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Duan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang M, Tian J, Li Q, Ai J, Wang R, Xie Z. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by human adenovirus type 7 L4 100-kilodalton protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1294898. [PMID: 38660301 PMCID: PMC11041921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1294898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV-7) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines for children targeting HAdV-7, and the mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammatory cascade plays a crucial role in the host's antiviral immunity. Our previous study demonstrated that HAdV-7 infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Building upon this finding, our current study has identified the L4 100 kDa protein encoded by HAdV-7 as the primary viral component responsible for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By utilizing techniques such as co-immunoprecipitation, we have confirmed that the 100 kDa protein interacts with the NLRP3 protein and facilitates the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by binding specifically to the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3. These insights offer a deeper understanding of HAdV-7 pathogenesis and contribute to the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Beijing Boai Hospital, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen J, Wang Q, Zhong B, Zheng H, Wang D, Huang X, Liu L, Liu T. Activation of the RIG-I/MAVS Signaling Pathway during Human Adenovirus Type 3 Infection Impairs the Pro-Inflammatory Response Induced by Secondary Infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4178. [PMID: 38673764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The exacerbation of pneumonia in children with human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3E) is secondary to a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. The influence of host-pathogen interactions on disease progression remains unclear. It is important to note that S. aureus infections following an HAdV-3E infection are frequently observed in clinical settings, yet the underlying susceptibility mechanisms are not fully understood. This study utilized an A549 cell model to investigate secondary infection with S. aureus following an HAdV-3E infection. The findings suggest that HAdV-3E exacerbates the S. aureus infection by intensifying lung epithelial cell damage. The results highlight the role of HAdV-3E in enhancing the interferon signaling pathway through RIG-I (DDX58), resulting in the increased expression of interferon-stimulating factors like MX1, RSAD2, and USP18. The increase in interferon-stimulating factors inhibits the NF-κB and MAPK/P38 pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. These findings reveal new mechanisms of action for HAdV-3E and S. aureus in secondary infections, enhancing our comprehension of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehan Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Qiaowen Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Biying Zhong
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Huiying Zheng
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Dingjun Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
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Luo H, Zhou Q, Feng J, Wu Y, Chen H, Mao M, Qi R. Global Prevalence of Preexisting Antibodies against Human Adenoviruses, Surveyed from 1962 to 2021. Intervirology 2024; 67:19-39. [PMID: 38452738 PMCID: PMC11006277 DOI: 10.1159/000538233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are extensively used as vectors for vaccines development and cancer therapy. People who already have antibodies against HAdVs, on the other hand, would have an impact on the preventative or therapeutic effect. This review focuses primarily on the prevalence of pre-existing antibodies against HAdVs in distinct geographical populations. SUMMARY After screening, 64 studies from 31 countries between 1962 and 2021 were selected, totaling 39,427 samples. The total prevalence of preexisting antibodies to HAdVs varied by country or location, ranging from 2.00 to 95.70%. Southeast Asia had the highest prevalence (54.57%) while Europe had the lowest (18.17%). The prevalence in practically all developing nations was higher than in developed nations. Adults have a greater frequency than children and newborns in most nations. The primary HAdV antibody types varied by country. Adults in China, the USA, the United Kingdom, and Belgium had the lowest prevalence of preexisting antibodies against HAdV55, HAdV37, HAdV8, and HAdV36, respectively. Children in the USA, China, the United Kingdom, and Japan had the lowest rates of HAdV48, HAdV11, HAdV8, and HAdV40. The frequency of antibodies differed significantly between military and civilian groups. KEY MESSAGES Preexisting antibodies against various types of HAdVs differed greatly throughout worldwide populations. Future development of HAdV-vector vaccines and medicines should focus on preexisting antibodies in target groups rather than a "one-size-fits-all" strategy. It might be advantageous in selecting HAdV vectors for studying the prevalence of preexisting antibodies against HAdVs in different locations and people throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinqi Feng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Meihan Mao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Qi
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Morfopoulou S, Buddle S, Torres Montaguth OE, Atkinson L, Guerra-Assunção JA, Moradi Marjaneh M, Zennezini Chiozzi R, Storey N, Campos L, Hutchinson JC, Counsell JR, Pollara G, Roy S, Venturini C, Antinao Diaz JF, Siam A, Tappouni LJ, Asgarian Z, Ng J, Hanlon KS, Lennon A, McArdle A, Czap A, Rosenheim J, Andrade C, Anderson G, Lee JCD, Williams R, Williams CA, Tutill H, Bayzid N, Martin Bernal LM, Macpherson H, Montgomery KA, Moore C, Templeton K, Neill C, Holden M, Gunson R, Shepherd SJ, Shah P, Cooray S, Voice M, Steele M, Fink C, Whittaker TE, Santilli G, Gissen P, Kaufer BB, Reich J, Andreani J, Simmonds P, Alrabiah DK, Castellano S, Chikowore P, Odam M, Rampling T, Houlihan C, Hoschler K, Talts T, Celma C, Gonzalez S, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Watson C, Mandal S, Zambon M, Chand M, Hatcher J, De S, Baillie K, Semple MG, Martin J, Ushiro-Lumb I, Noursadeghi M, Deheragoda M, Hadzic N, Grammatikopoulos T, Brown R, Kelgeri C, Thalassinos K, Waddington SN, Jacques TS, Thomson E, Levin M, Brown JR, Breuer J. Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children. Nature 2023; 617:564-573. [PMID: 36996872 PMCID: PMC10170458 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06003-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Morfopoulou
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Buddle
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar Enrique Torres Montaguth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - José Afonso Guerra-Assunção
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdi Moradi Marjaneh
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Zennezini Chiozzi
- University College London Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathaniel Storey
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luis Campos
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Pollara
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sunando Roy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan F Antinao Diaz
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ala'a Siam
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luke J Tappouni
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zeinab Asgarian
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Killian S Hanlon
- Research Department of Targeted Intervention, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Lennon
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew McArdle
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Agata Czap
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Rosenheim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catarina Andrade
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jack C D Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachel Williams
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte A Williams
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Tutill
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nadua Bayzid
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luz Marina Martin Bernal
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Macpherson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kylie-Ann Montgomery
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Moore
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Templeton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Neill
- Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
| | - Matt Holden
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Priyen Shah
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha Cooray
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Voice
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael Steele
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Colin Fink
- Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jana Reich
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Andreani
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dimah K Alrabiah
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergi Castellano
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Genomics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Miranda Odam
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Houlihan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Hatcher
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Surjo De
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Malcolm Gracie Semple
- Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Martin
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chayarani Kelgeri
- Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- University College London Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, EGA-Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Section for Paediatrics, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julianne R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Ipinmoroti AO, Crenshaw BJ, Pandit R, Kumar S, Sims B, Matthews QL. Human Adenovirus Serotype 3 Infection Modulates the Biogenesis and Composition of Lung Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2958394. [PMID: 34926703 PMCID: PMC8677401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2958394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a major causal agent of acute respiratory infections. However, they are a powerful delivery system for gene therapy and vaccines. Some Ad serotypes antagonize the immune system leading to meningitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and/or acute hemorrhagic cystitis. Studies have shown that the release of small, membrane-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may offer a mechanism by which viruses can enter cells via receptor-independent entry and how they influence disease pathogenesis and/or host protection considering their existence in almost all bodily fluids. We proposed that Ad3 could alter EV biogenesis, composition, and trafficking and may stimulate various immune responses in vitro. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of in vitro infection with Ad3 vector on EV biogenesis and composition in the human adenocarcinoma lung epithelial cell line A549. Cells were infected in an exosome-free media at different multiplicity of infections (MOIs) and time points. The cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and fluorometric calcein-AM. EVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation. Isolated EV proteins were quantified and evaluated via nanoparticle tracking, transmission electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting assays. The cell viability significantly decreased with an increase in MOI and incubation time. A significant increase in particle mean sizes, concentrations, and total EV protein content was detected at higher MOIs when compared to uninfected cells (control group). A549 cell-derived EVs revealed the presence of TSG101, tetraspanins CD9 and CD63, and heat shock proteins 70 and 100 with significantly elevated levels of Rab5, 7, and 35 at higher MOIs (300, 750, and 1500) when compared to the controls. Our findings suggested Ad3 could modulate EV biogenesis, composition, and trafficking which could impact infection pathogenesis and disease progression. This study might suggest EVs could be diagnostic and therapeutic advancement to Ad infections and other related viral infections. However, further investigation is warranted to explore the underlying mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O. Ipinmoroti
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Brennetta J. Crenshaw
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rachana Pandit
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brian Sims
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
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Zheng R, Li Y, Chen D, Su J, Han N, Chen H, Ning Z, Xiao M, Zhao M, Zhu B. Changes of Host Immunity Mediated by IFN-γ + CD8 + T Cells in Children with Adenovirus Pneumonia in Different Severity of Illness. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122384. [PMID: 34960654 PMCID: PMC8708941 DOI: 10.3390/v13122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immunity of patients with adenovirus pneumonia in different severity of illness is unclear. This study compared the routine laboratory tests and the host immunity of human adenovirus (HAdV) patients with different severity of illness. A co-cultured cell model in vitro was established to verify the T cell response in vitro. Among 140 patients with confirmed HAdV of varying severity, the number of lymphocytes in the severe patients was significantly reduced to 1.91 × 109/L compared with the healthy control (3.92 × 109/L) and the mild patients (4.27 × 109/L). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in patients with adenovirus pneumonia were significantly elevated with the severity of the disease. Compared with the healthy control (20.82%) and the stable patients (33.96%), the percentage of CD8+ T cells that produced IFN-γ increased to 56.27% in the progressing patients. Adenovirus infection increased the percentage of CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ in the co-culture system. The hyperfunction of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells might be related to the severity of adenovirus infection. The in vitro co-culture cell model could also provide a usable cellular model for subsequent experiments.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/genetics
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/pathology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Patient Acuity
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
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7
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Chéneau C, Kremer EJ. Adenovirus-Extracellular Protein Interactions and Their Impact on Innate Immune Responses by Human Mononuclear Phagocytes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121351. [PMID: 33255892 PMCID: PMC7760109 DOI: 10.3390/v12121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight how, in a syngeneic system, human mononuclear phagocytes respond to environments containing human adenovirus (HAdV) and soluble extracellular proteins that influence their innate immune response. Soluble extracellular proteins, including immunoglobulins, blood clotting factors, proteins of the complement system, and/or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can exert direct effects by binding to a virus capsid that modifies interactions with pattern recognition receptors and downstream signaling. In addition, the presence, generation, or secretion of extracellular proteins can indirectly influence the response to HAdVs via the activation and recruitment of cells at the site of infection.
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8
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Li R, Ying B, Liu Y, Spencer JF, Miao J, Tollefson AE, Brien JD, Wang Y, Wold WSM, Wang Z, Toth K. Generation and characterization of an Il2rg knockout Syrian hamster model for XSCID and HAdV-C6 infection in immunocompromised patients. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044602. [PMID: 32651192 PMCID: PMC7473636 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Model animals are indispensable for the study of human diseases, and in general, of complex biological processes. The Syrian hamster is an important model animal for infectious diseases, behavioral science and metabolic science, for which more experimental tools are becoming available. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of an interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma (Il2rg) knockout (KO) Syrian hamster strain. In humans, mutations in IL2RG can result in a total failure of T and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte development and nonfunctional B lymphocytes (X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency; XSCID). Therefore, we sought to develop a non-murine model to study XSCID and the infectious diseases associated with IL2RG deficiency. We demonstrated that the Il2rg KO hamsters have a lymphoid compartment that is greatly reduced in size and diversity, and is impaired in function. As a result of the defective adaptive immune response, Il2rg KO hamsters developed a more severe human adenovirus infection and cleared virus less efficiently than immune competent wild-type hamsters. Because of this enhanced virus replication, Il2rg KO hamsters developed more severe adenovirus-induced liver pathology than wild-type hamsters. This novel hamster strain will provide researchers with a new tool to investigate human XSCID and its related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jacqueline F Spencer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ann E Tollefson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yaohe Wang
- National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - William S M Wold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Karoly Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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9
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Kumar K, Singanayagam A, Johnston SL. Respiratory Virus Infections in Asthma: Research Developments and Therapeutic Advances. Acta Med Acad 2020; 49:130-143. [PMID: 33189119 DOI: 10.5644/ama2006-124.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the latest developments in research pertaining to virus-induced asthma exacerbations and consider recent advances in treatment options. Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that continues to impose a substantial clinical burden worldwide. Asthma exacerbations, characterised by an acute deterioration in respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These episodes are most commonly triggered by respiratory virus infections. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of virus-induced exacerbations have been the focus of extensive biomedical research. Developing a robust understanding of the interplay between respiratory viruses and the host immune response will be critical for developing more efficacious, targeted therapies for exacerbations. CONCLUSION: There has been significant recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying virus-induced airway inflammation in asthma and these advances will underpin the development of future clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Kumar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK; Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Hill End Road, Harefield, UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK; Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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10
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Kosulin K. Intestinal HAdV Infection: Tissue Specificity, Persistence, and Implications for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090804. [PMID: 31480296 PMCID: PMC6783822 DOI: 10.3390/v11090804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) causes infections predominantly in early childhood and the tissue tropism of specific HAdV species determines the clinical manifestation, including infections of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and keratoconjunctivitis. Why HAdV shows such a tropism has not yet been fully elucidated, but in the intestine different mechanisms for virus entry or resistence to immune modulatory factors have been described. Recently identified antiviral strategies by interferons provide evidence about the repression of E1A and maybe even promote HAdV persistence. The presence of HAdV in a persistent status in the gut is of importance in the setting of pediatric stem cell transplant recipients where HAdV detection in stool usually preceds clinical signs and severe infections are related to mortality. The reactivation of persistent intestinal HAdV infections in these patients needs further investigation also with regard to successful therapy options. In addition, several newly identified recombinant HAdV types have been isolated from stool samples, thus raising the question of possible recombination events in the gut. In this review, intestinal HAdV infections are discussed in relation to the tissue tropism, persistence, recombination, and new in-vitro models to enhance the knowledge about virus–host interactions and support the development of new treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kosulin
- Molecular Microbiology, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Liu Z, Tian X, Liu W, Xian Y, Chen W, Chen H, Zhou R. Development of two antigen-binding fragments to a conserved linear epitope of human adenovirus and their application in immunofluorescence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219091. [PMID: 31242267 PMCID: PMC6594634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in nasopharyngeal swab samples by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) will be valuable for diagnosing HAdV infection, which is a leading cause of severe respiratory tract disease, and will help in curbing the spread of HAdV. Monoclonal antibodies employed in IFA for HAdV detection should ideally target highly conserved epitope types. Here, we describe the development of two antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) with specific reactivity to HAdV using phage antibody library technology. When tested with IFA, both Fabs recognized cells infected with several types of HAdV, some of which have been identified in epidemics globally, or associated with outbreaks of severe or fatal acute respiratory diseases. The specificity and cross-reactivity of both Fabs to HAdVs indicated that the generated Fabs could be applied in the development of IFAs to detect HAdVs. Both Fabs bound to the knob proteins, as shown by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay and western blot. In addition, epitope mapping showed that both Fabs recognized a conserved linear epitope among several types of HAdV. Two different Fabs recognized the same epitope, suggesting that the epitope triggered the production of at least two kinds of antibodies in the body. The generated Fabs exerted no neutralization against HAdVs. The results demonstrate that both Fabs bind to an epitope that plays no role in neutralization of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weilue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on recent studies of human adenoviral (HAdV) infections and to explore the mechanisms of viral persistence and the role of persistent infection in disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients. RECENT FINDINGS Human adenoviruses continue to be a problem in ophthalmology clinics and to cause periodic, limited, global outbreaks of respiratory disease. Ad14p1 remains in worldwide circulation and continues to result in miniepidemics of severe respiratory infections. New variants of Ad4 and Ad7 have emerged in both the United States and Asia. The severity of Ad4 infections in outbreaks appears to depend more on preexisting conditions in patients than on genetically determined, viral virulence factors, in contrast to limited evidence of Ad7 mutations that may convey increased viral pathogenesis. Reactivation of persistent adenovirus infection appears to be the primary source of disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. New studies suggest that establishment of persistent infection and reactivation are related to variations in interferon-mediated control of viral replication. SUMMARY Innate immune responses can create a state of adenoviral persistence, and repression of these host defenses can result in reactivation and dissemination of infection. A better definition of the molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated control of viral replication might lead to new strategies for treatment of HAdV reactivation and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Radke
- Boise VA Hospital, Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho
| | - James L Cook
- Loyola University Chicago - Stritch School of Medicine and Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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Holly MK, Smith JG. Adenovirus Infection of Human Enteroids Reveals Interferon Sensitivity and Preferential Infection of Goblet Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:e00250-18. [PMID: 29467318 PMCID: PMC5899204 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00250-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are significant human pathogens. Although only a subset of HAdV serotypes commonly cause gastroenteritis in humans, most HAdV species replicate in the gastrointestinal tract. Knowledge of the complex interaction between HAdVs and the human intestinal epithelium has been limited by the lack of a suitable cell culture system containing relevant cell types. Recently, this need has been met by the stable and prolonged cultivation of primary intestinal epithelial cells as enteroids. Human enteroids have been used to reveal novel and interesting aspects of rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus replication, prompting us to explore their suitability for HAdV culture. We found that both prototype strains and clinical isolates of enteric and nonenteric HAdVs productively replicate in human enteroids. HAdV-5p, a respiratory pathogen, and HAdV-41p, an enteric pathogen, are both sensitive to type I and III interferons in human enteroid monolayers but not A549 cells. Interestingly, HAdV-5p, but not HAdV-41p, preferentially infected goblet cells. And, HAdV-5p but not HAdV-41p was potently neutralized by the enteric human alpha-defensin HD5. These studies highlight new facets of HAdV biology that are uniquely revealed by primary intestinal epithelial cell culture.IMPORTANCE Enteric adenoviruses are a significant cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide, yet our understanding of their unique biology is limited. Here we report robust replication of both prototype and clinical isolates of enteric and respiratory human adenoviruses in enteroids, a primary intestinal cell culture system. Recent studies have shown that other fastidious enteric viruses replicate in human enteroids. Therefore, human enteroids may provide a unified platform for culturing enteric viruses, potentially enabling isolation of a greater diversity of viruses from patients. Moreover, both the ability of interferon to restrict respiratory and enteric adenoviruses and a surprising preference of a respiratory serotype for goblet cells demonstrate the power of this culture system to uncover aspects of adenovirus biology that were previously unattainable with standard cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi K Holly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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14
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Haque E, Banik U, Monowar T, Anthony L, Adhikary AK. Worldwide increased prevalence of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) respiratory infections is well correlated with heterogeneous hypervariable regions (HVRs) of hexon. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194516. [PMID: 29590206 PMCID: PMC5874027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) respiratory infections occurs worldwide in both children and adults, leading to severe morbidity and mortality, particularly in the paediatric age group and especially in neonates. During HAdV infection, neutralizing antibodies are formed against the epitopes located in the hyper variable regions (HVRs) of the hexon protein. These neutralizing antibodies provide protection against reinfection by viruses of the same type. Therefore it is reasonable to speculate that variations of HAdV-3 in the HVRs could impair the immunity acquired by previous infection with a different strain with variation in its HVRs. HAdV-3 has recently become the major agent of acute respiratory infection worldwide, being responsible for 15% to 87% of all adenoviral respiratory infections. However, despite the increased prevalence of HAdV-3 as respiratory pathogen, the diversity of hexon proteins in circulating strains remains unexplored. This study was designed to explore the variation in HVRs of hexon among globally distributed strains of HAdV-3 as well as to discover possible relationship among them, thus possibly shedding light on the cause for the increased prevalence of HAdV-3. In this study, for the first time we analysed the hexon proteins of all 248 available strains of HAdV-3 from the NCBI database and compared them with those of the HAdV-3 prototype (GB stain). We found that the HVRs of HAdV-3 strains circulating worldwide were highly heterogeneous and have been mutating continuously since -their original isolation. Based on their immense heterogeneity, the strains can be categorized into 25 hexon variants (3Hv-1 to 3Hv-25), 4 of which (3Hv-1 to 3Hv-4) comprises 80% of the strains. This heterogeneity may explain why HAdV-3 has become the most prevalent HAdVs type worldwide. The heterogeneity of hexon proteins also shows that the development of a vaccine against HAdV-3 might be challenging. The data on hexon variants provided here may be useful for the future epidemiological study of HAdV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Unit of Microbiology, AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Urmila Banik
- Unit of Pathology, AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Tahmina Monowar
- Unit of Microbiology, AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Leela Anthony
- Unit of Community Medicine, AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Arun Kumar Adhikary
- Unit of Microbiology, AIMST University, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Bedong Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
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15
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Findlay JS, Cook GP, Blair GE. Blood Coagulation Factor X Exerts Differential Effects on Adenovirus Entry into Human Lymphocytes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010020. [PMID: 29301346 PMCID: PMC5795433 DOI: 10.3390/v10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that blood coagulation factors, principally factor X (FX), enhance the uptake of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) into cultured epithelial cells by bridging the viral hexon capsid protein and cell-surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs). We studied the effects of FX on Ad transduction of lymphoid cell lines (NK92MI, a natural killer cell line; Daudi, a B-cell line and Jurkat, a T-cell line) as well as primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and HeLa epithelial cells using either replication-deficient Ad5, or a derivative in which the Ad5 fiber was replaced with that of another Ad type, Ad35, termed Ad5F35. PBL and NK92MI were resistant to Ad5 transduction. Transduction of Jurkat and Daudi cells by Ad5 was reduced by FX but without discernible effects on cell-surface Ad5 binding. FX reduced virus binding and transduction of all lymphoid cell lines by Ad5F35, as well as transduction of the T- and Natural Killer (NK)-cell populations of PBL. Flow cytometry analysis showed that all lymphoid cell lines were negative for HSPG components, in contrast to HeLa cells. FX reduced transduction of an HSPG-negative mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHOpgsA745) by Ad5 and Ad5F35, with Ad5F35 binding also being reduced by FX. These results point to fiber-dependent differences (Ad5 versus Ad35 fiber) in Ad binding to and transduction of human lymphoid and epithelial cells in the presence of FX.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Findlay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Graham P Cook
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - G Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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16
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Lee LN, Bolinger B, Banki Z, de Lara C, Highton AJ, Colston JM, Hutchings C, Klenerman P. Adenoviral vaccine induction of CD8+ T cell memory inflation: Impact of co-infection and infection order. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006782. [PMID: 29281733 PMCID: PMC5760110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacies of many new T cell vaccines rely on generating large populations of long-lived pathogen-specific effector memory CD8 T cells. However, it is now increasingly recognized that prior infection history impacts on the host immune response. Additionally, the order in which these infections are acquired could have a major effect. Exploiting the ability to generate large sustained effector memory (i.e. inflationary) T cell populations from murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and human Adenovirus-subtype (AdHu5) 5-beta-galactosidase (Ad-lacZ) vector, the impact of new infections on pre-existing memory and the capacity of the host's memory compartment to accommodate multiple inflationary populations from unrelated pathogens was investigated in a murine model. Simultaneous and sequential infections, first with MCMV followed by Ad-lacZ, generated inflationary populations towards both viruses with similar kinetics and magnitude to mono-infected groups. However, in Ad-lacZ immune mice, subsequent acute MCMV infection led to a rapid decline of the pre-existing Ad-LacZ-specific inflating population, associated with bystander activation of Fas-dependent apoptotic pathways. However, responses were maintained long-term and boosting with Ad-lacZ led to rapid re-expansion of the inflating population. These data indicate firstly that multiple specificities of inflating memory cells can be acquired at different times and stably co-exist. Some acute infections may also deplete pre-existing memory populations, thus revealing the importance of the order of infection acquisition. Importantly, immunization with an AdHu5 vector did not alter the size of the pre-existing memory. These phenomena are relevant to the development of adenoviral vectors as novel vaccination strategies for diverse infections and cancers. (241 words).
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/prevention & control
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/pathogenicity
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Coinfection/immunology
- Coinfection/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Muromegalovirus/genetics
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-18/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian N. Lee
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice Bolinger
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Schweizerischer Apothekerverband, pharmaSuisse, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine de Lara
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Highton
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Colston
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hutchings
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Montespan C, Marvin SA, Austin S, Burrage AM, Roger B, Rayne F, Faure M, Campell EM, Schneider C, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Wiethoff CM, Wodrich H. Multi-layered control of Galectin-8 mediated autophagy during adenovirus cell entry through a conserved PPxY motif in the viral capsid. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006217. [PMID: 28192531 PMCID: PMC5325606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells employ active measures to restrict infection by pathogens, even prior to responses from the innate and humoral immune defenses. In this context selective autophagy is activated upon pathogen induced membrane rupture to sequester and deliver membrane fragments and their pathogen contents for lysosomal degradation. Adenoviruses, which breach the endosome upon entry, escape this fate by penetrating into the cytosol prior to autophagosome sequestration of the ruptured endosome. We show that virus induced membrane damage is recognized through Galectin-8 and sequesters the autophagy receptors NDP52 and p62. We further show that a conserved PPxY motif in the viral membrane lytic protein VI is critical for efficient viral evasion of autophagic sequestration after endosomal lysis. Comparing the wildtype with a PPxY-mutant virus we show that depletion of Galectin-8 or suppression of autophagy in ATG5-/- MEFs rescues infectivity of the PPxY-mutant virus while depletion of the autophagy receptors NDP52, p62 has only minor effects. Furthermore we show that wildtype viruses exploit the autophagic machinery for efficient nuclear genome delivery and control autophagosome formation via the cellular ubiquitin ligase Nedd4.2 resulting in reduced antigenic presentation. Our data thus demonstrate that a short PPxY-peptide motif in the adenoviral capsid permits multi-layered viral control of autophagic processes during entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Montespan
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Shauna A. Marvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sisley Austin
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrew M. Burrage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Benoit Roger
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabienne Rayne
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Faure
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edward M. Campell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carola Schneider
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Wiethoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harald Wodrich
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Clemmons NS, McCormic ZD, Gaydos JC, Hawksworth AW, Jordan NN. Acute Respiratory Disease in US Army Trainees 3 Years after Reintroduction of Adenovirus Vaccine 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:95-98. [PMID: 27748651 PMCID: PMC5176242 DOI: 10.3201/eid2301.161297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1999 cessation of vaccination against adenovirus types 4 and 7 among US Army trainees resulted in reemergence of acute respiratory disease (ARD) outbreaks. The 2011 implementation of a replacement vaccine led to dramatic and sustained decreases in ARD cases, supporting continuation of vaccination in this population at high risk for ARD.
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19
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Zheng Y, Stamminger T, Hearing P. E2F/Rb Family Proteins Mediate Interferon Induced Repression of Adenovirus Immediate Early Transcription to Promote Persistent Viral Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005415. [PMID: 26809031 PMCID: PMC4726734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that have pleiotropic effects and play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. IFNs have broad antiviral properties and function by different mechanisms. IFNs fail to inhibit wild-type Adenovirus (Ad) replication in established cancer cell lines. In this study, we analyzed the effects of IFNs on Ad replication in normal human cells. Our data demonstrate that both IFNα and IFNγ blocked wild-type Ad5 replication in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEC) and TERT-immortalized normal human diploid fibroblasts (HDF-TERT). IFNs inhibited the replication of divergent adenoviruses. The inhibition of Ad5 replication by IFNα and IFNγ is the consequence of repression of transcription of the E1A immediate early gene product. Both IFNα and IFNγ impede the association of the transactivator GABP with the E1A enhancer region during the early phase of infection. The repression of E1A expression by IFNs requires a conserved E2F binding site in the E1A enhancer, and IFNs increased the enrichment of the E2F-associated pocket proteins, Rb and p107, at the E1A enhancer in vivo. PD0332991 (Pabociclib), a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor, dephosphoryles pocket proteins to promote their interaction with E2Fs and inhibited wild-type Ad5 replication dependent on the conserved E2F binding site. Consistent with this result, expression of the small E1A oncoprotein, which abrogates E2F/pocket protein interactions, rescued Ad replication in the presence of IFNα or IFNγ. Finally, we established a persistent Ad infection model in vitro and demonstrated that IFNγ suppresses productive Ad replication in a manner dependent on the E2F binding site in the E1A enhancer. This is the first study that probes the molecular basis of persistent adenovirus infection and reveals a novel mechanism by which adenoviruses utilize IFN signaling to suppress lytic virus replication and to promote persistent infection. Interferons play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, and have broad antiviral properties. We demonstrate that type I (IFNα) and type II (IFNγ) IFNs inhibit the replication of divergent adenoviruses via an evolutionally conserved E2F binding site. IFNs augment the association of the tumor suppressors Rb and p107 with the E1A enhancer region in vivo to repress viral immediate early transcription. By comparing the properties of wild type and E2F site mutant viruses, we show that the IFN–E2F/Rb axis is critical for restriction of adenovirus replication to promote persistent viral infection. Relief of E2F/Rb repression counteracts IFN signaling whereas enforcement of E2F/Rb interaction mimics IFN signaling. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which adenoviruses utilize IFN signaling to suppress lytic virus replication and promote persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Watkinson RE, McEwan WA, Tam JCH, Vaysburd M, James LC. TRIM21 Promotes cGAS and RIG-I Sensing of Viral Genomes during Infection by Antibody-Opsonized Virus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005253. [PMID: 26506431 PMCID: PMC4624778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsidation is a strategy almost universally employed by viruses to protect their genomes from degradation and from innate immune sensors. We show that TRIM21, which targets antibody-opsonized virions for proteasomal destruction, circumvents this protection, enabling the rapid detection and degradation of viral genomes before their replication. TRIM21 triggers an initial wave of cytokine transcription that is antibody, rather than pathogen, driven. This early response is augmented by a second transcriptional program, determined by the nature of the infecting virus. In this second response, TRIM21-induced exposure of the viral genome promotes sensing of DNA and RNA viruses by cGAS and RIG-I. This mechanism allows early detection of an infection event and drives an inflammatory response in mice within hours of viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Watkinson
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William A. McEwan
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry C. H. Tam
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Vaysburd
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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21
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Ma J, Duffy MR, Deng L, Dakin RS, Uil T, Custers J, Kelly SM, McVey JH, Nicklin SA, Baker AH. Manipulating adenovirus hexon hypervariable loops dictates immune neutralisation and coagulation factor X-dependent cell interaction in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004673. [PMID: 25658827 PMCID: PMC4450073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are common pathogens, mostly targeting ocular, gastrointestinal and respiratory cells, but in some cases infection disseminates, presenting in severe clinical outcomes. Upon dissemination and contact with blood, coagulation factor X (FX) interacts directly with the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) hexon. FX can act as a bridge to bind heparan sulphate proteoglycans, leading to substantial Ad5 hepatocyte uptake. FX “coating” also protects the virus from host IgM and complement-mediated neutralisation. However, the contribution of FX in determining Ad liver transduction whilst simultaneously shielding the virus from immune attack remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the FX protection mechanism is not conserved amongst Ad types, and identify the hexon hypervariable regions (HVR) of Ad5 as the capsid proteins targeted by this host defense pathway. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we manipulate Ad5 HVR interactions to interrogate the interplay between viral cell transduction and immune neutralisation. We show that FX and inhibitory serum components can co-compete and virus neutralisation is influenced by both the location and extent of modifications to the Ad5 HVRs. We engineered Ad5-derived HVRs into the rare, native non FX-binding Ad26 to create Ad26.HVR5C. This enabled the virus to interact with FX at high affinity, as quantified by surface plasmon resonance, FX-mediated cell binding and transduction assays. Concomitantly, Ad26.HVR5C was also sensitised to immune attack in the absence of FX, a direct consequence of the engineered HVRs from Ad5. In both immune competent and deficient animals, Ad26.HVR5C hepatic gene transfer was mediated by FX following intravenous delivery. This study gives mechanistic insight into the pivotal role of the Ad5 HVRs in conferring sensitivity to virus neutralisation by IgM and classical complement-mediated attack. Furthermore, through this gain-of-function approach we demonstrate the dual functionality of FX in protecting Ad26.HVR5C against innate immune factors whilst determining liver targeting. Adenoviruses are mostly considered self-limiting pathogens associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal and ocular infections; however, in immunocompromised subjects disseminated Ad infection can occur with life-threatening consequences. Many human Ads are capable of binding to coagulation factor X (FX). Following intravenous administration in animal models, FX binds directly to the major Ad capsid protein, the hexon, which subsequently results in virus accumulation in the liver. FX coating Ad5 also acts to shield against immune neutralisation via natural IgM antibodies and the classical complement system. Here we show that FX protection is not a conserved mechanism amongst Ads and identify the Ad5 hexon hypervariable regions (HVR) as the capsid proteins targeted by this host defense pathway. Furthermore, we show that genetic inclusion of Ad5 HVRs onto a native non-FX binder Ad26 to be sufficient to confer sensitivity to immune attack in vitro and in vivo. Using intravenous administration, we determine the significance of FX binding to the Ad5-derived HVRs with respect to defending the virus from neutralisation whilst mediating virus tropism. Our study gives new insight into the role of the viral HVRs and of FX at the interface between virus and host defense mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/prevention & control
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Factor X/immunology
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Transduction, Genetic
- Virus Attachment
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret R. Duffy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Deng
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S. Dakin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Taco Uil
- Crucell Holland BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sharon M. Kelly
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John H. McVey
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. Nicklin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Voss JD, Burnett DG, Olsen CH, Haverkos HW, Atkinson RL. Adenovirus 36 antibodies associated with clinical diagnosis of overweight/obesity but not BMI gain: a military cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1708-12. [PMID: 24971666 PMCID: PMC4154092 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a public health priority, which also threatens national security. Adenovirus 36 (Adv36) increases adiposity in animals and Adv36 antibody status is associated with human obesity, but it is unknown whether infection predicts the development of human adiposity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess infection status and subsequent weight gain. DESIGN The study had a retrospective cohort design. SETTING The study was conducted at Air Force fitness testing and clinical encounters. PARTICIPANTS PARTICIPANTS included Air Force male enlistees, aged 18-22 years, with a baseline body mass index (BMI) of 20-30 kg/m(2) followed up from enlistment (beginning in 1995) until 2012 or separation from the Air Force. EXPOSURE EXPOSURE included Adv36 infection status at the time of entry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Follow-up BMI, the primary outcome, and diagnosis of overweight/obesity by the International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision V85.25+ and 278.0* series (secondary outcome) were recorded. RESULTS The last recorded follow-up BMI was similar among infected and uninfected, 26.4 and 27.2 kg/m(2), respectively (P > .05). However, infected individuals had a higher hazard of a medical provider's diagnosis of overweight/obese over time (hazard ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.0-3.1, P = .04), adjusted for baseline BMI. Additionally, infected individuals who were lean at baseline (BMI of 22.5 kg/m(2)) had a 3.9 times greater hazard of developing an overweight/obese clinical diagnosis (95% confidence interval 1.5-9.7, P = .004) compared with uninfected lean individuals after adjusting for interaction (P = .03) between infection and baseline BMI. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Adv36 antibodies was not associated with higher BMI at baseline or follow-up within this military population. However, being infected was associated with developing a clinical diagnosis of overweight/obesity, especially among those lean at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson D Voss
- Epidemiology Consult Service (J.D.V.), United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics (J.D.V., D.G.B., C.H.O., H.W.H.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; Obetech Obesity Research Center (R.L.A.), Richmond, Virginia 23219; and Virginia Commonwealth University (R.L.A.), Richmond, Virginia 23298
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23
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Teigler JE, Kagan JC, Barouch DH. Late endosomal trafficking of alternative serotype adenovirus vaccine vectors augments antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2014; 88:10354-63. [PMID: 24991003 PMCID: PMC4178875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00936-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenovirus (Ad) vaccine vectors have found widespread use as vaccine platforms against multiple infections and cancers, and multiple serotypes have been shown to differ significantly in their biological properties and immune phenotypes. Our laboratory and others have previously described differential innate immune stimulation elicited by various Ad serotypes. Here, we show that Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) traffics rapidly to the nucleus following infection, whereas Ad35 and Ad26 accumulate in late endosomes 2 to 8 h postinfection. Innate immune cytokine elicitation by all Ad serotypes was abrogated by blockade of endosomal acidification, cathepsin B, and caspase 1, suggesting that virus interactions with acid-dependent sensors, such as Toll-like receptor- and cathepsin-dependent inflammasome activation in late endosomes, may trigger innate immunity. These data suggest a mechanism by which Ad vectors from various serotypes differentially trigger innate antiviral pathways via distinct intracellular trafficking to late endosomes. IMPORTANCE Adenoviruses (Ad) are widely used for vaccination and gene therapy applications. Importantly, Ad vectors have been shown to differ significantly in their innate immune profiles both in vivo and in vitro. The molecular mechanism that underlies these observed differences has important implications for the development of improved vaccines. In this study, we propose a mechanism in which the degree of late endosomal trafficking of Ad vectors results in differential stimulation of late endosomal pattern recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Teigler
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Berger PK, Pollock NK, Laing EM, Warden SJ, Hill Gallant KM, Hausman DB, Tripp RA, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Weaver CM, Peacock M, Lewis RD. Association of adenovirus 36 infection with adiposity and inflammatory-related markers in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3240-6. [PMID: 24926952 PMCID: PMC4154093 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although animal studies suggest that adenovirus 36 (Ad36) infection is linked to obesity and systemic inflammation, human data are scant and equivocal. OBJECTIVE Associations of Ad36 infection with total body adiposity and inflammatory-related markers were determined in 291 children aged 9-13 years (50% female, 49% black). DESIGN Fasting blood samples were measured for presence of Ad36-specific antibodies and TNF-α, IL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Fat mass and fat-free soft tissue mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Ad36 seropositivity [Ad36(+)] was 42%. There was a higher percentage of Ad36(+) children in the highest tertiles of TNF-α and IL-6 compared with their respective middle and lowest tertiles (both P < .03). There was also a trend toward a higher prevalence of Ad36(+) children in the highest tertile of VEGF compared with tertiles 1 and 2 (P = .05). Multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, sex, and fat-free soft tissue mass, revealed that compared with children with the lowest TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF levels (tertile 1), the adjusted odds ratios for Ad36(+) were 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.0], 2.4 (95% CI 1.4-4.0), and 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.3), respectively, for those in the highest TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF levels (tertile 3). No association was observed between Ad36(+) and greater levels of fat mass or MCP-1 (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS In children, our data suggest that Ad36(+) may be associated with biomarkers implicated in inflammation but not with greater levels of fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Berger
- Department of Foods and Nutrition (P.K.B., E.M.L., D.B.H., R.D.L.), The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; Department of Pediatrics (N.K.P.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Physical Therapy (S.J.W.), Indiana University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Department of Medicine (K.M.H.G., M.P.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Departments of Nutrition Science (K.M.H.G., L.D.M., C.M.W.) and Statistics (G.P.M.), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and Department of Infectious Diseases (R.A.T.), The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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25
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Liu M, Tian X, Li X, Zhou Z, Li C, Zhou R. Generation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against a conformational epitope of human adenovirus type 7 (HAdv-7) incorporated in capsid encoded in a HAdv-3-based vector. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103058. [PMID: 25054273 PMCID: PMC4108376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by epitope-based immunization is difficult because the immunogenicity of simple peptides is poor and T cells must be potently stimulated and immunological memory elicited. A strategy in which antigen is incorporated into the adenoviral capsid protein has been used previously to develop antibody responses against several vaccine targets and may offer a solution to this problem. In this study, we used a similar strategy to develop HAdv-7-neutralizing MAbs using rAdMHE3 virions into which hexon hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of adenovirus type 7 (HAdv-7) was incorporated. The epitope mutant rAdMHE3 was generated by replacing HVR5 of Ad3EGFP, a recombinant HAdv-3-based vector expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein, with HVR5 of HAdv-7. We immunized BALB/c mice with rAdMHE3 virions and produced 22 different MAbs against them, four of which showed neutralizing activity against HAdv-7 invitro. Using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis and an antibody-binding-competition ELISA with Ad3EGFP, HAdv-7, and a series of chimeric adenoviral particles containing epitope mutants, we demonstrated that the four MAbs recognize the neutralization site within HVR5 of the HAdv-7 virion. Using an immunoblotting analysis and ELISA with HAdv-7, recombinant peptides, and a synthetic peptide, we also showed that the neutralizing epitope within HVR5 of the HAdv-7 virion is a conformational epitope. These findings suggest that it is feasible to use a strategy in which antigen is incorporated into the adenoviral capsid protein to generate neutralizing MAbs. This strategy may also be useful for developing therapeutic neutralizing MAbs and designing recombinant vector vaccines against HAdv-7, and in structural analysis of adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (CL)
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (RZ); (CL)
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26
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Calkoen FGJ, Vervat C, van Halteren AGS, Welters MJP, Veltrop-Duits LA, Lankester AC, Egeler RM, Ball LM, van Tol MJD. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy is associated with increased adenovirus-associated but not cytomegalovirus-associated mortality in children with severe acute graft-versus-host disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:899-910. [PMID: 24904175 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in patients with severe steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) have been reported. However, controversy exists about the effect of MSCs on virus-specific T cells. We evaluated 56 patients with grade II-IV aGvHD who responded to steroids (n = 21) or were steroid refractory receiving either MSCs (n = 22) or other second-line therapy (n = 13). Although the overall incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and human adenovirus (HAdV) infections was not significantly increased, HAdV infection was associated with decreased survival in children treated with MSCs. Thus, we investigated in vitro the effects of MSCs on virus-specific T cells. Both CMV-specific and, to a lesser extent, HAdV-specific T-cell activation and proliferation were negatively affected by MSCs either after induction of a response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or after restimulation of virus-specific T-cell lines. In patient-derived PBMCs, CMV-specific proliferative responses were greatly decreased on first-line treatment of aGvHD with systemic steroids and slowly recovered after MSC administration and tapering of steroids. HAdV-specific T-cell proliferation could not be detected. In contrast, the proportion of CMV- and HAdV-specific effector T cells, measured as interferon-γ-secreting cells, remained stable or increased after treatment with MSCs. In conclusion, although in vitro experimental conditions indicated a negative impact of MSCs on CMV- and HAdV-specific T-cell responses, no solid evidence was obtained to support such an effect of MSCs on T-cell responses in vivo. Still, the susceptibility of steroid-refractory severe aGvHD patients to viral reactivation warrants critical viral monitoring during randomized controlled trials on second-line treatment including MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso G J Calkoen
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly Vervat
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise A Veltrop-Duits
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjan C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynne M Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maarten J D van Tol
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Section, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Berscheminski J, Wimmer P, Brun J, Ip WH, Groitl P, Horlacher T, Jaffray E, Hay RT, Dobner T, Schreiner S. Sp100 isoform-specific regulation of human adenovirus 5 gene expression. J Virol 2014; 88:6076-92. [PMID: 24623443 PMCID: PMC4093896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00469-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are nuclear structures that accumulate intrinsic host factors to restrict viral infections. To ensure viral replication, these must be limited by expression of viral early regulatory proteins that functionally inhibit PML-NB-associated antiviral effects. To benefit from the activating capabilities of Sp100A and simultaneously limit repression by Sp100B, -C, and -HMG, adenoviruses (Ads) employ several features to selectively and individually target these isoforms. Ads induce relocalization of Sp100B, -C, and -HMG from PML-NBs prior to association with viral replication centers. In contrast, Sp100A is kept at the PML tracks that surround the newly formed viral replication centers as designated sites of active transcription. We concluded that the host restriction factors Sp100B, -C, and -HMG are potentially inactivated by active displacement from these sites, whereas Sp100A is retained to amplify Ad gene expression. Ad-dependent loss of Sp100 SUMOylation is another crucial part of the virus repertoire to counteract intrinsic immunity by circumventing Sp100 association with HP1, therefore limiting chromatin condensation. We provide evidence that Ad selectively counteracts antiviral responses and, at the same time, benefits from PML-NB-associated components which support viral gene expression by actively recruiting them to PML track-like structures. Our findings provide insights into novel strategies for manipulating transcriptional regulation to either inactivate or amplify viral gene expression. IMPORTANCE We describe an adenoviral evasion strategy that involves isoform-specific and active manipulation of the PML-associated restriction factor Sp100. Recently, we reported that the adenoviral transactivator E1A targets PML-II to efficiently activate viral transcription. In contrast, the PML-associated proteins Daxx and ATRX are inhibited by early viral factors. We show that this concept is more intricate and significant than originally believed, since adenoviruses apparently take advantage of specific PML-NB-associated proteins and simultaneously inhibit antiviral measures to maintain the viral infectious program. Specifically, we observed Ad-induced relocalization of the Sp100 isoforms B, C, and HMG from PML-NBs juxtaposed with viral replication centers. In contrast, Sp100A is retained at Ad-induced PML tracks that surround the newly formed viral replication centers, acting as designated sites of active transcription. The host restriction factors Sp100B, -C, and -HMG are potentially inactivated by active displacement from these sites, whereas Sp100A is retained to amplify Ad gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Berscheminski
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Wimmer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Brun
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wing Hang Ip
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Groitl
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Horlacher
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ellis Jaffray
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ron T. Hay
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in gene medicine, with applications ranging from oncolytic therapies to vaccinations, but adenovirus vectors are not without side effects. In addition, natural adenoviruses pose severe risks for immunocompromised people, yet infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here we describe how adenoviruses are recognized by the host innate defense system during entry and replication in immune and nonimmune cells. Innate defense protects the host and represents a major barrier to using adenoviruses as therapeutic interventions in humans. Innate response against adenoviruses involves intrinsic factors present at constant levels, and innate factors mounted by the host cell upon viral challenge. These factors exert antiviral effects by directly binding to viruses or viral components, or shield the virus, for example, soluble factors, such as blood clotting components, the complement system, preexisting immunoglobulins, or defensins. In addition, Toll-like receptors and lectins in the plasma membrane and endosomes are intrinsic factors against adenoviruses. Important innate factors restricting adenovirus in the cytosol are tripartite motif-containing proteins, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like inflammatory receptors, and DNA sensors triggering interferon, such as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase. Adenovirus tunes the function of antiviral autophagy, and counters innate defense by virtue of its early proteins E1A, E1B, E3, and E4 and two virus-associated noncoding RNAs VA-I and VA-II. We conclude by discussing strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate responses and enhanced delivery features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinde Hendrickx
- 1 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hawksworth A. Surveillance snapshot: adenovirus among U.S. military recruit trainees. MSMR 2012; 19:5. [PMID: 22452713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Hoke CH, Hawksworth A, Snyder CE. Initial assessment of impact of adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine on febrile respiratory illness and virus transmission in military basic trainees, March 2012. MSMR 2012; 19:2-4. [PMID: 22452712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
After a 12-year hiatus, military recruit training centers resumed administration of adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine, live, oral (adenovirus vaccine) to trainees beginning in October of 2011. Subsequently, rates of febrile respiratory illnesses (FRI) and adenovirus isolations markedly declined. These findings are consistent with those of a placebo-controlled efficacy trial conducted prior to the vaccine's licensure by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Continued surveillance will clarify the longer term impact of vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Hoke
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Adenovirus Vaccine Integrated Product Team, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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31
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Trovato GM, Martines GF, Trovato FM, Pirri C, Pace P, Garozzo A, Castro A, Catalano D. Adenovirus-36 seropositivity enhances effects of nutritional intervention on obesity, bright liver, and insulin resistance. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:535-44. [PMID: 21953137 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and liver steatosis are both currently attributed to inappropriate lifestyle and nutrition. Higher prevalence of human adenovirus Ad36 seropositivity (Ad36+) is reported only in obesity. AIMS To investigate whether a lifestyle-nutritional intervention achieves different outcomes in NAFLD patients, i.e., if is blunted or enhanced according to Ad36 seropositivity status. METHODS One-year nutritional intervention was planned and accomplished for 62 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease overweight-obese patients, studied by liver ultrasound, evaluating Bright Liver Score (BLS), by Homeostatic Model assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA), by body composition and Ad36+ assay. Lower salt/lower calories Mediterranean diet, physical activity increase, smoking withdrawal and lifestyle counseling, provided by a health psychologist, were given. RESULTS Ad36 seropositive patients have baseline greater BMI with the same level of BLS. Different prevalence of post-interventional response, significantly greater among Ad36+ patients, is observed: greater decrease of obesity, assessed by BMI, greater reduction of insulin resistance, assessed by HOMA and higher prevalence of bright liver disappearance. A BMI-adjusted multiple linear regression model explains significantly 23.8% (p < 0.04) of the variance; significant predictive variables are Ad36 seropositivity (p < 0.012) and fat mass loss (p < 0.011) accounting for the variance of the occurrence of bright liver disappearance. CONCLUSIONS Ad36 previous infection is significantly associated with enhanced weight loss, bright liver disappearance, and recovery of insulin sensitivity through the chosen tailored nutritional interventional treatment. Nonetheless, Ad36 seronegative NAFLD patients' fatty liver pattern improves, at a lower extent, also without significant weight loss: an effect of dietary changes profile, Mediterranean diet, not only of lowered food caloric intake, is conceivably operating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo M Trovato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinica di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Catania, Via Sant'Orsola 30, 95131, Catania, Italy.
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32
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Chernakova GM, Pirtskhalava MA, Guliaeva OA, Abaeva MR, Shapoval IM, Shcherbenko VE, Zuev VA, Mezentseva MV. [Chronic persistent infections of anterior segment of eye: clinico-laboratory aspects]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2009:117-119. [PMID: 19715216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Improvement of therapy of chronic ophthalmic infectious diseases during assessment of functioning of different arms of immune system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred and fifty patients with chronic red-eye syndrome were tested by immunofluorescence assay on the presence of antigens of herpesviruses, adenoviruses and Chlamydia in samples from conjunctiva. Expression of 11 cytokines' genes was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Production of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma, levels of serum and spontaneously produced interferon as well as level of susceptibility to the range of immunomodulating preparations were measured during study of interferon status in whole blood cells. Study of parameters of cytokine, interferon and immune statuses was performed in 70 patients. Counts of T- and B-lymphocytes, T-helpers, NK-cells as well as level of circulating immune complexes were measured during study of immune status. RESULTS Antigens of herpes simplex virus and adenoviruses were detected in samples from conjunctiva in 27% (95 persons) and 36% (126 persons) of patients respectively. Enhanced level of expression of several cytokines (IL-2, IL-4) in studied patients compared with healthy volunteers was observed. Expression levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha mRNAs were, in opposite, in 2 - 3 times lower. Disorder of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma synthesis on post-transciption level was observed in 60 - 90% of patients. Decrease of absolute numbers of total T-lymphocytes and T-helpers as well as increase of absolute number of NK-cells was noted in 20%, 25%, and 27% of patients respectively. CONCLUSION Assignment of individually oriented antiviral, antibacterial and immunomodulating therapy allowed to mitigate intensity of clinical symptoms in 30 -60% of patients with chronic persistent infections of anterior segment of eye.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/drug therapy
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Chlamydia/drug effects
- Chronic Disease
- Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/drug therapy
- Conjunctivitis, Bacterial/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Conjunctivitis, Viral/drug therapy
- Conjunctivitis, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Herpes Simplex/diagnosis
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Count
- Trachoma/diagnosis
- Trachoma/drug therapy
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33
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Carlisle RC, Di Y, Cerny AM, Sonnen AFP, Sim RB, Green NK, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Gilbert RJC, Fisher KD, Finberg RW, Seymour LW. Human erythrocytes bind and inactivate type 5 adenovirus by presenting Coxsackie virus-adenovirus receptor and complement receptor 1. Blood 2009; 113:1909-18. [PMID: 19131551 PMCID: PMC2651010 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-178459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) is a human pathogen that has been widely developed for therapeutic uses, with only limited success to date. We report here the novel finding that human erythrocytes present Coxsackie virus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) providing an Ad5 sequestration mechanism that protects against systemic infection. Interestingly, erythrocytes from neither mice nor rhesus macaques present CAR. Excess Ad5 fiber protein or anti-CAR antibody inhibits the binding of Ad5 to human erythrocytes and cryo-electron microscopy shows attachment via the fiber protein of Ad5, leading to close juxtaposition with the erythrocyte membrane. Human, but not murine, erythrocytes also present complement receptor (CR1), which binds Ad5 in the presence of antibodies and complement. Transplantation of human erythrocytes into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice extends blood circulation of intravenous Ad5 but decreases its extravasation into human xenograft tumors. Ad5 also shows extended circulation in transgenic mice presenting CAR on their erythrocytes, although it clears rapidly in transgenic mice presenting erythrocyte CR1. Hepatic infection is inhibited in both transgenic models. Erythrocytes may therefore restrict Ad5 infection (natural and therapeutic) in humans, independent of antibody status, presenting a formidable challenge to Ad5 therapeutics. "Stealthing" of Ad5 using hydrophilic polymers may enable circumvention of these natural virus traps.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/blood
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/metabolism
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen Presentation/physiology
- Binding Sites
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/virology
- Female
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virus Inactivation
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Carlisle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Abarca V K, Le Corre P N, Perret P C, Wietstruck P A, Oddó B D, Barriga C F. [Disseminated and fatal adenovirus infection in an immunocompromised child]. Rev Chilena Infectol 2008; 25:127-132. [PMID: 18483646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe adenovirus (ADV) infections have become increasingly important in immunocompromised patients, mainly in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. We report a case of disseminated ADV infection leading to death in a 12-year-old stem cell transplant recipient. The diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and viral genome detection in tissues and blood. Main issues associated with infection, diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives are reviewed. This case should alert clinicians to suspect and study this agent in high risk patients and highlights the importance of having antiviral drugs for ADV available in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Abarca V
- Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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35
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Appaiahgari MB, Pandey RM, Vrati S. Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus type 5 among children in India: implications for recombinant adenovirus-based vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:1053-5. [PMID: 17596429 PMCID: PMC2044479 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00173-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We determined the levels of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) neutralizing antibodies in children in India less than 2 years of age. The results clearly show an age-dependent increase in Ad5-specific immunity, with 7- to 12-month-old children having the lowest levels of Ad5 immunity. This opens up the scope for the use of recombinant Ad5-based vaccines in this age group.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Age Factors
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Child, Preschool
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- India/epidemiology
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Neutralization Tests
- Serotyping
- Vaccines, Synthetic
- Viral Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna saf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi 110067, India
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36
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Myers GD, Bollard CM, Wu MF, Weiss H, Rooney CM, Heslop HE, Leen AM. Reconstitution of adenovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:677-86. [PMID: 17417664 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (adv) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, and control of infection seems to require antigen-specific T cells. We evaluated the recovery of adv-specific cellular immunity in this patient population related to degree of T-cell immunosuppressive therapy and compared this to adv cellular immunity of normal donors. Over 12 months, we monitored for adv DNA in stool and blood of patients and in the blood of a normal donor group. Twenty-two pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients (14 months-20 years) who received matched-related (MRD n=6), mismatched related (Haplo n=6) or matched unrelated donor (MUD n=10) grafts, were followed and results compared to healthy controls (n=8). Adv was detected by polymerase chain reaction in blood and/or stool from 81.8% of patients on at least one occasion post-HSCT, but only 68% of patients developed symptomatic adv infections. Recovery of adv-specific T cells was significantly delayed in the MUD and Haplo recipients, whereas recovery in the MRD group was similar to levels detected in healthy donors within 30 days post-transplant. In conclusion, recipients of alternative donor transplants at our institution have significantly delayed adv-specific cellular immune recovery, which correlates to an increased risk of adv-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Myers
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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37
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Abstract
Inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis. As one of the biological response modifiers, etanercept has also been used in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. While etanercept is effective, certain infectious complications, such as tuberculosis, fungus, and cytomegalovirus, have been reported. We report the first Korean case of adenoviral pneumonia in a 55-year-old female who developed disseminated adenoviral infection following etanercept treatment, which resolved after anti-TNF-alpha discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Sivaprakasam P, Carr TF, Coussons M, Khalid T, Bailey AS, Guiver M, Mutton KJ, Turner AJ, Grainger JD, Wynn RF. Improved outcome from invasive adenovirus infection in pediatric patients after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation using intensive clinical surveillance and early intervention. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 29:81-5. [PMID: 17279003 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e318030875e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in children. Recently the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of such infections have been better defined using improved virologic detection methods, in particular polymerase chain reaction. We have introduced intensive virologic surveillance for adenovirus in our institution including at least weekly polymerase chain reaction testing of blood and stool samples. We report on 71 prospectively monitored transplants, including 40 from unrelated donors. In total, there were 8 cases of invasive adenovirus infection, 3 of whom died. Mortality was less than in previous studies as cases were managed with antiviral chemotherapy and reduction of immune suppression. In fatal cases, there was concurrent difficult graft versus host disease making withdrawal of immune suppression therapy impossible. We describe 2 cases of graft failure in association with adenovirus viremia and its treatment that were successfully managed with further donor cell infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponni Sivaprakasam
- Departments of Haematology/BMT, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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39
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Jiménez-Martínez MC, Mejía H, Linares M, Santacruz C, Sánchez-Navarro A, Suárez R, Garfias Y. [Expression of B7 molecules and TLR-9 on corneal epithelial cells infected with adenovirus: clinico-pathological implications in viral keratoconjunctivitis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:391-400. [PMID: 16888692 DOI: 10.4321/s0365-66912006000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE B7 molecules are a family of proteins that co-stimulate T cells during immune activation. Normally the corneal epithelial cells (CEC) do not express these molecules on their cell surface. Toll-like receptors play an important role in the innate immune response to invading pathogens and recently have been demonstrated to be expressed on mice cornea. The objective of this study was to determine whether adenoviral infection induces B7 molecules and TLR9 on human CEC. METHODS CEC were isolated from human corneas treated with dispase-II, and grown in the presence of supplemented hormonal epithelial medium until confluence. Then CEC were then infected with adenovirus 5 (Ad5) and cultured for different times. The CEC were then recovered and stained against human CD80, CD86, TLR-9 and cytokeratin. All cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Ad5 infection of CEC induced the expression of B7 molecules and TLR-9 after 24 hours in culture, rising to maximum levels at 72 hours. B7 expression at 72 hours was as follows: CD80 expression on infected CEC was 62% (standard error [SE] 2.6) versus 3% (SE 1.2) on non-infected CEC (p<0.001); CD86 expression on infected CEC was 95% (SE 2.1) versus 5% (SE 1.2) on non-infected CEC (p<0.001). TLR-9 expression at 72 hours was 80% (SE 1.2) on infected CEC versus 5% (SE 1) on non-infected CEC (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Ad5 infection induced the expression of B7 molecules and TLR-9 on CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jiménez-Martínez
- Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación Conde de Valenciana, Unidad de Investigación y Departamento de Córnea, México, D.F., México.
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Chatziandreou I, Gilmour KC, McNicol AM, Costabile M, Sinclair J, Cubitt D, Campbell JDM, Kinnon C, Qasim W, Gaspar HB. Capture and generation of adenovirus specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Br J Haematol 2007; 136:117-26. [PMID: 17092305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current anti-viral agents are virostatic and it is evident that elimination of adenovirus (ADV) infection is only achieved by recovery of cellular immunity. Using an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion and capture assay to isolate ADV-specific T cells, followed by a 2 week expansion and restimulation protocol, we generated ADV T cells that may be used for cellular immunotherapy. In contrast to virus-specific T cells for cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus, the ADV response was dominated by CD4(+) T cells and the majority of captured cells exhibited an effector/memory immunophenotype. Highly specific antigen responses were demonstrated by intracellular IFN-gamma expression and cytotoxicity assays when the expanded cells underwent restimulation with ADV-pulsed target cells. Although T cells were initially generated in response to ADV species C, the expanded populations also showed strong activity against ADV species B, suggesting cross-reactivity across ADV species; a finding that has important clinical consequences in the paediatric setting, where the majority of infections are caused by ADV type B and C. The protocols can be readily translated to generate ADV-specific T cells suitable for clinical use and offer an effective immunotherapeutic strategy to control ADV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Chatziandreou
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Thorner AR, Vogels R, Kaspers J, Weverling GJ, Holterman L, Lemckert AAC, Dilraj A, McNally LM, Jeena PM, Jepsen S, Abbink P, Nanda A, Swanson PE, Bates AT, O'Brien KL, Havenga MJE, Goudsmit J, Barouch DH. Age dependence of adenovirus-specific neutralizing antibody titers in individuals from sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3781-3. [PMID: 17021110 PMCID: PMC1594810 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01249-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed neutralizing antibody titers to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) and six rare adenovirus serotypes, serotypes 11, 35, 50, 26, 48, and 49, in pediatric populations in sub-Saharan Africa. We observed a clear age dependence of Ad5-specific neutralizing antibody titers. These data will help to guide the development of Ad vector-based vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Thorner
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Research East, Room 213, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Mühlbauer M, Fleck M, Schütz C, Weiss T, Froh M, Blank C, Schölmerich J, Hellerbrand C. PD-L1 is induced in hepatocytes by viral infection and by interferon-alpha and -gamma and mediates T cell apoptosis. J Hepatol 2006; 45:520-8. [PMID: 16876901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS B7-H1 (PD-L1) is a B7-family member that binds to programmed death-1 (PD-1). Recently, deficiency of PD-L1 has been demonstrated to result in accelerated hepatocyte damage in experimental autoimmune hepatitis, and PD-L1 was suggested to play a critical role in regulating T cell homeostasis. Absence of PD-1 enhanced proliferation of T cells in adenovirus-infected livers and resulted in a rapid clearance of the virus. Here, we aimed to get more insight into hepatic PD-L1 expression, regulation and function. METHODS PD-L1 expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and FACS-analysis in primary human liver cells and hepatoma cells. Furthermore, coculture experiments with primary human T cells or Jurkat T cells were established. RESULTS In addition to nonparenchymal liver cells, also hepatocytes constitutively expressed low levels of PD-L1. PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes was strongly enhanced by activated T cells and viral infection, and markedly augmented by further stimulation with type I or type II interferons. Moreover, PD-L1 expression on hepatocytes induced apoptosis in T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel bidirectional interaction between hepatocytes and lymphocytes modulated by PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes, which may contribute to the unique immunological properties of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mühlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Feuchtinger T, Matthes-Martin S, Richard C, Lion T, Fuhrer M, Hamprecht K, Handgretinger R, Peters C, Schuster FR, Beck R, Schumm M, Lotfi R, Jahn G, Lang P. Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2006; 134:64-76. [PMID: 16803570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During periods of immunosuppression, such as postallogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), patients are at significant risk for severe viral infections. Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a serious complication post-SCT, especially in children. Virus-specific T cells are essential for the clearance of HAdV, as antiviral chemotherapy has revealed limited success. We present feasibility data for a new treatment option using virus-specific donor T cells for adoptive transfer of immunity to patients with HAdV-infection/reactivation. Virus-specific donor T cells were isolated and infused into nine children with systemic HAdV infection after SCT. Isolation was based on gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion after short in vitro stimulation with viral antigen, resulting in a combination of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. 1.2-50 x 10(3)/kg T cells were infused for adoptive transfer. Isolated cells showed high specificity and markedly reduced alloreactivity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific immunity was successful in five of six evaluable patients, documented by a dose-independent and sustained in vivo expansion of HAdV-specific T cells, associated with a durable clearance/decrease of viral copies. T-cell infusion was well tolerated in all nine patients, except one case with graft-versus-host disease II of the skin. In conclusion, induction of a specific T-cell response through adoptive transfer was feasible and effective. When performed early in the course of infection, adoptive T-cell transfer may protect from HAdV-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Zannolli R, Zazzi M, Muraca MC, Macucci F, Buoni S, Nuti D. A child with vestibular neuritis. is adenovirus implicated? Brain Dev 2006; 28:410-2. [PMID: 16504444 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertigo in children is relatively under examined in the literature. Among its causes, vestibular neuritis (VN) represents only 2% of cases, with its etiology remaining unknown. We report for the first time a 4-year-old boy with vestibular neuritis and serological results compatible with adenoviral infection. Serological diagnosis was performed on the basis of a rise and consequent normalization of complement fixation (CF) titers of the plasma antibodies. Although we were not able to detect exactly when the infection started, we were able to detect an increased level of adenovirus antibodies by CF titers, followed by a decrease (i.e. 1/16, then 1/8, then <1/4) during the recovery. This is typical of a resolving infection. Furthermore, that this increase in antibodies was specific to an adenovirus infection was suggested by the observation that we did not detect increases in antibodies to other common viruses (i.e. herpes simplex and zoster viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses). This allows us to exclude the chance of nonspecific antibody activation. We concluded that, although our data do not formally demonstrate an involvement of adenovirus in VN, they suggest such an involvement. This may be of interest, given that a viral etiology for VN has been proposed but not definitively proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Zannolli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Granberg F, Svensson C, Pettersson U, Zhao H. Modulation of host cell gene expression during onset of the late phase of an adenovirus infection is focused on growth inhibition and cell architecture. Virology 2005; 343:236-45. [PMID: 16169035 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of host cell gene expression during an adenovirus type 2 infection showed that the number of regulated genes, as well as the magnitude of change, was increased as the infection proceeded into the late phase. In contrast to the early phase of infection when the majority of differentially expressed genes were upregulated, expression of most of the regulated genes (82 out of 112) declined during the late phase. In particular, numerous TGF-beta inducible genes and several TGF-beta-independent growth-arrest-inducing genes were targeted. Of the 30 genes upregulated more than 2-fold at 20 h post-infection, nearly two-thirds of encoded proteins are involved in cell metabolism. The data indicate that adenovirus primarily targets cellular genes involved in antiviral defense, cell growth arrest and apoptosis, as well as cell metabolism, to ensure sufficient production of viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Granberg
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Feuchtinger T, Richard C, Pfeiffer M, Neuhäuser F, Lücke J, Handgretinger R, Greil J, Bader P, Klingebiel T, Schlegel PG, Jahn G, Niethammer D, Lang P. Adenoviral Infections after Transplantation of Positive Selected Stem Cells from Haploidentical Donors in Children: An Update. Klin Padiatr 2005; 217:339-44. [PMID: 16307420 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-872530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We present updated results of stem cell transplantation with highly purified stem cells from haploidentical parental donors and infection with human adenovirus (HAdV) post stem cell transplantation (SCT). Survival post SCT is primarily determined by relapse, infections and far less by GvHD or other transplant related mortality. During the immune reconstitution the host is at significant risk for severe viral infections. HAdV infection is especially in children an important complication post SCT, with significant morbidity and mortality despite new antiviral treatment strategies. Although control of infection seems to require T-cells, the characterization of HAdV-specific T-cells post SCT has not been introduced in surveillance and treatment decisions. METHODS Therefore we evaluated the impact of HAdV-infections on the survival between 1995 and 2004 (n = 63) and studied the occurrence of adenovirus-specific T-cells in children with (n = 9) and without (n = 9) HAdV-infection post allogeneic SCT and in healthy donors (n = 53). After stimulation ex-vivo with HAdV-antigen IFN-gamma secreting T-cells were analyzed by flowcytometry and defined as HAdV-specific T-cells. RESULTS Until day 180 post SCT the cumulative incidence of all lethal viral infections (HAdV n = 5, cytomegalovirus n = 3, herpes simplex virus n = 1) was 16 % for the whole cohort of patients. Cumulative incidence of HAdV-associated mortality was 8.5 %. Cumulative incidence of all lethal viral infections could be now reduced from 16 % to 8 % in conjunction with new surveillance- and therapeutic-strategies. Children with HAdV-associated mortality all had no specific T-cells, although reconstitution of absolute lymphocyte counts exceeded 300/microl within 30 days post transplant. Patients who cleared HAdV infection had normal frequencies of HAdV-specific T-cells until day 200 post SCT. CONCLUSION In summary adenovirus specific T-cell reconstitution should be monitored in patients after SCT to limit the use of anti viral chemotherapy and help to identify those patients that would benefit from new therapeutic strategies like adoptive transfer of virus specific T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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Bauer U, Flunker G, Bruss K, Kallwellis K, Liebermann H, Luettich T, Motz M, Seidel W. Detection of antibodies against adenovirus protein IX, fiber, and hexon in human sera by immunoblot assay. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4426-33. [PMID: 16145087 PMCID: PMC1234141 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4426-4433.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 51 serotypes of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) of the genus Mastadenovirus are classified into the six species HAdV-A to HAdV-F. For the detection of genus- and species-specific antibodies in human sera an immunoblot assay was developed. The recombinant long fiber of HAdV-41[F] (Ad41Fi) and the native hexon of HAdV-5[C] were used as genus-specific antigens. The recombinant capsid protein IX (pIX) of HAdV-2 (Ad2pIX[C]) and HAdV-41 (Ad41pIX[F]), the C-terminal pIX part of HAdV-3 (Ad3pIXC[B]), and the fiber knob of HAdV-8 (Ad8FiKn[D]) were evaluated as representative species-specific antigens. Hence, the pIX amino acid sequences of numerous serotypes of all HAdV species were compared, and the cross-reactivities of pIX antigens with rabbit hyperimmune sera among HAdV-A to -F were analyzed. In an epidemiological study, 667 human patient sera, not selected for viral infection, were screened for adenovirus seroprevalence. The genus-specific antibody prevalences directed against the Ad41Fi and HAdV-5 hexon were 82.8 and 98.8%, respectively. The species-specific antibody prevalence of 44.7% against Ad2pIX[C], 36.6% against Ad41pIX[F], 26.4% against Ad8FiKn[D], and 18% against Ad3pIXC[B] showed an age-dependent distribution and correlated well with the frequency of isolated serotypes of the respective species in earlier studies (except HAdV-D). In conclusion, the immunoblot assay using pIX, fiber, and hexon antigens represents a valuable and new serological tool for refined adenovirus diagnosis as shown in an epidemiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bauer
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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van Tol MJD, Kroes ACM, Schinkel J, Dinkelaar W, Claas ECJ, Jol-van der Zijde CM, Vossen JM. Adenovirus infection in paediatric stem cell transplant recipients: increased risk in young children with a delayed immune recovery. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36:39-50. [PMID: 15908981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (HAdV) infections are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic human stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report a retrospective single-centre study on 328 consecutive paediatric recipients of an allogeneic HSCT. During the first 6 months after HSCT, HAdV infection occurred in 37 children (cumulative incidence 12%). The highest incidence was found in young children up to 5 years of age, transplanted after 1994, with >2 log T-cell depletion of a graft of another than an HLA-genotypically identical related donor (actuarial frequency at 6 months 84%). Persistence of HAdV and spreading of the virus over multiple sites showed a trend towards the development of HAdV disease or death, but did not reach significance. Recovery of immunity after HSCT, that is, serum concentrations of IgM and peripheral blood counts of T cells and subsets, was delayed in children with an HAdV infection compared with noninfected children. In seven out of seven patients with HAdV DNA in serum and decreasing lymphocyte counts, the infection had a fatal course. Manipulation of cellular immunity either by tapering of immunosuppression, infusion of donor lymphocytes or immunotherapy using HAdV-specific T cells should be considered in graft recipients at risk for a severe HAdV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J D van Tol
- The Department of Paediatrics, Section of Immunology, Haematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation and Autoimmunity, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Adenovirus is a common infectious pathogen in both children and adults. It is a significant cause of morbidity in immunocompetent people living in crowded living conditions and of mortality in immunocompromised hosts. It has more recently become a popular vehicle for gene therapy applications. The host response to wild-type infection and gene therapy vector exposure involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The initial innate immune response is associated with the severe acute manifestations of adenovirus infection and also plays a significant role in acute toxicity owing to adenovirus vector exposure. This review discusses the innate immune response primarily during wild-type adenovirus infection because this serves as the basis for understanding the response during both natural infection and exposure to adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoab A Nazir
- Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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