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Li Y, Wu S, Pu J, Huang X, Zhang P. Dengue virus up-regulates expression of notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4 through interferon-β signalling pathway. Immunology 2015; 144:127-38. [PMID: 25041739 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is involved in multiple cellular processes and has been recently indicated to modulate the host immune response. However, the role of the Notch pathway in dengue virus (DENV) infection remains unknown. Our study has screened the expression profile of Notch receptors, ligands and target genes in human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells in response to DENV infection. The real-time PCR data showed that Notch ligand Dll1 was significantly induced in DENV-infected monocytes; and receptor Notch4, ligands Dll1 and Dll4, and target Hes1 were dramatically enhanced in DENV-infected macrophages and dendritic cells. In macrophages, induction of Dll1 and Dll4 mediated by DENV2 was increased by treatment with interferon-β (IFN-β), and was impaired by neutralization of IFN-β. The DENV-induced Dll1 and Dll4 expression level was decreased by silencing key innate immune molecules, including Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), MyD88, RIG-I and IPS-I. In IFN-receptor-depleted macrophages, the Dll1 and Dll4 induction was significantly alleviated. Functionally, activation of Notch signalling by Dll1 in CD4(+) T cells enhanced the expression of a T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine IFN-γ, while Notch activation in macrophages had no direct effect on replication of DENV. Our data revealed that the expressions of Notch ligands in antigen-presenting cells were differentially induced by DENV via innate immune signalling, which is important for Th1/Th2 differentiation during adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Ito T, Connett JM, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. Notch system in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:59-65. [PMID: 22459946 PMCID: PMC3382313 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of the most immunologically challenged organs and can be affected by a number of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites. The development and chronicity of pulmonary infection are determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli and are regulated at multiple levels. Initial studies have indicated that the interaction of Notch and Notch ligands plays a critical role during development, and further, the Notch system is an important bridge between APCs and T cell communication circuits. APCs are essential regulators of the innate immune response. They can respond to PAMPs through PRRs, which function in the recognition of pathogenic components and play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune response. T cells are essential regulators of adaptive immune responses and infectious diseases. However, the role of the Notch system in the cross-talk between APC and T cells during pulmonary infection is still poorly understood. In the present review, we discuss recent findings that explore the mechanisms underlying the role of Notch signaling in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity, including pulmonary infection though PPRs and Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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3
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Jang S, Schaller M, Berlin AA, Lukacs NW. Notch ligand delta-like 4 regulates development and pathogenesis of allergic airway responses by modulating IL-2 production and Th2 immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5835-44. [PMID: 20944009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the canonical Notch pathways has been implicated in Th cell differentiation, but the role of specific Notch ligands in Th2-mediated allergic airway responses has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we show that delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) was upregulated on dendritic cells in response to cockroach allergen. Blocking Dll4 in vivo during either the primary or secondary response enhanced allergen-induced pathogenic consequences including airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus production via increased Th2 cytokines. In vitro assays demonstrated that Dll4 regulates IL-2 in T cells from established Th2 responses as well as during primary stimulation. Notably, Dll4 blockade during the primary, but not the secondary, response increased IL-2 levels in lung and lymph node of allergic mice. The in vivo neutralization of Dll4 was associated with increased expansion and decreased apoptosis during the primary allergen sensitization. Moreover, Dll4-mediated Notch activation of T cells during primary stimulation in vitro increased apoptosis during the contraction/resting phase of the response, which could be rescued by exogenous IL-2. Consistent with the role for Dll4-mediated IL-2 regulation in overall T cell function, the frequency of IL-4-producing cells was also significantly altered by Dll4 both in vivo and in vitro. These data demonstrate a regulatory role of Dll4 both in initial Th2 differentiation and in Th2 cytokine production in established allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyug Jang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Takeichi N, Yanagisawa S, Kaneyama T, Yagita H, Jin YH, Kim BS, Koh CS. Ameliorating effects of anti-Dll4 mAb on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Int Immunol 2010; 22:729-38. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Lukacs NW, Smit JJ, Schaller MA, Lindell DM. Regulation of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus by dendritic cells, toll-like receptors, and notch. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:115-22. [PMID: 18419253 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation and maintenance of pulmonary viral disease is regulated at multiple levels and determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli. Subsequent activation events that rely directly and indirectly on the virus itself can alter the development and severity of the ensuing immunopathologic responses. In the present review we outline several interconnected mechanisms that rely on the early recognition of viral nucleic acid for the most appropriate anti-viral immune responses, including TLRs and Notch activation in DCs and T cells. Deviation or persistence of the immune response to respiratory viruses may impact significantly on the severity of the responses. While these mechanisms are likely similar in most respiratory viral infections, this review will focus on findings with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Lukacs
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-200, USA
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6
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Chidgey AR, Boyd RL. Thymic stromal cells and positive selection. APMIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.907801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Yin X, Ladi E, Chan SW, Li O, Killeen N, Kappes DJ, Robey EA. CCR7 expression in developing thymocytes is linked to the CD4 versus CD8 lineage decision. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7358-64. [PMID: 18025179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During thymic development, T cell progenitors undergo positive selection based on the ability of their T cell Ag receptors (TCR) to bind MHC ligands on thymic epithelial cells. Positive selection determines T cell fate, in that thymocytes whose TCR bind MHC class I (MHC-I) develop as CD8-lineage T cells, whereas those that bind MHC class II (MHC-II) develop as CD4 T cells. Positive selection also induces migration from the cortex to the medulla driven by the chemokine receptor CCR7. In this study, we show that CCR7 is up-regulated in a larger proportion of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes undergoing positive selection on MHC-I compared with MHC-II. Mice bearing a mutation of Th-POK, a key CD4/CD8-lineage regulator, display increased expression of CCR7 among MHC-II-specific CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. In addition, overexpression of CCR7 results in increased development of CD8 T cells bearing MHC-II-specific TCR. These findings suggest that the timing of CCR7 expression relative to coreceptor down-regulation is regulated by lineage commitment signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Yin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Schaller MA, Neupane R, Rudd BD, Kunkel SL, Kallal LE, Lincoln P, Lowe JB, Man Y, Lukacs NW. Notch ligand Delta-like 4 regulates disease pathogenesis during respiratory viral infections by modulating Th2 cytokines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2925-34. [PMID: 17998388 PMCID: PMC2118527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have indicated that an important instructive class of signals regulating the immune response is Notch ligand–mediated activation. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we observed that only Delta-like 4 (dll4) was up-regulated on bone marrow–derived dendritic cells after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and that it was dependent on MyD88-mediated pathways. Using a polyclonal antibody specific for dll4, the development of RSV-induced disease was examined. Animals treated with anti-dll4 had substantially increased airway hyperresponsiveness compared with control antibody-treated animals. When the lymphocytic lung infiltrate was examined, a significant increase in total CD4+ T cells and activated (perforin+) CD8+ T cells was observed. Isolated lung CD4+ T cells demonstrated significant increases in Th2-type cytokines and a decrease in interferon γ, demonstrating an association with increased disease pathogenesis. Parellel in vitro studies examining the integrated role of dll4 with interleukin-12 demonstrated that, together, both of these instructive signals direct the immune response toward a more competent, less pathogenic antiviral response. These data demonstrate that dll4-mediated Notch activation is one regulator of antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Cells of the immune system possess many multisubunit receptors that are composed of a ligand-binding subunit associated with distinct signaling adaptors containing one or more immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). These receptors include the T cell receptor, the B cell receptor, and many Fc receptors, as well as families of activating receptors on myeloid and natural killer cells. Receptors that associate with ITAM-containing adaptors classically have been viewed as transducing activating signals involving phosphorylation of the tyrosines within the ITAM and recruitment of Syk family tyrosine kinases. Receptors associated with ITAM-containing adaptors in myeloid cells have also been implicated in inhibition of cellular activation. Here, we discuss these new negative roles for signaling by receptors that associate with ITAM-bearing adaptors in myeloid and other cell types within the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme Precursors/physiology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Macrophage Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/physiology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/chemistry
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/physiology
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Syk Kinase
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/physiology
- src Homology Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hamerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Box 0414, HSE1001, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 471 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Zamoyska R. Switching sides: transcriptional control of CD4 thymocyte lineage commitment. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:363-4. [PMID: 15785763 DOI: 10.1038/ni0405-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Abstract
T cell development is guided by a complex set of transcription factors that act recursively, in different combinations, at each of the developmental choice points from T-lineage specification to peripheral T cell specialization. This review describes the modes of action of the major T-lineage-defining transcription factors and the signal pathways that activate them during intrathymic differentiation from pluripotent precursors. Roles of Notch and its effector RBPSuh (CSL), GATA-3, E2A/HEB and Id proteins, c-Myb, TCF-1, and members of the Runx, Ets, and Ikaros families are critical. Less known transcription factors that are newly recognized as being required for T cell development at particular checkpoints are also described. The transcriptional regulation of T cell development is contrasted with that of B cell development, in terms of their different degrees of overlap with the stem-cell program and the different roles of key transcription factors in gene regulatory networks leading to lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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13
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14
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Kohu K, Sato T, Ohno SI, Hayashi K, Uchino R, Abe N, Nakazato M, Yoshida N, Kikuchi T, Iwakura Y, Inoue Y, Watanabe T, Habu S, Satake M. Overexpression of the Runx3 Transcription Factor Increases the Proportion of Mature Thymocytes of the CD8 Single-Positive Lineage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2627-36. [PMID: 15728469 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Runx family of transcription factors is thought to regulate the differentiation of thymocytes. Runx3 protein is detected mainly in the CD4(-)8(+) subset of T lymphocytes. In the thymus of Runx3-deficient mice, CD4 expression is de-repressed and CD4(-)8(+) thymocytes do not develop. This clearly implicates Runx3 in CD4 silencing, but does not necessarily prove its role in the differentiation of CD4(-)8(+) thymocytes per se. In the present study, we created transgenic mice that overexpress Runx3 and analyzed the development of thymocytes in these animals. In the Runx3-transgenic thymus, the number of CD4(-)8(+) cells was greatly increased, whereas the numbers of CD4(+)8(+) and CD4(+)8(-) cells were reduced. The CD4(-)8(+) transgenic thymocytes contained mature cells with a TCR(high)HSA(low) phenotype. These cells were released from the thymus and contributed to the elevated level of CD4(-)8(+) cells relative to CD4(+)8(-) cells in the spleen. Runx3 overexpression also increased the number of mature CD4(-)8(+) thymocytes in mice with class II-restricted, transgenic TCR and in mice with a class I-deficient background, both of which are favorable for CD4(+)8(-) lineage selection. Thus, Runx3 can drive thymocytes to select the CD4(-)8(+) lineage. This activity is likely to be due to more than a simple silencing of CD4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Kohu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Delaire S, Huang YH, Chan SW, Robey EA. Dynamic repositioning of CD4 and CD8 genes during T cell development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 200:1427-35. [PMID: 15583015 PMCID: PMC2211942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although stable repression of CD4 and CD8 genes is a central feature of T cell lineage commitment, we lack detailed information about the timing and mechanism of this repression. Stable gene repression has been linked to the position of genes within the nucleus. Therefore, information about the nuclear position of CD4 and CD8 genes during T cell development could provide insights into both the mechanism of regulation of CD4 and CD8 genes, and the process of lineage commitment. Here, we report that lineage-specific repression of CD4 and CD8 genes is associated with the repositioning of alleles close to heterochromatin. We also provide evidence that the relocalization of CD4 and CD8 genes to heterochromatin can occur as an early response to positive selection signals. We discuss our results in terms of our current knowledge of CD4 and CD8 gene regulation and CD4 versus CD8 lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Delaire
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 475 Life Science Additions, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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16
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Laurent MN, Ramirez DM, Alberola-Ila J. Kinase Suppressor of Ras Couples Ras to the ERK Cascade during T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:986-92. [PMID: 15240686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ras signaling is critical for many developmental processes and requires the precise coordination of interactions among multiple downstream components. One mechanism by which this regulation is achieved is through the use of scaffolding molecules that coordinate the assembly of multimolecular complexes. Recently, the scaffolding molecule kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR) was isolated in genetic screens as a modifier of Ras signaling, although its contribution to regulating Ras-mediated activation of its different downstream effectors is not well understood. We have analyzed the role of KSR in linking Ras to the ERK cascade during positive selection. Our results demonstrate that KSR overexpression interferes with T cell development, an effect that requires the direct interaction between KSR and MEK. This functional effect correlates with the ability of KSR to uncouple Ras from the ERK cascade when overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline N Laurent
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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17
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Huang YH, Li D, Winoto A, Robey EA. Distinct transcriptional programs in thymocytes responding to T cell receptor, Notch, and positive selection signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4936-41. [PMID: 15044701 PMCID: PMC387352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401133101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling is necessary but not sufficient to promote the positive selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes into CD4+ or CD8+ mature T cells. Notch signaling has also been implicated as a potential regulator of both CD4/CD8 T cell development and TCR signaling. However, the relationship between positive selection, TCR signaling, and Notch remains unclear. Here we use DNA microarray analysis to compare gene expression changes in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes undergoing positive selection, TCR stimulation, and Notch activation. We find that the genes induced during positive selection can be resolved into two distinct sets. One set, which we term "TCR-induced," is also induced by in vitro TCR stimulation and contains a large proportion of transcription factors. A second set, which we term "positive-selection-induced," is not induced by in vitro TCR simulation and contains a large proportion of genes involved in signal transduction pathways. Genes induced by Notch activity overlap substantially with genes induced during positive selection. We also find that Notch activity potentiates the effects of TCR stimulation on gene expression. These results help to identify TCR- and positive-selection-specific transcriptional events and help to clarify the relationship between positive selection and Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina H Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, 475 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Costello PS, Nicolas RH, Watanabe Y, Rosewell I, Treisman R. Ternary complex factor SAP-1 is required for Erk-mediated thymocyte positive selection. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:289-98. [PMID: 14770179 DOI: 10.1038/ni1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymocyte selection and differentiation requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling, but transcription factor substrates of Erk in thymocytes are unknown. We have characterized the function of SAP-1 (Elk4), an Erk-regulated transcription factor, in thymocyte development. Early thymocyte development was normal, but single-positive thymocyte and peripheral T cell numbers were reduced, reflecting a T cell-autonomous defect. T cell receptor-induced activation of SAP-1 target genes such as Egr1 was substantially impaired in double-positive thymocytes, although Erk activation was normal. Analysis of T cell receptor transgenes showed that positive selection was reduced by 80-90% in SAP-1-deficient mice; heterozygous mice showed a moderate defect. Negative selection was unimpaired. SAP-1 thus directly links Erk signaling to the transcriptional events required for thymocyte positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Costello
- Transcription Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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19
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von Boehmer H. Selection of the T-Cell Repertoire: Receptor-Controlled Checkpoints in T-Cell Development. Adv Immunol 2004; 84:201-38. [PMID: 15246254 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)84006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald von Boehmer
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts USA
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20
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Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S, Ning T, La Rose J, Reinhart B, Poussier P, Rottapel R. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 attenuates IL-15 receptor signaling in CD8+ thymocytes. Blood 2003; 102:4115-22. [PMID: 12907450 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SOCS1-/- mice die prematurely of increased interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) signaling with severe thymic atrophy and accelerated maturation of T cells. However, it was unclear whether the thymic defects were caused by SOCS1 deficiency or by increased IFNgamma signaling. Using SOCS1-/- IFNgamma-/- mice, we show in this study that SOCS1 deficiency skews thymocyte development toward CD8 lineage independently of IFNgamma. Fetal thymic organ cultures and intrathymic transfer of CD4-CD8- precursors into Rag1-/- mice show that the lineage skewing in SOCS1-/- mice is a T-cell autonomous defect. Interestingly, SOCS1 is not required for attenuating interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling at the CD4-CD8- stage but is essential for regulating IL-15 and IL-2 signaling in CD8+ thymocytes. IL-15 selectively stimulates SOCS1-/- CD8+ thymocytes, inducing sustained signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation and massive proliferation. IL-15 also strongly up-regulates Bcl-xL and CD44 in CD8+ thymocytes lacking SOCS1. The SOCS1 gene is induced in CD4+ thymocytes by gammac cytokines, whereas CD8+ thymocytes constitutively express SOCS1 mRNA even in the absence of cytokine stimulation. Because many different cell types express IL-15, our results strongly suggest that SOCS1 functions as an indispensable attenuator of IL-15 receptor signaling in developing CD8+ thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Rm 10-108, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto M5G 2M9, Canada
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21
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Woods CC, Banks KE, Gruener R, DeLuca D. Loss of T cell precursors after spaceflight and exposure to vector-averaged gravity. FASEB J 2003; 17:1526-8. [PMID: 12824295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0749fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC), we examined the effects of spaceflight and vector-averaged gravity on T cell development. Under both conditions, the development of T cells was significantly attenuated. Exposure to spaceflight for 16 days resulted in a loss of precursors for CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T cells in a rat/mouse xenogeneic co-culture. A significant decrease in the same precursor cells, as well as a decrease in CD4-CD8- T cell precursors, was also observed in a murine C57BL/6 FTOC after rotation in a clinostat to produce a vector-averaged microgravity-like environment. The block in T cell development appeared to occur between the pre-T cell and CD4+CD8+ T cell stage. These data indicate that gravity plays a decisive role in the development of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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22
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Canelles M, Park ML, Schwartz OM, Fowlkes BJ. The influence of the thymic environment on the CD4-versus-CD8 T lineage decision. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:756-64. [PMID: 12858172 DOI: 10.1038/ni953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling is an essential factor regulating thymocyte selection, but the function of the thymic environment in this process is not clear. In mice transgenic for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T cell receptors, every thymocyte is potentially selectable for maturation in the CD4 lineage. To address whether selection frequency affects positive selection, we created hematopoietic chimeras with mixtures of selectable and nonselectable precursors. With increased proportions of nonselectable thymocytes, positive selection of MHC class II-specific precursors was enhanced, generating not only CD4 but also CD8 thymocytes. These results indicate that the CD4 versus CD8 fate of selectable precursors can be influenced by the selection potential of its neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Canelles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Building 4, Room 111, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420, USA
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Germain RN, Stefanova I, Dorfman J. Self-recognition and the regulation of CD4+ T cell survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 512:97-105. [PMID: 12405192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0757-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells differentiate in the thymus from committed precursors to mature naive cells ready for peripheral circulation. Successful maturation depends on adequate but not excessive signaling upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement of self-peptide/MHC class II molecule ligands present in the thymic environment. Persistent TCR signaling throughout development from the CD4+CD8+ to the CD4+ state is required for completion of the developmental process. Recent work has suggested that a continuation of this signaling is essential for sustained survival of CD4+ T cells once they leave the thymus but our studies suggest otherwise. Although we found clear evidence for active TCR signaling involving recognition of self-ligands in peripheral lymphoid tissues, we did not see a substantial effect of loss of such signaling on the life-time of naive CD4+ T cells. Based on a careful review of the literature, we conclude that essentially all previous claims that MHC class II recognition plays a significant role in the survival of CD4+ T cells can be reinterpreted as an effect of self-recognition on proliferation in lymphopenic environments, maintaining population numbers without a marked effect on individual cell viability. We propose a possible explanation for why, in contrast, the viability of naive CD8+ T cells appears to show such self-MHC dependence and suggest that a primary function of self-recognition by T cells may be to enhance responses to foreign antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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24
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Norris HH, Lybarger LP, Martin AJ, Andersen H, Chervenak DC, Chervenak R. TCRbeta enhancer activation occurs in some but not all cells with T cell lineage developmental potential. Cell Immunol 2003; 222:164-74. [PMID: 12826086 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that murine bone marrow contains a fraction of CD3(-)/B220(-)/Thy1(lo) cells that have pre T cell activity following adoptive transfer and produce sterile transcripts of the T cell receptor beta chain gene. The relationship between progenitors and TCRbeta transcription has not been examined. Transgenic mice were generated that express green fluorescent protein under the control of the TCRbeta enhancer (Ebeta). Phenotypic analysis of the founders revealed faithful expression of GFP in populations that express TCRbeta transcripts. Examination of the bone marrow showed two populations, CD3(-)/B220(-)/Thy1(-) and CD3(-)/B220(-)/Thy1(lo), which were GFP(+). Both populations were analyzed for their developmental potential following intrathymic transfer into recipient mice. Surprisingly, the GFP(+)/CD3(-)/B220(-)/Thy1(lo) cells failed to reconstitute; however, the GFP(+)/CD3(-)/B220(-)/Thy1(-) cells exhibited thymic repopulation. These data demonstrate that Ebeta is active pre-thymically; however, pre-thymic transcription of the TCRbeta chain gene is neither required for T cell development, nor is it limited to pre T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary H Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport 71130, USA
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25
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Dokić M. [Immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis--the basis for clinical variations]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2003; 60:181-4. [PMID: 12852161 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0302181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Dokić
- Vojnomedicinska akademnija, Klinika za infektivne i tropske bolesti, Beograd
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26
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Abstract
Immature double positive (DP) thymocytes bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) that interacts with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules receive signals that induce either their differentiation (positive selection) or apoptosis (negative selection). Furthermore, those cells that are positively selected develop into two different lineages, CD4 or CD8, depending on whether their TCRs bind to MHC class II or I, respectively. Positive selection therefore involves rescue from the default fate (death), lineage commitment, and progression to the single positive (SP) stage. These are probably temporally distinct events that may require both unique and overlapping signals. Work in the past several years has started to unravel the signaling networks that control these processes. One of the first pathways identified as important for positive selection was Ras and its downstream effector, the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this review we examine the factors that connect the TCR to the Ras/Erk cascade in DP thymocytes, as well as what we know about the downstream effectors of the Ras/Erk cascade important for positive selection. We also consider the possible role of this cascade in CD4/CD8 lineage development, and the possible interactions of the Ras/Erk cascade with Notch during these cell fate determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberola-Ila
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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27
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Doucey MA, Goffin L, Naeher D, Michielin O, Baumgärtner P, Guillaume P, Palmer E, Luescher IF. CD3 delta establishes a functional link between the T cell receptor and CD8. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3257-64. [PMID: 12215456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR) complexes that lack CD3 delta, either due to deletion of the CD3 delta gene, or by replacement of the connecting peptide of the TCR alpha chain, exhibit severely impaired positive selection and TCR-mediated activation of CD8 single-positive T cells. Because the same defects have been observed in mice expressing no CD8 beta or tailless CD8 beta, we examined whether CD3 delta serves to couple TCR.CD3 with CD8. To this end we used T cell hybridomas and transgenic mice expressing the T1 TCR, which recognizes a photoreactive derivative of the PbCS 252-260 peptide in the context of H-2K(d). We report that, in thymocytes and hybridomas expressing the T1 TCR.CD3 complex, CD8 alpha beta associates with the TCR. This association was not observed on T1 hybridomas expressing only CD8 alpha alpha or a CD3 delta(-) variant of the T1 TCR. CD3 delta was selectively co-immunoprecipitated with anti-CD8 antibodies, indicating an avid association of CD8 with CD3 delta. Because CD8 alpha beta is a raft constituent, due to this association a fraction of TCR.CD3 is raft-associated. Cross-linking of these TCR-CD8 adducts results in extensive TCR aggregate formation and intracellular calcium mobilization. Thus, CD3 delta couples TCR.CD3 with raft-associated CD8, which is required for effective activation and positive selection of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
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28
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Kioussis D, Ellmeier W. Chromatin and CD4, CD8A and CD8B gene expression during thymic differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:909-19. [PMID: 12461564 DOI: 10.1038/nri952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression during thymocyte development provides an ideal experimental system to study lineage-commitment processes. In particular, expression of the CD4, CD8A and CD8B genes seems to correlate well with the cell-fate decisions that are taken by thymocytes, and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the differential expression of these genes could reveal key events in differentiation processes. Here, we review examples of how gene cis elements (such as promoters, enhancers and locus control regions) and trans elements (such as transcription factors, chromatin-remodelling complexes and histone-modification enzymes) come together to orchestrate a finely tuned sequence of events that results in the complex pattern of CD4, CD8A and CD8B gene expression that is observed during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kioussis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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29
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Abstract
T cell lineage commitment as the double-positive (DP) thymocyte matures into the single-positive (SP) T cell requires the irreversible repression or maintenance of CD4 gene expression. Signals transmitted from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) during thymic selection are believed to be linked to the transcriptional regulation of the CD4 gene; thus, a study of the factors that control CD4 gene expression may lead to further insight into the molecular mechanisms that drive T cell development. This review discusses the work conducted to date to identify and characterize the transcriptional control elements in the CD4 locus and the factors that mediate their function. From these studies, it is clear that the molecular mechanisms controlling CD4 gene expression are very complex and are controlled by many different signals as the thymocyte develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Siu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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30
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Ellmeier W, Sunshine MJ, Maschek R, Littman DR. Combined deletion of CD8 locus cis-regulatory elements affects initiation but not maintenance of CD8 expression. Immunity 2002; 16:623-34. [PMID: 12049715 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stage-, subset-, and lineage-specific CD8 enhancers have been identified recently by transgenic reporter analyses. Enhancer E8(II) (CIV-4,5) is active in both immature double-positive thymocytes (DP) and mature CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes and T cells, whereas E8(I) (CIII-1,2) directs expression only in mature cells. In mice lacking either E8(I) (CIII-1,2) or E8(II) (CIV-4,5), there was no effect on CD8 expression in DP thymocytes. However, deletion of both enhancers resulted in variegated expression of CD8, with appearance of CD4(+)CD8(-) SP thymocytes expressing surface markers characteristic of DP thymocytes. Consequently, fewer mature CD8(+) T cells developed from the reduced pool of DP cells. These results suggest that the initiation of CD8 expression is mediated by cis-regulatory elements that are distinct from any that may be involved in maintenance of expression.
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31
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Abstract
Components of the Notch signaling pathway are expressed during multiple stages of lymphoid development. Consistent with its function during invertebrate development, Notch signaling is proposed to have a central role in lymphoid cell-fate specification. Recent studies show that Notch signaling is a proximal event in T-cell commitment from a common lymphoid progenitor. The role of Notch at later stages of lymphoid development is controversial, but recent data suggest models that may help clarify observations. Current studies suggest that Notch activity is cell-context dependent and interactions between Notch and other environmental receptors are integrated during cell-fate decisions. Furthermore, the requirement for precise regulation of Notch activity is evident from human and murine neoplasms in which dysregulated Notch signaling leads to T-cell leukemia. Future studies that identify the stages of lymphoid development where Notch signaling is physiologically active and the exact targets of Notch signaling that are relevant to lymphopoiesis should significantly improve our understanding of Notch function in T- and B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Izon
- TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
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32
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33
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Wilkinson B, Chen JYF, Han P, Rufner KM, Goularte OD, Kaye J. TOX: an HMG box protein implicated in the regulation of thymocyte selection. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:272-80. [PMID: 11850626 DOI: 10.1038/ni767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the thymus, pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR)--mediated signaling and then TCR-mediated signaling initiate changes in gene expression that result in the maturation of CD4 and CD8 lineage T cells from common precursors. Using gene chip technology, we isolated a murine gene, designated Tox, that encodes a member of the HMG (high-mobility group) box family of DNA-binding proteins. TOX expression is up-regulated by both pre-TCR and TCR activation of immature thymocytes but not by TCR activation of mature naïve T cells. Transgenic mice that express TOX show expanded CD8+ and reduced CD4+ single positive thymocyte subpopulations. We present evidence here that this phenotype results from a perturbation in lineage commitment due to reduced sensitivity to TCR-mediated signaling. This molecular marker of thymic selection events may therefore play a role in establishing the activation threshold of developing T cells and patterning changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Wilkinson
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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34
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Zou YR, Sunshine MJ, Taniuchi I, Hatam F, Killeen N, Littman DR. Epigenetic silencing of CD4 in T cells committed to the cytotoxic lineage. Nat Genet 2001; 29:332-6. [PMID: 11687799 DOI: 10.1038/ng750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The process of thymocyte development culminates in the maturation of helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells from their common precursors, the CD4+CD8+ double-positive cells. A crucial step during lineage specification is the termination of expression of either the CD4 or the CD8 coreceptor. A silencer element within the first intron of the CD4 gene is sufficient for CD4 transcriptional repression in cells of the cytotoxic lineage, as well as in thymocytes at earlier stages of differentiation. Here we show that the function of the CD4 silencer is required only at distinct stages of development. Its deletion before the initiation of lineage specification resulted in CD4 derepression throughout thymocyte differentiation. By contrast, once cells committed to the cytotoxic CD8+ lineage, the CD4 locus remained silent through subsequent mitoses, even when the silencer element was excised. The epigenetic inheritance of the silenced CD4 locus was not affected by the inhibition of DNA methylation or histone deacetylation, and may thus involve other mechanisms that ensure a stable state of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Zou
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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35
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Basson MA, Zamoyska R. Insights into T-cell development from studies using transgenic and knockout mice. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 18:11-23. [PMID: 11439696 DOI: 10.1385/mb:18:1:11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of immunocompetent lymphocytes is a complex process that utilizes a multitude of cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. Moreover, specific cell-cell interactions and specialized microenvironments are required, so that purely in vitro experimental systems are limited in their ability to explain the complexity of T-cell development. In vivo models have been used extensively in the study of T-cell development. In the present review we summarize but a few of the seminal discoveries that have been made in this field using transgenic and knockout mouse models. In addition to demonstrating the wealth of information that can be gained, we also discuss some of the present limitations of this technology. Novel advances that allow the conditional and inducible modification of the genome and knock-in mutations promise to lead to an even more rapid advancement in our knowledge of T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Basson
- Derald H. Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Schol of Medicine, Box 1130, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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36
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Izon DJ, Punt JA, Xu L, Karnell FG, Allman D, Myung PS, Boerth NJ, Pui JC, Koretzky GA, Pear WS. Notch1 regulates maturation of CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes by modulating TCR signal strength. Immunity 2001; 14:253-64. [PMID: 11290335 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates cell fate decisions in multiple lineages. We demonstrate in this report that retroviral expression of activated Notch1 in mouse thymocytes abrogates differentiation of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes into both CD4 and CD8 mature single-positive T cells. The ability of Notch1 to inhibit T cell development was observed in vitro and in vivo with both normal and TCR transgenic thymocytes. Notch1-mediated developmental arrest was dose dependent and was associated with impaired thymocyte responses to TCR stimulation. Notch1 also inhibited TCR-mediated signaling in Jurkat T cells. These data indicate that constitutively active Notch1 abrogates CD4+ and CD8+ maturation by interfering with TCR signal strength and provide an explanation for the physiological regulation of Notch expression during thymocyte development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/embryology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Response Elements/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Izon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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