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Kaul A, Bansal N, Sharma P, Aneja S, Mahato MP. Association of Screen Time Usage and Physical Activity With Overweight and Obesity Among School-Going Children in Uttar Pradesh. Cureus 2023; 15:e47690. [PMID: 38021929 PMCID: PMC10674046 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Being overweight during childhood refers to excess weight for a given height, while obesity denotes excess body fat. These conditions stem from surplus calorie intake and insufficient physical activity. Escalating pediatric obesity is linked to modern sedentary lifestyles, marked by increased screen time, reduced exercise, and poor diets. Once believed to be a concern in affluent nations, obesity now affects developing countries like India due to changing eating habits and urbanization. Despite limitations in measurement tools, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, recognizing sedentary behaviors such as prolonged screen time is pivotal. The rapidly rising prevalence of pediatric obesity has become a major public health concern; therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence and association of screen time usage with being overweight in school-going children (aged 8-15 years). Methodology This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh over 18 months (January 2019 to June 2020) after obtaining institutional ethical committee approval. Participants were 8 to 15-year-old students from three co-educational secondary schools in the region. Children with motor or developmental disabilities were excluded. Written informed parental consent and school permission were secured. Anthropometric measurements included weight (SECA 874 U scale) and height (SECA213 stadiometer), which were used to calculate BMI. Overweight/obesity status followed the Indian Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. A validated questionnaire assessed screen time, and a validated Physical Activity Questionnaire measured physical activity. Both questionnaires were administered twice to validate data. SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analyses (descriptive, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and chi-square test). P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results This study involved 604 participants. Among them, 47.7% had a normal BMI, 37.4% were overweight, and 14.9% were obese. Most participants (97.4%) reported screen time of over 60 minutes daily, while 2.6% reported lower screen time. ANOVA revealed significant differences in daily (F = 16.014, p < 0.001) and weekly (F = 16.175, p < 0.001) screen time among BMI categories. Low physical activity was prevalent (97.7%). ANOVA showed significant variations in physical activity scores and durations (p < 0.001), with normal-weight individuals exhibiting higher levels. Conclusions The rising prevalence of overweight among children underscores the need for early intervention strategies, emphasizing the importance of reducing screen time and promoting increased physical activity. These measures are critical in addressing the growing challenge of being overweight during childhood and its potential long-term health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Kaul
- Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Neha Bansal
- Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Prakhar Sharma
- Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Satinder Aneja
- Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, IND
| | - M P Mahato
- Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Greater Noida, IND
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Hedayetullah S, Sagar V, Singh SB, Minz P, Kujur A, Kashyap V, Haque MS, Kumar D, Sahu S, Wasnik A. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Students of Government and Private High Schools in an Indian State With Significant Tribal Population: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e43105. [PMID: 37692751 PMCID: PMC10483093 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity among school-going children is an emerging public health problem in the country. The information available on the true extent of obesity and overweight among school-aged children is limited. Hence, the present study has been conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school students in Jharkhand, India. METHODOLOGY This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 1162 students of government and private schools of Ormanjhi block, Ranchi district, from July 2022 to December 2022. A predesigned, semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire containing different sections namely sociodemographic characteristics, and health parameters were used for the study subjects. Clinical examination and anthropometric measurements of height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were taken using standard equipment to calculate body mass index (BMI) and central obesity (waist-hip ratio). RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity was more at 14 years of age (30.2%), among boys (18.1%), and among students practicing the Islam religion (51.1%). Moreover, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be highest in private schools (66.2%), and that was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be significant with respect to age, gender, and religion. The findings from this study would be helpful in raising awareness among students, parents, teachers, and health professionals about the influence of overweight and obesity on a child's physical, social, and psychological well-being, and this, in turn, would facilitate parents, students, and teachers in the adoption of a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hedayetullah
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Shashi B Singh
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Pradeep Minz
- Physiology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Anit Kujur
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Vivek Kashyap
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Md Sariful Haque
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Surendra Sahu
- Preventive and Social Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Apoorva Wasnik
- Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
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Vardhana B, Satenahalli SB, Aafreen S, Dhull KS, Gupta E, Kumar A. Evaluation of the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Dental Caries, and Diet among a Group of 6-12 Years Old School Going Children. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S875-S877. [PMID: 37693954 PMCID: PMC10485510 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_92_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim These results are from research conducted on a sample of healthy school-aged children (ages 6-12) to determine whether or not there is a correlation between BMI, dental caries, and food. Method About 500 kids are a part of the study. A stature meter was used to get the tallest possible measurement, and a small electronic scale was used to get the smallest possible weight. Body mass index was determined using the standard CDC growth charts (2000). The presence of caries was evaluated using an intraoral examination guided by WHO (1997) standards. For three days in a row, including the weekend, participants recorded what they ate and drank. Result It was discovered that there is a huge gap in the body mass index (BMI) categories between sexes, with the vast majority of persons falling into the average weight category. The deft and DMFT caries scores of young men and women did not significantly differ across any of the BMI-for-age categories (P > 0.05). Consumption of supplements on a daily basis did not vary significantly between the BMI-for-age categories (P > 0.05). Conclusion Pediatric dentists should play an active role in reducing this worldwide epidemic since pediatric obesity and dental caries have comparable causes and necessitate an all-encompassing, coordinated care strategy from interdisciplinary medical teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Vardhana
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma B. Satenahalli
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Al Badar Rural Dental College and Hospital, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadia Aafreen
- Consultant Pediatric Dentist, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kanika Singh Dhull
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Siddhpur Dental College and Hospital, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Achouri I, Aboussaleh Y, Sbaibi R, Ahami A. Anthropometry, food consumption and iron deficiency anemia, among primary school children (6-15 years) in Kenitra city (North-Western Morocco). Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:374. [PMID: 34367453 PMCID: PMC8309009 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.374.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the problem of malnutrition among children is a phenomenon associated with a rapid nutrition transition in Morocco and all developing countries. The objective of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status by anthropometry, food consumption and iron deficiency anemia among primary school children aged 6-12 years in Kenitra city (Morocco). METHODS the survey covered 271 students (55% of boys and 45% girls) aged 6 to 12. Information concerning food consumption patterns, socioeconomic status and other lifestyle factors was obtained using questionnaires and interviews. Anemia was defined when haemoglobin < 11.5 g/dl. RESULTS the results showed that, 6.3%, 2.2% and 17.3% children were stunted, thin and overweight respectively. No significant association was found between gender and nutritional status of children. 16.2% children were anemic and food consumption found not to be varied and below recommendations. CONCLUSION the finding in this study showed that overweight and obesity occurred more frequently than the various forms of under nutrition in the population studied. The finding support the urgent need to improve the nutritional status of children by implementing preventive strategy for the problem of malnutrition among school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Achouri
- Behavioral Neurosciences and Nutritional Health Unit, Nutrition and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Youssef Aboussaleh
- Behavioral Neurosciences and Nutritional Health Unit, Nutrition and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Rachid Sbaibi
- Behavioral Neurosciences and Nutritional Health Unit, Nutrition and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ahami
- Behavioral Neurosciences and Nutritional Health Unit, Nutrition and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, BP 133 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
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Bhattacharya K, Sengupta P, Dutta S, Chaudhuri P, Das Mukhopadhyay L, Syamal AK. Waist-to-height ratio and BMI as predictive markers for insulin resistance in women with PCOS in Kolkata, India. Endocrine 2021; 72:86-95. [PMID: 33400176 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is most commonly presented with insulin resistance (IR). Simple anthropometric indices may serve as surrogate markers of these conditions with population-based cut-off values. The present study suggests the cut-off values of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) in early prediction of PCOS and IR in PCOS women based in Kolkata, a major metropolitan city in India. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 66 women (aged 16-30 years) from Kolkata, India, with confirmed PCOS, using Rotterdam criteria. IR was defined following the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Anthropometric and biochemical data were obtained using standard protocol and compared among the PCOS subjects grouped as per IR prevalence, BMI, and WHtR values. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate and compare the cut-off values of WHtR and BMI in the prediction of PCOS and IR in women with PCOS. RESULTS As per ROC analysis, WHtR showed significantly higher AUC in the detection of PCOS and IR in PCOS subjects respectively, than that of BMI. The cut-off values of WHtR and BMI for PCOS were 0.560 and 28.47 respectively, and for IR in PCOS patients, were 0.620 and 29.14 respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests a cut-off value of WHtR to be used as an inexpensive and noninvasive screening tool for early prediction of PCOS and IR among PCOS afflicted women based in Kolkata, India and for this prediction, the study also claims WHtR as a better index than BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Bhattacharya
- Post Graduate Department of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College, University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
- Department of Physiology, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Prasenjit Chaudhuri
- Department of Physiology, Government General Degree College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipika Das Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KPC Medical College, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Alak Kumar Syamal
- Post Graduate Department of Physiology, Hooghly Mohsin College, University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal, India.
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S A, Sagar R, Mehta M, T SI. Psychiatric Co-morbidities and Body Shape Dissatisfaction in Adolescents with Obesity - A School Based Case Controlled Study. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 88:235-239. [PMID: 32519259 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the psychiatric co-morbidity and Body image disturbances of obese adolescents with age and gender matched normal weight controls. METHODS A case control study was conducted in a school in New Delhi. Nine hundred seventy six students were screened for height and weight and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Thirty one consenting obese students as per International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) guidelines and 31 age and gender matched normal weight students were recruited for the study. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to assess socio-demographic details, psychiatric co-morbidity using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview- child and adolescent version (MINI-KID), and body image disturbances by Body Shape Questionnaire- the 8 items shorter version (BSQ-8C). The authors examined the relationships between variables measured on these scales and anthropometric data. RESULTS Of the 976 students screened, 33 (3.38%) students were obese; 21 boys (3.25%) and 12 girls (3.65%). Of the 31 consenting obese subjects and an equal number of age and sex matched controls included in the study, 68% and 7% of them were diagnosed with a DSM-IV disorder based on MINI-KID respectively. The most common diagnosis in the obese group was social phobia (36%) followed by specific phobia (19%) and major depressive disorder (19%). Ninety percent of the obese samples expressed concern over body shape as against 29% in the control subjects. Among obese subjects, 36% expressed mild concern, another 36% expressed moderate concern and 19% expressed marked concern over body shape. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric co-morbidity and body shape dissatisfaction are common in obese non-treatment seeking adolescents and warrants need for comprehensive evaluation and management of these issues to manage the epidemic of adolescent obesity in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumuganathan S
- Department of Psychiatry, Karpagavinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mathuranthagam, TK Tamilnadu, 603308, India.
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siva Ilango T
- Department of Psychiatry, Karpagavinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mathuranthagam, TK Tamilnadu, 603308, India
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Overnutrition and Associated Factors: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study between Government and Private Primary School Students in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:3670895. [PMID: 33062323 PMCID: PMC7547337 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3670895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood overnutrition is a public health problem in low- and middle-income countries because its effect is likely to progress into adulthood that results in developing noncommunicable diseases at a younger age. There is no such previous comparative study that investigated this issue. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of overnutrition among government and private primary school students in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from March 5 to April 9, 2019. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 736 participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interview. Data was entered into EPI-info version 7.2.1.0 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were carried out to identify associated factors with overnutrition. Statistical significance was declared using p value< 0.05. Results The overall prevalence of overnutrition was 9.1%. The prevalence was higher among private schools (51 (14%)) than government (16 (4.3%)). Eating habit while watching television (AOR = 4.08, 95%CI: 1.10–15.16) and not having close friend (AOR = 3.72, 95%: CI: 1.21–2 11.48) were significantly associated with overnutrition in the government schools, while no father education (AOR = 2.59, 95%:CI:1.05–6.39), sweet food preference (AOR = 2.86, 95%:1.19–6.87), fat consumption more than three days per week (AOR = 3.79, 95%CI:1.61–8.91), eating habit while reading (AOR = 4.95, 95%CI:2.29–10.70), and vigorous-intensity sports (AOR = 2.23, 95%:1.02–4.86) were associated with overnutrition in private schools. Conclusion Prevalence of overnutrition was higher among private than government schools. Hence, it requires attention through creating awareness about healthy diet, healthy lifestyle, and physical activity in collaboration with health and education sectors.
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Solanki DK, Walia R, Gautam A, Misra A, Aggarwal AK, Bhansali A. Prevalence of abdominal obesity in non-obese adolescents: a North Indian adolescent study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:853-858. [PMID: 32621730 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Context Childhood obesity is defined based on body mass index (BMI) criteria. Asian adults have more abdominal adiposity as compared to Western people for an equivalent BMI. Similarly, children who are non-obese/overweight by BMI criteria may have abdominal obesity. It is important to identify and target this population to reduce future cardiovascular risk. Objective To evaluate and inter-relate the prevalence of obesity subtypes (generalized and abdominal) in school going adolescents. Methods A randomized cross-sectional community based study was conducted, which was carried out in 13 schools of Chandigarh, a North Indian city. 10,037 school going adolescents of age 10-18 years were evaluated. Results The prevalence of overweight and generalized obesity in present study was 9.3 and 4.9% respectively. Generalized obesity was observed in 4.2% of males and 5.7% of females (p-Value = 0.001). The abdominal obesity was noted in 5.4% of children and its prevalence increased progressively with age. The prevalence was highest in 16-18 years age-group (7.6%, p<0.001). 39.3% of abdominally obese subjects were not obese by BMI criteria, while prevalence of abdominal obesity in nonobese adolescents was 2.24%. It was more prevalent in females (3.7%) than males (3%, p=0.025). Prevalence of obesity was 7.9 and 1.8% in private and government schools respectively (p<0.001). Conclusions Abdominal obesity is more prevalent than generalized obesity and shows increasing trend with age. Interestingly, over one third of centrally obese adolescents are not obese by BMI criteria. This underlines the importance of waist circumference measurement in addition to BMI while assessing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar Solanki
- Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Gautam
- Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Fortis Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Aggarwal
- Department of Community Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Jeevitha D, Olickal JJ, Ulaganeethi R, Singh A, Ramesh RS, Chinnakali P. Physical fitness and its association with overweight among early adolescents in Puducherry, Southern India. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 33:389-394. [PMID: 32549153 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Physical fitness is an important indicator of health and longevity. This can reduce morbidity and mortality of Non-communicable diseases. We aimed to assess the physical fitness among early adolescents and its association with age, gender and obesity. Methods We conducted a cross sectional analytical study in a public school in Puducherry, south India among early adolescents (aged 10-14 years). We assessed the physical fitness components like body composition (body mass index, waist circumference), muscular strength and endurance (hand grip test, curl up test), flexibility (sit and reach test, shoulder stretch test), agility (shuttle run test) and cardio respiratory and endurance (600-yard run test). Results A total of 263 children were included; 141 (54%) were girls. 30 children (11%) were thin and 57 (22%) were either obese or overweight. Overall, median (IQR) right- and left-hand grip strength was 10 (6-14) and 13 (7-18) unit of kg respectively. Median (IQR) curl-ups performed in a minute were 14 (10-20). About 13% of children failed to perform left shoulder stretch. Children aged 12-14 years had higher median (IQR) right hand grip strength [14.5 (12-22) unit of kg] compared to children aged 10 and 11 years [6 (4-12) unit of kg] and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The performance was similar in all tests between boys and girls except for left hand grip strength; boys had higher grip strength compared to girls (p=0.02). In girls, children who belonged to thinner BMI category performed better than obese children in shuttle run test (p=0.03). Conclusion There was a significant difference in physical fitness based on age except in left and right shoulder stretch test. Since the prevalence of overweight/obesity was high in adolescents, creating awareness and enabling environment related to the physical fitness is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagani Jeevitha
- College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Jeby Jose Olickal
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Revathi Ulaganeethi
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Aakanksha Singh
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | | | - Palanivel Chinnakali
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Age and sex specific variations in body composition in Indian urban Bengali Hindu children, adolescents and young adults aged 7–21 years. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent obesity is a public health concern worldwide. However, little attention has been paid on status of overweight and body composition of Indian Bengali urban middle and high SES population. The objective was to determine the prevalence of overweight and body composition status by age and sex in children, adolescents and young adults. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 4194 unmarried school and college students (1999 males and 2195 females) aged 7–21 years belonging to the Bengali Hindu Population in Kolkata, India. The survey period was from 1999 to 2011. Anthropometry of participants were measured. Age and sex specific ≥85 percentile of body mass index (BMI) for children (<18 years of age) and BMI ≥23 kg/m2 (≥18 years of age) for adults were used to define overweight. Fat percent, upper arm fat area (UAFA) and upper arm muscle area (UAMA) were estimated. Simple linear regression was performed to check trend of changes with age. The overall prevalence of overweight was 14.8% in both sexes. Mean fat percent was higher in females than males (23.5% vs 13.5% respectively; p<0.001) and it increased by 0.18% (0.02) in males and 0.56% (0.02) in females per year (both p<0.001). UAMA gradually increased with age in both sexes and increasing rate per year was by 2.07 (0.04) cm2 in males and 1.19 (0.04) cm2 in females (both p<0.001). However, UAFA increased by 0.41 (0.03) cm2 and 0.90 (0.03) cm2 every year in males and females respectively (both p<0.001). Sum of biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailliac skinfolds increased by 1.66 (0.06) mm and 0.5 (0.07) mm per year in females and males respectively (both p<0.001). Overall prevalence of overweight was the same in both sexes but adipose tissue was higher and muscularly was lower in females than males.
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Jalali R, Ghobadi A, Salari N. The prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:371. [PMID: 31870324 PMCID: PMC6929299 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background one of the most important age-dependent physiologic alterations in the body composition of older adult people is obesity and overweight, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality rate. Objective The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran. Methods The present study was conducted via meta-analysis and systematic review method, from March 2000 to October 2018. Subject-related literature was obtained via searches in ScienceDirect, Medline (PubMed), SID, Magiran, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the I2 index, and data were analyzed by Comprehensive-Meta analysis software. Results In the assessment of 18 studies and 29,943 persons aged over 50 years, the prevalence of obesity in older adults of Iran was 21.4% (95%CI: 26.6–16.9%) based on the meta-analysis. The highest obesity prevalence was obtained in older adults of Babol (Amir Shahr) which was 44.2% (95%CI: 41.1–47.2%) in 2007, while the minimum obesity prevalence was found in older adults of Razavi Khorasan which was 11.3% (95%CI, 10–12.8%) in 2007. Further, as the sample size and the study year increased, the obesity prevalence diminished in older Iranian adults (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that the prevalence of obesity in the older adults of Iran is high. Accordingly, healthcare planners and politicians should consider effective and practical policies to reduce obesity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Vaisi-Raygani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Rostam Jalali
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Akram Ghobadi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Salari
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Gautam S, Jeong HS. Childhood Obesity and Its Associated Factors among School Children in Udupi, Karnataka, India. J Lifestyle Med 2019; 9:27-35. [PMID: 30918831 PMCID: PMC6425906 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2019.9.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity has become a serious public health problem in many low-and-middle income countries. This study aims to determine the prevalence and assess the factors associated with obesity among school children. Methods A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted among the 1185 secondary school students in Udupi, India. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Weight and height were measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The z-score was calculated, and BMI was categorized based on its distribution by gender and age according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The BMI categories were reported as frequencies and percentages. Chi-square tests, followed by multiple logistic regressions, were used at 5% level of significance to identify factors associated with overweight and obese children. Results The overall prevalence of overweight and obese children was found to be 10.8% and 6.2%, respectively. Both ‘overweight’ and ‘obese’ were found more frequently among males (11.0% and 7.1%, respectively) than females (10.6% and 5.4%, respectively). Attending private schools, (AOR: 2.87, CI: 1.55–5.31), identifying as Muslim (AOR: 2.26, CI: 1.39–3.67), and having a father with a business occupation (AOR: 2.43, CI: 1.05–5.62) were found to be significantly associated with overweight/obese status. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of overweight and obese children in our study. Since obesity in adulthood has its onset in childhood, it is important to have effective implementation of school health activities to reduce and curb the burden of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Gautam
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Sun Jeong
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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Anthropometric variations in different BMI and adiposity levels among children, adolescents and young adults in Kolkata, India. J Biosoc Sci 2018; 51:603-618. [PMID: 30511611 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932018000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to analyse selected anthropometric features of children, adolescents and young adults from middle-class families in Kolkata, India, by BMI and adiposity categories. Standardized anthropometric measurements of 4194 individuals (1999 male and 2195 female) aged 7-21 were carried out between the years 2005 and 2011. The results were compared by BMI and adiposity categories. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way-ANOVA and linear regression analysis was performed. The study population could be differentiated in terms of BMI and adiposity categories for all examined anthropometric characteristics (p ≤ 0.001). After taking age into consideration, differences were observed for males in the case of body height and humerus breadth in BMI and adiposity categories, and for femur breadth in the case of adiposity categories. For females, differences were noted in body height measurements in BMI and adiposity categories, a sum of skinfold thicknesses in BMI categories, and upper-arm and calf circumferences in adiposity categories. The patterns of differences in the BMI categories were found to be similar to those in adiposity categories. The linear regression analysis results showed that there was a significant relationship between BMI and body fat ratio in the examined population. Underweight individuals, and those with low adiposity, were characterized by lower extremity circumferences and skeletal breadths. These features reached highest values in overweight/obese persons, characterized by high body fat. However, the differences observed between each BMI and adiposity category, in most cases, were only present in early childhood.
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Mazidi M, Banach M, Kengne AP. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1185-1203. [PMID: 30393474 PMCID: PMC6209725 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.79001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children (aged 5-12 years) and adolescents (aged 12-19 years) in Asian countries. Study design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We comprehensively searched specialised databases for relevant studies conducted in Asian countries between January 1, 1999, and May 30, 2017. Random effects models (using the DerSimonian-Laird method) and generic inverse variance methods were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the 'leave-one-out' method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I2 index. Systematic review registration: CRD42016033061. RESULTS Among 22,286 identified citations, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria with n = 71,998 and n = 353,513 for children and adolescents. The pooled prevalence (overall, boys and girls) was 5.8% (n = 4175), 7.0% (n = 2631) and 4.8% (n = 1651) for obesity in children aged 5-11 years; 8.6% (n = 30,402), 10.1% (n = 17,990) and 6.2% (n = 10,874) for obesity in adolescents age 12-19 years. For overweight in children the values for overall, boys and girls were 11.2% (n = 7900), 11.7% (n = 4280) and 10.9% (n = 3698) respectively; and for overweight in adolescents, 14.6% (n = 46,886), 15.9% (27,183), and 13.7% (20,574). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. In children and adolescents a higher percentage of boys than girls are obese (children = 7.0 vs. 4.8%, adolescents = 10.1 vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, in children and adolescents a higher percentage of boys than girls are overweight (children = 11.7 vs. 10.9%, adolescents = 15.9 vs. 13.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In view of the number of children who are overweight or obese, the associated detrimental effects on health, and the cost to health-care systems, implementation of programmes to monitor and prevent unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents is needed throughout Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Varghese ST, Kumar V, Paul S, Jose LK, Mathew T, Siddique S. Estimation of Dental and Bone Age in Obese Children of South India. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:153-159. [PMID: 29780741 PMCID: PMC5946524 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_14_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determination of skeletal and dental age is very essential for Pediatric dentist and orthodontist to formulate a treatment plan, and it is a source of supplemental information for Pediatrics, Orthopedics, and Forensics. There are no available studies in the literature about the comparison of dental and bone age with chronological age in obese children of south India. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare dental age, bone age, and chronological age in obese children of south India. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical committee of college, and informed consent was obtained from parents of the study participants. A total of 100 obese study participants were selected between 8 to 14 years age group. Date of birth was considered to obtain chronological age. Demirjian's method was used to assess dental age. Bjork, Grave, and Brown's method was followed to detect bone age using hand-wrist radiograph. The comparison of three ages was done using the unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: Dental age and bone age were advanced in comparison to chronological age in both sexes and its statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlationship between three ages in both sexes. Conclusion: As per our study, dental age and bone age were advanced in obese children, but dental age was more advanced. Dental age and bone age can be considered as variables for diagnosing the impact of growth in obese children. In the future, further studies are required to support our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji T Varghese
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sam Paul
- Department of Orthodontics, Educare Institute of Dental Science, Malappuram, India
| | - Lijo K Jose
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Tom Mathew
- Department of Orthodontics, PSM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Trichur, India
| | - Sabin Siddique
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, MES Dental College, Perinthalmanna, Kerala, India
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PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND UNDERNUTRITION AMONG URBAN SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH. J Biosoc Sci 2018; 51:244-253. [DOI: 10.1017/s0021932018000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryDespite the ongoing problems of undernutrition and infectious disease, obesity and overweight have become a major problem in developing countries, including Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight among school children aged 6–12 years in Bangladesh. The study was conducted from June 2012 to May 2013 and the study sample comprised 1768 children (980 boys; 788 girls) from eight purposively selected schools in different areas of Dhaka city. Students were interviewed about their diet and physical activity, and anthropometric measurements were made, including height, weight, mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference, hip circumference and body mass index (BMI). Undernutrition, overweight and obesity were defined using internationally accepted BMI cut-off points. Mean height, weight, BMI, MUAC, waist circumference and hip circumference values were found to be higher in boys than in girls, except at age 12 when these were found to be significantly higher in girls than in boys (p<0.05). The mean prevalence of overweight was 10.0% (boys 10.2%; girls 9.8%), and that of obesity 5.0% (boys 4.3%; girls 5.8%). The prevalence of underweight was 16.3% in boys and 12.7% in girls. The prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in poor than in rich children (22.1% vs 11.2%) and that of obesity was higher in rich than in poor children (9.9% vs 1.3%;p<0.001). A family history of obesity and hypertension emerged as a significant predictor of developing overweight and obesity (p<0.001). The data suggest that underweight and obesity co-exist in urban areas of Bangladesh, posing a challenge for the nutritional health of Bangladeshi children.
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Sharma VK, Subramanian SK, Radhakrishnan K, Rajendran R, Ravindran BS, Arunachalam V. Comparison of structured and unstructured physical activity training on predicted VO2max and heart rate variability in adolescents - a randomized control trial. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 28:225-238. [PMID: 28350537 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity contributes to many health issues. The WHO-recommended physical activity for adolescents encompasses aerobic, resistance, and bone strengthening exercises aimed at achieving health-related physical fitness. Heart rate variability (HRV) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) are considered as noninvasive measures of cardiovascular health. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of structured and unstructured physical training on maximal aerobic capacity and HRV among adolescents. METHODS We designed a single blinded, parallel, randomized active-controlled trial (Registration No. CTRI/2013/08/003897) to compare the physiological effects of 6 months of globally recommended structured physical activity (SPA), with that of unstructured physical activity (USPA) in healthy school-going adolescents. We recruited 439 healthy student volunteers (boys: 250, girls: 189) in the age group of 12-17 years. Randomization across the groups was done using age and gender stratified randomization method, and the participants were divided into two groups: SPA (n=219, boys: 117, girls: 102) and USPA (n=220, boys: 119, girls: 101). Depending on their training status and gender the participants in both SPA and USPA groups were further subdivided into the following four sub-groups: SPA athlete boys (n=22) and girls (n=17), SPA nonathlete boys (n=95) and girls (n=85), USPA athlete boys (n=23) and girls (n=17), and USPA nonathlete boys (n=96) and girls (n=84). RESULTS We recorded HRV, body fat%, and VO2 max using Rockport Walk Fitness test before and after the intervention. Maximum aerobic capacity and heart rate variability increased significantly while heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body fat percentage decreased significantly after both SPA and USPA intervention. However, the improvement was more in SPA as compared to USPA. CONCLUSIONS SPA is more beneficial for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, HRV, and reducing body fat percentage in terms of magnitude than USPA in adolescent individuals irrespective of their gender and sports activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthil Kumar Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Kalapet, Puducherry 605014
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The Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Menstrual Disorders at Different Ages of Menarche and Sex Hormones. J Natl Med Assoc 2017; 110:440-447. [PMID: 30129516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present research aimed to study the relationship between body mass index and menstrual disorders at different ages of menarche and sex hormones. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 2000 girls aged between 9 and 18 in all levels were selected through cluster sampling in Shiraz. Data were collected using demographic characteristics, menstrual disorders, body mass index and hormones' measure questionnaires. To analyze the data, we used SPSS 16 and Chi-square test. RESULTS A total of 1024 (51.2%) out of 2000 subjects had normal BMI and the smallest group belonged to 26 subjects (1.3%) with BMI ≤ 30. There is a significant relationship between body mass index, menstrual cycle length (p = 0.006), spotting (p = 0.005), passing clots (p = 0.001) and menstrual bleeding (p = 0.04), and this relationship is insignificant between body mass index and duration of bleeding (p = 0.95), amenorrhea (p = 0.03), dysmenorrhea (p = 0.26) and menstrual regularity (p = 0.95). Investigating the relationship between body mass index and some of sex hormones shows that there is no significant relationship among BMI and TSH (p = 0.94), FSH (p = 0.21), LH (p = 0.21), Prolactin (p = 0.97), Testosterone (p = 0.66), and DHEAS (p = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS A significant relationship among BMI and menstrual cycle length, spotting, passing clots and menstrual bleeding, and was insignificant with sex hormones.
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Ganie MA, Bhat GA, Wani IA, Rashid A, Zargar SA, Charoo BA, Shah ZA, Mudassar S. Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study in Kashmir, India. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:203-209. [PMID: 28099127 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity among children and adolescents is a growing public health problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and metabolic consequences of obesity among schoolchildren from Kashmir, India. METHODS The study subjects (n=2024) included 870 boys and 1154 girls, aged between 6 and 18 years. Data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaires. Information was obtained about different lifestyles, anthropometric parameters and dietary habits. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) percentile as per the guidelines of Centers for Disease Control, 2000. For the evaluation of different clinical parameters, blood samples were collected from the subjects in the fasting state at 8 to 9 am after an overnight (10-12 h) fast. RESULTS The highest representation of subjects was from fee-paying private schools. Out of the total subjects, 6.69% were overweight and 4.64% were obese. The hip circumference, abdominal circumference, BMI, blood pressure (BP), use of ready-made foods as well as the clinical parameters like glucose, phosphorous, cholesterol and triglycerides were found significantly higher among girls than boys (p<0.05). Boys were taller and were physically more active than girls (p<0.01). Compared to the boys (3.33%), the girls were found to be more obese (5.63%). Rural dwelling subjects (4.22%) exhibited a lower percentage of obesity than urban population (5.00%). The difference in obesity among the different age groups was found statistically significant (p<0.05). Additionally, children with active lives in the form of vigorous (10.59%) or moderate (10.34%) exercise decreased their chances of gaining weight substantially. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study have shown that prevalence of obesity among children was high in our population.
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Baxi R, Vasan SK, Hansdak S, Samuel P, Jeyaseelan V, Geethanjali FS, Murray RR, Venkatesan P, Thomas N. Parental determinants of metabolic syndrome among adolescent Asian Indians: A cross-sectional analysis of parent-offspring trios. J Diabetes 2016; 8:494-501. [PMID: 26040846 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between parental metabolic syndrome (MS) and the risk of MS and associated abnormalities in adolescent offspring. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 304 adolescents (12-16 years; 236 children with at least one parent and 124 father-mother-child trios) recruited from four schools representing different socioeconomic strata from Vellore, India. Anthropometric data was collected and blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipids were measured. RESULTS The prevalence of MS in adolescent offspring, fathers, and mothers was 3.3%, 52.5%, and 48.7% respectively. The most commonly observed metabolic abnormality among adolescents was lower high-density lipoprotein. Maternal waist circumference (WC) was strongly correlated with adolescent body mass index (P = 0.007), WC (P < 0.001), serum triglycerides (P = 0.02), and systolic (P = 0.005) and diastolic (P = 0.01) blood pressure. Maternal MS status was significantly associated with a greater risk of central obesity (WC odds ratio [OR] 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.17) in offspring. Both parents having MS conferred a significant effect on the child's WC (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.72-2.07) and increased risk of MS (OR 6.19; 95% CI 1.64-23.26). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the possible heritable parental components that may contribute to the MS phenotype in offspring: MS in adolescent offspring is related to parental MS status, and maternal traits reflect offspring adiposity and metabolic traits more strongly than paternal factors. Therefore, adolescent children of parents with MS should be targets for primordial prevention of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Baxi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Samuel Hansdak
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Visali Jeyaseelan
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Ruth R Murray
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Padmanaban Venkatesan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Patnaik L, Pattanaik S, Sahu T, Rao EV. Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents, A Comparative Study Between Government and Private Schools. Indian Pediatr 2016; 52:779-81. [PMID: 26519713 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-015-0716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescent school children of government and private schools. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 1800 children aged 10-16 years. Body mass index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC), Hip circumference (HC), and Neck circumference (NC) were measured using standard guidelines. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight obesity was 27.8% (private schools 45.2%, government schools 10.5%). BMI, WC, NC, and Waist-hip ratio were significantly higher among private school students. CONCLUSION A differential strategic plan may be needed to prevent and control obesity among adolescent school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipilekha Patnaik
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, SoA University, Odisha, India. Correspondence to: Dr Lipilekha Patnaik, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital,S OA University, Sector 8, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar 751 003, Odisha, India.
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Toriola A, Moselakgomo V, Shaw B, Goon D. Overweight, obesity and underweight in rural black South African children. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2012.11734406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bhargava M, Kandpal SD, Aggarwal P, Sati HC. Overweight and Obesity in School Children of a Hill State in North India: Is the Dichotomy Urban-Rural or Socio-Economic? Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156283. [PMID: 27227780 PMCID: PMC4881983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overweight and obesity are a public health problem in India not only in adults but also in children. The authors sought to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-going children of 6-17 years of age and examine its demographic and dietary correlates in context of their urban-rural status and socio-economic status. METHODS In this cross-sectional survey height and weight were measured in 1266 school children in government and private schools of urban and rural areas. Dietary assessment was done using single day 24-hour dietary recall method. The data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 19) and WHO AnthroPlus Software. Factorial ANOVA was used for testing interaction within and between subgroups for continuous variables and Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. RESULTS It was found that the overall prevalence of overweight was 15.6% of which 5.4% were obese, with maximum prevalence in boys attending urban private schools. The mean caloric intake in the study population with 24-hour dietary recall method was 1558.2 kilocalories (SD: 428 kilocalories). CONCLUSION Overweight and obesity is a significant problem in school-going children. Higher socio-economic status continues to remain an important driver of this epidemic in the younger generation and affects demographic and dietary determinants of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Bhargava
- Department of Community Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - S. D. Kandpal
- Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRH University, Dehradun, India
| | - Pradeep Aggarwal
- Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, SRH University, Dehradun, India
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Piryani S, Baral KP, Pradhan B, Poudyal AK, Piryani RM. Overweight and its associated risk factors among urban school adolescents in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010335. [PMID: 27207624 PMCID: PMC4885275 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is increasing in Nepal. Overweight and obesity are the major risk factors of many non-communicable diseases. Adolescence is a critical phase for development of overweight and obesity. Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity are not well understood in Nepal. The objective of the study was to identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity among adolescent students. SETTING A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on higher secondary school students in the Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city, Nepal. PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 360 students aged 16-19 years from eight schools was included in the study. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight among adolescent students was 12.2% (95% CI 8.9 to 15.5). Factors associated with being overweight included being male (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.64, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.88), studying in private school (AOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.28), high socioeconomic status family (AOR 4.77, 95% CI 1.36 to 16.72), watching television for more than 2 h per day (AOR 8.86, 95% CI 3.90 to 20.11), and consuming fruit four times or less per week (AOR 3.13, 95% CI 1.39 to 7.01). There was no statistically significant association between adolescent overweight and age, ethnicity, mother's education level, mother's occupation, number of siblings or family type. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic status, watching television for a longer time and consuming less fruit are major risk factors for overweight among adolescents in Nepal. Interventions are needed to increase awareness about the risk factors of adolescent overweight and obesity to decrease prevalence of overweight-associated non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Piryani
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kedar Prasad Baral
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Bandana Pradhan
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amod Kumar Poudyal
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rano Mal Piryani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Ranjani H, Mehreen T, Pradeepa R, Anjana RM, Garg R, Anand K, Mohan V. Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: A systematic review. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143:160-74. [PMID: 27121514 PMCID: PMC4859125 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity is a known precursor to obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. However, the magnitude of the problem among children and adolescents in India is unclear due to paucity of well-conducted nationwide studies and lack of uniformity in the cut-points used to define childhood overweight and obesity. Hence an attempt was made to review the data on trends in childhood overweight and obesity reported from India during 1981 to 2013. METHODS Literature search was done in various scientific public domains from the last three decades using key words such as childhood and adolescent obesity, overweight, prevalence, trends, etc. Additional studies were also identified through cross-references and websites of official agencies. RESULTS Prevalence data from 52 studies conducted in 16 of the 28 States in India were included in analysis. The median value for the combined prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity showed that it was higher in north, compared to south India. The pooled data after 2010 estimated a combined prevalence of 19.3 per cent of childhood overweight and obesity which was a significant increase from the earlier prevalence of 16.3 per cent reported in 2001-2005. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that overweight and obesity rates in children and adolescents are increasing not just among the higher socio-economic groups but also in the lower income groups where underweight still remains a major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Ranjani
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - T.S. Mehreen
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Renu Garg
- WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, WHO Collaborating Centre for Capacity Development & Research in Community based NCDPC, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
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Ahila A, Vimalraj V, Raghupathy P. Insulin resistance and adverse lipid profile in obese pre-pubertal South Indian children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015. [PMCID: PMC4428895 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2015-s1-p78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Zabeen B, Tayyeb S, Naz F, Ahmed F, Rahman M, Nahar J, Nahar N, Azad K. Prevalence of obesity and central obesity among adolescent girls in a district school in Bangladesh. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19:649-652. [PMID: 26425476 PMCID: PMC4566347 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.163193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased over the last two decades. Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic diseases and plays a central role in insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome. METHODS The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity by means of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in adolescent girls in a district school in Bangladesh. Based on age and sex specific BMI percentiles, the students were classified as normal weight (5(th)-<85(th) percentile), overweight (85(th)-<95(th) percentiles), and obese (≥95(th) percentile). Central obesity was categorized as WHtR ≥ 0.5. Adolescent girls (aged 9-17 years) attending the sixth to twelfth grades (n = 501) in a Bengali medium school participated in the study. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 23% and 14% among the girls. The prevalence of central obesity was 26%. Around 14% of girls in the normal weight group were centrally obese. There was a significant relationship between WHtR and BMI status (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence showing a high prevalence of overall and central obesity in adolescent girls in our population. We emphasize the need for further large scale surveillance programs and preventive strategies in our population to reduce the incidence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedowra Zabeen
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Samin Tayyeb
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Naz
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Ahmed
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maftunur Rahman
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jebun Nahar
- Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmun Nahar
- Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kishwar Azad
- Department of CDiC, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Paediatrics, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kar S, Khandelwal B. Fast foods and physical inactivity are risk factors for obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in east district of Sikkim, India. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:356-9. [PMID: 26283829 PMCID: PMC4518409 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity and hypertension among school children have a huge impact on public health. Hence, we estimated the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of childhood obesity and elevated blood pressure (BP) among adolescent schoolchildren (11-19 years) in urban areas of Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Materials and Methods: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted on 979 school children, during November 1, 2009 - April 30, 2010 in Gangtok, East Sikkim India. Anthropometric measurements and BP were recorded among the study population. Obesity and hypertension prevalent among adolescent school children and their correlates were analyzed. Results and Conclusion: Prevalence of obesity, overweight, and hypertension was 2.04%, 14.5% and 5.62%, respectively. The average fast food intake, screen time and limited outdoor activities were significantly associated with obesity. Increase in abdominal height positively correlated with increase in body mass index and body fat; however waist — hip ratio was not a reliable index. The burden of overweight/obesity as well as hypertension with all its associated risk was found to high among our study population, which necessitates framing of policies and actions at national level to address the risk associated with these noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kar
- Department of Community Medicine, Sikkim-Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Bidita Khandelwal
- Department of Medicine, Sikkim-Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences and Central Referral Hospital, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Chennai, India, using national and international age- and sex- specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. METHODS The Obesity Reduction and Awareness and Screening of Non communicable diseases through Group Education in Children and Adolescents (ORANGE) project is a cross-sectional study carried out on 18,955 children (age 6-11 years) and adolescents (age 12-17 years) across 51 schools (31 private and 20 government) of Chennai. Overweight and obesity was classified by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF 2000) and Khadilkars criteria (2012), and Hypertension by the IDF criteria (in children ≥10 years and adolescents). RESULTS The prevalence of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in private compared to government schools both by the IOTF criteria [private schools: 21.4%, government schools: 3.6%, (OR: 7.4, 95% CI:6.3-8.6; P<0.001) and by Khadilkar criteria (private school: 26.4%, government schools: 4.6% OR: 6.9, 95% CI:6.2-7.8; P<0.001). Overweight/obesity was higher among girls (IOTF: 18%, Khadilkar: 21.3%) compared to boys (IOTF: 16.2%, Khadilkar: 20.7%) and higher among adolescents (IOTF: 18.1%, Khadilkar: 21.2%) compared to children (IOTF: 15.5%, Khadilkar: 20.7%). Prevalence of hypertension was 20.4% among obese/overweight and 5.2% among non-obese (OR 4.7, 95%CI: 4.2-5.3, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among private schools in Chennai, and hypertension is also common.
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Ghosh A, Sarkar D, Pal R, Mukherjee B. Correlates of overweight and obesity among urban adolescents in bihar, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4:84-8. [PMID: 25810995 PMCID: PMC4367012 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.152261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: For better perception of adolescent overweight and obesity as a global public health problem, systematic collection of baseline data is urgently needed in India. Objective: A community-based study was undertaken for better perception of the prevalence and correlates of obesity in an adolescent urban community in Katihar, Bihar. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among urban adolescents in the eastern part of India to find out prevalence of overweight and obesity and sociodemographic correlates by interview technique followed by clinical examination with ethical consideration. Results: Out of 400 adolescent study participants, 21% were overweight or obese. The study showed that there was a significant association between less consumption of vegetable foods, fruits, meals cooked outside the home, alcohol consumption, yoga practice, socioeconomic status, and the occurrence of overweight/obesity in the adolescents. Conclusions: We attempted to find out the prevalence and risk correlates of overweight and obesity among adolescents and found it quite alarming compared to developed countries. The urban underserved population in India has difficulty to access quality healthcare and not conscious enough to seek healthcare until critically ill. Community-based studies are required to highlight the problem of obesity among urban adolescents by a comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghosh
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranabir Pal
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bijoy Mukherjee
- Department of Community Medicine, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Katihar, Bihar, India
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Xue J, Wu Q, Sakthivel S, Pavithran PV, Vasukutty JR, Kannan K. Urinary levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, benzophenones, parabens, and triclosan in obese and non-obese Indian children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:120-8. [PMID: 25531816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been recognized as a major global public health concern. In particular, childhood obesity is a major risk factor for other health issues, such as type 2 diabetes, in later stages of life. A few earlier studies have associated exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with childhood obesity. There is limited information, however, on exposure to EDCs and childhood obesity in India. In this study, urinary levels of 26 EDCs were determined in 49 obese and 27 non-obese Indian children. Eleven EDCs, including 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (BPA), 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol (BPS), methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP3), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), and bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·2H2O) were found in >70% of urine samples. No significant associations were found between childhood obesity and most target chemicals studied, except for 3,4-DHB, which showed a significant positive association. Urinary concentrations of 3,4-DHB were higher in obese children than in non-obese children, independent of age, sex, family income, parent education, physical activity, and urinary creatinine. Urinary concentrations of several EDCs were higher in Indian children than the concentrations reported for children in the USA and China. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report urinary concentrations of several EDCs in Indian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sivasubramanian Sakthivel
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Praveen V Pavithran
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jayakumar R Vasukutty
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Rathnayake KM, Roopasingam T, Wickramasighe VP. Nutritional and behavioral determinants of adolescent obesity: a case-control study in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1291. [PMID: 25519979 PMCID: PMC4302095 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global prevalence of adolescent obesity is rising at an alarming rate leading to increase risk of adult obesity. Obesity in adolescence is postulated to have a significant impact on both physical and psychological health of an individual. The study aim was to identify nutritional and behavioral risk factors associated with obesity among adolescent Sri Lankan school girls. METHODS In this case-control study, age and ethnicity matched 100 cases (BMI-for-age above +2SD) and 100 controls (BMI-for-age between -2SD to +1 SD) adolescent girls between 14 to 18 years of age were recruited. Predicted risk factors of obesity were assessed through an interviewer administrated questionnaire. A three day diet diary and long version of international physical activity questionnaire were used to assess daily energy intake and energy expenditure from physical activity, respectively. The significant differences in mean values were evaluated using paired t-test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors associated with obesity. RESULTS Obese girls had significantly higher BMI (31.3, 20.2 kgm-2 p < 0.0001), waist circumference (90.8, 68.2 cm p < 0.0001), energy intake (2235.4, 1921.7 kcal p < 0.0001) and lower energy expenditure from physical activity (894.6, 1844.3 MET (metabolic equivalent)-min/week p < 0.0001). High family income (Odds ratio [OR], 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-7.88), first born in family (2.73, 1.25-5.97), skipping breakfast (3.99, 1.81-8.80), consumption of fruits < 4 days per week (2.18, 1.02-4.67), screen viewing > 2 hours/ day (2.96, 1.33-6.61), energy intake (3.97, 3.19-16.36), significantly increased the risk of obesity, whereas increased physical activity (4.34, 1.33-14.14) decreased the risk. Irregular menstruation (4.34, 1.33-14.14) was noted among the obese. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic and behavior factors are major determinants of adolescent obesity in Sri Lanka. There is an urgent need to implement awareness as well as behavior modification programmes targeting adolescents, parents and schools to control childhood and adolescent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari M Rathnayake
- />Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, 60170 Sri Lanka
| | - Tharrmini Roopasingam
- />Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, 60170 Sri Lanka
| | - VP Wickramasighe
- />Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Checkley W, Ghannem H, Irazola V, Kimaiyo S, Levitt NS, Miranda JJ, Niessen L, Prabhakaran D, Rabadán-Diehl C, Ramirez-Zea M, Rubinstein A, Sigamani A, Smith R, Tandon N, Wu Y, Xavier D, Yan LL. Management of NCD in low- and middle-income countries. Glob Heart 2014; 9:431-43. [PMID: 25592798 PMCID: PMC4299752 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable disease (NCD), comprising cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are increasing in incidence rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Some patients have access to the same treatments available in high-income countries, but most do not, and different strategies are needed. Most research on noncommunicable diseases has been conducted in high-income countries, but the need for research in LMICs has been recognized. LMICs can learn from high-income countries, but they need to devise their own systems that emphasize primary care, the use of community health workers, and sometimes the use of mobile technology. The World Health Organization has identified "best buys" it advocates as interventions in LMICs. Non-laboratory-based risk scores can be used to identify those at high risk. Targeting interventions to those at high risk for developing diabetes has been shown to work in LMICs. Indoor cooking with biomass fuels is an important cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in LMICs, and improved cookstoves with chimneys may be effective in the prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; CRONICAS Center of Excellence for Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hassen Ghannem
- Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Disease Prevention Research Centre, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Vilma Irazola
- Centro de Excelencia en Salud Cardiovascular para el Cono Sur (CESCAS), Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvester Kimaiyo
- AMPATH, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Naomi S Levitt
- Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa (CDIA), Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Diabetic Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence for Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Louis Niessen
- Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases (CCCD), International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Centre for Applied Health Research and Delivery, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Centre of Excellence in Cardio-Metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Cristina Rabadán-Diehl
- Office of Global Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of Global Affairs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (CIIPEC), Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Adolfo Rubinstein
- Centro de Excelencia en Salud Cardiovascular para el Cono Sur (CESCAS), Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alben Sigamani
- St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Richard Smith
- Chronic Disease Initiative, UnitedHealth Group, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Peking University School of Public Health and Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Denis Xavier
- St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Lijing L Yan
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Duke Global Health Institute and Global Heath Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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Koirala M, Khatri RB, Khanal V, Amatya A. Prevalence and factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity of private school children in Nepal. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 9:220-7. [PMID: 25434691 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood overweight/obesity is a global health problem because of adverse health and nutrition consequences worldwide. Currently, there is a paucity of information on childhood overweight/obesity in Nepal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of, and the factors associated with, childhood overweight/obesity among primary school children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in June-December, 2013. We collected data using the structured self-administered questionnaire with parents of children aged 6-13 years in grades 1-6 studying at private schools of the Lalitpur district of Nepal. Height and weight measurements of 986 children were taken, and the corresponding body mass index (BMI)-for-age was calculated. The prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity was reported in proportion. Factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity were examined using the Chi-square tests followed by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of 986 children, 144 (14.6%) were overweight and 111 (11.3%) were obese. Overall, 255 (25.9%) children were found to be overweight/obese. Children from families, having ≤2 siblings (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.958, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.163-3.296), upper class family (aOR=3.672; 95% CI: 1.154-11.690), and advantaged ethnic group (aOR=1.561; 95% CI: 1.00-2.437) and children who were of larger birth weight (>4.0kg) had a greater likelihood of being (aOR=2.557, 95% CI: 1.222-5.349) overweight/obese. CONCLUSIONS A quarter of children were found to be overweight/obese in private primary schools. Preventive interventions should focus on the advantaged ethnic groups, families with fewer siblings, and upper class families. A greater emphasis ought to be placed on formulation and implementation of policies aimed at addressing the newly emerging problems of childhood overweight/obesity in Nepal. New school health programs are to be launched and strengthened including avoidance of high energy junk food, and promoting outdoor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koirala
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - R B Khatri
- Save the Children, Saving Newborn Lives Program, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - V Khanal
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - A Amatya
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Chopra A, Rao NC, Gupta N, Vashisth S, Lakhanpal M. Influence of behavioral determinants on deviation of body mass index among 12-15 years old school children of Panchkula. Epidemiol Health 2014; 36:e2014021. [PMID: 25266420 PMCID: PMC4220605 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2014021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the body mass index (BMI) and factors related to BMI in 12-15 years old adolescents attending school in the Panchkula district of Haryana, India. METHODS: Our multistage sampling method enrolled 810 adolescents. Demographic data and dietary history data over 5 days were recorded. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI, which was further categorized according to the World Health Organization classification system. Diet was analysed using the Nizel criteria and socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using Prasad’s socioeconomic classification. The chi-squared test and analysis of variance test were performed, and a multinomial regression analysis was performed to find significant correlates with BMI. RESULTS: The prevalences of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 13.6, 58.4, 22.7, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of both overweight and obesity was higher among males than that among females. The overall food group, nutrient, sweet, and oral health diet scores were higher among overweight and obese adolescents. Adolescents attending public school were 2.62 times more likely than private school adolescents were to be underweight. Private school adolescents were 2.08 times more likely than public school adolescents were to be overweight. Those with a high SES, vegetarians, and those aged 15 years were highly likely to be obese. CONCLUSIONS: We found 41.6% of these adolescents to have a BMI that deviated from the norm. Important factors related with BMI were age, gender, socioeconomic score, mean daily diet score, and the type of school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Chopra
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Nanak Chand Rao
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Shelja Vashisth
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Manav Lakhanpal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Dental College, Panchkula, Haryana, India
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Hoque ME, Doi SAR, Mannan M, Long K, Niessen LW, Mamun AA. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of the Indian subcontinent: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:541-50. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad E Hoque
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Suhail AR Doi
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Munim Mannan
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kurt Long
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Louis W Niessen
- Center for Global Health; Johns Hopkins School of Public Health; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- School of Population Health; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Ramezani Tehrani F, Mirmiran P, Gholami R, Moslehi N, Azizi F. Factors influencing menarcheal age: results from the cohort of tehran lipid and glucose study. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 12:e16130. [PMID: 25237321 PMCID: PMC4166004 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menarche is considered as a milestone in the women's reproductive life. Most existing studies on factors influencing menarcheal age had cross-sectional designs and their finding were controversial. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine some factors affecting the age at menarche in a cohort study with an average of ten-year follow-up; the study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). MATERIALS AND METHODS For the purpose of the present study, we recruited all the females aged 12 to 18 years participated in TLGS whose menarche had not begun at the initiation of the study, but occurred during their follow-up. The effect of premenarcheal status of various factors including socioeconomic and anthropometric parameters, physical activity, energy expenditure, and exposure to tobacco smoke on menarcheal age was explored. RESULTS The mean of age at menarche was 13.06 ± 1.24 years. There were significant statistical associations between age of the participants' mothers at menarche (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), maternal education (r = -0.04, P = 0.002), and body mass index (BMI) before menarcheal (r = 0.25, P = 0.027) with age at menarche. There was no significant correlation between age at menarche, with either of maternal employment, premenarcheal physical activity, energy expenditure, and passive smoking. CONCLUSIONS Among various factor influencing menarcheal age, premenarcheal BMI is modifiable, and considering its significance, could prevent early or late menarches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 24 Parvaneh st. Yaman st. Velenjak, P.O.Box: 193954763, Tehran, IR Iran, Postal Code: 1985717413. Tel: +98-2122409309, Fax: 98-2122402463, E-mail:
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Roya Gholami
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nazanin Moslehi
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Feriedon Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Kumaravel V, Vanishree S, Anitharani M, Sathiyasekaran BWC. Author reply. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:440. [PMID: 24944956 PMCID: PMC4056160 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.131235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumaravel
- Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Alpha Hospital and Research Center, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vanishree
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Anitharani
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - BWC Sathiyasekaran
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arora M, Tewari A, Grills N, Nazar GP, Sonrexa J, Gupta VK, Moodie R, Reddy KS. Exploring Perception of Indians about Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products: A Mixed Method Research. Front Public Health 2013; 1:35. [PMID: 24350204 PMCID: PMC3859976 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed perceptions and support among the Indian populace about plain packaging for all tobacco products. Twelve focus group discussions (n = 124), stakeholder analysis with 24 officials and an opinion poll with 346 participants were conducted between December 2011 and May 2012, Delhi. Plain packages for tobacco products were favored by majority of participants (69%) and key stakeholders (92%). The majority of participants perceived that plain packaging would reduce the appeal and promotional value of the tobacco pack (>80%), prevent initiation of tobacco use among children and youth (>60%), motivate tobacco users to quit (>80%), increase notice ability, and effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on tobacco packs (>90%), reduce tobacco usage (75% of key stakeholders). Majority of participants favored light gray color for plain packaging. This study provides key evidence to advocate with Indian Government and other countries in South Asia region to introduce plain packaging legislation for all tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Arora
- Public Health Foundation of India , Delhi , India
| | - Abha Tewari
- Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth , Delhi , India
| | - Nathan Grills
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Gaurang P Nazar
- Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth , Delhi , India
| | - Juhi Sonrexa
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population Health , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - K S Reddy
- Public Health Foundation of India , Delhi , India
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Rani MA, Sathiyasekaran BWC. Behavioural determinants for obesity: a cross-sectional study among urban adolescents in India. J Prev Med Public Health 2013; 46:192-200. [PMID: 23946877 PMCID: PMC3740224 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the prevalence of behavioural risk factors for obesity among urban adolescent school children in Chennai, India. METHODS This study was performed as a cross-sectional study using a World Health Organization-designed Global School-based Student Health Survey questionnaire (modified for India) among adolescent school children studying in 30 randomly selected secondary and higher secondary schools in Chennai city. 1842 adolescents studying in the VIII to XII standards were randomly selected for the study. RESULTS In the present study, 40.7% of the students ate fruit one or more times per day and 74.5% of the students ate vegetables one or more times per day. Nearly 20% of the students ate fast food items on 4 to 7 days during the previous week. Among the students, 30.4% watched television for more than two hours per day. Nearly 68% of the girls and 22% of the boys did not participate in outdoor sports activities. When the pattern of physical activity of the students was assessed, it was observed that 15.6% were inactive, 43.4% were minimally active, and the remaining 41.0% belonged to the category of health enhancing physical activity. Among the students, 6.2% were overweight and 5.2% were obese. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of risk factors for obesity was quite high among the adolescents. This study also showed that a great proportion of overweight/obese adolescents had a correct perception of their body weight and they were making efforts to modify risk factors such as television viewing, computer use, a sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anitha Rani
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
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Chakravarthy PK, Suresh G, Chenna D, Chenna V. Relationship between anthropometric measures and dental caries among adolescent National Cadets Corps of Udupi district, south India. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2013; 4:167-70. [PMID: 23633856 PMCID: PMC3633271 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.107284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric measures and dental caries among National Cadets Corps of Udupi district, India. Materials and Methods: Demographic information like age, sex, and parental education were collected. Various anthropometric measures like weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference, and dental caries were recorded as per standard guidelines. Results: A total of 211 cadets with age range of 12-19 years constituted the final sample. Caries experience was significantly different with respect to age and gender (P = 0.049 and 0.05, respectively). Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression with DMFT as dependent variable. Height, weight, BMI, and WC showed significant association with dental caries status (OR = 10.61, 1.03, 1.09, and 1.02, respectively). Stratified analysis showed no association with anthropometric measures (Height, weight, BMI, and WC) and dental caries in 12-14 years. Among 15-19 years age group, there was a significant association between anthropometric measures (Height, weight, and BMI) and dental caries. Conclusion: There was a significant association between anthropometric measures and caries status in 15-19 years age group while no association was found in 12-14 years age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pentapati K Chakravarthy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Chakravathy KP, Thippeswamy HM, Kumar N, Chenna D. Relationship of body mass index and dental caries with oral health related quality of life among adolescents of Udupi district, South India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 14:155-9. [PMID: 23595623 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-013-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and dental caries with oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among adolescents of Udupi district, India. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 13-15-year-old adolescents was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on age, gender, type of school, frequency of sugar consumption and child oral impacts on dental performances (OIDP). Weight, height and dental caries were recorded as per standard guidelines. RESULTS Of 456 children, 34.4 % were overweight/obese. There was a significant difference in the distribution of overweight/obese adolescents with respect to age, gender and frequency of sugar consumption. The prevalence of impacts ranged from 7.4-32.8 % in low normal and 12.9-49.7 % in overweight/obese adolescents. Impacts while eating were most frequently reported in both low normal (32.8 %) and overweight/obese (49.7 %) adolescents. There was a significantly higher mean for overweight/obese than low normal adolescents for items related to "eating", "speaking", "sleeping", "smiling", "emotional status", OIDP total score and caries. BMI and decayed teeth (DT) showed significant association with OIDP-Additive score. CONCLUSION Adolescents with caries and increased BMI had poor OHRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Chakravathy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal-576104, Manipal University, Karnataka, India,
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Gupta N, Shah P, Nayyar S, Misra A. Childhood obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Indian J Pediatr 2013; 80 Suppl 1:S28-37. [PMID: 23334584 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-012-0923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly changing dietary practices accompanied by an increasingly sedentary lifestyle predispose to nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, including childhood obesity. Over the last 5 y, reports from several developing countries indicate prevalence rates of obesity (inclusive of overweight) >15 % in children and adolescents aged 5-19 y; Mexico 41.8 %, Brazil 22.1 %, India 22.0 % and Argentina 19.3 %. Moreover, secular trends also indicate an alarming increase in obesity in developing countries; in Brazil from 4.1 % to 13.9 % between 1974 and 1997; in China from 6.4 % to 7.7 % between 1991 and 1997; and in India from 4.9 % to 6.6 % between 2003-04 to 2005-06. Other contributory factors to childhood obesity include: high socio-economic status, residence in metropolitan cities and female gender. Childhood obesity tracks into adulthood, thus increasing the risk for conditions like the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease later in life. Interestingly, prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 35.2 % among overweight Chinese adolescents. Presence of central obesity (high waist-to-hip circumference ratio) along with hypertriglyceridemia and family history of T2DM increase the odds of T2DM by 112.1 in young Asian Indians (< 40 y). Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity are most important strategies for preventing childhood obesity. Effective health awareness educational programs for children should be immediately initiated in developing countries, following the successful model program in India (project 'MARG').
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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Lau XC, Chong KH, Poh BK, Ismail MN. Physical activity, fitness and the energy cost of activities: implications for obesity in children and adolescents in the tropics. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 70:49-101. [PMID: 23722094 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416555-7.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tropics cover a large section of the world in which both developed and developing countries are situated. Rapid socioeconomic development, modernization, urbanization, and globalization have affected both the food market and physical activity (PA), which in turn have propelled the obesity epidemic in the tropics. There is growing concern that overweight and obesity are emerging as major health problems among children and adolescents in the tropics, despite the fact that undernutrition still exists in many of these countries. Physical inactivity, a low metabolic rate, and lack of physical fitness (PF) have been linked to overweight and obesity. Moreover, PF in several tropical countries is declining, and these changes may be a threat to future health, as low PA and PF levels are important risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases. Previous studies have reported that the relationships among PA, PF, overweight, and obesity are inconsistent and inconclusive. There is no indication that variances in the energy cost of physical activities lead to obesity. Despite a lack of definite evidence to prove a causal relationship, there is enough certainty that physical inactivity and low fitness levels are linked to overweight and obesity. Hence, people living in tropical countries need to be encouraged to lead a healthier lifestyle by increasing their PA levels and reducing sedentary behaviors to prevent overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chuan Lau
- Physical Activity and Energy Metabolism Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tandon N, Garg MK, Singh Y, Marwaha RK. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among urban Indian adolescents and its relation with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:1123-30. [PMID: 23751385 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2013-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in urban Indian adolescents. MS in adolescents is a forerunner of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in adults, therefore, its identification provides an opportunity to intervene with lifestyle changes to prevent disease progression into adulthood. We randomly selected 900 adolescents (300 for each group) to participate in the study from a total of 15,101 adolescents (10-18 years) who were grouped as normal, overweight, and obese (total population). METHODS From the 900 adolescents, 695 consented to participate in the study and underwent a detailed anthropometric and biochemical evaluation, therefore, these adolescents constituted the study population. MS was defined by criteria proposed by the International Diabetes Federation (MS-IDF) and the Adult Treatment Panel (MS-ATP). The prevalence of MS in the study population was used to calculate the prevalence of MS in the total population based on the distribution of the different BMI categories in this larger sample (n=15,101). RESULTS Calculated prevalence of MS in urban Indian adolescents was 4.3% and 3.0% in the total population using MS-ATP and MS-IDF criteria, respectively. Among the study population, MS was higher in girls than boys (MS-ATP, G: 22.3% vs. B: 16.6%, p=0.03; MS-IDF, G: 20.5% vs. B: 13.5%, p=0.006). The most common component of MS- ATP and MS-IDF was central obesity (89.8% vs. 100.0%, p<0.00001), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (83.0% vs. 82.2%, p=0.35), low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (71.1% vs. 71.2%, p=0.48), hypertension (44.4% vs. 44.9%, p=0.025), and dysglycemia (40.0% vs. 34.7%, p=0.94). The mean serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR progressively increased with the increasing number of components present in an individual. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome is common in urban Indian overweight and obese adolescents.
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Association of anthropometric measures and dental caries among a group of adolescent cadets of Udupi district, South India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 13:256-60. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arora M, Nazar GP, Gupta VK, Perry CL, Reddy KS, Stigler MH. Association of breakfast intake with obesity, dietary and physical activity behavior among urban school-aged adolescents in Delhi, India: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:881. [PMID: 23075030 PMCID: PMC3549919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In developed countries, regular breakfast consumption is inversely associated with excess weight and directly associated with better dietary and improved physical activity behaviors. Our objective was to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among school-going adolescents in Delhi and evaluate its association with overweight and obesity as well as other dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Methods Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Eight schools (Private and Government) of Delhi in the year 2006. Participants: 1814 students from 8th and 10th grades; response rate was 87.2%; 55% were 8th graders, 60% were boys and 52% attended Private schools. Main outcome measures: Body mass index, self-reported breakfast consumption, diet and physical activity related behaviors, and psychosocial factors. Data analysis: Mixed effects regression models were employed, adjusting for age, gender, grade level and school type (SES). Results Significantly more Government school (lower SES) students consumed breakfast daily as compared to Private school (higher SES) students (73.8% vs. 66.3%; p<0.01). More 8th graders consumed breakfast daily vs.10th graders (72.3% vs. 67.0%; p<0.05). A dose–response relationship was observed such that overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents who consumed breakfast daily (14.6%) was significantly lower vs. those who only sometimes (15.2%) or never (22.9%) consumed breakfast (p<0.05 for trend). This relationship was statistically significant for boys (15.4 % vs. 16.5% vs. 26.0; p<0.05 for trend) but not for girls. Intake of dairy products, fruits and vegetables was 5.5 (95% CI 2.4-12.5), 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.3-3.5) times higher among those who consumed breakfast daily vs. those who never consumed breakfast. Breakfast consumption was associated with greater physical activity vs. those who never consumed breakfast. Positive values and beliefs about healthy eating; body image satisfaction; and positive peer and parental influence were positively associated with daily breakfast consumption, while depression was negatively associated. Conclusion Daily breakfast consumption is associated with less overweight and obesity and with healthier dietary- and physical activity-related behaviors among urban Indian students. Although prospective studies should confirm the present results, intervention programs to prevent or treat childhood obesity in India should consider emphasizing regular breakfast consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Arora
- Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Chakraborty P, Dey S, Pal R, Kar S, Zaman FA, Pal S. Obesity in Kolkata children: Magnitude in relationship to hypertension. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 2:101-6. [PMID: 22470242 PMCID: PMC3312688 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.82310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited data is available from India regarding the distribution and profile of childhood obesity and hypertension. Materials and Methods: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban schools of Kolkata. Using stratified random sampling method, 979 participants were selected. Body mass index (BMI) status and blood pressure (BP) were estimated using standard protocol and their various correlates regarding sociodemographic characteristics were looked into. Results: Majority (38.92%) of the study population were in the preadolescent group followed by adolescent group (33.40%). Male constituted 52.09%, overweight was more prevalent among preadolescent age group (22.57%). Overall 27 cases of prehypertension were found of which 19 (70.37%, n=27) were in the adolescent age group. There was no significant association between ages with increased BMI status. We detected total 15 cases (1.53%) of hypertension in our study population and three-fourths of them were from adolescent age group. However, significant association was seen between high BP with increasing age. Average fast food intakes and screen time was higher in obese as compared to their normal peers. Upper and upper-middle social status contributed to higher number of obese/overweight and hypertensive children and was the significant risk factor. Conclusion: Childhood obesity and hypertension were found to be common in the city of Kolkata which suggest the need for greater public awareness programs on these morbidities.
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Misra A, Misra R. Asian indians and insulin resistance syndrome: global perspective. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 1:277-83. [PMID: 18370652 DOI: 10.1089/1540419031361390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is a crucial factor in causation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asian Indians. Approximately one-fifth of the migrant Asian Indians have evidence of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, insulin resistance as estimated by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) was reported to be present in one-fifth of children and young adult Asian Indians with normal body mass index (BMI) and ~45-67% of those having high BMI. The cause(s) of such high prevalence of IRS in Asian Indians is not clear; however, inherent genetic predisposition, physical inactivity, excess regional body fat, and factors associated with migration may play an important role. It is important that lifestyle factor modification to prevent IRS and T2DM in Asian Indians should start in early childhood.
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