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Akgül Ö, Fide E, Özel F, Alptekin K, Bora E, Akdede BB, Yener G. Early and late contingent negative variation (CNV) reflect different aspects of deficits in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38658367 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal reward processing and psychomotor slowing are well-known in schizophrenia (SZ). As a slow frontocentral potential, contingent negative variation (CNV) is associated with anticipatory attention, motivation and motor planning. The present study aims to evaluate the early and late amplitude and latencies of CNV in patients with SZ compared to healthy controls during a reward processing task and to show its association with clinical symptoms. We recruited 21 patients with SZ and 22 healthy controls to compare early and late CNV amplitude and latency values during a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task between groups. Patients' symptom severity, levels of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms were assessed. Clinical features of the patients were further examined for their relation with CNV components. In conclusion, we found decreased early CNV amplitudes in SZ during the reward condition. They also displayed diminished and shortened late CNV responses for incentive cues, specifically at the central location. Furthermore, early CNV amplitudes exhibited a significant correlation with positive symptoms. Both CNV latencies were linked with medication dosage and the behavioural outcomes of the MID task. We revealed that early and late CNV exhibit different functions in neurophysiology and correspond to various facets of the deficits observed in patients. Our findings also emphasized that slow cortical potentials are indicative of deficient motivational processes as well as impaired reaction preparation in SZ. To gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive and motor impairments associated with psychosis, future studies must compare the effects of CNV in the early and late phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Akgül
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Fide
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fatih Özel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Binnur Akdede
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görsev Yener
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Chung LKH, Jack BN, Griffiths O, Pearson D, Luque D, Harris AWF, Spencer KM, Le Pelley ME, So SHW, Whitford TJ. Neurophysiological evidence of motor preparation in inner speech and the effect of content predictability. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11556-11569. [PMID: 37943760 PMCID: PMC10751289 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-generated overt actions are preceded by a slow negativity as measured by electroencephalogram, which has been associated with motor preparation. Recent studies have shown that this neural activity is modulated by the predictability of action outcomes. It is unclear whether inner speech is also preceded by a motor-related negativity and influenced by the same factor. In three experiments, we compared the contingent negative variation elicited in a cue paradigm in an active vs. passive condition. In Experiment 1, participants produced an inner phoneme, at which an audible phoneme whose identity was unpredictable was concurrently presented. We found that while passive listening elicited a late contingent negative variation, inner speech production generated a more negative late contingent negative variation. In Experiment 2, the same pattern of results was found when participants were instead asked to overtly vocalize the phoneme. In Experiment 3, the identity of the audible phoneme was made predictable by establishing probabilistic expectations. We observed a smaller late contingent negative variation in the inner speech condition when the identity of the audible phoneme was predictable, but not in the passive condition. These findings suggest that inner speech is associated with motor preparatory activity that may also represent the predicted action-effects of covert actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K-h Chung
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bradley N Jack
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Science Road, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oren Griffiths
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Behavioural Sciences Building, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Daniel Pearson
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Griffith Taylor Building, Manning Road, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Luque
- Department of Basic Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Faculty of Psychology, Dr Ortiz Ramos Street, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kevin M Spencer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston MA 02130, United States
| | - Mike E Le Pelley
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Suzanne H-w So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas J Whitford
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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3
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Dudschig C, Kaup B, Leuthold H, Mackenzie IG. Conceptual representation of real-world surface material: Early integration with linguistic-labels indicated in the N400-component. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13916. [PMID: 34536024 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research in perception in the visual and auditory domains has traditionally focused on investigating highly controlled artificial stimulus material. However, a key feature of our perceptual system is the ease with which the input of a wide set of naturalistic co-occurring information is dealt with. This study investigated whether, during perception of real-world surface material, a conceptual representation is built that has the potential to interact with a linguistic description of the material directly. Short sentences were presented (e.g., This surface is smooth) followed by a matching or mismatching picture of a real-world surface material. The results showed early cross-modal integration effects during material surface perception in an N400-like potential, originating approximately 280 ms after stimulus presentation. Overall, these findings suggest a rather early influence of linguistic information on material perception, suggesting that in line with object representation, real-world materials are represented in the brain in a format that allows interaction with non-visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Dudschig
- Fachbereich Psychologie, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaup
- Fachbereich Psychologie, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Leuthold
- Fachbereich Psychologie, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Susana CF, Mónica L, Fernando D. Event-related brain potential indexes provide evidence for some decline in healthy people with subjective memory complaints during target evaluation and response inhibition processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107450. [PMID: 33933631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum, subjects report subjective memory complaints (SMCs), although with the absence of any objective decline, and have a higher risk of progressing to dementia than the general population. Early identification of this stage therefore constitutes a major focus of current AD research, to enable early intervention. In this study, healthy adult participants with high and low SMCs (HSMCs and LSMCs) performed a Go/NoGo task during electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Relative to LSMC participants, HSMC participants performed the task slower (longer reaction times) and showed changes in the event-related potential (ERP) components associated with response preparation (lower readiness potential -RP- amplitude in the Go condition), and also related to response inhibition processes (lower N2-P3 amplitude in the NoGo condition). In addition, HSMC participants showed lower Go-N2 and NoGo-N2 peak-to-baseline amplitudes, however these results seem to be influenced by a negative tendency overlapping stimulus-related waveforms. The declines observed in this study are mostly consistent with those observed in aMCI participants, supporting the notion of the AD continuum regarding SMC state.
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Kóbor A, Kardos Z, Horváth K, Janacsek K, Takács Á, Csépe V, Nemeth D. Implicit anticipation of probabilistic regularities: Larger CNV emerges for unpredictable events. Neuropsychologia 2021; 156:107826. [PMID: 33716039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticipation of upcoming events plays a crucial role in automatic behaviors. It is, however, still unclear whether the event-related brain potential (ERP) markers of anticipation could track the implicit acquisition of probabilistic regularities that can be considered as building blocks of automatic behaviors. Therefore, in a four-choice reaction time (RT) task performed by young adults (N = 36), the contingent negative variation (CNV) as an ERP marker of anticipation was measured from the onset of a cue stimulus until the presentation of a target stimulus. Due to the probability structure of the task, target stimuli were either predictable or unpredictable, but this was unknown to participants. The cue did not contain predictive information on the upcoming target. Results showed that the CNV amplitude during response preparation was larger before the unpredictable than before the predictable target stimuli. In addition, although RTs increased, the P3 amplitude decreased for the unpredictable as compared with the predictable target stimuli, possibly due to the stronger response preparation that preceded stimulus presentation. These results suggest that enhanced attentional resources are allocated to the implicit anticipation and processing of unpredictable events. This might originate from the formation of internal models on the probabilistic regularities of the stimulus stream, which primarily facilitates the processing of predictable events. Overall, we provide ERP evidence that supports the role of implicit anticipation and predictive processes in the acquisition of probabilistic regularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kóbor
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Kardos
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváth
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Centre of Thinking and Learning, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, 150 Dreadnought, SE10 9LS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ádám Takács
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Modern Philology and Social Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 462, Neurocampus 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron, Lyon, France.
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6
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Stroop task performance across the lifespan: High cognitive reserve in older age is associated with enhanced proactive and reactive interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 207:116430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Guo Z, Tan X, Pan Y, Liu X, Zhao G, Wang L, Peng Z. Contingent negative variation during a modified cueing task in simulated driving. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224966. [PMID: 31710652 PMCID: PMC6844449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The obscured pedestrian-motor vehicle crash has become a serious danger to driving safety. The present study aims to investigate the contingent negative variation (CNV) during the anticipation of an obscured pedestrian-motor vehicle crash in simulated driving. We adopted two cueing tasks: (i) a traditional cognitive paradigm of cueing task that has been widely used to study anticipatory process, and (ii) a modified cueing task in simulated driving scenes, in which Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of 32 participants were recorded to detect the CNV. Simulated car following and pedestrian crossing tasks were designed to measure anticipation-related driving behaviors. The results showed that both early and late CNVs were observed in two cueing tasks. The mean amplitude of the late CNV during a modified cueing task in simulated driving was significantly larger than that in a traditional cueing task, which was not the case for the early CNV potentials. In addition, both early and late CNVs elicited in simulated driving were significantly correlated with anticipatory driving behaviors (e.g., the minimum time to collision). These findings show that CNV potentials during the anticipation of an obscured pedestrian-motor vehicle crash might predict anticipation-related risky driving behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Guo
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Transportation Big Date Application Technology, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Tan
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Transportation Big Date Application Technology, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Pan
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Transportation Big Date Application Technology, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Liu
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Transportation Big Date Application Technology, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Comprehensive Transportation Big Date Application Technology, National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- School of Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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McKinney TL, Euler MJ. Neural anticipatory mechanisms predict faster reaction times and higher fluid intelligence. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13426. [PMID: 31241187 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Higher cognitive ability is reliably linked to better performance on chronometric tasks (i.e., faster reaction times, RT), yet the neural basis of these effects remains unclear. Anticipatory processes represent compelling yet understudied potential mechanisms of these effects, which may facilitate performance through reducing the uncertainty surrounding the temporal onset of stimuli (temporal uncertainty) and/or facilitating motor readiness despite uncertainty about impending target locations (target uncertainty). Specifically, the contingent negative variation (CNV) represents a compelling candidate mechanism of anticipatory motor planning, while the alpha oscillation is thought to be sensitive to temporal contingencies in perceptual systems. The current study undertook a secondary analysis of a large data set (n = 91) containing choice RT, cognitive ability, and EEG measurements to help clarify these issues. Single-trial EEG analysis in conjunction with mixed-effects modeling revealed that higher fluid intelligence corresponded to faster RT on average. When considered together, temporal and target uncertainty moderated the RT-ability relationship, with higher ability being associated with greater resilience to both types of uncertainty. Target uncertainty attenuated the amplitude of the CNV for all participants, but higher ability individuals were more resilient to this effect. Similarly, only higher ability individuals showed increased prestimulus alpha power (at left-lateralized sites) during longer, more easily anticipated interstimulus intervals. Collectively, these findings emphasize top-down anticipatory processes as likely contributors to chronometry-ability correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty L McKinney
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matthew J Euler
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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9
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Kamei M, Matsumoto S, Sakuma H. The Effect of a Pseudo Winning or Losing Streak on Mental Attitudes and the Evaluation of Results. Psychol Rep 2017; 121:488-510. [PMID: 29298557 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117732344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although human motivation has been well studied, studies manipulating human motivation are scarce. The present study aimed to induce the hot-hand phenomenon using a pseudo success situation. Under the framework of the two-factor theory of emotion, we investigated the effect of a deviant situation, such as continuously winning or losing, on mental attitudes and the evaluation of the results using the contingent-negative variation (CNV) and feedback-locked P3 (FB-P3). The CNV is a neural activity that reflects emotional expectations and motoric preparation. The FB-P3 is a neural activity that is induced by external feedback. Fifteen participants performed an S1-S2 reaction time task with an opponent in the following three competitive conditions: actual feedback (feedback is contingent on performance), winning streak (WS; tendency to win regardless of performance), and losing streak (LS; tendency to lose regardless of performance). Each condition was characterized by the winning rate (49.26%, 80%, and 20%). Moreover, a principal component analysis was performed on the CNV data to determine the distinct temporal neural activity. The principal component analysis identified three components (auditory P2, early CNV, and late CNV) in the original CNV. The auditory P2 and the occurrence of pleasant emotions were higher in the WS condition than in the LS condition. However, the early CNV, late CNV, and FB-P3 were higher in the LS condition than in the WS condition. These findings confirmed that the losing streak situation induced an unpleasant emotion. However, the losing streak situation appeared to improve the mental attitude to prepare for faster responses and enhance the interest in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kamei
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Sakuma
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
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10
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The impact of physical activity on motor preparation in young adults. Neurosci Lett 2017; 638:196-203. [PMID: 28007650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity benefits brain health and function. Physical activity performed by young adults is declining. However, the influence of diminished physical activity on cognitive performance and motor preparation in young adults remains unclear. This study measured changes in behavior and brain activity during preparation and performance of simple (SRT) and choice (CRT) reaction time tasks in less and more physically active young adults. Electromyograms were obtained from left and right first dorsal interossei muscles. Midline and hemisphere-specific electroencephalograms were analyzed from frontal and central scalp regions in 11 less- and 11 more-active participants. Physical activity level was assessed by questionnaire (IPAQ). Reaction and premotor times were slower for SRT and CRT tasks in less active participants. No statistically significant difference in contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude was present between groups. Hemisphere-specific CNV amplitude over frontal scalp regions was evident for both less and more active participants for right hand SRT, whereas only the more active group showed hemisphere-specific CNVs for left hand SRT. Decreased levels of physical activity in young adults may be detrimental for cognitive processing and motor function measured by reaction time and changes in brain activity.
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11
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Ning N, Peng D, Liu X, Yang S. Speech Timing Deficit of Stuttering: Evidence from Contingent Negative Variations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168836. [PMID: 28068353 PMCID: PMC5221803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the speech preparation processes of adults who stutter (AWS). Fifteen AWS and fifteen adults with fluent speech (AFS) participated in the experiment. The event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a foreperiod paradigm. The warning signal (S1) was a color square, and the following imperative stimulus (S2) was either a white square (the Go signal that required participants to name the color of S1) or a white dot (the NoGo signal that prevents participants from speaking). Three differences were found between AWS and AFS. First, the mean amplitude of the ERP component parietal positivity elicited by S1 (S1-P3) was smaller in AWS than in AFS, which implies that AWS may have deficits in investing working memory on phonological programming. Second, the topographic shift from the early phase to the late phase of contingent negative variation occurred earlier for AWS than for AFS, thus suggesting that the motor preparation process is promoted in AWS. Third, the NoGo effect in the ERP component parietal positivity elicited by S2 (S2-P3) was larger for AFS than for AWS, indicating that AWS have difficulties in inhibiting a planned speech response. These results provide a full picture of the speech preparation and response inhibition processes of AWS. The relationship among these three findings is discussed. However, as stuttering was not manipulated in this study, it is still unclear whether the effects are the causes or the results of stuttering. Further studies are suggested to explore the relationship between stuttering and the effects found in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiang Su, China
| | - Danling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiang Su, China
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12
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Kamijo K, Masaki H. Fitness and ERP Indices of Cognitive Control Mode during Task Preparation in Preadolescent Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:441. [PMID: 27625604 PMCID: PMC5003924 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies conducted over the past decade have demonstrated that greater aerobic fitness is associated with superior cognitive control in preadolescent children. Several studies have suggested that the relationship between fitness and cognitive control may be attributed to differential reliance on proactive vs. reactive cognitive control modes. However, this contention has remained speculative, and further studies are needed to better elucidate this relationship. We designed the present study to test the hypothesis that use of cognitive control modes would differ as a function of childhood fitness. We compared performance of lower-fit and higher-fit children on a modified AX-continuous performance task, commonly used to examine shifts in the use of proactive and reactive control, along with cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Results indicated that higher-fit children exhibited greater response accuracy for BX (non-target cue – target probe) relative to AY (target cue – non-target probe) trials, whereas lower-fit children had comparable response accuracies for AY and BX trials. Because enhanced BX performance and impaired AY performance may be attributed to the proactive use of context information, these results suggest that greater childhood fitness is associated with more effective utilization of proactive control. Higher-fit children also exhibited larger cue-P3 amplitude and smaller CNV amplitude for BX relative to AY trials, with no such effect of trial type in lower-fit children. These ERP results suggest that greater fitness is associated with more effective utilization of cue information and response preparation more appropriate to trial type, supporting the behavioral findings. The present study provides novel insights into the relationship between fitness and cognition from the perspective of cognitive control mode during task preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
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13
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Volosin M, Grimm S, Horváth J. Exploiting temporal predictability: Event-related potential correlates of task-supportive temporal cue processing in auditory distraction. Brain Res 2016; 1639:120-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Morie KP, De Sanctis P, Garavan H, Foxe JJ. Regulating task-monitoring systems in response to variable reward contingencies and outcomes in cocaine addicts. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1105-18. [PMID: 26861797 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated anticipatory and consummatory reward processing in cocaine addiction. In addition, we set out to assess whether task-monitoring systems were appropriately recalibrated in light of variable reward schedules. We also examined neural measures of task-monitoring and reward processing as a function of hedonic tone, since anhedonia is a vulnerability marker for addiction that is obviously germane in the context of reward processing. METHOD High-density event-related potentials were recorded while participants performed a speeded response task that systematically varied anticipated probabilities of reward receipt. The paradigm dissociated feedback regarding task success (or failure) from feedback regarding the value of reward (or loss), so that task-monitoring and reward processing could be examined in partial isolation. Twenty-three active cocaine abusers and 23 age-matched healthy controls participated. RESULTS Cocaine abusers showed amplified anticipatory responses to reward predictive cues, but crucially, these responses were not as strongly modulated by reward probability as in controls. Cocaine users also showed blunted responses to feedback about task success or failure and did not use this information to update predictions about reward. In turn, they showed clearly blunted responses to reward feedback. In controls and users, measures of anhedonia were associated with reward motivation. In cocaine users, anhedonia was also associated with diminished monitoring and reward feedback responses. CONCLUSION Findings imply that reward anticipation and monitoring deficiencies in addiction are associated with increased responsiveness to reward cues but impaired ability to predict reward in light of task contingencies, compounded by deficits in responding to actual reward outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect St, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuromedicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Kononowicz TW, Sander T, van Rijn H. Neuroelectromagnetic signatures of the reproduction of supra-second durations. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:201-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Duan H, Yuan Y, Yang C, Zhang L, Zhang K, Wu J. Anticipatory processes under academic stress: An ERP study. Brain Cogn 2015; 94:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Addante RJ. A critical role of the human hippocampus in an electrophysiological measure of implicit memory. Neuroimage 2015; 109:515-28. [PMID: 25562828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has traditionally been thought to be critical for conscious explicit memory but not necessary for unconscious implicit memory processing. In a recent study of a group of mild amnesia patients with evidence of MTL damage limited to the hippocampus, subjects were tested on a direct test of item recognition confidence while electroencephalogram (EEG) was acquired, and revealed intact measures of explicit memory from 400 to 600 ms (mid-frontal old-new effect, FN400). The current investigation re-analyzed this data to study event-related potentials (ERPs) of implicit memory, using a recently developed procedure that eliminated declarative memory differences. Prior ERP findings from this technique were first replicated in two independent matched control groups, which exhibited reliable implicit memory effects in posterior scalp regions from 400 to 600 ms, which were topographically dissociated from the explicit memory effects of familiarity. However, patients were found to be dramatically impaired in implicit memory effects relative to control subjects, as quantified by a reliable condition × group interaction. Several control analyses were conducted to consider alternative factors that could account for the results, including outliers, sample size, age, or contamination by explicit memory, and each of these factors was systematically ruled out. Results suggest that the hippocampus plays a fundamental role in aspects of memory processing that are beyond conscious awareness. The current findings therefore indicate that both memory systems of implicit and explicit memory may rely upon the same neural structures - but function in different physiological ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Addante
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; University of California, Davis, Center for Neuroscience, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Morie KP, De Sanctis P, Foxe JJ. Reward contingencies and the recalibration of task monitoring and reward systems: a high-density electrical mapping study. Neuroscience 2014; 273:100-17. [PMID: 24836852 PMCID: PMC4209734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Task execution almost always occurs in the context of reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding behavior. As such, ongoing task-monitoring systems are influenced by reward anticipation systems. In turn, when a task has been executed either successfully or unsuccessfully, future iterations of that task will be re-titrated on the basis of the task outcome. Here, we examined the neural underpinnings of the task-monitoring and reward-evaluation systems to better understand how they govern reward-seeking behavior. Twenty-three healthy adult participants performed a task where they accrued points that equated to real world value (gift cards) by responding as rapidly as possible within an allotted timeframe, while success rate was titrated online by changing the duration of the timeframe dependent on participant performance. Informative cues initiated each trial, indicating the probability of potential reward or loss (four levels from very low to very high). We manipulated feedback by first informing participants of task success/failure, after which a second feedback signal indicated actual magnitude of reward/loss. High-density electroencephalography (EEG) recordings allowed for examination of event-related potentials (ERPs) to the informative cues and in turn, to both feedback signals. Distinct ERP components associated with reward cues, task-preparatory and task-monitoring processes, and reward feedback processes were identified. Unsurprisingly, participants displayed increased ERP amplitudes associated with task-preparatory processes following cues that predicted higher chances of reward. They also rapidly updated reward and loss prediction information dependent on task performance after the first feedback signal. Finally, upon reward receipt, initial reward probability was no longer taken into account. Rather, ERP measures suggested that only the magnitude of actual reward or loss was now processed. Reward and task-monitoring processes are clearly dissociable, but interact across very fast timescales to update reward predictions as information about task success or failure is accrued. Careful delineation of these processes will be useful in future investigations in clinical groups where such processes are suspected of having gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Morie
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - P De Sanctis
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - J J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Activation of auditory cortex by anticipating and hearing emotional sounds: an MEG study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80284. [PMID: 24278270 PMCID: PMC3835909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To study how auditory cortical processing is affected by anticipating and hearing of long emotional sounds, we recorded auditory evoked magnetic fields with a whole-scalp MEG device from 15 healthy adults who were listening to emotional or neutral sounds. Pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral sounds, each lasting for 6 s, were played in a random order, preceded by 100-ms cue tones (0.5, 1, or 2 kHz) 2 s before the onset of the sound. The cue tones, indicating the valence of the upcoming emotional sounds, evoked typical transient N100m responses in the auditory cortex. During the rest of the anticipation period (until the beginning of the emotional sound), auditory cortices of both hemispheres generated slow shifts of the same polarity as N100m. During anticipation, the relative strengths of the auditory-cortex signals depended on the upcoming sound: towards the end of the anticipation period the activity became stronger when the subject was anticipating emotional rather than neutral sounds. During the actual emotional and neutral sounds, sustained fields were predominant in the left hemisphere for all sounds. The measured DC MEG signals during both anticipation and hearing of emotional sounds implied that following the cue that indicates the valence of the upcoming sound, the auditory-cortex activity is modulated by the upcoming sound category during the anticipation period.
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Hart SJ, Lucena N, Cleary KM, Belger A, Donkers FCL. Modulation of early and late event-related potentials by emotion. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:102. [PMID: 23162444 PMCID: PMC3492845 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emotionally salient stimuli influence higher order information processing, the relative vulnerability of specific stages of cognitive processing to modulation by emotional input remains elusive. To test the temporal dynamics of emotional interference during executive function, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants performed an effortful anticipation task with aversive emotional and neutral distracters. Participants were presented with a modified delayed Stroop task that dissociated the anticipation of an easier or more difficult task (instructional cues to attend to word vs. color) from the response to the Stroop stimulus, while aversive and neutral pictures were displayed during the delay period. Our results indicated a relative decrease in the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) during aversive trials that was greater during the early anticipatory phase than during the later response preparation phase, and greater during (the more difficult) color than word trials. During the initial stage of cue processing, there was also significant interaction between emotion and anticipatory difficulty on N1 amplitude, where emotional stimuli led to significantly enhanced negativity during color cues relative to word cues. These results suggest that earlier processes of orientation and effortful anticipation may reflect executive engagement that is influenced by emotional interference while later phases of response preparation may be modulated by emotional interference regardless of anticipatory difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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The temporal orienting P3 effect to non-target stimuli: does it reflect motor inhibition? Biol Psychol 2011; 89:433-43. [PMID: 22197881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporal orienting enhances early (N1) and late (P3) stages of auditory processing. However, the functional significance of these effects has not been settled yet. The present study tested a motor inhibition account on the temporal orienting P3 effect to non-target stimuli. A temporal cuing paradigm was used, where the level of motor preparation (high vs. low) was varied: If motor preparation is higher, more inhibition is necessary to withhold a response when a non-target is presented at the attended time point. Consequently, if the enhanced P3 to temporally attended non-targets reflected increased motor inhibition, higher motor preparation should further enhance the P3. Overall, temporal orienting enhanced both the N1 and the P3, thus replicating earlier findings. Moreover, the temporal orienting P3 effect was larger when motor preparation was higher. Inconsistent with the motor-inhibition account, however, the P3 to temporally attended non-targets did not differ as a function of motor preparation.
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci 2011; 14:1046-58. [PMID: 21884320 PMCID: PMC3177170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of a 9-month randomized control physical activity intervention aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness on changes in working memory performance in preadolescent children relative to a waitlist control group. Participants performed a modified Sternberg task, which manipulated working memory demands based on encoding set sizes, while task performance and the contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related brain potential were measured. Analyses revealed that the physical activity intervention led to increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and improved Sternberg task performance. Further, the beneficial effects of the physical activity intervention were greater for a task condition requiring greater working memory demands. In addition, the intervention group exhibited larger initial CNV at the frontal electrode site, relative to the waitlist group at post-test; an effect not observed during the pre-test. These results indicate that increases in cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improvements in the cognitive control of working memory in preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Sun SY, Mai X, Liu C, Liu JY, Luo YJ. The processes leading to deception: ERP spatiotemporal principal component analysis and source analysis. Soc Neurosci 2011; 6:348-59. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2010.544135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gonzalez-Rosa JJ, Vazquez-Marrufo M, Vaquero E, Duque P, Borges M, Gomez-Gonzalez CM, Izquierdo G. Cluster analysis of behavioural and event-related potentials during a contingent negative variation paradigm in remitting-relapsing and benign forms of multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:64. [PMID: 21635741 PMCID: PMC3128001 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Event-related potentials (ERPs) may be used as a highly sensitive way of detecting subtle degrees of cognitive dysfunction. On the other hand, impairment of cognitive skills is increasingly recognised as a hallmark of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). We sought to determine the psychophysiological pattern of information processing among MS patients with the relapsing-remitting form of the disease and low physical disability considered as two subtypes: 'typical relapsing-remitting' (RRMS) and 'benign MS' (BMS). Furthermore, we subjected our data to a cluster analysis to determine whether MS patients and healthy controls could be differentiated in terms of their psychophysiological profile. Methods We investigated MS patients with RRMS and BMS subtypes using event-related potentials (ERPs) acquired in the context of a Posner visual-spatial cueing paradigm. Specifically, our study aimed to assess ERP brain activity in response preparation (contingent negative variation -CNV) and stimuli processing in MS patients. Latency and amplitude of different ERP components (P1, eN1, N1, P2, N2, P3 and late negativity -LN) as well as behavioural responses (reaction time -RT; correct responses -CRs; and number of errors) were analyzed and then subjected to cluster analysis. Results Both MS groups showed delayed behavioural responses and enhanced latency for long-latency ERP components (P2, N2, P3) as well as relatively preserved ERP amplitude, but BMS patients obtained more important performance deficits (lower CRs and higher RTs) and abnormalities related to the latency (N1, P3) and amplitude of ERPs (eCNV, eN1, LN). However, RRMS patients also demonstrated abnormally high amplitudes related to the preparation performance period of CNV (cCNV) and post-processing phase (LN). Cluster analyses revealed that RRMS patients appear to make up a relatively homogeneous group with moderate deficits mainly related to ERP latencies, whereas BMS patients appear to make up a rather more heterogeneous group with more severe information processing and attentional deficits. Conclusions Our findings are suggestive of a slowing of information processing for MS patients that may be a consequence of demyelination and axonal degeneration, which also seems to occur in MS patients that show little or no progression in the physical severity of the disease over time.
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Luo YJ, Sun SY, Mai XQ, Gu RL, Zhang HJ. Outcome Evaluation in Decision Making: ERP Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15423-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Kamijo K, O'Leary KC, Pontifex MB, Themanson JR, Hillman CH. The relation of aerobic fitness to neuroelectric indices of cognitive and motor task preparation. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:814-21. [PMID: 20345598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation of aerobic fitness to task preparation was examined in a sample of young adults separated into higher- and lower-fit groups according to their maximal oxygen consumption. Participants performed a modified Sternberg working memory task under speed and accuracy instructions while measures of task performance and contingent negative variation (CNV) were collected. Analyses revealed no significant fitness differences between groups on task performance measures. However, frontal CNV amplitude was significantly larger for lower-fit participants compared to higher-fit participants during the speed instructions, an effect not found for the accuracy instructions. These results suggest that lower-fit individuals may rely to a greater extent on cognitive control processes to respond under speeded conditions, whereas higher-fit individuals may maintain a more constant level of control irrespective of the task instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Mercado F, Carretié L, Hinojosa JA, Peñacoba C. Two successive phases in the threat-related attentional response of anxious subjects: neural correlates. Depress Anxiety 2010; 26:1141-50. [PMID: 19798751 DOI: 10.1002/da.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that highly anxious individuals are characterized by the allocation of a greater amount of attentional resources to threatening stimulation. However, neural data in relation to the time course of attentional biases in anxiety are still surprisingly scarce and preliminary. The present research explored attentional biases in anxious subjects (grouped according to their scores in trait and state forms of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) over time by using event-related potentials (ERPs) and through the application of source localization methodologies. METHODS Participants (n=27) were asked to perform an indirect visual matching task in a cue-target paradigm. The targets consisted of three types of emotional pictures: positive arousing, negative arousing, and neutral. ERPs in response to target stimulation were submitted to temporal and spatial principal component analyses. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed that negative targets elicited higher amplitudes than positive pictures in P200. Subsequently, greater amplitudes in response to positive than to negative pictures were observed in P500. Source analyses (standardized low resolution brain electro-magnetic tomography: sLORETA) indicated an involvement of visual association cortical areas (i.e., precuneus and cuneus) both in P200 and P500. CONCLUSIONS The results might be interpreted in line with the orienting-avoidance hypothesis toward threatening events in anxious subjects. This attentional pattern was only manifested by individuals with high levels of both trait and state anxiety. Further investigation should be done in order to better understand the brain mechanisms underlying the attentional biases in anxiety and to apply this knowledge to the development of cognitive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mercado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Krauel K, Duzel E, Hinrichs H, Lenz D, Herrmann CS, Santel S, Rellum T, Baving L. Electrophysiological correlates of semantic processing during encoding of neutral and emotional pictures in patients with ADHD. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1873-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wild-Wall N, Hohnsbein J, Falkenstein M. Effects of ageing on cognitive task preparation as reflected by event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:558-69. [PMID: 17208044 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anticipation of complex cognitive tasks involves effortful preparation being reflected in the contingent negative variation (CNV) of the event-related potential. In the literature there are contradictory results concerning the effect of age on this potential. We wanted to investigate effects of age, time-on-task, and task difficulty on the CNV. METHOD Young and middle-aged participants performed a visual search and a non-search task during an early and a late phase of a 6-h session. RESULTS Performance data revealed increased response times and error rates for middle-aged vs. young participants. Most importantly, an increased frontal CNV amplitude was found for the older participants, especially pronounced in the search task. A late positivity which was elicited to the offset of the preceding stimulus was increased for the middle-aged vs. young group in the visual search task only. There was no effect of time-on-task on performance, but the CNV became larger with time-on-task in the search task while it became smaller in the non-search task. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest an enhancement of effortful task preparation for middle-aged participants especially when the task is difficult. SIGNIFICANCE This underlines the role of the CNV as a neurophysiological indicator for effortful cognitive preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Wild-Wall
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Institute of Occupational Physiology, University of Dortmund, Germany.
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Duregger C, Bauer H, Cunnington R, Lindinger G, Deecke L, Lang W, Dirnberger G, Walla P. EEG evidence of gender differences in a motor related CNV study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:359-66. [PMID: 16969626 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study gender differences related to the contingent negative variation (CNV) were investigated. A series of two acoustic stimuli was presented to participants across a wide age range. The first stimulus was consistent throughout the experiment whereas the second one was either a high frequency or a low frequency tone. One of them had to be answered by a button press (go condition) the other did not require any response (nogo condition). Between the first and the second tone there was a time period of two seconds in which the CNV appeared as a slow negative potential shift. Within this episode data were analysed with respect to gender differences. Statistical analysis revealed topographical differences between men and women in go conditions for both left and right index finger movements. Differences were found over frontal regions where women showed higher brain activity than men and over temporo-parietal regions where men produced higher brain activity than women. In order to explain the fact that only in "go" conditions significant gender differences occurred we introduce the phenomenon of implicit learning. Due to implicit learning assumed predictions related to S2 might have occurred from time to time. This is so, because a 50% chance for one of two different stimuli to occur leads to reasonable assumed predictions after two or more stimuli of a kind occurring in a series. The present data now provide evidence that if such assumed prediction or expectancy is directed towards an upcoming demand to act then brain activity is subject to gender differences. Further studies providing controlled sequences of "go" conditions versus "nogo" conditions have to be done to prove this idea true.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duregger
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Functional Brain Topography, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wessa M, Jatzko A, Flor H. Retrieval and emotional processing of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: Peripheral and central correlates. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:1683-96. [PMID: 16714037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be characterized by dysfunctional memory processes, i.e., the automatic re-experiencing of the traumatic event and the inability to consciously recall facts about the traumatic event, as well as altered emotional processing of trauma-relevant cues. The present study examined the cerebral mechanisms underlying the cued recall of trauma-specific memories and the emotional processing of the presented cues in 16 PTSD patients, 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD and 16 healthy controls. Subjects received questions about their specific trauma as well as other disastrous and neutral events while the electroencephalogram and heart rate were measured. The PTSD patients showed no impairment in trauma-specific declarative memory compared to non-PTSD subjects but had some deficits in general declarative memory as assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Compared to healthy control subjects, PTSD patients displayed increased P300 and late positive complex amplitudes to trauma-specific questions, indicating enhanced emotional processing of these cues. In line with their behavioral performance, both trauma-exposed groups showed decreased terminal contingent negative variation amplitudes to trauma-specific questions over frontal electrodes reflecting altered memory retrieval. Within-group comparisons revealed that only the PTSD group but not the other groups showed a differentiation between trauma-specific and neutral questions with respect to the LPC, tCNV and P300. Concordantly with previous studies, PTSD patients showed elevated resting heart rate compared to the healthy controls. These findings are discussed in the context of current models of the role of declarative memory in the development and maintenance of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Wessa
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Heidelberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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N'Diaye K, Ragot R, Garnero L, Pouthas V. What is common to brain activity evoked by the perception of visual and auditory filled durations? A study with MEG and EEG co-recordings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:250-68. [PMID: 15464356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EEG and MEG scalp data were simultaneously recorded while human participants were performing a duration discrimination task in visual and auditory modality, separately. Short durations were used ranging from 500 to 900 ms, among which participants had to discriminate a previously memorized 700-ms "standard" duration. Behavioral results show accurate but variable performance within and between participants with expected modality effects: the percentage of responses was greater and the mean response time was shorter for auditory than for visual signals. Sustained electric and magnetic activities were obtained correlatively to duration estimation, but with distinct spatiotemporal properties. Electric CNV-like potentials showed fronto-central negativity in both modalities, whereas magnetic sustained fields were distributed with respect to the modality of the interval to be timed. Time courses of these slow brain activities were found to be dependent on stimulus duration but not on its modality nor on the recording signal (EEG or MEG). Source reconstruction demonstrated that these sustained potentials/fields were generated by superimposed contributions from visual and auditory cortices (sustained sensory responses, SSR) and from prefrontal and parietal regions. By using these two complementary techniques, we thus demonstrated the involvement of frontal and parietal cerebral cortex in human timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim N'Diaye
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Cérébrale, CNRS UPR640-LENA, Hôpital Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Bigman Z, Pratt H. Time course and nature of stimulus evaluation in category induction as revealed by visual event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 2004; 66:99-128. [PMID: 15041135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Category induction involves abstraction of features common to two or more stimuli. We predicted that category induction affects processing of each stimulus, before completion of perceptual analysis. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from ten 11-13-year olds while they were performing visual category-induction tasks. Subjects viewed a series of two geometric shapes belonging to the same perceptual category (size, color, or shape), defined by one or two shared features, and decided if a probe stimulus shared membership in that category. Large frontal N120, frontal-central N300 and smallest P450 were elicited by the first stimulus; number of shared features affected P150, N170, and P450 amplitudes to the second stimulus. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated networks of frontal, parietal and occipital activity, different to each stimulus. Results suggest that in young adolescents category induction affects early stages of stimulus processing. Processing is based on selective analysis of stimuli for shared features, not exhaustive examination of all features of all stimuli.
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Abstract
Abstract This review examines ERP data that document the mechanisms and neural bases of time processing in the millisecond-to-minute range. Several types of ERP attest to the existence of timing capacities. Among them, one component of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) provides an on-line index of timing. CNV data strengthen the temporal accumulator concept, designed to subtend duration encoding. This conclusion is based on four main results: The positive relationship between temporal estimates and CNV amplitude is an index of the accumulation mechanism; the CNV peak is an index of time-based decision making; the CNV relates to temporal encoding, whereas temporal long-term memory may be linked to shifts of positive polarity; learning effects on CNV amplitude depend on topographic features, thus revealing functional differences among brain regions with respect to timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Macar
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, CNRS-UMR 6155, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Vidal
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, CNRS-UMR 6155, Marseille, France
- Institut de Médecine Navale du Service de Santé des Armées, Toulon, France
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Baranov-Krylov IN, Kanunikov IE, Shuvaev VT, Berlov DN, Kavshbaya NA. Assessment of the state of activation of the cortical zones in humans during visual attention and selection. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 33:439-45. [PMID: 12921174 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023455032072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The state of cortical activation during visual symbol shape and position selection tasks was assessed in humans in terms of the magnitude of prestimulus negativity (contingent negative variation, CNV) and the amplitude of the N1-P3 complex in evoked potentials (EP). Evoked potentials in the frontal parietal, occipital, and temporal leads were recorded in 18 young healthy subjects in two sets of experimental conditions: in a screened chamber and in an "open field" beside the experimenter, who communicated the results to the subjects and guided them towards quicker and more precise responses to the target stimuli. The maximum magnitudes of CNV and evoked potentials during selective attention were seen in the parietal areas, and additional increases of activation indexes were observed in the "open field," where subjects' motivation was enhanced. The state of readiness (CNV) was an informative measure of cortical activation, as it determined the parameters of subsequent evoked potentials; the more marked the readiness, themore marked and stable were EP. Comparison of the situations of passive observation and selective reactions to stimuli revealed a reciprocal relationship between CNV in these conditions: the greater the magnitude of CNV in "passive" conditions, the smaller the difference between CNV in "passive" conditions and during selective attention and vice versa. We termed this "additivity of involuntary and voluntary attention." The fact that activation indexes were greatest in the parietal areas suggests that the occipital-parietal system is dominant in visual selection tasks in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Baranov-Krylov
- I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Leynes PA, Marsh RL, Hicks JL, Allen JD, Mayhorn CB. Investigating the encoding and retrieval of intentions with event-related potentials. Conscious Cogn 2003; 12:1-18; discussion 19-24; author reply 25-30. [PMID: 12617858 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strong evidence exists in the literature that remembering to complete intentions involves executive processing subserved by the frontal lobes. Event-related potentials were measured during the encoding of actions with the intention to perform versus more neutral material about which there was no such intentionality. Event-related potentials were also measured in a two-alternative discrimination task requiring identification of the to-be-performed actions and to-be-memorized actions. The results suggest that formation and retrieval of intentions differs from encoding and retrieval of similar material committed to memory. Additionally, the results suggest that right frontal areas may play an important role in the formation of prospective actions and that intentions are kept active in memory by processing mediated by the left frontal pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrew Leynes
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, PO Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA.
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Carretié L, Martín-Loeches M, Hinojosa JA, Mercado F. Emotion and attention interaction studied through event-related potentials. J Cogn Neurosci 2001; 13:1109-28. [PMID: 11784449 DOI: 10.1162/089892901753294400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on hemodynamic brain activity indicate that emotional visual stimuli elicit greater activation than neutral stimuli in attention-related areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the visual association cortex (VAC). In order to explore the temporo-spatial characteristics of the interaction between attention and emotion, two processes characterized by involving short and rapid phases, event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in 29 subjects using a 60-electrode array and the LORETA source localization software. A cue/target paradigm was employed in order to investigate both expectancy-related and input processing-related attention. Four categories of stimuli were presented to subjects: positive arousing, negative arousing, relaxing, and neutral. Three attention-related components were finally analyzed: N280pre (from pretarget ERPs), P200post and P340post (both from posttarget ERPs). N280pre had a prefrontal focus (ACC and/or medial prefrontal cortex) and presented significantly lower amplitudes in response to cues announcing negative targets. This result suggests a greater capacity of nonaversive stimuli to generate expectancy-related attention. P200post and P340post were both elicited in the VAC, and showed their highest amplitudes in response to negative- and to positive-arousing stimuli, respectively. The origin of P200post appears to be located dorsally with respect to the clear ventral-stream origin of P340post. The conjunction of temporal and spatial characteristics of P200post and P340post leads to the deduction that input processing-related attention associated with emotional visual stimulation involves an initial, rapid, and brief "early" attentional response oriented to rapid motor action, being more prominent towards negative stimulation. This is followed by a slower but longer "late" attentional response oriented to deeper processing, elicited to a greater extent by appetitive stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carretié
- Departamento de Psicologia Biológica y de la Salud, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Crasson M, Lembreghts M, el Ahmadi A, Legros JJ, Timsit-Berthier M. [Interindividual variability of contingent negative variation]. Neurophysiol Clin 2001; 31:300-20. [PMID: 11817272 DOI: 10.1016/s0987-7053(01)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of CNV in clinical practice requires the choice of a standardised protocol, the constitution of reference normative data and the consideration of intra- and interindividual variability. For this purpose, we recorded CNV in 86 control subjects (44 men and 42 women, 18 to 62 years old (mean age = 34 +/- 13 years) during a reaction time paradigm with a warning signal and a 1-second S1-S2 interval. Moreover, the role of inter-stimulation interval was analysed in a group of 12 subjects through the comparison of recordings made with 1- and 3-second intervals. The CNV amplitude, its morphology and topographic distribution as well as its resolution mode and evolution through the recording were studied. The subjects' performances and their interactions with electroencephalographic data were also included in the analyses. Our results underscore the contribution of age and gender and psychological factors to CNV variability. CNV amplitude (both M1 and M2) increased and changed topographic distribution toward more central sites in older. Men had faster reaction times than women and lower post-S1 P300. Moreover, the life events-related stress and the subject's current anxiety level were accompanied by a decreased CNV amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crasson
- Université de Liège, unité de psychoneuroendocrinologie, B-35, CHU, 4000 Liège, Belgique.
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Travis F, Tecce JJ, Guttman J. Cortical plasticity, contingent negative variation, and transcendent experiences during practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Biol Psychol 2000; 55:41-55. [PMID: 11099807 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of transcendent experiences on contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude, CNV rebound, and distraction effects. Three groups of age-matched subjects with few (<1 per year), more frequent (10-20 per year), or daily self-reported transcendent experiences received 31 simple RT trials (flash (S(1))/tone (S(2))/button press) followed by 31 divided-attention trials - randomly intermixed trials with or without a three-letter memory task in the S(1)-S(2) interval). Late CNV amplitudes in the simple trials were smallest in the group with fewest, and largest in the group with most frequent transcendent experiences. Conversely, CNV distraction effects were largest in the group with fewest and smallest in the group with most frequent transcendent experiences (the second group's values were in the middle in each case). These data suggest cumulative effects of transcendent experiences on cortical preparatory response (heightened late CNV amplitude in simple trials) and executive functioning (diminished distraction effects in letter trials).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Travis
- Psychology Department, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, 52557, USA.
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Hoke ES, Mühlnickel W, Ross B, Hoke M. Tinnitus and event-related activity of the auditory cortex. Audiol Neurootol 1998; 3:300-31. [PMID: 9705527 DOI: 10.1159/000013802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuromagnetic study in tinnitus patients and normal-hearing controls was performed with a modified contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm. While the warning stimulus S1 was a tone burst at an intensity well above threshold, the imperative stimulus S2 was presented at a near threshold intensity because, in the majority of cases, the perceived loudness of tinnitus is very close to the threshold for a pure tone of the same frequency. Subjects had to respond to S2 by pressing a button until its offset was detected. In this case, instead of the usual sudden cut-off of the CNV after the perception of S2, a slow negative deflection develops, the post-imperative negative variation (PINV). Its initial portion probably indicates the development of a second initial CNV because the subject had to attend also to the offset of S2. The neuromagnetic data were analysed both in the time domain and in the frequency domain (short-time spectral analysis of the classical EEG bands). The time domain waveform as well as the spectrotemporal patterns of the MEG bands exhibited deviations from the normal pattern in several tinnitus subgroups, depending on the characteristics of tinnitus (tonal vs. noisiform, monaural vs. binaural) and on the stimulation conditions (tinnitus side vs. non-tinnitus side).
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Hoke
- Institute of Experimental Audiology, University of Münster, Germany
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