepared. Compound 67 dose dependently inhibited HBV replication in a hydrodynamic injection-based mouse model of HBV infection, while 56 did not show in vivo anti-HBV activity, likely owing to its suboptimal solubility. This class of compounds may serve as a starting point to develop novel anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yameng Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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30
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Wu M, Wang C, Shi B, Fang Z, Qin B, Zhou X, Zhang X, Yuan Z. A novel recombinant cccDNA-based mouse model with long term maintenance of rcccDNA and antigenemia. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104826. [PMID: 32502604 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is critical for viral persistence in vivo. The lack of reliable, characterized and convenient small animal models for studying cccDNA persistence has long been a bottleneck for basic and translational research on HBV cure. A mouse model that can maintain intrahepatic cccDNA is urgently needed. Through combining the Cre/loxP-mediated recombination and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivery strategy, we establish a novel recombinant cccDNA (rcccDNA) mouse model. AAV-rcccDNA mice supported long-term maintenance of intrahepatic rcccDNA which could be easily detected by Southern blotting within 30 weeks after transduction. Quantitative PCR could detect the rcccDNA signal throughout the experiment duration (>51 weeks). Furthermore, rcccDNA supported persistent serum antigenemia (>72 weeks) and intrahepatic HBsAg and HBcAg expression (>51 weeks). Flow cytometry analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing showed that AAV-rcccDNA mice displayed a compromised CD8+ T cell response. Meanwhile, minimal intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis were observed. Furthermore, three anti-HBV compounds, AKEX0007, a post-transcriptional inhibitor, Bay 41-4109, a capsid allosteric modulator, and Entecavir were assessed in this AAV-rcccDNA mouse model. The changes of viral markers by these drugs were consistent with their mode of action although neither of them diminished the level of rcccDNA. This mouse model recapitulated the immune tolerant state of HBV infection with long term maintenance of cccDNA and antigenemia, which will provide a suitable platform for studying cccDNA persistence and developing intervention strategies that would eventually break the tolerance and clear the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bisheng Shi
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Fang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyin Qin
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Kuduk SD, Lam AM, Espiritu C, Vogel R, Lau V, Klumpp K, Flores OA, Hartman GD. SAR studies in the sulfonyl carboxamide class of HBV capsid assembly modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2405-2409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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Toyama M, Sakakibara N, Takeda M, Okamoto M, Watashi K, Wakita T, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M, Ikeda M, Baba M. Pyrimidotriazine derivatives as selective inhibitors of HBV capsid assembly. Virus Res 2019; 271:197677. [PMID: 31376401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is currently treated with nucleoside/nucleotides analogs. They are potent inhibitors of HBV DNA polymerase, which also functions as reverse transcriptase. Although nucleoside/nucleotide analogs efficiently suppress HBV replication in liver cells, they cannot eradicate HBV DNA from liver cells and cure the disease. Therefore, it is still mandatory to identify and develop effective inhibitors that target a step other than reverse transcription in the viral replication cycle. HBV capsid assembly is a critical step for viral replication and an attractive target for inhibition of HBV replication. We conducted in silico screening of compounds expected to bind to the HBV capsid dimer-dimer interaction site. The selected compounds were further examined for their anti-HBV activity in vitro. Among the test compounds, novel pyrimidotriazine derivatives were found to be selective inhibitors of HBV replication in HepG2.2.15.7 cells. Among the compounds, 2-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)amino]-4-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-8-methyl-4H,9H-pyrimido[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-6-one was the most active against HBV replication. Studies on its mechanism of action revealed that the compound interfered with HBV capsid assembly determined by a cell-free capsid assembly system. Thus, the pyrimidotriazine derivatives are considered to be potential leads for novel HBV capsid assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Toyama
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Norikazu Sakakibara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Midori Takeda
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mika Okamoto
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Division of Biological Information Technology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 257 million people globally, resulting in progressively worsening liver disease, manifesting as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The exceptionally narrow species tropism of HBV restricts its natural hosts to humans and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. The unavailability of completely immunocompetent small-animal models has contributed to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Even though surrogates allow the study of closely related viruses, their host genetic backgrounds, immune responses, and molecular virology differ from those of HBV. Various different models, based on either pure murine or xenotransplantation systems, have been introduced over the past years, often making the choice of the optimal model for any given question challenging. Here, we offer a concise review of in vivo model systems employed to study HBV infection and steps in the HBV life cycle or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Cherry
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Harry Gunn
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
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Huber AD, Pineda DL, Liu D, Boschert KN, Gres AT, Wolf JJ, Coonrod EM, Tang J, Laughlin TG, Yang Q, Puray-Chavez MN, Ji J, Singh K, Kirby KA, Wang Z, Sarafianos SG. Novel Hepatitis B Virus Capsid-Targeting Antiviral That Aggregates Core Particles and Inhibits Nuclear Entry of Viral Cores. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:750-758. [PMID: 30582687 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 240 million are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, HBV treatment options include only nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the immunomodulatory agent interferon alpha, and these treatments are generally not curative. New treatments with novel mechanisms of action, therefore, are highly desired for HBV therapy. The viral core protein (Cp) has gained attention as a possible therapeutic target because of its vital roles in the HBV life cycle. Several classes of capsid assembly effectors (CAEs) have been described in detail, and these compounds all increase capsid assembly rate but inhibit HBV replication by different mechanisms. In this study, we have developed a thermal shift-based screening method for CAE discovery and characterization, filling a much-needed gap in high-throughput screening methods for capsid-targeting molecules. Using this approach followed by cell-based screening, we identified the compound HF9C6 as a CAE with low micromolar potency against HBV replication. HF9C6 caused large multicapsid aggregates when capsids were assembled in vitro and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, when HBV-expressing cells were treated with HF9C6, Cp was excluded from cell nuclei, suggesting that this compound may inhibit nuclear entry of Cp and capsids. Furthermore, mutational scanning of Cp suggested that HF9C6 binds the known CAE binding pocket, indicating that key Cp-compound interactions within this pocket have a role in determining the CAE mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dallas L. Pineda
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dandan Liu
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kelsey N. Boschert
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Anna T. Gres
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Wolf
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Emily M. Coonrod
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 105 Tucker Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jing Tang
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas G. Laughlin
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Maritza N. Puray-Chavez
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Juan Ji
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 312 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 E. Rollins St., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M616 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Yang L, Liu F, Tong X, Hoffmann D, Zuo J, Lu M. Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Using Small Molecule Modulators of Nucleocapsid Assembly: Recent Advances and Perspectives. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:713-724. [PMID: 30896149 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the recent advance of basic research on molecular biology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, novel antiviral drugs targeting various steps of the HBV life cycle have been developed in recent years. HBV nucleocapsid assembly is now recognized as a hot target for anti-HBV drug development. Structural and functional analysis of HBV nucleocapsid allowed rational design and improvement of small molecules with the ability to interact with the components of HBV nucleocapsid and modulate the viral nucleocapsid assembly process. Prototypes of small molecule modulators targeting HBV nucleocapsid assembly are being preclinically tested or have moved forward in clinical trials, with promising results. This Review summarizes the recent advances in the approach to develop antiviral drugs based on the modulation of HBV nucleocapsid assembly. The antiviral mechanisms of small molecule modulators beyond the capsid formation and the potential implications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankun Tong
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Jianping Zuo
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech
Park, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45122, Germany
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Rübsamen-Schaeff H. From academic research to founding a company: the story of AiCuris. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis contribution describes the experiences with three careers: leading and building an academic research institute, heading a research area in a multinational pharma company and founding and leading a biotech company, which saw its first drug successfully enter the market in its 11thyear of existence. The three positions had very different challenges, the common denominator for success was good and innovative science. However, research in a commercial environment, in addition to scientific excellence, also means to demonstrate the likely commercial success of the particular research. The most challenging, but at the same time the most interesting mission was the foundation of a new company, securing the financial means and developing the drugs, which had been discovered, in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Rübsamen-Schaeff
- Founding CEO of AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures GmbH, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board, AiCuris , Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 475 , Wuppertal 42117 , Germany
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Molecular mechanisms of tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines as HBV capsid assembly inhibitors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tang J, Huber AD, Pineda DL, Boschert KN, Wolf JJ, Kankanala J, Xie J, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. 5-Aminothiophene-2,4-dicarboxamide analogues as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly effectors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:179-192. [PMID: 30594676 PMCID: PMC6362850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major health threat. Current FDA-approved drugs do not cure HBV. Targeting HBV core protein (Cp) provides an attractive approach toward HBV inhibition and possibly infection cure. We have previously identified and characterized a 5-amino-3-methylthiophene-2,4-dicarboxamide (ATDC) compound as a structurally novel hit for capsid assembly effectors (CAEs). We report herein hit validation through studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties and pharmacokinetics (PK), and hit optimization via analogue synthesis aiming to probe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-property relationship (SPR). In the end, these medicinal chemistry efforts led to the identification of multiple analogues strongly binding to Cp, potently inhibiting HBV replication in nanomolar range without cytotoxicity, and exhibiting good oral bioavailability (F). Two of our analogues, 19o (EC50 = 0.11 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, F = 25%) and 19k (EC50 = 0.31 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, F = 46%), displayed overall lead profiles superior to reported CAEs 7-10 used in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andrew D Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kelsey N Boschert
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jennifer J Wolf
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jayakanth Kankanala
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Hu J, Lin YY, Chen PJ, Watashi K, Wakita T. Cell and Animal Models for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Drug Development. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:338-354. [PMID: 30243619 PMCID: PMC6649672 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many cell culture and animal models have been used to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and its effects in the liver; these have facilitated development of strategies to control and clear chronic HBV infection. We discuss the advantages and limitations of systems for studying HBV and developing antiviral agents, along with recent advances. New and improved model systems are needed. Cell culture systems should be convenient, support efficient HBV infection, and reproduce responses of hepatocytes in the human body. We also need animals that are fully permissive to HBV infection, convenient for study, and recapitulate human immune responses to HBV and effects in the liver. High-throughput screening technologies could facilitate drug development based on findings from cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Hu
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University.
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
The capsid protein is a promising target for the development of therapeutic anti-virus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Ya-Rong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine
- School of Life Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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41
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Identification of Compounds Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Dimerization through a Split Luciferase Complementation Assay. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01302-18. [PMID: 30224531 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01302-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsid of the hepatitis B virus is an attractive antiviral target for developing therapies against chronic hepatitis B infection. Currently available core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) mainly affect one of the two major types of protein-protein interactions involved in the process of capsid assembly, namely, the interaction between the core dimers. Compounds targeting the interaction between two core monomers have not been rigorously screened due to the lack of screening models. We report here a cell-based assay in which the formation of core dimers is indicated by split luciferase complementation (SLC). Making use of this model, 2 compounds, Arbidol (umifenovir) and 20-deoxyingenol, were identified from a library containing 672 compounds as core dimerization regulators. Arbidol and 20-deoxyingenol inhibit the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication in vitro by decreasing and increasing the formation of core dimer and capsid, respectively. Our results provided a proof of concept for the cell model to be used to screen new agents targeting the step of core dimer and capsid formation.
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42
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Mouse models for hepatitis B virus research. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:85-91. [PMID: 30310404 PMCID: PMC6170223 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health problem; indeed, there are 250 million carriers worldwide. The host range of HBV is narrow; therefore, few primates are susceptible to HBV infection. However, ethical constraints, high cost, and large size limit the use of primates as suitable animal models. Thus, in vivo testing of therapies that target HBV has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo research model. To address this, mouse model systems of HBV are being developed and several are used for studying HBV in vivo. In this review, we summarize the currently available mouse models, including HBV transgenic mice, hydrodynamic injection-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, adeno-associated virus-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, and human liver chimeric mouse models. These developed (or being developed) mouse model systems are promising and should be useful tools for studying HBV.
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43
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Novel Potent Capsid Assembly Modulators Regulate Multiple Steps of the Hepatitis B Virus Life Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00835-18. [PMID: 30012770 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00835-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) into capsids represents a critical step of viral replication. HBc has multiple functions during the HBV life cycle, which makes it an attractive target for antiviral therapies. Capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) induce the formation of empty capsid or aberrant capsid devoid of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and finally block relaxed circular DNA neosynthesis and virion progeny. In this study, the novel CAMs JNJ-827 and JNJ-890 were found to be potent inhibitors of HBV replication with respective half-maximal effective concentrations of 4.7 and 66 nM, respectively, in HepG2.117 cells. Antiviral profiling in differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) cells and primary human hepatocytes revealed that these compounds efficiently inhibited HBV replication, as well as de novo establishment of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). In addition to these two known effects of CAMs, we observed for the first time that a CAM, here JNJ-827, when added postinfection for a short-term period, significantly reduced hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) secretion without affecting the levels of cccDNA amount, transcription, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion. This inhibitory activity resulted from a direct effect of JNJ-827 on HBeAg biogenesis. In a long-term treatment condition using persistently infected dHepaRG cells, JNJ-827 and JNJ-890 reduced HBsAg concomitantly with a decrease in viral total RNA and pgRNA levels. Altogether, these data demonstrate that some CAMs could interfere with multiple functions of HBc in the viral life cycle.
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44
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Abstract
An estimated 240 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite readily available vaccination, HBV infections remain highly prevalent. As established HBV infections constitute a strong risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma their treatment is a major task for the health system. Unfortunately, HBV is not curable with today's medicine. Approximately 15 million HBV patients have developed a hepatitis delta (HDV) infection on top of their HBV infection. The patients superinfected with this satellite virus suffer from a more severe disease development. The knowledge of the viruses, their classifications, clinical implications, treatment options and efforts to increase the drug variety are compiled in this review. The current standard therapies include nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors and interferon. As the known treatments fail to cure HBV and HDV, targeted treatment is highly warranted. The focus of this review is set on the drugs currently under clinical investigation. Furthermore, strategies for the development of targeted treatment, and compounds with novel mode of action are described.
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45
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Anikhindi SA, Kumar A, Sharma P, Singla V, Bansal N, Arora A. Ideal Cure for Hepatitis B Infection: The Target is in Sight. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:188-194. [PMID: 29892183 PMCID: PMC5992304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite recent strides in pharmacotherapy, complete cure of HBV infection still remains an enigma. The biggest obstacle in HBV therapy is clearance of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (cccDNA). We discuss about the role of cccDNA in HBV life cycle, efficacy and shortcomings of currently available antivirals as well as promising novel targets to achieve ideal HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrihari A. Anikhindi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Singla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Bansal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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46
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The Heteroaryldihydropyrimidine Bay 38-7690 Induces Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Aggregates Associated with Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies in Infected Cells. mSphere 2018; 3:3/2/e00131-18. [PMID: 29669885 PMCID: PMC5907649 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00131-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs) are compounds that inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication by modulating viral capsid assembly. While their biophysical effects on capsid assembly in vitro have been previously studied, the effect of HAP treatment on capsid protein (Cp) in individual HBV-infected cells remains unknown. We report here that the HAP Bay 38-7690 promotes aggregation of recombinant Cp in vitro and causes a time- and dose-dependent decrease of Cp in infected cells, consistent with previously studied HAPs. Interestingly, immunofluorescence analysis showed Cp aggregating in nuclear foci of Bay 38-7690-treated infected cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We found these foci to be associated with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs), which are structures that affect many cellular functions, including DNA damage response, transcription, apoptosis, and antiviral responses. Cp aggregation is not an artifact of the cell system used, as it is observed in HBV-expressing HepAD38 cells, in HepG2 cells transfected with an HBV-expressing plasmid, and in HepG2-NTCP cells infected with HBV. Use of a Cp overexpression vector without HBV sequences shows that aggregation is independent of viral replication, and use of an HBV-expressing plasmid harboring a HAP resistance mutation in Cp abrogated the aggregation, demonstrating that the effect is due to direct compound-Cp interactions. These studies provide novel insight into the effects of HAP-based treatment at a single-cell level.IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of effective vaccines and treatments, HBV remains a significant global health concern, with more than 240 million individuals chronically infected. Current treatments are highly effective at controlling viral replication and disease progression but rarely cure infections. Therefore, much emphasis is being placed on finding therapeutics with new drug targets, such as viral gene expression, covalently closed circular DNA formation and stability, capsid formation, and host immune modulators, with the ultimate goal of an HBV cure. Understanding the mechanisms by which novel antiviral agents act will be imperative for the development of curative HBV therapies.
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47
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Feng S, Gao L, Han X, Hu T, Hu Y, Liu H, Thomas AW, Yan Z, Yang S, Young JAT, Yun H, Zhu W, Shen HC. Discovery of Small Molecule Therapeutics for Treatment of Chronic HBV Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:257-277. [PMID: 29369612 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inflicts 250 million people worldwide representing a major public health threat. A significant subpopulation of patients eventually develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, none of the current standard therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) result in a satisfactory clinical cure rate. Driven by a highly unmet medical need, multiple pharmaceutical companies and research institutions have been engaged in drug discovery and development to improve the CHB functional cure rate, defined by sustainable viral suppression and HBsAg clearance after a finite treatment. This Review summarizes the recent advances in the discovery and development of novel anti-HBV small molecules. It is believed that an improved CHB functional cure rate may be accomplished via the combination of molecules with distinct MoAs. Thus, certain molecules may evolve into key components of a suitable combination therapy leading to superior outcome of clinical efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingchun Han
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Taishan Hu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Andrew W. Thomas
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - John A. T. Young
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong C. Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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48
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Recent progress in potential anti-hepatitis B virus agents: Structural and pharmacological perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:205-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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49
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Klumpp K, Shimada T, Allweiss L, Volz T, Lütgehetmann M, Hartman G, Flores OA, Lam AM, Dandri M. Efficacy of NVR 3-778, Alone and In Combination With Pegylated Interferon, vs Entecavir In uPA/SCID Mice With Humanized Livers and HBV Infection. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:652-662.e8. [PMID: 29079518 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS NVR3-778 is a capsid assembly modulator in clinical development. We determined the in vivo antiviral efficacy and effects on innate and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses of NVR3-778 alone or in combination with pegylated interferon alpha (peg-IFN) and compared with entecavir. METHODS We performed 2 studies, with a total of 61 uPA/SCID mice with humanized livers. Mice were infected with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C preparation; we waited 8 weeks for persistent infection of the human hepatocytes in livers of mice. Mice were then randomly assigned to groups (5 or 6 per group) given vehicle (control), NVR3-778, entecavir, peg-IFN, NVR3-778 + entecavir, or NVR3-778 + peg-IFN for 6 weeks. We measured levels of HB surface antigen, HB e antigen, HBV RNA, alanine aminotransferase, and human serum albumin at different time points. Livers were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemistry; levels of HBV DNA, covalently closed circular DNA, and HBV RNA, along with markers of ER stress and IFN response, were quantified. RESULTS Mice given NVR3-778 or entecavir alone for 6 weeks had reduced serum levels of HBV DNA compared with controls or mice given peg-IFN. The largest reduction was observed in mice given NVR3-778 + peg-IFN; in all mice in this group, the serum level of HBV DNA was below the limit of quantification. NVR3-778 and peg-IFN, but not entecavir, also reduced serum level of HBV RNA. The largest effect was obtained in the NVR3-778 + peg-IFN group, in which serum level of HBV RNA was below the limit of quantification. Levels of HB surface antigen and HB e antigen were reduced significantly in only the groups that received peg-IFN. Levels of covalently closed circular DNA did not differ significantly among groups. NVR3-778 was not associated with any significant changes in level of alanine aminotransferase, the ER stress response, or IFN-stimulated genes. CONCLUSIONS NVR3-778 has high antiviral activity in mice with humanized livers and stable HBV infection, reducing levels of serum HBV DNA and HBV RNA. Entecavir reduced levels of serum HBV DNA, but had no effect on HBV RNA. The combination of NVR3-778 and peg-IFN prevented viral replication and HBV RNA particle production to a greater extent than each compound alone or entecavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Klumpp
- Novira Therapeutics Inc, part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Lena Allweiss
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - George Hartman
- Novira Therapeutics Inc, part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Osvaldo A Flores
- Novira Therapeutics Inc, part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela M Lam
- Novira Therapeutics Inc, part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Germany
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50
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Mak LY, Wong DKH, Seto WK, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Hepatitis B core protein as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1153-1159. [PMID: 29065733 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Ka-Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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