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Schwartz U, Komatsu T, Huber C, Lagadec F, Baumgartl C, Silberhorn E, Nuetzel M, Rayne F, Basyuk E, Bertrand E, Rehli M, Wodrich H, Laengst G. Changes in adenoviral chromatin organization precede early gene activation upon infection. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114162. [PMID: 37641864 PMCID: PMC10548178 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the virion, adenovirus DNA associates with the virus-encoded, protamine-like structural protein pVII. Whether this association is organized, and how genome packaging changes during infection and subsequent transcriptional activation is currently unclear. Here, we combined RNA-seq, MNase-seq, ChIP-seq, and single genome imaging during early adenovirus infection to unveil the structure- and time-resolved dynamics of viral chromatin changes as well as their correlation with gene transcription. Our MNase mapping data indicates that the adenoviral genome is arranged in precisely positioned nucleoprotein particles with nucleosome-like characteristics, that we term adenosomes. We identified 238 adenosomes that are positioned by a DNA sequence code and protect about 60-70 bp of DNA. The incoming adenoviral genome is more accessible at early gene loci that undergo additional chromatin de-condensation upon infection. Histone H3.3 containing nucleosomes specifically replaces pVII at distinct genomic sites and at the transcription start sites of early genes. Acetylation of H3.3 is predominant at the transcription start sites and precedes transcriptional activation. Based on our results, we propose a central role for the viral pVII nucleoprotein architecture, which is required for the dynamic structural changes during early infection, including the regulation of nucleosome assembly prior to transcription initiation. Our study thus may aid the rational development of recombinant adenoviral vectors exhibiting sustained expression in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schwartz
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Tetsuro Komatsu
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityGunmaJapan
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Floriane Lagadec
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB)Georg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | | | - Margit Nuetzel
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Fabienne Rayne
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- CNRS UMR 5355Institut de Généthique Moléculaire de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIUniversity Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for ImmunotherapyRegensburgGermany
- University Hospital RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Harald Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et PathogénicitéUniversité de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Gernot Laengst
- Biochemie Zentrum RegensburgUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
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Rayne F, Wittkop L, Bader C, Kassab S, Tumiotto C, Berciaud S, Wodrich H, Lafon ME. Rapid Adenovirus typing method for species identification. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:156-160. [PMID: 28918074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are characterized by a large variability, reflected by their classification in species A to G. Certain species, eg A and C, could be associated with increased clinical severity, both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts suggesting that in some instances species identification provides clinically relevant information. Here we designed a novel "pVI rapid typing method" to obtain quick, simple and cost effective species assignment for Adenoviruses, thanks to combined fusion temperature (Tm) and amplicon size analysis. Rapid typing results were compared to Sanger sequencing in the hexon gene for 140 Adenovirus-positive clinical samples included in the Typadeno study. Species A and C could be identified with a 100% positive predictive value, thus confirming the value of this simple typing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rayne
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Linda Wittkop
- Univ Bordeaux, ISPED Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, Service d'information médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Clément Bader
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, Service d'information médicale, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Somar Kassab
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Tumiotto
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Biologie et Pathologie, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Berciaud
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Pédiatrie, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Harald Wodrich
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Edith Lafon
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Biologie et Pathologie, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Montespan C, Marvin SA, Austin S, Burrage AM, Roger B, Rayne F, Faure M, Campell EM, Schneider C, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Wiethoff CM, Wodrich H. Multi-layered control of Galectin-8 mediated autophagy during adenovirus cell entry through a conserved PPxY motif in the viral capsid. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006217. [PMID: 28192531 PMCID: PMC5325606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells employ active measures to restrict infection by pathogens, even prior to responses from the innate and humoral immune defenses. In this context selective autophagy is activated upon pathogen induced membrane rupture to sequester and deliver membrane fragments and their pathogen contents for lysosomal degradation. Adenoviruses, which breach the endosome upon entry, escape this fate by penetrating into the cytosol prior to autophagosome sequestration of the ruptured endosome. We show that virus induced membrane damage is recognized through Galectin-8 and sequesters the autophagy receptors NDP52 and p62. We further show that a conserved PPxY motif in the viral membrane lytic protein VI is critical for efficient viral evasion of autophagic sequestration after endosomal lysis. Comparing the wildtype with a PPxY-mutant virus we show that depletion of Galectin-8 or suppression of autophagy in ATG5-/- MEFs rescues infectivity of the PPxY-mutant virus while depletion of the autophagy receptors NDP52, p62 has only minor effects. Furthermore we show that wildtype viruses exploit the autophagic machinery for efficient nuclear genome delivery and control autophagosome formation via the cellular ubiquitin ligase Nedd4.2 resulting in reduced antigenic presentation. Our data thus demonstrate that a short PPxY-peptide motif in the adenoviral capsid permits multi-layered viral control of autophagic processes during entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Montespan
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Shauna A. Marvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sisley Austin
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrew M. Burrage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Benoit Roger
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabienne Rayne
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Faure
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Edward M. Campell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carola Schneider
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Wiethoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harald Wodrich
- MFP CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Quemener C, Baud J, Boyé K, Dubrac A, Billottet C, Soulet F, Darlot F, Dumartin L, Sire M, Grepin R, Daubon T, Rayne F, Wodrich H, Couvelard A, Pineau R, Schilling M, Castronovo V, Sue SC, Clarke K, Lomri A, Khatib AM, Hagedorn M, Prats H, Bikfalvi A. Dual Roles for CXCL4 Chemokines and CXCR3 in Angiogenesis and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6507-6519. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rayne F, Wittkop L, Bader C, Kassab S, Tumiotto C, Berciaud S, Wodrich H, Lafon ME, members TS. Rapid adenovirus typing method for species identification. J Clin Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.08.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rayne F, Debaisieux S, Tu A, Chopard C, Tryoen-Toth P, Beaumelle B. ERRATUM. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1354:E1. [PMID: 27066967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3046-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rayne
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34923, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Solène Debaisieux
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34923, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Annie Tu
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Chopard
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34923, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Petra Tryoen-Toth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Beaumelle
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34923, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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Austin S, Taouji S, Chevet E, Wodrich H, Rayne F. Using AlphaScreen(®) to Identify Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting a Conserved Host-Pathogen Interaction. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:453-67. [PMID: 27613056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AlphaScreen(®) is a technology particularly suitable for bi-molecular inhibitor screening assays, e.g. using protein-protein interactions with purified recombinant proteins. Each binding partner of the bi-molecular interaction is coupled either to donor or to acceptor beads. The technology is based on the quantifiable transfer of oxygen singlets from donor to acceptor microbeads brought together by a specific interaction between the partners. We identified the conserved interaction between WW domains of cellular ubiquitin ligases of the Nedd4 family and a short peptide motif (PPxY) present in several structural and non-structural viral proteins as a potential drug target. Using an AlphaScreen assay recapitulating the interaction between Nedd4.2 and the PPxY motif of the adenoviral capsid protein VI, we screened a library of small molecules and identified specific inhibitors of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisley Austin
- Intracellular Transport of Viral Structures, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bat. 3A, 3eme etage, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Saïd Taouji
- BMY Screen, 229 Cours De L'argonne, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Harald Wodrich
- Intracellular Transport of Viral Structures, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bat. 3A, 3eme etage, Bordeaux, 33076, France.
| | - Fabienne Rayne
- Intracellular Transport of Viral Structures, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, Bat. 3A, 3eme etage, Bordeaux, 33076, France
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8
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Desclaux A, Montespan C, Austin S, Rayne F, Aknin C, Ragues J, Della-Corte MF, Wodrich H, Lafon ME. BKV-HCMV co-culture model in MRC5 cells. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Berciaud S, Rayne F, Kassab S, Jubert C, Faure-Della Corte M, Salin F, Wodrich H, Lafon ME. Adenovirus infections in Bordeaux University Hospital 2008-2010: clinical and virological features. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:302-7. [PMID: 22608365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transversal epidemiological data on adenovirus infections in a hospital setting, including both immuno-competent and transplanted patients, are limited and rarely contain the application of molecular virology. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infections in Bordeaux University Hospital from 2008 to 2010 (clinical data, viral load and adenovirus species distribution). STUDY DESIGN Adenovirus DNA quantification (qPCR) and typing (sequencing of hexon and protein VI genes and protein VI polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product analysis) were applied retrospectively to 215 clinical samples from 105 adenovirus-infected patients (2008-2010, Bordeaux University Hospital). Clinical data were recovered and analysed for 73 children and 25 adults. RESULTS Viral loads were measured in stools, upper and lower respiratory fluids, blood, urine and digestive tract biopsies; the highest values were observed in stools and respiratory samples. Stool viral loads were comparable whatever the immune status. Adenovirus was typed in 57 patients: species Human adenovirus (HAdV) C dominated (n=36), followed by B (n=15), F (n=5) and D (n=1). We could demonstrate no association between HAdV species and load or clinical severity (observed in most patients). In the immuno-compromised, in contrast to immuno-competent patients, adenovirus infections presented no seasonal variation. Co-infections were frequent: mostly bacterial in immuno-competent children (33%) and viral in immuno-compromised people (34%). CONCLUSIONS The species HAdV C dominates the local ecology, in both respiratory and digestive tract infections, independently of the patient's immune status. Adenovirus infections, often associated with co-infection of bacterial or viral agents, frequently lead to severe clinical consequences in hospital patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berciaud
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pediatrics Department, France
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Abstract
HIV-1 encodes for the small basic protein Tat (86-101 residues) that drastically enhances the efficiency of viral transcription. The mechanism enabling Tat nuclear import is not yet clear, but studies using reporter proteins fused to the Tat basic domain indicate that Tat could reach the nucleus by passive diffusion. Tat also uses an unusual transcellular transport pathway. The first step of this pathway involves high-affinity binding of Tat to phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)), a phospholipid that is concentrated in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and enables Tat recruitment at this level. Tat then crosses the plasma membrane to reach the outside medium. Although unconventional, Tat secretion by infected cells is highly active, and export is the major destination for HIV-1 Tat. Secreted Tat can bind to a variety of cell types using several different receptors. Most of them will allow Tat endocytosis. Upon internalization, low endosomal pH triggers a conformational change in Tat that results in membrane insertion. Later steps of Tat translocation to the target-cell cytosol are assisted by Hsp90, a general cytosolic chaperone. Cytosolic Tat can trigger various cell responses. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that extracellular Tat acts as a viral toxin that affects the biological activity of different cell types and has a key role in acquired immune-deficiency syndrome development. This review focuses on some of the recently identified molecular details underlying the unusual transcellular transport pathway used by Tat, such as the role of the single Trp in Tat for its membrane insertion and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Debaisieux
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34923, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Rayne F, Debaisieux S, Yezid H, Lin YL, Mettling C, Konate K, Chazal N, Arold ST, Pugnière M, Sanchez F, Bonhoure A, Briant L, Loret E, Roy C, Beaumelle B. Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate enables efficient secretion of HIV-1 Tat by infected T-cells. EMBO J 2010; 29:1348-62. [PMID: 20224549 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription relies on its transactivating Tat protein. Although devoid of a signal sequence, Tat is released by infected cells and secreted Tat can affect uninfected cells, thereby contributing to HIV-1 pathogenesis. The mechanism and the efficiency of Tat export remained to be documented. Here, we show that, in HIV-1-infected primary CD4(+) T-cells that are the main targets of the virus, Tat accumulates at the plasma membrane because of its specific binding to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)). This interaction is driven by a specific motif of the Tat basic domain that recognizes a single PI(4,5)P(2) molecule and is stabilized by membrane insertion of Tat tryptophan side chain. This original recognition mechanism enables binding to membrane-embedded PI(4,5)P(2) only, but with an unusually high affinity that allows Tat to perturb the PI(4,5)P(2)-mediated recruitment of cellular proteins. Tat-PI(4,5)P(2) interaction is strictly required for Tat secretion, a process that is very efficient, as approximately 2/3 of Tat are exported by HIV-1-infected cells during their lifespan. The function of extracellular Tat in HIV-1 infection might thus be more significant than earlier thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rayne
- CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, Case 100, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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Rodríguez M, Torrent G, Bosch M, Rayne F, Dubremetz JF, Ribó M, Benito A, Vilanova M, Beaumelle B. Intracellular pathway of Onconase that enables its delivery to the cytosol. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1405-11. [PMID: 17374640 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Onconase is an RNase with a very specific property because it is selectively toxic to transformed cells. This toxin is thought to recognize cell surface receptors, and the protection conferred by metabolic poisons against Onconase toxicity indicated that this RNase relies on endocytic uptake to kill cells. Nevertheless, its internalization pathway has yet to be unraveled. We show here that Onconase enters cells using AP-2/clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It is then routed, together with transferrin, to the receptor recycling compartment. Increasing the Onconase concentration in this structure using tetanus toxin light chain expression enhanced Onconase toxicity, indicating that recycling endosomes are a key compartment for Onconase cytosolic delivery. This intracellular destination is specific to Onconase because other (and much less toxic) RNases follow the default pathway to late endosomes/lysosomes. Drugs neutralizing endosomal pH increased Onconase translocation efficiency from purified endosomes during cell-free translocation assays by preventing Onconase dissociation from its receptor at endosomal pH. Consistently, endosome neutralization enhanced Onconase toxicity up to 100-fold. Onconase translocation also required cytosolic ATP hydrolysis. This toxin therefore shows an unusual entry process that relies on clathrin-dependent endocytic uptake and then neutralization of low endosomal pH for efficient translocation from the endosomal lumen to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Rodríguez
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi s/n E-17071 Girona, Spain
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Rayne F, Kajava AV, Lalanne J, Mamoun RZ. In vivo homodimerisation of HTLV-1 Gag and MA gives clues to the retroviral capsid and TM envelope protein arrangement. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:903-16. [PMID: 15476809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During retroviral particle formation, the capsid precursors (Gag) associate with the cell membrane via their matrix (MA) domain to form viral assembling particles. After budding, Gag and its proteolytically matured MA, form a shell in the released immature and mature particles, respectively. Although the arrangement of Gag domains in vitro and their radial organisation in retroviral particles have been extensively studied, little is known concerning Gag inter-subunit interactions in authentic retroviruses. We report that human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Gag homodimerises in the cell via a disulphide bonding at cysteine 61 in the MA domain. Most Gags are homodimeric after budding and MAs are also dimeric in mature authentic virions. Molecular modelling of the MA domain indicates that non-covalent interactions at the MA dimer interface may also be important for Gag (and MA) dimerisation. In addition, all amino acids previously reported to be involved in MA-transmembrane (TM) interactions are located on the MA face opposite to the dimer interface. The model reveals that homodimerisation is compatible with a hexameric network of Gag and MA dimers that look like the hexameric networks observed for other retroviruses. These data, together with previous studies, lead us to propose a supra-molecular arrangement model in which the transmembrane glycoproteins of the virion envelope are anchored in a hexameric cage hole formed by the MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rayne
- INSERM U443, Equipe Rétrovirus et Transfert génique, 146, rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Rayne F, Vendeville A, Bonhoure A, Beaumelle B. The ability of chloroquine to prevent tat-induced cytokine secretion by monocytes is implicated in its in vivo anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. J Virol 2004; 78:12054-7. [PMID: 15479845 PMCID: PMC523259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.21.12054-12057.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine at 1 microM reduces the load of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in patients, whereas chloroquine (CQ) concentrations above 3 microM are required for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exogenous HIV-1 Tat reaches the cytosol of T cells by using low endosomal pH, and endosome neutralization by CQ prevents Tat from entering and affecting T cells. We show here that 0.6 microM CQ inhibits cytokine secretion induced by Tat in monocytes without affecting lipopolysaccharide-triggered cytokine release. This finding suggests that the in vivo anti-HIV-1 effect of CQ results not from a direct effect on the infected cell but rather from the capacity of CQ to prevent Tat from perturbing the cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rayne
- UMR5539 CNRS, Département Biologie-Santé, Case 107, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Vendeville A, Rayne F, Bonhoure A, Bettache N, Montcourrier P, Beaumelle B. HIV-1 Tat enters T cells using coated pits before translocating from acidified endosomes and eliciting biological responses. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:2347-60. [PMID: 15020715 PMCID: PMC404028 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-12-0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Tat protein is secreted by infected cells. Extracellular Tat can affect bystander uninfected T cells and induce numerous biological responses such as apoptosis and cytokine secretion. Tat is likely involved in several immune disorders during AIDS. Nevertheless, it is not known whether Tat triggers cell responses directly upon binding to signaling receptors at the plasma membrane or after delivery to the cytosol. The pathway that enables Tat to reach the cytosol is also unclear. Here we visualized Tat within T-cell-coated pits and endosomes. Moreover, inhibitors of clathrin/AP-2-mediated uptake such as chlorpromazine, activated RhoA, or dominant-negative mutants of Eps15, intersectin, dynamin, or rab5 impaired Tat delivery to the cytosol by preventing its endocytosis. Molecules neutralizing low endosomal pH or Hsp90 inhibitors abolished Tat entry at a later stage by blocking its endosomal translocation, as directly shown using a cell-free translocation assay. Finally, endosomal pH neutralization prevented Tat from inducing T-cell responses such as NF-kappaB activation, apoptosis, and interleukin secretion, indicating that cytosolic delivery is required for Tat signaling. Hence, Tat enters T cells essentially like diphtheria toxin, using clathrin-mediated endocytosis before low-pH-induced and Hsp90-assisted endosomal translocation. Cell responses are then induced from the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Vendeville
- UMR 5539 CNRS, Département Biologie-Santé, Case 107, Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Rayne F, Bouamr F, Lalanne J, Mamoun RZ. The NH2-terminal domain of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 capsid protein is involved in particle formation. J Virol 2001; 75:5277-87. [PMID: 11333909 PMCID: PMC114933 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.11.5277-5287.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) capsid proteins (CA) display similar structures formed by two independently folded N-terminal (NTD) and C-terminal (CTD) domains. To characterize the functions harbored by the HTLV-1 CA domains in particle formation, 12 sites scattered throughout the protein were mutated. The effects of the mutations on Gag membrane binding, proteolytic processing, and virus-like particle secretion were analyzed. It appears that the NTD is the major partner of indirect or direct Gag-Gag interactions. In particular, most of the NTD mutations impaired virion morphogenesis, and no mutation located in the NTD could be fully rescued by coexpression of wild-type Gag. In contrast, the CTD seems not to be involved in Gag-Gag interactions. Nevertheless, an unknown function required for particle formation is located in the CTD. Thus, despite an overall structural similarity between the HIV-1 and HTLV-1 CA proteins, their NTDs and CTDs exhibit different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rayne
- INSERM U443, Equipe Rétrovirus et Transfert Génique, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Bouamr F, Garnier L, Rayne F, Verna A, Rebeyrotte N, Cerutti M, Mamoun RZ. Differential budding efficiencies of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Gag and Gag-Pro polyproteins from insect and mammalian cells. Virology 2000; 278:597-609. [PMID: 11118382 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the ability of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Gag and Gag-Pro to assemble immature virus-like particles (VLPs) and bud from insect and mammalian cells. Transmission electron microscopy of insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus carrying the entire gag gene revealed that Pr53(Gag) is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it extensively accumulates and forms electron-dense evaginations. However, no particles could be detected either inside the cells or in the culture supernatants. With the Gag-Pro-expressing construct, we observed HTLV-I-specific cytoplasmic proteolysis of the Gag precursor, but again no particle released in the culture supernatants. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of insect cells expressing Gag-Pro polyprotein revealed large vacuoles in the cytoplasm and no budding particles at the plasma membrane. In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein expressed in insect cells is able to release VLPs. These data showed that unlike other retroviruses, Pr53(Gag) is unable to be released as immature VLPs from insect cells. To determine whether the block in particle budding and release is due to an intrinsic property of Pr53(Gag) or the absence of essential cellular factors in insect cells, we expressed Gag and Gag-Pro polyproteins in human 293 cells. The results indicate that Pr53(Gag) and p24 capsid are released within particles into the culture supernatants of human 293 cells. We found that the myristylation of the N-terminal glycine residue is essential for Gag release. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that the proper assembly of HTLV-I particles is dependent on mammalian host cell factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bouamr
- INSERM U443, Equipe Rétrovirus et Transfert génique, Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
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