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Giannetti A, Pession A, Bettini I, Ricci G, Giannì G, Caffarelli C. IgE Mediated Shellfish Allergy in Children-A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3112. [PMID: 37513530 PMCID: PMC10386692 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish is a leading cause of food allergy and anaphylaxis worldwide. Recent advances in molecular characterization have led to a better understanding of the allergen profile. High sequence homology between shellfish species and between shellfish and house dust mites leads to a high serological cross-reactivity, which does not accurately correlate with clinical cross-reactions. Clinical manifestations are immediate and the predominance of perioral symptoms is a typical feature of shellfish allergy. Diagnosis, as for other food allergies, is based on SPTs and specific IgE, while the gold standard is DBPCFC. Cross-reactivity between shellfish is common and therefore, it is mandatory to avoid all shellfish. New immunotherapeutic strategies based on hypoallergens and other innovative approaches represent the new frontiers for desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giannetti
- Paediatrics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Pession
- Paediatrics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Irene Bettini
- Paediatrics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Giannì
- Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Medicine and Surgery Department, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Medicine and Surgery Department, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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Giovannini M, Beken B, Buyuktiryaki B, Barni S, Liccioli G, Sarti L, Lodi L, Pontone M, Bartha I, Mori F, Sackesen C, du Toit G, Lopata AL, Muraro A. IgE-Mediated Shellfish Allergy in Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 37375617 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., mussels, clams, and oysters) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, prawn, lobster, and crab), have been a keystone of healthy dietary recommendations due to their valuable protein content. In parallel with their consumption, allergic reactions related to shellfish may be increasing. Adverse reactions to shellfish are classified into different groups: (1) Immunological reactions, including IgE and non-IgE allergic reactions; (2) non-immunological reactions, including toxic reactions and food intolerance. The IgE-mediated reactions occur within about two hours after ingestion of the shellfish and range from urticaria, angioedema, nausea, and vomiting to respiratory signs and symptoms such as bronchospasm, laryngeal oedema, and anaphylaxis. The most common allergenic proteins involved in IgE-mediated allergic reactions to shellfish include tropomyosin, arginine kinase, myosin light chain, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, troponin c, and triosephosphate isomerase. Over the past decades, the knowledge gained on the identification of the molecular features of different shellfish allergens improved the diagnosis and the potential design of allergen immunotherapy for shellfish allergy. Unfortunately, immunotherapeutic studies and some diagnostic tools are still restricted in a research context and need to be validated before being implemented into clinical practice. However, they seem promising for improving management strategies for shellfish allergy. In this review, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of shellfish allergies in children are presented. The cross-reactivity among different forms of shellfish and immunotherapeutic approaches, including unmodified allergens, hypoallergens, peptide-based, and DNA-based vaccines, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Giovannini
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Burcin Beken
- Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Buyuktiryaki
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simona Barni
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Liccioli
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Sarti
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Immunology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Pontone
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Bartha
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Francesca Mori
- Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cansin Sackesen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - George du Toit
- Pediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Antonella Muraro
- Food Allergy Referral Centre, Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Kim JY, Yi MH, Yong TS. Allergen-like Molecules from Parasites. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:186-202. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190708154300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parasite infections modulate immunologic responses, and the loss of parasite infections in the
last two to three decades might explain the increased prevalence of allergic diseases in developed countries.
However, parasites can enhance allergic responses. Parasites contain or release allergen-like molecules
that induce the specific immunoglobulin, IgE, and trigger type-2 immune responses. Some parasites
and their proteins, such as Anisakis and Echinococcus granulosus allergens, act as typical allergens.
A number of IgE-binding proteins of various helminthic parasites are cross-reactive to other environmental
allergens, which cause allergic symptoms or hamper accurate diagnosis of allergic diseases. The
cross-reactivity is based on the fact that parasite proteins are structurally homologous to common environmental
allergens. In addition, IgE-binding proteins of parasites might be useful for developing vaccines
to prevent host re-infection. This review discusses the functions of the IgE-biding proteins of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Barre A, Simplicien M, Cassan G, Benoist H, Rougé P. Food allergen families common to different arthropods (mites, insects, crustaceans), mollusks and nematods: Cross-reactivity and potential cross-allergenicity. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Llorens C, Arcos SC, Robertson L, Ramos R, Futami R, Soriano B, Ciordia S, Careche M, González-Muñoz M, Jiménez-Ruiz Y, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Moneo I, Albar JP, Blaxter M, Navas A. Functional insights into the infective larval stage of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and their hybrids based on gene expression patterns. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:592. [PMID: 30086708 PMCID: PMC6080401 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii are sibling species of nematodes parasitic on marine mammals. Zoonotic human infection with third stage infective larvae causes anisakiasis, a debilitating and potentially fatal disease. These 2 species show evidence of hybridisation in geographical areas where they are sympatric. How the species and their hybrids differ is still poorly understood. RESULTS Third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and hybrids were sampled from Merluccius merluccius (Teleosti) hosts captured in waters of the FAO 27 geographical area. Specimens of each species and hybrids were distinguished with a diagnostic genetic marker (ITS). RNA was extracted from pools of 10 individuals of each taxon. Transcriptomes were generated using Illumina RNA-Seq, and assembled de novo. A joint assembly (here called merged transcriptome) of all 3 samples was also generated. The inferred transcript sets were functionally annotated and compared globally and also on subsets of secreted proteins and putative allergen families. While intermediary metabolism appeared to be typical for nematodes in the 3 evaluated taxa, their transcriptomes present strong levels of differential expression and enrichment, mainly of transcripts related to metabolic pathways and gene ontologies associated to energy metabolism and other pathways, with significant presence of excreted/secreted proteins, most of them allergens. The allergome of the 2 species and their hybrids has also been thoroughly studied; at least 74 different allergen families were identified in the transcriptomes. CONCLUSIONS A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffi and their hybrids differ in gene expression patterns in the L3 stage. Strong parent-of-origin effects were observed: A. pegreffi alleles dominate in the expression patterns of hybrids albeit the latter, and A. pegreffii also display significant differences indicating that hybrids are intermediate biological entities among their parental species, and thus of outstanding interest in the study of speciation in nematodes. Analyses of differential expression based on genes coding for secreted proteins suggests that co-infections presents different repertoires of released protein to the host environment. Both species and their hybrids, share more allergen genes than previously thought and are likely to induce overlapping disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Llorens
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - S. C. Arcos
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Robertson
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica, Campus de Cantoblanco, Scientific Park of Madrid, Calle Faraday, 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Futami
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - B. Soriano
- Biotechvana, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - S. Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteomica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Calle Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Careche
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Calle José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. González-Muñoz
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y. Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - N. Carballeda-Sangiao
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Moneo
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. P. Albar
- Unidad de Proteomica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Calle Darwin, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Blaxter
- Edinburgh Genomics, and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The King’s Buildings, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | - A. Navas
- Departamento Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Fitzsimmons CM, Falcone FH, Dunne DW. Helminth Allergens, Parasite-Specific IgE, and Its Protective Role in Human Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24592267 PMCID: PMC3924148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th2 immune response, culminating in eosinophilia and IgE production, is not only characteristic of allergy but also of infection by parasitic worms (helminths). Anti-parasite IgE has been associated with immunity against a range of helminth infections and many believe that IgE and its receptors evolved to help counter metazoan parasites. Allergens (IgE-antigens) are present in only a small minority of protein families and known IgE targets in helminths belong to these same families (e.g., EF-hand proteins, tropomyosin, and PR-1 proteins). During some helminth infection, especially with the well adapted hookworm, the Th2 response is moderated by parasite-expressed molecules. This has been associated with reduced allergy in helminth endemic areas and worm infection or products have been proposed as treatments for allergic conditions. However, some infections (especially Ascaris) are associated with increased allergy and this has been linked to cross-reactivity between worm proteins (e.g., tropomyosins) and highly similar molecules in dust-mites and insects. The overlap between allergy and helminth infection is best illustrated in Anisakis simplex, a nematode that when consumed in under-cooked fish can be both an infective helminth and a food allergen. Nearly 20 molecular allergens have been isolated from this species, including tropomyosin (Ani s 3) and the EF-hand protein, Ani s troponin. In this review, we highlight aspects of the biology and biochemistry of helminths that may have influenced the evolution of the IgE response. We compare dominant IgE-antigens in worms with clinically important environmental allergens and suggest that arrays of such molecules will provide important information on anti-worm immunity as well as allergy.
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7
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Anisakis – A food-borne parasite that triggers allergic host defences. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1047-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Bahlool QZM, Skovgaard A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Effects of excretory/secretory products from Anisakis simplex (Nematoda) on immune gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:734-739. [PMID: 23769875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Excretory/secretory (ES) products are molecules produced by parasitic nematodes, including larval Anisakis simplex, a parasite occurring in numerous marine fish hosts. The effects of these substances on host physiology have not been fully described. The present work elucidates the influence of ES substances on the fish immune system by measuring immune gene expression in spleen and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) injected intraperitoneally with ES products isolated from A. simplex third stage larvae. The overall gene expression profile of exposed fish showed a generalized down-regulation of the immune genes tested, suggesting a role of ES proteins in immunomodulation. We also tested the enzymatic activity of the ES proteins and found that lipase, esterase/lipase, valine and cysteine arylamidases, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and α-galactosidase activities were present in the ES solution. This type of hydrolytic enzyme activity may play a role in nematode penetration of host tissue. In addition, based on the notion that A. simplex ES products may have an immune-depressive effect (by minimizing immune gene expression) it could also be suggested that worm enzymes directly target host immune molecules which would add to a decreased host immune response and increased worm survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qusay Z M Bahlool
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Molecular characterization and comparison of four Anisakis allergens between Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii from Japan. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:23-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Choi SH, Kim J, Jo JO, Cho MK, Yu HS, Cha HJ, Ock MS. Anisakis simplex larvae: infection status in marine fish and cephalopods purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 49:39-44. [PMID: 21461267 PMCID: PMC3063924 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Hee Choi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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Kobayashi Y, Ohsaki K, Ikeda K, Kakemoto S, Ishizaki S, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Identification of novel three allergens from Anisakis simplex by chemiluminescent immunoscreening of an expression cDNA library. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:144-50. [PMID: 21262386 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anisakis simplex is a representative nematode parasitizing marine organisms, such as fish and squids, and causes not only anisakiasis but also IgE-mediated allergy. Although 10 kinds of proteins have so far been identified as A. simplex allergens, many unknown allergens are considered to still exist. In this study, a chemiluminescent immunoscreening method with higher sensitivity than the conventional method was developed and used to isolate IgE-positive clones from an expression cDNA library of A. simplex. As a result, three kinds of proteins, Ani s 11 (307 amino acid residues), Ani s 11-like protein (160 residues) and Ani s 12 (295 residues), together with three known allergens (Ani s 5, 6 and 9), were found to be IgE reactive. Furthermore, ELISA data showed that both recombinant Ani s 11 and 12 expressed in Escherichia coli are recognized by about half of Anisakis-allergic patients. Ani s 11 and Ani s 11-like protein are characterized by having six and five types of short repetitive sequences (5-16 amino acid residues), respectively. Both proteins share as high as 78% sequence identity with each other and also about 45% identity with Ani s 10, which includes two types of short repetitive sequences. On the other hand, Ani s 12 is also structurally unique in that it has five tandem repeats of a CX(13-25)CX(9)CX(7,8)CX(6) sequence, similar to Ani s 7 having 19 repeats of a CX(17-25)CX(9-22)CX(8)CX(6) sequence. The repetitive structures are assumed to be involved in the IgE-binding of the three new allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Mossali C, Palermo S, Capra E, Piccolo G, Botti S, Bandi C, D'Amelio S, Giuffra E. Sensitive Detection and Quantification of Anisakid Parasite Residues in Food Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:391-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mossali
- Agri-Food Research Center, CeRSA, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Simona Palermo
- Agri-Food Research Center, CeRSA, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuele Capra
- Agri-Food Research Center, CeRSA, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliana Piccolo
- Agri-Food Research Center, CeRSA, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Botti
- Agri-Food Research Center, CeRSA, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Amelio
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Kobayashi Y, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Ani s 1, the major allergen of Anisakis simplex: Purification by affinity chromatography and functional expression in Escherichia coli. Parasitol Int 2008; 57:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Audicana MT, Kennedy MW. Anisakis simplex: from obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:360-79, table of contents. [PMID: 18400801 PMCID: PMC2292572 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. During the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. Not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by the parasites ("gastroallergic anisakiasis"), but true anaphylactic reactions can also occur following exposure to allergens from dead worms by food-borne, airborne, or skin contact routes. This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes. Over the last 20 years, several studies have concentrated on A. simplex antigen characterization and innate as well as adaptive immune response to this parasite. Molecular characterization of Anisakis allergens and isolation of their encoding cDNAs is now an active field of research that should provide improved diagnostic tools in addition to tools with which to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and controversial aspects of A. simplex allergy. We also discuss the potential relevance of parasite products such as allergens, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors and the activation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the induction of A. simplex-related immune hypersensitivity states induced by exposure to the parasite, dead or alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Audicana
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Santiago Apóstol Hospital, C/Olaguibel 29, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain.
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Western blot antibody determination in sera from patients diagnosed with Anisakis sensitization with different antigenic fractions of Anisakis simplex purified by affinity chromatography. J Helminthol 2008; 81:307-10. [PMID: 17974043 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07820220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Using Western blot techniques, the specificities of crude and purified (PAK and PAS) Anisakis simplex antigens were compared against 24 sera from patients diagnosed with Anisakis sensitization. All patients recognized a 60 kDa protein against the A. simplex crude extract, while 37.5% and 12.5% reacted with proteins of 40 and 25 kDa, respectively, when IgG was tested. In the case of IgE determination, 41.6% of sera were negative, while 12.5% and 20.8% appeared to cross-react against Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum, respectively. When the PAK antigen (A. simplex antigen purified by means of a column of IgG anti-A. simplex) was tested, immune recognition towards the 60, 40 and 25 kDa proteins increased in 83.3%, 16.7% and 4.2%, respectively, when the Ig antibodies were tested. In the case of the PAS antigen (PAK antigen purified by means of a column of IgG anti-A. suum), the reaction against the 40 and 25 kDa proteins increased to 45.8% and 25%, respectively, when Ig antibodies were used. Finally, when the EAS antigen (eluted from the anti-A. suum column after PAK purification) was tested, 83.3% of the assayed sera reacted against the 14 kDa protein, when the Ig antibodies, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins were measured. With the IgE determination, the reactions were observed in 41.7% of patients with proteins between 60 and 35 kDa against the PAS antigen. With the EAS antigen, reactive bands of 184, 84 and 14 kDa appeared. In conclusion, in the purification process of the A. simplex larval crude extract, the proteins implicated in cross-reactions with Ascaris and Toxocara were eliminated, with an important concentration of proteins responsible for the induction of specific responses.
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16
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Martinez Barrio A, Soeria-Atmadja D, Nistér A, Gustafsson MG, Hammerling U, Bongcam-Rudloff E. EVALLER: a web server for in silico assessment of potential protein allergenicity. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:W694-700. [PMID: 17537818 PMCID: PMC1933222 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics testing approaches for protein allergenicity, involving amino acid sequence comparisons, have evolved appreciably over the last several years to increased sophistication and performance. EVALLER, the web server presented in this article is based on our recently published 'Detection based on Filtered Length-adjusted Allergen Peptides' (DFLAP) algorithm, which affords in silico determination of potential protein allergenicity of high sensitivity and excellent specificity. To strengthen bioinformatics risk assessment in allergology EVALLER provides a comprehensive outline of its judgment on a query protein's potential allergenicity. Each such textual output incorporates a scoring figure, a confidence numeral of the assignment and information on high- or low-scoring matches to identified allergen-related motifs, including their respective location in accordingly derived allergens. The interface, built on a modified Perl Open Source package, enables dynamic and color-coded graphic representation of key parts of the output. Moreover, pertinent details can be examined in great detail through zoomed views. The server can be accessed at http://bioinformatics.bmc.uu.se/evaller.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Martinez Barrio
- Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. Box 598, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Rodriguez-Mahillo AI, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Gomez-Aguado F, Rodriguez-Perez R, Corcuera MT, Caballero ML, Moneo I. Cloning and characterisation of the Anisakis simplex allergen Ani s 4 as a cysteine-protease inhibitor. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:907-17. [PMID: 17324433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anisakis simplex is a nematode that can parasitise humans who eat raw or undercooked fish containing live L3s. Larvae invading the gastrointestinal mucosa excrete/secrete proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of anisakiasis that can induce IgE mediated symptoms. Misdiagnosis of anisakiasis, due to cross-reactivity, makes it necessary to develop new diagnostic tools. Recombinant allergens have proved to be useful for diagnosis of other parasitoses. Among the Anisakis allergens, Ani s 4 was considered to be a good potential diagnostic protein because of its heat resistance and its importance in the clinical history of sensitised patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to clone and characterise the cDNA encoding this allergen. The Ani s 4 mRNA sequence was obtained using a PCR-based strategy. The Ani s 4 amino acid sequence contained the characteristic domains of cystatins. Mature recombinant Ani s 4 was expressed in a bacterial system as a His-tagged soluble protein. The recombinant Ani s 4 inhibited the cleavage of a peptide substrate by papain with a Ki value of 20.6 nM. Immunobloting, ELISA, a commercial fluorescence-enzyme-immunoassay and a basophil activation test were used to study the allergenic properties of rAni s 4, demonstrating that the recombinant allergen contained the same IgE epitopes as the native Ani s 4, and that it was a biologically active allergen since it activated basophils from patients with allergy to A. simplex in a specific concentration-dependent manner. Ani s 4 was localised by immunohistochemical methods, using a polyclonal anti-Ani s 4 anti-serum, in both the secretory gland and the basal layer of the cuticle of A. simplex L3. In conclusion, we believe that Ani s 4 is the first nematode cystatin that is a human allergen. The resulting rAni s 4 retains all allergenic properties of the natural allergen, and can therefore be used in immunodiagnosis of human anisakiasis.
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18
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Kobayashi Y, Shimakura K, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Purification and cDNA cloning of a new heat-stable allergen from Anisakis simplex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 155:138-45. [PMID: 17689675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Anisakis simplex is a representative parasite for marine animals and occasionally causes not only anisakiasis but also allergic reactions in sensitized subjects. Besides the known allergens, a number of unidentified allergens have been suggested to still exist in A. simplex. In this study, a new heat-stable allergen of 15kDa (named Ani s 8) was purified from the third stage larvae of A. simplex by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, anion-exchange HPLC on Mono Q and reverse-phase HPLC on TSKgel Phenyl-5PW RP. Analysis by fluorescence ELISA showed that 7 of 28 Anisakis-allergic patients had elevated serum levels of IgE to Ani s 8. On the basis of the determined partial amino acid sequence, the complete sequence of Ani s 8 (composed of 150 amino acid residues) was elucidated by cDNA cloning, in which as many as 32 homologs of the cDNA encoding 10 isoforms of Ani s 8 were detected. Ani s 8 shares amino acid sequence homology (up to 36%) with several members of the SXP/RAL-2 protein family, including Ani s 5 (15kDa) previously identified as an A. simplex allergen. Inhibition ELISA data demonstrated the IgE cross-reactivity between Ani s 8 and Ani s 5.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/chemistry
- Allergens/genetics
- Allergens/isolation & purification
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anisakiasis/immunology
- Anisakis/chemistry
- Anisakis/genetics
- Anisakis/immunology
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Caenorhabditis
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Helminth Proteins/chemistry
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/isolation & purification
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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19
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Yu HS, Park SK, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Choi SH, Ock MS, Jeong HJ. Anisakis simplex: analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of third-stage larva. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:51-6. [PMID: 17466979 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex, in an attempt to gain further insight into its genomic expression patterns. An A. simplex cDNA library was constructed using the Uni-ZAP XR expression vector. A total of 493 clones (insert DNA>400 bp) were sequenced out of 580 clones selected randomly from a cDNA library of the A. simplex third-stage larva. After BLAST search analyses, 154 (31.2%) ESTs were found to have very low similarity, or no match at all to any of the proteins and gene sequences in the published databases. Most matched clones (98 clones, 20.0%) were determined to be highly homologous with the genes or proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans. Ten (2.0%) ESTs matched the genes isolated from humans, and 21 (4.3%) ESTs matched with the previously reported A. simplex genes or proteins. Eighty-nine clones (18.0%) matched a total of 14 genera and 17 species of human parasites. These 339 ESTs identified could be grouped into 13 categories: allergens or antigens (4.1%), growth- and cell division-related proteins (3.2%), heat shock proteins or molecular chaperones (1.8%), membrane proteins (5.6%), metabolism-associated proteins (24.2%), mitochondrial proteins (9.4%), nuclear proteins (2.4%), proteases and protease inhibitors (3.5%), signal transduction proteins (2.4%), structural proteins (7.4%), transcription and translation machinery-associated proteins (20.1%), transporters and receptor proteins (3.8%), and other protein types (12.1%). The genetic information of Anisakis determined in this study might prove to be quite helpful in elucidating the pathogenetic mechanisms of anisakidosis, and might be useful in the development of therapeutic reagents specific to anisakidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, and Pusan National University Hospital Medical Research Institute, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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20
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Kobayashi Y, Ishizaki S, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K. Molecular cloning and expression of two new allergens from Anisakis simplex. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:1233-41. [PMID: 17180690 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Anisakis simplex is a marine parasite that causes allergy as well as anisakiasis. Although five Anisakis allergens have already been identified, immunoblotting studies suggested that unidentified allergens still exist. In this study, an expression cDNA library constructed from A. simplex was subjected to immunoscreening using an Anisakis-allergic patient serum, and two positive clones coding for allergens (named Ani s 5 and 6) were obtained. Ani s 5 (152 amino acid residues) is homologous with nematode proteins belonging to the SXP/RAL-2 protein family and Ani s 6 (84 amino acid residues) with serine protease inhibitors from various animals. Of the 28 patient sera examined, seven and five reacted to recombinant Ani s 5 and 6 expressed in Escherichia coli, respectively. By inhibition immunoblotting experiments using the recombinant allergens as inhibitors, natural Ani s 5 could be identified as a 15-kDa protein in the crude extract of A. simplex but natural Ani s 6 could not be identified probably due to its low expression. In conclusion, Ani s 5 and 6 are new allergens of A. simplex that are specific to some Anisakis-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan-4, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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21
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Rodríguez E, Romarís F, Lorenzo S, Moreno J, Bonay P, Ubeira FM, Gárate T. A recombinant enolase from Anisakis simplex is differentially recognized in natural human and mouse experimental infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005; 195:1-10. [PMID: 16049725 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-005-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 1,963-bp cDNA was isolated from an Anisakis simplex cDNA library by immunoscreening with a hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against a crude extract of A. simplex L3 larvae. The open reading frame encodes a putative protein of 436 amino acid residues, which exhibits high similarity (70-80%) to enolase molecules from various other organisms, including helminth parasites. After subcloning and expression of the A. simplex cDNA in PGEX-4T-3, the resulting glutathione S-transferase fusion protein, purified by glutathione-Sepharose-4B chromatography, showed functional enolase activity. The immunogenicity of the recombinant A. simplex enolase was analyzed by immunoblotting using sera obtained from (a) mice immunized with crude extracts (CE) of A. simplex, or other nematode species, (b) mice immunized with excretory-secretory (ES) antigens from A. simplex, or (c) mice infected with L3 larvae by the intraperitoneal route. In addition, we used ELISA, to investigate the presence of IgG1 and IgE antibodies against this molecule in sera from patients infected with A. simplex. Mouse sera obtained after infection with L3 or raised against CE antigens, but not sera raised against ES antigens, showed strong reactivity with the recombinant A. simplex enolase. We also obtained good reactivity in Western blotting with sera from mice immunized with CE antigens from Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis, but not with sera from mice immunized with CE antigens from Trichuris muris, Trichinella spiralis or Hysterothylacium aduncum. In contrast to the experimental infections/immunizations in mice, we were unable to detect anti-enolase IgE antibodies in sera from human patients infected with A.simplex (15 sera), and the levels of anti-enolase IgG1 antibodies in these sera were low and apparently nonspecific. These results seem to indicate that, during natural infection in humans, A. simplex larvae do not offer sufficient antigenic stimulus to induce anti-enolase antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisakiasis/immunology
- Anisakis/enzymology
- Anisakis/genetics
- Anisakis/immunology
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Ascaris/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Helminth Proteins/isolation & purification
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Larva/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/immunology
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/isolation & purification
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Toxocara canis/immunology
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichuris/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Rodríguez
- Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda Pozuelo Km 2,2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Shimakura K, Miura H, Ikeda K, Ishizaki S, Nagashima Y, Shirai T, Kasuya S, Shiomi K. Purification and molecular cloning of a major allergen from Anisakis simplex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 135:69-75. [PMID: 15287588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A heat-stable allergen with a molecular weight of 21 k was purified from larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex by gel filtration, anion-exchange FPLC and reverse-phase HPLC. When analyzed by immunoblotting and ELISA, seven of eight patient sera reacted to the 21 k allergen, demonstrating that this protein is a major allergen of A. simplex. A full-length cDNA encoding the 21 k allergen was cloned by a combination of 3'RACE and screening of an expression library with DIG-labeled DNA probes. The precursor of the 21 k allergen was judged to be composed of a signal peptide (23 residues) and a mature protein (171 residues). As compared to the N-terminal amino acid sequence (up to the 17th residue) of Ani s 1 previously identified as the major allergen, the 21 k allergen has only one replacement, suggesting that the 21 k allergen belongs to the same protein family of Ani s 1. Although the 21 k allergen was found to have 30-40% sequence identity with Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor domain containing hypothetical proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans, it lacked inhibitory activity against trypsin. The 21 k allergen was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli as a GST-fusion protein showing reactivity with IgE in patient sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyoshi Shimakura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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23
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Baeza ML, Rodríguez A, Matheu V, Rubio M, Tornero P, de Barrio M, Herrero T, Santaolalla M, Zubeldia JM. Characterization of allergens secreted by Anisakis simplex parasite: clinical relevance in comparison with somatic allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:296-302. [PMID: 14987311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic methods for the study of allergic reactions to Anisakis simplex (A.s.) based on whole-body extracts of the larva are clearly insufficient. OBJECTIVES To study the allergenicity of the proteins secreted by the parasite. Comparison with somatic antigens and determination of their clinical importance in allergic patients were also addressed. METHODS An excretory/secretory (E/S) extract was produced by culturing third-stage A.s. larvae. It was used to perform immediate skin tests and to determine specific IgE in 10 patients diagnosed with allergy to A.s. Both tests were compared with the results obtained with the whole-body extract (somatic (S)). The molecular weight (MW) of their allergens was determined by immunoblotting, and a single-blind placebo-controlled oral challenge with E/S proteins was performed. Finally, allergens' resistance to gastric pepsin and acid pH was explored. RESULTS A.s. larvae secreted allergens more potent than those present in the S extract. The skin prick test wheal area produced by E/S molecules and the absorbance obtained in the determination of specific IgE with these allergens (ELISA) were 5.8 times bigger than those obtained with S extract. MW allergens of 72 and 56 kDa in E/S extracts and those of 56, 48 and 43 kDa in S extract were recognized by more than 50% of the patients. Partial cross-reactivity between them was revealed by immunoblotting inhibition studies. Oral challenge with E/S extract (up to 479 microg) was negative in all the patients. Treatment of E/S proteins with gastric pepsin inhibited the binding of the E/S allergens for specific IgE. The acid pH did not affect the overall binding of IgE to E/S extract. It decreased by 15.23% and 19.96% at pH 4 and 2, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION A.s. secretes allergens more potent than somatic antigens and should be used in the diagnostic procedures. These allergens are inactivated by the pepsin, which supports the theory that live larva is necessary to induce an allergic reaction in most of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Baeza
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Panzani RC, Ariano R. Arthropods and invertebrates allergy (with the exclusion of mites): the concept of panallergy. Allergy 2002; 56 Suppl 69:1-22. [PMID: 11990954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.tb04419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Panzani
- Laboratoire de Recherches, Marseille, France
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