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Abstract
Periodic outbreaks of human adenovirus infections can cause severe illness in people with no known predisposing conditions. The reasons for this increased viral pathogenicity are uncertain. Adenoviruses are constantly undergoing mutation during circulation in the human population, but related phenotypic changes of the viruses are rarely detected because of the infrequency of such outbreaks and the limited biological studies of the emergent strains. Mutations and genetic recombinations have been identified in these new strains. However, the linkage between these genetic changes and increased pathogenicity is poorly understood. It has been observed recently that differences in virus-induced immunopathogenesis can be associated with altered expression of non-mutant viral genes associated with changes in viral modulation of the host innate immune response. Initial small animal studies indicate that these changes in viral gene expression can be associated with enhanced immunopathogenesis in vivo. Available evidence suggests the hypothesis that there is a critical threshold of expression of certain viral genes that determines both the sustainability of viral transmission in the human population and the enhancement of immunopathogenesis. Studies of this possibility will require extension of the analysis of outbreak viral strains from a sequencing-based focus to biological studies of relationships between viral gene expression and pathogenic responses. Advances in this area will require increased coordination among public health organizations, diagnostic microbiology laboratories, and research laboratories to identify, catalog, and systematically study differences between prototype and emergent viral strains that explain the increased pathogenicity that can occur during clinical outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cook
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jay Radke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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2
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Windheim M, Höning S, Leppard KN, Butler L, Seed C, Ponnambalam S, Burgert HG. Sorting Motifs in the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Immunomodulatory E3/49K Protein of Species D Adenoviruses Modulate Cell Surface Expression and Ectodomain Shedding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6796-812. [PMID: 26841862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 transcription unit of human species C adenoviruses (Ads) encodes immunomodulatory proteins that mediate direct protection of infected cells. Recently, we described a novel immunomodulatory function for E3/49K, an E3 protein uniquely expressed by species D Ads. E3/49K of Ad19a/Ad64, a serotype that causes epidemic keratokonjunctivitis, is synthesized as a highly glycosylated type I transmembrane protein that is subsequently cleaved, resulting in secretion of its large ectodomain (sec49K). sec49K binds to CD45 on leukocytes, impairing activation and functions of natural killer cells and T cells. E3/49K is localized in the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN), in the early endosomes, and on the plasma membrane, yet the cellular compartment where E3/49K is cleaved and the protease involved remained elusive. Here we show that TGN-localized E3/49K comprises both newly synthesized and recycled molecules. Full-length E3/49K was not detected in late endosomes/lysosomes, but the C-terminal fragment accumulated in this compartment at late times of infection. Inhibitor studies showed that cleavage occurs in a post-TGN compartment and that lysosomotropic agents enhance secretion. Interestingly, the cytoplasmic tail of E3/49K contains two potential sorting motifs, YXXΦ (where Φ represents a bulky hydrophobic amino acid) and LL, that are important for binding the clathrin adaptor proteins AP-1 and AP-2in vitro Surprisingly, mutating the LL motif, either alone or together with YXXΦ, did not prevent proteolytic processing but increased cell surface expression and secretion. Upon brefeldin A treatment, cell surface expression was rapidly lost, even for mutants lacking all known endocytosis motifs. Together with immunofluorescence data, we propose a model for intracellular E3/49K transport whereby cleavage takes place on the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Windheim
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, the Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- the Institute for Biochemistry I and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany, and
| | - Keith N Leppard
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Butler
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Seed
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hans-Gerhard Burgert
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom,
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3
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the immune response, including proteins that target the function of cytokines. This article provides an overview of the different strategies used by viruses to block the induction of cytokines and immune signals triggered by cytokines. Examples of virus evasion proteins are presented, such as intracellular proteins that block signal transduction and immune activation mechanisms, secreted proteins that mimic cytokines, or viral decoy receptors that inhibit the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptors. Virus-encoded proteins that target cytokines play a major role in immune modulation, and their contributions to viral pathogenesis, promoting virus replication or preventing immunopathology, are discussed.
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4
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Alvarez-Sanchez C, Cancio-Lonches C, Mora-Heredia JE, Santos-Valencia JC, Barrera-Vázquez OS, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Negative effect of heat shock on feline calicivirus release from infected cells is associated with the control of apoptosis. Virus Res 2015; 198:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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A unique secreted adenovirus E3 protein binds to the leukocyte common antigen CD45 and modulates leukocyte functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4884-93. [PMID: 24218549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312420110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 transcription unit of human adenoviruses (Ads) encodes immunomodulatory proteins. Interestingly, the size and composition of the E3 region differs considerably among Ad species, suggesting that distinct sets of immunomodulatory E3 proteins may influence their interaction with the human host and the disease pattern. However, to date, only common immune evasion functions of species C E3 proteins have been described. Here we report on the immunomodulatory activity of a species D-specific E3 protein, E3/49K. Unlike all other E3 proteins that act on infected cells, E3/49K seems to target uninfected cells. Initially synthesized as an 80- to 100-kDa type I transmembrane protein, E3/49K is subsequently cleaved, with the large ectodomain (sec49K) secreted. We found that purified sec49K exhibits specific binding to lymphoid cell lines and all primary leukocytes, but not to fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Consistent with this binding profile and the molecular mass, the sec49K receptor was identified as the cell surface protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Antibody-blocking studies suggested that sec49K binds to the membrane proximal domains present in all CD45 isoforms. Functional studies showed that sec49K can suppress the activation and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells as well as the activation, signaling, and cytokine production of T cells. Thus, we have discovered an adenovirus protein that is actively secreted and describe immunomodulatory activities of an E3 protein uniquely expressed by a single Ad species.
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6
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Alkhalaf MA, Guiver M, Cooper RJ. Prevalence and quantitation of adenovirus DNA from human tonsil and adenoid tissues. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1947-54. [PMID: 23852770 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, real-time PCR was used to quantify adenovirus DNA in cell suspensions prepared from 106 right and left tonsils and 10 adenoids obtained from 57 patients who underwent routine tonsillectomies and/or adenoidectomies. Eighty-four (72.4%) tonsils and adenoids samples were positive for HAdV by real-time PCR. The viral load ranged from 2.8 × 10(2) to 2.6 × 10(6) copies/10(7) cells and varied up to sixfold between the right and left tonsils. In some cases, only one tonsil was positive and the viral load was lower in older children. Seventy-eight of 84 positive samples could be typed by sequencing of the hexon L1 region. Species C (types 1, 2, and 5) were detected in 84.1% of the patients followed by types 3 and 7 of species B (6.8%), HAdV-E4 (6.8%), and HAdV-F41 (2.3%). In one patient adenovirus C2 was found in the left tonsil and adenovirus C5 in the right tonsil. No DNA methylation was detected in either the E1A promoter or the major late promoter region of adenovirus DNA from six tonsils and adenoids samples and two clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Alissa Alkhalaf
- Virology Unit, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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7
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Ansari NA, Bao R, Voichiţa C, Drăghici S. Detecting phenotype-specific interactions between biological processes from microarray data and annotations. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2012; 9:1399-1409. [PMID: 22547431 PMCID: PMC3748606 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2012.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High throughput technologies enable researchers to measure expression levels on a genomic scale. However, the correct and efficient biological interpretation of such voluminous data remains a challenging problem. Many tools have been developed for the analysis of GO terms that are over- or under-represented in a list of differentially expressed genes. However, a previously unexplored aspect is the identification of changes in the way various biological processes interact in a given condition with respect to a reference. Here, we present a novel approach that aims at identifying such interactions between biological processes that are significantly different in a given phenotype with respect to normal. The proposed technique uses vector-space representation, SVD-based dimensionality reduction, differential weighting, and bootstrapping to asses the significance of the interactions under the multiple and complex dependencies expected between the biological processes. We illustrate our approach on two real data sets involving breast and lung cancer. More than 88 percent of the interactions found by our approach were deemed to be correct by an extensive manual review of literature. An interesting subset of such interactions is discussed in detail and shown to have the potential to open new avenues for research in lung and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riyue Bao
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202.
| | - Călin Voichiţa
- The Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48202.
| | - Sorin Drăghici
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, 3750 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, the Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, and the Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48202.
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8
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Sester M, Koebernick K, Owen D, Ao M, Bromberg Y, May E, Stock E, Andrews L, Groh V, Spies T, Steinle A, Menz B, Burgert HG. Conserved amino acids within the adenovirus 2 E3/19K protein differentially affect downregulation of MHC class I and MICA/B proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:255-67. [PMID: 19949079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Successful establishment and persistence of adenovirus (Ad) infections are facilitated by immunosubversive functions encoded in the early transcription unit 3 (E3). The E3/19K protein has a dual role, preventing cell surface transport of MHC class I/HLA class I (MHC-I/HLA-I) Ags and the MHC-I-like molecules (MHC-I chain-related chain A and B [MICA/B]), thereby inhibiting both recognition by CD8 T cells and NK cells. Although some crucial functional elements in E3/19K have been identified, a systematic analysis of the functional importance of individual amino acids is missing. We now have substituted alanine for each of 21 aas in the luminal domain of Ad2 E3/19K conserved among Ads and investigated the effects on HLA-I downregulation by coimmunoprecipitation, pulse-chase analysis, and/or flow cytometry. Potential structural alterations were monitored using conformation-dependent E3/19K-specific mAbs. The results revealed that only a small number of mutations abrogated HLA-I complex formation (e.g., substitutions W52, M87, and W96). Mutants M87 and W96 were particularly interesting as they exhibited only minimal structural changes suggesting that these amino acids make direct contacts with HLA-I. The considerable number of substitutions with little functional defects implied that E3/19K may have additional cellular target molecules. Indeed, when assessing MICA/B cell-surface expression we found that mutation of T14 and M82 selectively compromised MICA/B downregulation with essentially no effect on HLA-I modulation. In general, downregulation of HLA-I was more severely affected than that of MICA/B; for example, substitutions W52, M87, and W96 essentially abrogated HLA-I modulation while largely retaining the ability to sequester MICA/B. Thus, distinct conserved amino acids seem preferentially important for a particular functional activity of E3/19K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sester
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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9
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Tarakanova VL, Wold WSM. Adenovirus E1A and E1B-19K proteins protect human hepatoma cells from transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis. Virus Res 2009; 147:67-76. [PMID: 19854227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary and some transformed hepatocytes undergo apoptosis in response to transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta). We report that infection with species C human adenovirus conferred resistance to TGFbeta-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Huh-7). Protection against TGFbeta-mediated cell death in adenovirus-infected cells correlated with the maintenance of normal nuclear morphology, lack of pro-caspases 8 and 3 processing, maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and lack of cellular DNA degradation. The TGFbeta pro-apoptotic signaling pathway was blocked upstream of mitochondria in adenovirus-infected cells. Both the N-terminal sequences of the E1A proteins and the E1B-19K protein were necessary to protect infected cells against TGFbeta-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
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10
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Menz B, Sester M, Koebernick K, Schmid R, Burgert HG. Structural analysis of the adenovirus type 2 E3/19K protein using mutagenesis and a panel of conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bem RA, Bos AP, Matute-Bello G, van Tuyl M, van Woensel JBM. Lung epithelial cell apoptosis during acute lung injury in infancy. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8:132-7. [PMID: 17273113 DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000257207.02408.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Apoptosis of lung epithelial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Most research on this subject has focused on adults. Very little is known about a potential interaction of this process with lung development in children. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current literature on lung epithelial cell apoptosis and common causes of acute lung injury in infants and young children and to identify new areas of research. DESIGN A Medline-based literature search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Few studies have focused on lung epithelial cell apoptosis during common causes of acute lung injury in children. Nevertheless, the limited literature suggests that this may be an important mechanism during respiratory distress syndrome of infants and viral respiratory tract infection. Apoptosis is an essential process during lung development and maturation. Insufficient attention has been paid to potential consequences of this for the short- and long-term outcomes of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout A Bem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Schneider-Brachert W, Tchikov V, Merkel O, Jakob M, Hallas C, Kruse ML, Groitl P, Lehn A, Hildt E, Held-Feindt J, Dobner T, Kabelitz D, Krönke M, Schütze S. Inhibition of TNF receptor 1 internalization by adenovirus 14.7K as a novel immune escape mechanism. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2901-13. [PMID: 17024246 PMCID: PMC1590267 DOI: 10.1172/jci23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect has not yet been explained exhaustively. TNF-mediated apoptosis is initiated by ligand-induced recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase-8 to the death domain of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), thereby establishing the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Here we report that adenovirus 14.7K protein inhibits ligand-induced TNFR1 internalization. Analysis of purified magnetically labeled TNFR1 complexes from murine and human cells stably transduced with 14.7K revealed that prevention of TNFR1 internalization resulted in inhibition of DISC formation. In contrast, 14.7K did not affect TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation via recruitment of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2). Inhibition of endocytosis by 14.7K was effected by failure of coordinated temporal and spatial assembly of essential components of the endocytic machinery such as Rab5 and dynamin 2 at the site of the activated TNFR1. Furthermore, we found that the same TNF defense mechanisms were instrumental in protecting wild-type adenovirus-infected human cells expressing 14.7K. This study describes a new molecular mechanism implemented by a virus to escape immunosurveillance by selectively targeting TNFR1 endocytosis to prevent TNF-induced DISC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vladimir Tchikov
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Merkel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marten Jakob
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cora Hallas
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Kruse
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Groitl
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Lehn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schütze
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Institute of Immunology and
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Medicine II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Ruzsics Z, Wagner M, Osterlehner A, Cook J, Koszinowski U, Burgert HG. Transposon-assisted cloning and traceless mutagenesis of adenoviruses: Development of a novel vector based on species D. J Virol 2006; 80:8100-13. [PMID: 16873266 PMCID: PMC1563829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00687-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, adenovirus (Ad)-mediated gene therapy was almost exclusively based on human Ad type 5 (Ad5). Preexisting immunity and the limited, coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-dependent tropism of Ad5 stimulated attempts to exploit the natural diversity in tropism of the other 50 known human Ad serotypes. Aiming in particular at immunotherapy and vaccination, we have screened representative serotypes from different Ad species for their ability to infect dendritic cells. Ad19a, an Ad from species D, was selected for development as a new vector for vaccination and cancer gene therapy. To clone and manipulate its genome, we have developed a novel methodology, coined "exposon mutagenesis," that allows the rapid and precise introduction of virtually any genetic alteration (deletions, point mutations, or insertions) into recombinant Ad bacterial artificial chromosomes. The versatility of the system was exemplified by deleting the E3 region of Ad19a, by specifically knocking out expression of a species-specific E3 gene, E3/49K, and by reinserting E3/49K into an E3 null Ad19a mutant. The technology requires only limited sequence information and is applicable to other Ad species. Therefore, it should be extremely valuable for the analysis of gene functions from any Ad species. In addition, a basic, replication-defective E1- and E3-deleted Ad19a vector expressing GFP (Ad19aGFP) was generated. This new vector based on species D Ads exhibits a very promising tropism for lymphoid and muscle cells and shows great potential as an alternative vector for transduction of cell types that are resistant to or only poorly transduced by conventional Ad5-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ruzsics
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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14
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Lee SH, Kim YK, Kim CS, Seol SK, Kim J, Cho S, Song YL, Bartenschlager R, Jang SK. E2 of hepatitis C virus inhibits apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8226-35. [PMID: 16339562 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major causative agent of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and can be involved in very long chronic infections up to 30 years or more. Therefore, it has been speculated that HCV possesses mechanisms capable of modulating host defense systems such as innate and adaptive immunity. To investigate this virus-host interaction, we generated HCV replicons containing various HCV structural proteins and then analyzed the sensitivity of replicon-containing cells to the apoptosis-inducing agent, TRAIL. TRAIL-induced apoptosis was monitored by cleavage of procaspase-3 and procaspase-9 as well as that of their substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. TRAIL-induced apoptosis was inhibited in cells expressing HCV E2. Moreover, expression of HCV E2 enhanced the colony forming efficiency of replicon-containing cells by 25-fold. Blockage of apoptosis by E2 seems to be related to inhibition of TRAIL-induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Based on these results, we propose that E2 augments persistent HCV infection by blocking host-induced apoptosis of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
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15
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Subramanian T, Vijayalingam S, Chinnadurai G. Genetic identification of adenovirus type 5 genes that influence viral spread. J Virol 2006; 80:2000-12. [PMID: 16439556 PMCID: PMC1367173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.4.2000-2012.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that control cell-to-cell spread of human adenoviruses (Ad) are not well understood. Two early viral proteins, E1B-19K and E3-ADP, appear to have opposing effects since viral mutants that are individually deficient in E1B-19K produce large plaques (G. Chinnadurai, Cell 33:759-766, 1983), while mutants deficient in E3-ADP produce small plaques (A. E. Tollefson et al., J. Virol. 70:2296-2306, 1996) on infected cell monolayers. We have used a genetic strategy to identify different viral genes that influence adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) spread in an epithelial cancer cell line. An Ad5 mutant (dl327; lacking most of the E3 region) with the restricted-spread (small-plaque) phenotype was randomly mutagenized with UV, and 27 large-plaque (lp) mutants were isolated. A combination of analyses of viral proteins and genomic DNA sequences have indicated that 23 mutants contained lesions in the E1B region affecting either 19K or both 19K and 55K proteins. Four other lp mutants contained lesions in early regions E1A and E4, in the early L1 region that codes for the i-leader protein, and in late regions that code for the viral structural proteins, penton base, and fiber. Our results suggest that the requirement of E3-ADP for Ad spread could be readily compensated for by abrogation of the functions of E1B-19K and provide genetic evidence that these two viral proteins influence viral spread in opposing manners. In addition to E1B and E3 proteins, other early and late proteins that regulate viral replication and infectivity also influence lateral viral spread. Our studies have identified novel mutations that could be exploited in designing efficient oncolytic Ad vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Subramanian
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3681 Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Weitzman MD, Ornelles DA. Inactivating intracellular antiviral responses during adenovirus infection. Oncogene 2005; 24:7686-96. [PMID: 16299529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA viruses promote cell cycle progression, stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis, and present the cell with an extraordinary amount of exogenous DNA. These insults elicit vigorous responses mediated by cellular factors that govern cellular homeostasis. To ensure productive infection, adenovirus has developed means to inactivate these intracellular antiviral responses. Among the challenges to the host cell is the viral DNA genome, which is viewed as DNA damage and elicits a cellular response to inhibit replication. Adenovirus therefore encodes proteins that dismantle the cellular DNA damage machinery. Studying virus-host interactions has yielded insights into the molecular functioning of fundamental cellular mechanisms. In addition, it has suggested ways that viral cytotoxicity can be exploited to offer a selective means of restricted growth in tumor cells as a therapy against cancer. In this review, we discuss aspects of the intracellular response that are unique to adenovirus infection and how adenoviral proteins produced from the early region E4 act to neutralize antiviral defenses, with a particular focus on DNA damage signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Weitzman
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Srivastava A, Henneke P, Visintin A, Morse SC, Martin V, Watkins C, Paton JC, Wessels MR, Golenbock DT, Malley R. The apoptotic response to pneumolysin is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent and protects against pneumococcal disease. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6479-87. [PMID: 16177320 PMCID: PMC1230904 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6479-6487.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin, the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin of Streptococcus pneumoniae, induces inflammatory and apoptotic events in mammalian cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) confers resistance to pneumococcal infection via its interaction with pneumolysin, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be identified. In the present study, we found that pneumolysin-induced apoptosis is also mediated by TLR4 and confers protection against invasive disease. The interaction between TLR4 and pneumolysin is direct and specific; ligand-binding studies demonstrated that pneumolysin binds to TLR4 but not to TLR2. Involvement of TLR4 in pneumolysin-induced apoptosis was demonstrated in several complementary experiments. First, macrophages from wild-type mice were significantly more prone to pneumolysin-induced apoptosis than cells from TLR4-defective mice. In gain-of-function experiments, we found that epithelial cells expressing TLR4 and stimulated with pneumolysin were more likely to undergo apoptosis than cells expressing TLR2. A specific TLR4 antagonist, B1287, reduced pneumolysin-mediated apoptosis in wild-type cells. This apoptotic response was also partially caspase dependent as preincubation of cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk reduced pneumolysin-induced apoptosis. Finally, in a mouse model of pneumococcal infection, pneumolysin-producing pneumococci elicited significantly more upper respiratory tract cell apoptosis in wild-type mice than in TLR4-defective mice, and blocking apoptosis by administration of zVAD-fmk to wild-type mice resulted in a significant increase in mortality following nasopharyngeal pneumococcal exposure. Overall, our results strongly suggest that protection against pneumococcal disease is dependent on the TLR4-mediated enhancement of pneumolysin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Abstract
Replication-selective oncolytic viruses have emerged as a new treatment platform for cancers. However, selectivity and potency need to be improved before virotherapy can become a standard treatment modality. In addition, mechanisms that can be incorporated to enable targeting a broad range of cancer types are highly desirable. Cancer cells are well known to have multiple blocks in apoptosis pathways. On the other hand, viruses have evolved to express numerous antiapoptotic genes to antagonize apoptosis induced upon infection. Viruses with deletions in antiapoptotic genes can therefore be complemented by antiapoptotic genetic changes in cancer cells for efficient replication and oncolysis. In this review, we summarize the recent development of this concept, the potential obstacles, and future directions for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
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19
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Wiegand M, Bossow S, Neubert WJ. Sendai virus trailer RNA simultaneously blocks two apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in a cell type-dependent manner. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2305-2314. [PMID: 16033978 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis during Sendai virus (SeV) infection has previously been documented to be triggered by initiator caspases (for strain F) or by a contribution of the cellular protein TIAR (T-cell-activated intracellular antigen-related) (for strain Z). Here, evidence was provided that both TIAR and caspases are simultaneously involved in apoptosis induction as a result of infection with SeV strain F. SeV F infection induced death in all tested cell lines, which could only be partially prevented through the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. However, infection of seven different cell lines with the SeV mutant Fctr48z overexpressing a TIAR-sequestering RNA from the modified leader resulted in a cell type-dependent reduced cytopathic effect (CPE); in an earlier study a similar mutant derived from SeV Z was shown to prevent the induction of any CPE. Finally, blocking of caspases through z-VAD-fmk combined with Fctr48z infection led to complete abrogation of CPE, clearly demonstrating the existence of two separate mechanisms inducing cell death during SeV F infections. Interestingly, a cell type-specific interference between these two mechanisms could be detected during infection with the mutant virus Fctr48z: RNA transcribed from the mutated leader was able to trans-dominantly inhibit caspase-mediated apoptosis. Thus, virus-expressed factors enabling a well-balanced ratio of suppression and triggering of apoptosis seem to be essential for optimal virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wiegand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sascha Bossow
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Neubert
- Department of Molecular Virology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Filippova M, Brown-Bryan TA, Casiano CA, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. The human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein can either protect or further sensitize cells to TNF: effect of dose. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1622-35. [PMID: 15933739 PMCID: PMC1615884 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk strains of human papillomavirus, including HPV 16, cause human cervical carcinomas, due in part to the activity of their E6 oncogene. E6 interacts with a number of cellular proteins involved in host-initiated apoptotic responses. Paradoxically, literature reports show that E6 can both protect cells from and sensitize cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To examine this apparent contradiction, E6 was transfected into U2OS cells and stable clones were treated with TNF. Intriguingly, clones with a high level of E6 expression displayed an increased sensitivity to TNF by undergoing apoptosis, while those with low expression were resistant. Furthermore, TNF treatment of cells in which the expression of E6 was regulated by the addition of doxycycline demonstrated clearly that while low levels of E6 protect cells from TNF, high levels sensitize cells. Together, these results demonstrate that virus-host interactions can be complex and that both quantitative and qualitative aspects are important in determining outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes
- Corresponding author: Dr. Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, 11085 Campus Street, 121 Mortensen Hall, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, Phone: 909/558-4300 ext 81361, Fax: 909/558-0177, e-mail:
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21
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Abou El Hassan MAI, van der Meulen-Muileman I, Abbas S, Kruyt FAE. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses kill tumor cells via a basic apoptotic machinery-independent mechanism that resembles necrosis-like programmed cell death. J Virol 2004; 78:12243-51. [PMID: 15507611 PMCID: PMC525077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12243-12251.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) represent a promising class of novel anticancer agents that are used for virotherapy. The E1ADelta24 mutation-based viruses, Ad5-Delta24 [CRAd(E3-); E3 region deleted] and infectivity-enhanced Ad5-Delta24RGD [CRAd(E3+)] have been shown to potently eradicate tumor cells. The presence of the E3 region in the latter virus is known to improve cell killing that can be attributed to the presence of the oncolysis-enhancing Ad death protein. The more precise mechanism by which CRAds kill tumor cells is unclear, and the role of the host cell apoptotic machinery in this process has been addressed only in a limited way. Here, we examine the role of several major apoptotic pathways in the CRAd-induced killing of non-small-cell lung cancer H460 cells. As expected, CRAd(E3+) was more potent than CRAd(E3-). No evidence for the involvement of the p53-Bax apoptotic pathway was found. Western blot analyses demonstrated strong suppression of p53 expression and unchanged Bax levels during viral replication, and stable overexpression of human papillomavirus type 16-E6 in H460 cells did not affect killing by both CRAds. CRAd activity was also not hampered by stable overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 or BclXL, and endogenous Bcl2/BclXL protein levels remained constant during the oncolytic cycle. Some evidence for caspase processing was obtained at late time points after infection; however, the inhibition of caspases by the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein overexpression or cotreatment with zVAD-fmk did not inhibit CRAd-dependent cell death. Analyses of several apoptotic features revealed no evidence for nuclear fragmentation or DNA laddering, although phosphatidylserine externalization was detected. We conclude that despite the known apoptosis-modulating abilities of individual Ad proteins, Ad5-Delta24-based CRAds trigger necrosis-like cell death. In addition, we propose that deregulated apoptosis in cancer cells, a possible drug resistance mechanism, provides no barrier for CRAd efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A I Abou El Hassan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Room Br 232, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Lichtenstein DL, Doronin K, Toth K, Kuppuswamy M, Wold WSM, Tollefson AE. Adenovirus E3-6.7K protein is required in conjunction with the E3-RID protein complex for the internalization and degradation of TRAIL receptor 2. J Virol 2004; 78:12297-307. [PMID: 15507617 PMCID: PMC525093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12297-12307.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) encode several proteins within the early region 3 (E3) transcription unit that help protect infected cells from elimination by the immune system. Among these immunomodulatory proteins, the receptor internalization and degradation (RID) protein complex, which is composed of the RIDalpha (formerly E3-10.4K) and RIDbeta (formerly E3-14.5K) subunits, stimulates the internalization and degradation of certain members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, thus blocking apoptosis initiated by Fas and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The experiments reported here show that TRAIL receptor 2 (TR2) is cleared from the cell surface in Ad-infected cells. Virus mutants containing deletions that span E3 were used to show that the RID and E3-6.7K proteins are both necessary for the internalization and degradation of TR2, whereas only the RID protein is required for TRAIL receptor 1 downregulation. In addition, replication-defective Ad vectors that express individual E3 proteins were used to establish that the RID and E3-6.7K proteins are sufficient to clear TR2. These data demonstrate that E3-6.7K is an important component of the antiapoptosis arsenal encoded by the E3 transcription unit of subgroup C Ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew L Lichtenstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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23
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Hilgendorf A, Lindberg J, Ruzsics Z, Höning S, Elsing A, Löfqvist M, Engelmann H, Burgert HG. Two distinct transport motifs in the adenovirus E3/10.4-14.5 proteins act in concert to down-modulate apoptosis receptors and the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51872-84. [PMID: 14506242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus (Ad) early transcription unit E3 encodes immunosubversive functions. The E3 transmembrane proteins 10.4 and 14.5 form a complex that down-regulates the epidermal growth factor receptor and apoptosis receptors from the cell surface by diverting them to endosomes/lysosomes for degradation. The latter process protects infected cells from ligand-induced apoptosis. The mechanism by which 10.4-14.5 mediate re-routing remains elusive. We examined the role of putative YXX Phi and dileucine (LL) transport motifs within Ad2 10.4-14.5 for target protein modulation. By generating stable E3 transfectants expressing 10.4-14.5 proteins with alanine substitutions in these motifs, we show that 3 of the 5 motifs are essential for functional activity. Whereas tyrosine 74 in 14.5 appears to be important for efficient 10.4-14.5 interaction, the 122YXX Phi motif in 14.5 and the dileucine motif Leu 87-Leu88 in 10.4 constitute genuine transport motifs: disruption of either motif abolished binding to the cellular adaptor proteins AP-1 and AP-2, as shown by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and caused missorting, dramatically altering cell surface appearance and the intracellular location of viral proteins. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and immunofluorescence data provide evidence that Tyr122 in 14.5 is essential for rapid endocytosis of the 10.4-14.5 complex, whereas the 10.4LL motif acts down-stream and protects 10.4-14.5 from extensive degradation by rerouting it into a recycling pathway. Infection of primary cells with adenoviruses carrying the relevant point mutations confirmed the crucial role of these transport motifs for down-regulation of Fas, TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and epidermal growth factor receptor. Thus, two distinct transport motifs present in two proteins synergize for efficient target removal and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Hilgendorf
- Gene Centre of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Virology, 81377 Munich, Germany
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24
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Yarovinsky TO, Powers LS, Butler NS, Bradford MA, Monick MM, Hunninghake GW. Adenoviral infection decreases mortality from lipopolysaccharide-induced liver failure via induction of TNF-alpha tolerance. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2453-60. [PMID: 12928393 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of adenoviral infection on in vivo responses to LPS mediated by TNF-alpha were evaluated in a murine model. Adenovirus-infected mice showed decreased mortality from fulminant hepatitis induced by administration of LPS or staphylococcal enterotoxin B in the presence of D-galactosamine. Importantly, TNF-alpha resistance genes within adenoviral E3 region were not required, because E1,E3-deleted vectors showed similar effects. Adenovirus-infected mice exhibited higher TNF-alpha levels after LPS stimulation, no difference in TNFR1 expression, and similar mortality from Fas-induced fulminant hepatitis. Decreased production of IL-6 and KC in response to exogenous TNF-alpha, in addition to protection from TNF-alpha, suggested that adenoviral infection results in TNF-alpha tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/mortality
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/toxicity
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Galactosamine/toxicity
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Failure/immunology
- Liver Failure/mortality
- Liver Failure/pathology
- Liver Failure/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Yarovinsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa, 100 EMRB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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25
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Tarakanova VL, Wold WSM. Transforming growth factor beta1 receptor II is downregulated by E1A in adenovirus-infected cells. J Virol 2003; 77:9324-36. [PMID: 12915548 PMCID: PMC187388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9324-9336.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling is compromised in many tumors, thereby allowing the tumor to escape the growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic activities of the cytokine. Human adenoviruses interfere with a number of cellular pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, initially placing the cell in a "tumor-like" state by forcing quiescent cells into the cell cycle and also inhibiting apoptosis. We report that adenovirus-infected cells resemble tumor cells in that TGF-beta1 signaling is inhibited. The levels of TGF-beta1 receptor II (TbetaRII) in adenovirus-infected cells were decreased, and this decrease was mapped, by using virus mutants, to the E1A gene and to amino acids 2 to 36 and the C-terminal binding protein binding site in the E1A protein. The decrease in the TbetaRII protein was accompanied by a decrease in TbetaRII mRNA. The decrease in TbetaRII protein levels in adenovirus-infected cells was greater than the decrease in TbetaRII mRNA, suggesting that downregulation of the TbetaRII protein may occur through more than one mechanism. Surprisingly in this context, the half-lives of the TbetaRII protein in infected and uninfected cells were similar. TGF-beta1 signaling was compromised in cells infected with wild-type adenovirus, as measured with 3TP-lux, a TGF-beta-sensitive reporter plasmid expressing luciferase. Adenovirus mutants deficient in TbetaRII downregulation did not inhibit TGF-beta1 signaling. TGF-beta1 pretreatment reduced the relative abundance of adenovirus structural proteins in infected cells, an effect that was potentiated when cells were infected with mutants incapable of modulating the TGF-beta signaling pathway. These results raise the possibility that inhibition of TGF-beta signaling by E1A is a means by which adenovirus counters the antiviral defenses of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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26
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McNees AL, Garnett CT, Gooding LR. The adenovirus E3 RID complex protects some cultured human T and B lymphocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis. J Virol 2002; 76:9716-23. [PMID: 12208950 PMCID: PMC136506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.19.9716-9723.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human group C adenoviruses cause an acute infection in respiratory epithelia and establish a long-term or persistent infection, possibly in lymphocytes. The mechanism by which this persistence is maintained is unknown; however, it would require that persistently infected lymphocytes not be deleted. The adenovirus genome encodes proteins that prevent the immune system from eliminating the virus-infected cell, including the E3 receptor internalization and degradation (RID) complex. The RID complex prevents death of infected cells by blocking apoptosis initiated through death domain-containing receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, including TNFR1 (L. R. Gooding, T. S. Ranheim, A. E. Tollefson, L. Aquino, P. Duerksen-Hughes, T. M. Horton, and W. S. Wold, J. Virol. 65:4114-4123, 1991), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors (TRAIL-R1 and -R2) (C. A. Benedict, P. S. Norris, T. I. Prigozy, J. L. Bodmer, J. A. Mahr, C. T. Garnett, F. Martinon, J. Tschopp, L. R. Gooding, and C. F. Ware, J. Biol. Chem. 276:3270-3278, 2001; A. E. Tollefson, K. Toth, K. Doronin, M. Kuppuswamy, O. A. Doronina, D. L. Lichtenstein, T. W. Hermiston, C. A. Smith, and W. S. Wold, J. Virol. 75:8875-8887, 2001), and Fas (J. Shisler, C. Yang, B. Walter, C. F. Ware, and L. R. Gooding, J. Virol. 71:8299-8306, 1997). Here, we test the ability of RID to protect human lymphocytes from apoptosis induced by ligation of Fas, a mechanism important for regulating lymphocyte populations. Using a retrovirus expressing RID to infect six human lymphocyte cell lines, we found that RID functions in the absence of other viral proteins to downregulate surface Fas on some, but not all, cell lines. Total cellular levels of Fas decrease as measured by Western blotting, and this loss of Fas correlates with protection from apoptosis induced by ligation of Fas in every cell line tested. Although in some cases, RID causes loss of only a fraction of surface Fas, the presence of RID completely blocks the immediate events downstream of Fas ligation (i.e., Fas-FADD association and caspase-8 cleavage) in susceptible cell lines. Nonetheless, the ability of RID to block Fas signaling is independent of the Fas signaling pathway used (type I or type II). Interestingly, among the four T-cell lines tested, RID caused loss of Fas in the two T-cell lines bearing a relatively immature phenotype, while having no activity in T cells with mature phenotypes. Collectively, these data suggest that RID functions to prevent apoptosis of some human lymphocytes by internalizing surface Fas receptors. It is possible that the expression of RID facilitates long-term infection by preventing Fas-mediated deletion of persistently infected lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L McNees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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