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Dev A, Aggarwal R, Vignesh P, Vinay K, Rawat A, Chatterjee D, Dogra S. Cutaneous Inflammatory Manifestations of Chronic Granulomatous Disease. JAMA Dermatol 2024; 160:893-895. [PMID: 38959006 PMCID: PMC11223043 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines cutaneous inflammatory presentations of chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Dev
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ridhima Aggarwal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Keshavamurthy Vinay
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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2
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Cagdas D, Ayasun R, Gulseren D, Sanal O, Tezcan I. Cutaneous Findings in Inborn Errors of Immunity: An Immunologist's Perspective. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:3030-3039. [PMID: 37391021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI)/primary immunodeficiency and could be due to infections, immune dysregulation, or lymphoproliferative/malign diseases. Immunologists accept some as warning signs for underlying IEI. Herein, we include noninfectious/infectious cutaneous manifestations that we come across in rare IEI cases in our clinic and provide a comprehensive literature review. For several skin diseases, the diagnosis is challenging and differential diagnosis is necessary. Detailed disease history and examination play a vital role in reaching a diagnosis, especially if there is a potential underlying IEI. A skin biopsy is sometimes necessary, especially if we need to rule out inflammatory, infectious, lymphoproliferative, and malignant conditions. Specific and immunohistochemical stainings are particularly important when diagnosing granuloma, amyloidosis, malignancies, and infections like human herpes virus-6, human herpes virus-8, human papillomavirus, and orf. Elucidation of mechanisms of IEIs has improved our understanding of their relation to cutaneous findings. In challenging cases, the immunological evaluation may lead the approach when there is a specific primary immunodeficiency diagnosis or at least help to reduce the number of differential diagnoses. Conversely, the response to therapy may provide conclusive evidence for some conditions. This review raises awareness of concomitant lesions and expands the scope of the differential diagnosis of IEI and the spectrum of skin disease therapy by highlighting frequent forms of IEI-associated cutaneous manifestations. The manifestations given here will guide clinicians to plan for alternative use of diverse therapeutics in a multidisciplinary way for skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Cagdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ruveyda Ayasun
- Depatment of Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Duygu Gulseren
- Department of Dermatology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozden Sanal
- Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Zhao EJ, Gauiran DTV, Slack GW, Dutz JP, Chen LYC. A 54-Year-Old Woman with Cutaneous Nodules. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDmr2200035. [PMID: 38319205 DOI: 10.1056/evidmr2200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A 54-Year-Old Woman with Cutaneous NodulesA 54-year-old woman presented with chronic cutaneous nodules and plaques. How do you approach the evaluation, and what is the diagnosis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Zhao
- The University of British Columbia Hematology Fellowship Program
| | | | - Graham W Slack
- The University of British Columbia Hematology Fellowship Program
| | - Jan P Dutz
- The University of British Columbia Hematology Fellowship Program
| | - Luke Y C Chen
- The University of British Columbia Hematology Fellowship Program
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4
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Merad Y, Derrar H, Belmokhtar Z, Belkacemi M. Aspergillus Genus and Its Various Human Superficial and Cutaneous Features. Pathogens 2021; 10:643. [PMID: 34071092 PMCID: PMC8224566 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial and cutaneous aspergillosis is a rare fungal disease that is restricted to the outer layers of the skin, nails, and the outer auditory canal, infrequently invading the deeper tissue and viscera, particularly in immunocompromised patients. These mycoses are acquired through two main routes: direct traumatic inoculation or inhalation of airborne fungal spores into paranasal sinuses and lungs. Lesions are classified into three categories: otomycosis, onychomycosis, and cutaneous aspergillosis. Superficial and cutaneous aspergillosis occurs less frequently and therefore remains poorly characterized; it usually involves sites of superficial trauma-namely, at or near intravenous entry catheter site, at the point of traumatic inoculation (orthopaedic inoculation, ear-self-cleaning, schizophrenic ear self-injuries), at surgery incision, and at the site of contact with occlusive dressings, especially in burn patients. Onychomycosis and otomycosis are more seen in immunocompetent patients, while cutaneous aspergillosis is widely described among the immunocompromised individuals. This paper is a review of related literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Merad
- Department Parasitology-Mycology, ‘Hassani Abdelkader’ Hospital, UDL Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire de Synthèse de L’information Environementale, UDL, Sidi-Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria
| | - Hichem Derrar
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, ‘Hassani Abdelkader’ Hospital, UDL Faculty of Medicine, Sidi-Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria;
| | - Zoubir Belmokhtar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science and Life, University Djilali Liabes, Sidi-Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria;
| | - Malika Belkacemi
- Department of Hemobiology and Blood Transfusion, ‘Hassani Abdelkader’ Hospital, UDL Faculty of Medecine, Sidi-Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria;
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Variable Presentation of the CYBB Mutation in One Family, Approach to Management, and a Review of the Literature. Case Rep Med 2020; 2020:2546190. [PMID: 32089701 PMCID: PMC7026706 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2546190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder marked by abnormal phagocytic function. CGD affects primarily neutrophils and manifests as an early predisposition to severe life-threatening infections. Additionally, patients with CGD are predisposed to unique autoimmune manifestations. While generally spared from infectious complications, heterozygous carriers of the abnormal genes implicated in CGD pathogenesis can still present with autoimmune disorders. A mutation in the CYBB gene is the only X-linked variant of this disease. This article describes a family with the CYBB mutation, its heterogenous presentation, and reviews the literature discussing disease management.
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6
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The microbiome and immunodeficiencies: Lessons from rare diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:132-148. [PMID: 30704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are inherited disorders of the immune system, associated with a considerable increase in susceptibility to infections. PIDs can also predispose to malignancy, inflammation and autoimmunity. There is increasing awareness that some aspects of the immune dysregulation in PIDs may be linked to intestinal microbiota. Indeed, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence immune functions and immune homeostasis both locally and systemically. Recent studies have indicated that genetic defects causing PIDs lead to perturbations in the conventional mechanisms underlying homeostasis in the gut, resulting in poor immune surveillance at the intestinal barrier, which associates with altered intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Consistently, a substantial proportion of PID patients presents with clinically challenging IBD-like pathology. Here, we describe the current body of literature reporting on dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in different PIDs and how this can be either the result or cause of immune dysregulation. Further, we report how infections in PIDs enhance pathobionts colonization and speculate how, in turn, pathobionts may be responsible for increased disease susceptibility and secondary infections in these patients. The potential relationship between the microbial composition in the intestine and other sites, such as the oral cavity and skin, is also highlighted. Finally, we provide evidence, in preclinical models of PIDs, for the efficacy of microbiota manipulation to ameliorate disease complications, and suggest that the potential use of dietary intervention to correct dysbiotic flora in PID patients may hold promise.
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Van Horn SA, Johnson KM, Childs JM. Rheumatoid-nodule-like cutaneous granuloma associated with recombinase activating gene 1-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency: A rare case. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:940-943. [PMID: 30203448 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous granulomas without detectable infectious etiology rarely occur in children and adults with primary immunodeficiency disorders. These cutaneous granulomas are primarily seen in combined variable immunodeficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and can emulate the reaction patterns seen in sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. To date, the literature has described only six cases of non-infectious cutaneous granulomas in SCID. We report an unusual case of cutaneous granuloma, mimicking a sarcoma, in a 40-year old male with recombinase activating gene 1-deficient SCID, who presented with a slow-growing globus mass over the lateral aspect of the right elbow. There was heterogeneous enhancement on MRI, which was concerning for neoplasm but no malignancy was found on frozen or permanent sections. GMS, PAS with diastase, and AFB stains, as well as microbiology cultures, were negative. An AE1/AE3 stain was negative and a CD163 stain highlighted histiocytes. No infectious etiology was identified and histopathology revealed palisaded granulomatous dermatitis, most closely resembling a rheumatoid nodule. Although cutaneous manifestations have been reported in nearly half of primary immunodeficiency disorder cases, non-infectious cutaneous granulomas are exceedingly rare in SCID. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of cutaneous palisaded granulomatous dermatitis mimicking a rheumatoid nodule in a major joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Van Horn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn M Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John M Childs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Warren M, Shimada H. Cytologic and Ultrastructural Findings of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Patients With Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018; 21:347-354. [PMID: 29050515 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617736188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a hereditary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in genes encoding nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme complex, which lead to the inability to kill intracellular pathogens. Patients with CGD are susceptible to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections in their early lives. Although the recent survival rate has been significantly improved, early diagnosis is critical to prevent multiple organ impairment. In 1950s, CGD was first described as a disease with recurrent infections and visceral infiltration of granulomas and pigmented histiocytes. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is commonly performed for patients with CGD; however, no study has described the cytologic features of alveolar macrophages. Methods Cytology of 20 BALs from 11 CGD patients was examined. The greatest diameters of randomly selected 100 alveolar macrophages in each BAL were measured using image analysis and compared with 20 disease control BALs from non-CGD patients. Macrophages from 2 groups were compared with repeated measures mixed-model analysis. Ultrastructural analysis was performed on a representative CGD BAL. Results BALs from CGD patients showed variable numbers of neutrophils and lipid-laden macrophages. Macrophages in CGD BALs were significantly larger than disease control BALs ( P < .0001) and showed "foamy" vacuolated cytoplasm. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the macrophages filled with enlarged lysosomes containing lipofuscin-like materials, which made their appearance "foamy." Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate novel BAL findings in CGD patients. The presence of enlarged "foamy" alveolar macrophages is not specific for CGD, but CGD should be considered as a differential diagnosis when foamy macrophages are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Warren
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,2 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,2 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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de Albuquerque JAT, de Oliveira Junior EB, Zurro NB, Vendramini P, Ishizuka EK, Borgli DDSP, de Souza MS, Condino-Neto A. A C126R de novo Mutation in CYBB Leads to X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease With Recurrent Pneumonia and BCGitis. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:248. [PMID: 30255005 PMCID: PMC6141742 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an innate immune deficiency of phagocytic cells caused by mutations that affect components of the NADPH oxidase system, with resulting impairment in reactive oxygen species production. Patients with CGD are susceptible to recurrent infections and hyperinflammatory responses. Mutations in CYBB lead to the X-linked form of CGD and are responsible for ~ 70% of cases. In this study, we report the case of a 2.5-year-old male patient with recurrent pneumonia and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection (BCGitis). As his first clinical manifestation, he presented with bullous impetigo at 18 days of age, which was followed by recurrent pneumonia and regional BCGitis. Genetic analysis revealed a de novo mutation in exon 5 of the CYBB gene: a single-nucleotide substitution, c.376T > C, leading to a C126R change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Tavares de Albuquerque
- Immunogenic Assessoria e Diagnóstico em Saúde LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil.,PENSI Institute, José Luiz Egídio Setúbal Foundation, Sabará Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Borges de Oliveira Junior
- Immunogenic Assessoria e Diagnóstico em Saúde LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil.,PENSI Institute, José Luiz Egídio Setúbal Foundation, Sabará Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nuria Bengala Zurro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Vendramini
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Kiyotaka Ishizuka
- Immunogenic Assessoria e Diagnóstico em Saúde LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil.,PENSI Institute, José Luiz Egídio Setúbal Foundation, Sabará Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nanoudis S, Tsona A, Tsachouridou O, Morfesis P, Loli G, Georgiou A, Zebekakis P, Metallidis S. Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7718. [PMID: 28767612 PMCID: PMC5626166 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The simultaneous occurrence of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is uncommon and few cases have been reported worldwide. PATIENT CONCERNS PG is a rare, chronic, ulcerative, neutrophilic skin disease of unknown etiology that requires immunosuppressive treatment. CGD belongs to Primary Immune Deficiencies in which the main defect lies in an inability of the phagocytic cells to generate superoxide making patients susceptible to serious, potentially life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. DIAGNOSES In this manuscript, we present a case of ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum in a 28-year-old man with recent diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease during hospitalization for resistant pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with Aspergillus infection. INTERVENTIONS Second-line therapy with dapsone and intravenous immunoglobulin was initially administered but eventually corticosteroids were added to treatment because of disease progression and further ulceration. OUTCOMES Patient's ulcers were gradually healed with no side effects. LESSONS Corticosteroids could be used under close monitoring for the treatment of PG in a patient with CGD, despite the increased risk for infections.
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Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of our body; it consists of the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels, and connective tissue matrix. Its main function is to act as a barrier to the outside world and protect us from infections. Any component of the skin is subject to insults from the environment and/or from within the body. Primary immune deficiency patients present with recurrent or prolonged infections not frequently seen in healthy individuals. Oftentimes, these infections involve the skin. Primary immune deficiency may also present with noninfectious cutaneous signs, such as eczema; erythroderma; granulomas; dysplasia of the skin, hair, nails, or teeth; pigmentary changes; angioedema; urticaria; vasculitis; or autoimmune skin disease due to immune dysregulation. Prompt recognition of the underlying diagnosis and initiation of treatment decrease morbidity. This review provides the reader with an up-to-date summary of the common dermatologic manifestations of primary immune deficiency diseases.
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Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations are common in primary immune deficiency diseases, affecting between 40 % and 70 % of patients with diagnosed primary immune deficiency. Skin infections characterize many primary immune deficiencies, but there are also frequent noninfectious cutaneous manifestations seen in many of these disorders, including eczematous lesions, erythroderma, cutaneous granulomas, dysplasia of skin, hair, and nails, autoimmune conditions, and frank vasculitis. For the patient with suspected primary immunodeficiency, much can be inferred by evaluating the presenting cutaneous findings, including various infectious susceptibilities, presence of atopy, and evidence of impaired or overactive inflammatory response. The skin manifestations of primary immune deficiency diseases are often early or heralding findings of the underlying immunologic disease. Therefore, awareness of associations between skin findings and immune deficiency may aide in the early detection and treatment of serious or life-threatening immunologic defects. This review summarizes the common skin manifestations of primary immune deficiency diseases and provides the reader with a differential diagnosis of primary immune defects to consider for the most common skin manifestations.
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Nanda A, Al-Herz W, Al-Sabah H, Al-Ajmi H. Noninfectious Cutaneous Granulomas in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36:832-7. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Prindaville B, Nopper AJ, Lawrence H, Horii KA. Chronic granulomatous disease presenting with ecthyma gangrenosum in a neonate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:e44-5. [PMID: 25037808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy J Nopper
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
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Rare Immunodeficiency In A Two-Months-Old Infant. ARS MEDICA TOMITANA 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10307-012-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is a diverse group of hereditary diseases characterized by neutrophils incapacity or difficulty to form reactive oxygen compounds, most important, the superoxide radical, used to kill certain pathogens. The consequence is recurrent infections with germs with normally low pathogenicity and formation of supurative granulomas. The authors present a pathology case of immunodeficiency rarely seen in pediatrics: chronic granulomatous disease in a 2 months old infant. The positive diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, dominated by lymphadenopathy, pemphigoid skin lesions, bilateral ear secretion, growth failure, hepatomegaly. Physical presentation correlated with laboratory studies (Bursttest), chest radiography and CT imaging, moderate inflammatory syndrome, low platelets level and the presence of fibrin monomers suggested a neonatal sepsis having on the background a X-linked immunodeficiency (the patient being the only male survivor in his family, with 4 healthy sisters). The specific feature in this case was early onset of the disease, with clinical, but most important, pulmonary radiological aspect characteristic for chronic granulomatous disease. The prognosis was poor; the baby is readmitted in the hospital after 2 months and he dies, having clinical aspect of sepsis unresponsive to the applied intensive therapy. The histological findings enhanced numerous pulmonary and hepatic microabscesses.
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Henriet S, Verweij PE, Holland SM, Warris A. Invasive fungal infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 764:27-55. [PMID: 23654055 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4726-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a major threat for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of published invasive fungal infections in the CGD host through an extensive review of epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data. In addition to the often mild clinical presentation, the currently used diagnostics for invasive aspergillosis have low sensitivity in CGD patients and cannot be easily translated to this non-neutropenic host. Aspergillus fumigatus and A. nidulans are the most commonly isolated species. A. nidulans infections are seldom reported in other immunocompromised patients, indicating a unique interaction between this fungus and the CGD host. The occurrence of mucormycosis is mainly noted in the setting of treatment of inflammatory complications with immunosuppressive drugs. Candida infections are infrequently seen and do not cause mucocutaneous disease but do show an age-dependent clinical presentation. The CGD patient is susceptible to a wide range of fungal pathogens, indicating the need to determine the causative fungus, often by invasive diagnostics, to guide optimal and rational treatment. This review summarizes current understanding of invasive fungal infections in patients with CGD and will serve as a starting point to guide optimal treatment strategies and to direct further research aimed at improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Henriet
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Pseudotumoral Cutaneous Aspergillosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Report of a Pediatric Case. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:749-52. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182562451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Song E, Jaishankar GB, Saleh H, Jithpratuck W, Sahni R, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21624140 PMCID: PMC3128843 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is the most commonly encountered immunodeficiency involving the phagocyte, and is characterized by repeated infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as the formation of granulomas in tissue. The disease is the result of a disorder of the NADPH oxidase system, culminating in an inability of the phagocyte to generate superoxide, leading to the defective killing of pathogenic organisms. This can lead to infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Psedomonas species, Nocardia species, and fungi (such as Aspergillus species and Candida albicans). Involvement of vital or large organs can contribute to morbidity and/or mortality in the affected patients. Major advances have occurred in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, with the potential for gene therapy or stem cell transplantation looming on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, USA.
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Infectious Granulomatous Dermatitis Associated With Rothia mucilaginosa Bacteremia: A Case Report. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:175-9. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181b1c5ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Palmero ML, Pope E, Brophy J. Sporotrichoid aspergillosis in an immunocompromised child: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2009; 26:592-6. [PMID: 19840318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis is an uncommon, opportunistic infection. Atypical presentations have recently emerged with the expanding range of primary and acquired diseases that cause immunosuppression. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis may invade the deep lymphatic structures and present in a sporotrichoid pattern. In pediatric patients with an otherwise normal previous medical history, primary cutaneous aspergillosis should raise the suspicion of an immunodeficiency and prompt referral to immunology and infectious disease specialists should be made. Early diagnosis and management of primary cutaneous aspergillosis prevents invasive aspergillosis, minimizing morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lourdes Palmero
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Schäppi MG, Jaquet V, Belli DC, Krause KH. Hyperinflammation in chronic granulomatous disease and anti-inflammatory role of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:255-71. [PMID: 18509648 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency caused by the lack of the superoxide-producing phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. However, CGD patients not only suffer from recurrent infections, but also present with inflammatory, non-infectious conditions. Among the latter, granulomas figure prominently, which gave the name to the disease, and colitis, which is frequent and leads to a substantial morbidity. In this paper, we systematically review the inflammatory lesions in different organs of CGD patients and compare them to observations in CGD mouse models. In addition to the more classical inflammatory lesions, CGD patients and their relatives have increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, and CGD mice are arthritis-prone. Possible mechanisms involved in CGD hyperinflammation include decreased degradation of phagocytosed material, redox-dependent termination of proinflammatory mediators and/or signaling, as well as redox-dependent cross-talk between phagocytes and lymphocytes (e.g. defective tryptophan catabolism). As a conclusion from this review, we propose the existence of ROS high and ROS low inflammatory responses, which are triggered as a function of the level of reactive oxygen species and have specific characteristics in terms of physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela G Schäppi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Luis-Montoya P, Sáez-de Ocariz MDM, Vega-Memije ME. Chronic granulomatous disease: two members of a single family with different dermatologic manifestations. Skinmed 2005; 4:320-2. [PMID: 16282759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2005.03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Case 1: A 33-year-old man with a 14-year history of localized skin disease on the face and scalp was evaluated at the department of dermatology. The physical examination revealed plaques with papules, pustules, and a golden yellow crusting on the forehead, cheeks, upper lip, and chin (Figure 1). The scalp presented fine, whitish scales. At the beginning of his disease, the patient presented large red and painful purulent boils. The 14-year clinical course of these lesions was characterized by partial remissions and recurrences, but he did not specify any treatment related to improvement. The clinical diagnosis given for the scalp lesions was seborrheic dermatitis. For the facial lesions, many differential diagnoses were considered, among them: seborrheic dermatitis, acneiform dermatitis, impetigo, folliculitis, seborrheic pemphigus, and demodicidosis. The histopathologic study of a biopsy taken from the cheek (Figure 2) showed superficial spongiform dermatitis with neutrophils and folliculitis that are compatible with the diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis. Both Gram and periodic acid-Schiff stains were negative. Follow-up of the patient was not possible since he did not come back. The disease in this patient initially manifested at age five by the presence of recurrent ganglionic abscesses. At age 15, he presented a pulmonary abscess of a left lobule that was surgically removed; at this point the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease was established. At age 28, an exploratory laparotomy was performed due to peritonitis and multiple hepatic abscesses. At that time, he was treated with antibiotics (mainly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and interferon-g. The patient had two brothers who died due to complications of chronic granulomatous disease. In addition, both his mother and sister presented a history of discoid lupus-like lesions. Case 2: Coincidentally, his 27-year-old sister was seen in our department of dermatology 5 years before, presenting infiltrated and erythematous plaques with fine scales (Figure 3) on the right side of the nose and the left annular finger. No other cutaneous or mucous lesions were seen. She referred onset in childhood with similar lesions on sun-exposed areas that disappeared without scarring. A biopsy was performed and the results were compatible with the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus (Figure 4). Direct immunofluorescence was not available. At that time, she did not mention the family history of chronic granulomatous disease. Clinical follow-up was not possible, but his brother referred that she afforded complete remission only with sun protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Luis-Montoya
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. Manuel Gea González, General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
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Levine S, Smith VV, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Histopathological features of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in childhood. Histopathology 2005; 47:508-16. [PMID: 16241999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the spectrum of histopathological features encountered in children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) at a specialist centre. METHODS AND RESULTS The histopathological findings of 88 surgical pathology requests from a range of organ systems including upper and lower gastrointestinal tract biopsy series, liver, bladder, bone, lung, skin, soft tissue, bone marrow and lymph node biopsy specimens, in 32 patients aged 4 months to 18 years (median 7 years) with CGD were reviewed. In most tissues the features were those of active chronic inflammation, with or without abscess or granuloma formation, often associated with fungal infection. In some tissues, more characteristic findings were identified, including the presence of pigmented macrophages, especially in hepatic sinusoids and colonic mucosa, where active chronic eosinophil predominant colitis was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Chronic granulomatous disease may present to histopathologists in a wide range of tissue specimens most often demonstrating features of active chronic inflammation with or without granuloma formation. The presence of numerous pigmented macrophages in association with such inflammation should raise suspicion of the diagnosis. In addition, diffuse granulomatous inflammation of the lung and hepatic abscess formation should be regarded as suggestive of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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Goebel WS, Mark LA, Billings SD, Meyers JL, Pech N, Travers JB, Dinauer MC. Gene correction reduces cutaneous inflammation and granuloma formation in murine X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:705-710. [PMID: 16185269 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously demonstrated that X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) mice develop exaggerated inflammatory responses and form granulomas following intradermal challenge with sterile Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) hyphae. In this study, we examined the efficacy of retroviral-mediated gene transfer (RMGT) into X-CGD bone marrow stem cells in preventing this abnormal inflammatory response. Sterile AF or saline was injected subcutaneously into the ears of wild-type, female X-CGD carrier, X-CGD, or X-CGD mice chimeric for varying numbers of either wild-type or RMGT-corrected neutrophils. Intradermal AF induced marked inflammation at both 3 and 30 d in the X-CGD mice, but not in the carriers or the wild-type mice. Similar to wild-type mice, chimeric X-CGD mice with >20% oxidase-positive neutrophils displayed a minimal and self-limited inflammatory response. Inflammation in chimeric (both wild-type and RMGT-corrected) mice with <15% oxidase-positive neutrophils was also improved compared to X-CGD mice, although still abnormal. This is the first evidence that partial correction of NADPH oxidase activity by gene therapy is likely to be beneficial in reducing or preventing the chronic inflammatory complications of CGD patients if sufficient numbers of RMGT-corrected neutrophils are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Goebel
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Orrego JC, Montoya CJ, Gómez RD, Franco JL, Patiño PJ, Vargas ME, García de O D, Wolff JC. Epidemiological assessment of mucocutaneous infections in patients with recurrent infection syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44:724-30. [PMID: 16135139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent infection syndrome (RIS) results from repeated interactions between hosts and environmental infectious agents and is considered normal (NRIS) because of its benign evolution and positive effects in the development of normal immune responses. Abnormal RIS (ARIS) is characterized by the unusually high frequency of severe infections, either as a result of anatomical or functional abnormalities or due to primary or secondary immunodeficiencies (PIDs and SIDs, respectively). Recurrent mucocutaneous infections (MCIs) can be manifestations of RIS or ARIS and could be more frequent in primary immunodeficiencies. Similarly, etiologic agents might vary from what is observed in the general population. METHODS We carried out a descriptive study to determine the prevalence of aerobic bacterial and fungal mucocutaneous infections in 452 patients with recurrent infections, using clinical records to establish immunological status associated with the presence and characteristics of the infections. Microbiological analyses from mucocutaneous lesions were used to confirm the etiology. RESULTS We found mucocutaneous infections in 50 patients for a total of 62 episodes (bacterial or fungal infections in 38 vs. 12 patients, respectively). Mucocutaneous infections were more frequent (21.8% vs. 9.1%; OR = 2.8) and recurrent (8.7% vs. 0.2%; P = 0.000) in primary immunodeficient patients. Furthermore, those with defects in phagocytic cells presented more mucocutaneous infections (56.2%) than patients with other primary immunodeficiencies (11.3%; OR = 10.1). CONCLUSIONS Bacterial and fungal mucocutaneous infections are more frequent and severe in primary immunodeficient patients, particularly those with defective phagocytosis. Early and adequate assessment of the nature of mucocutaneous infections in ARIS should impact the ability of physicians to treat promptly, avoid complications and reduce the costs of medical assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Orrego
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Departamento de Microbiología and Parasitología, Sección de Dermatologia, Facultad de Medicina y Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Kharfi M, Benmously R, Khaled A, Daoued B, Kamoun MR. Granulomatose septique chronique à révélation cutanée tardive. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2004; 131:375-8. [PMID: 15258513 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(04)93618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic septic granulomatosis is a disease characterized by an impaired bactericidal potential of the neutrophilic polynuclear. The cutaneous manifestations rarely reveal the disease, but are of considerable interest in the diagnosis, notably during the late onset forms. We report such a case. CASE REPORT A 15 year-old girl, born of consanguine parents, had a history of visceral leishmaniasis and hepatic hydatidosis. For the past 3 years she had developed dermatitis lesion on the face and skin folds, chronic folliculitis and suppurating axillary and inguinal lymphoadenitis. The absence of a reduction in tetrazolium nitro blue led to the diagnosis of chronic septic granulomatosis. Prophylactic treatment stabilized the cutaneous lesions. DISCUSSION Chronic septic granulomatosis regroups various severe and recurrent manifestations. Its transmission is usually X-linked recessive or, on rare occasions, autosomal recessive. The clinical manifestations leading to the diagnosis are often of very early onset. They are principally pneumonia due to apergillus fumigatus and lymphoadenitis. Cutaneous involvement, although less common, must not be neglected because it can lead to the diagnosis of late onset forms, as in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kharfi
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie.
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Watters SK, Zacharisen MC, Drolet B, Fink J. Subcutaneous nodules in a patient with recurrent sinopulmonary infections and fatigue. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 91:438-43. [PMID: 14692425 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley K Watters
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Allergy Immunology Division, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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De Vera M, Yu BH. Recurrent staphylococcal infections and chronic dermatitis in a 45-year-old man. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91:244-50. [PMID: 14533655 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle De Vera
- Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center and Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Paproski SM, Smith SL, Crawford RI. Ferruginous foreign body: a clinical simulant of melanoma with distinctive histologic features. Am J Dermatopathol 2002; 24:396-8. [PMID: 12357199 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200210000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old man reported a pigmented lesion on his forearm that he had first become aware of approximately 30 years previously. More recently, the lesion had become symptomatic and was excised because of concern of melanoma; however, during tissue processing, an embedded metallic object was found. Histologic examination of the tissue surrounding the site of the metallic object confirmed an inner zone of iron deposition with a distinctive histologic appearance indistinguishable from rust, associated with a foreign body reaction. Surrounding this was an outer zone of siderophages with the more usual histologic appearance. Chemical analysis of the foreign body confirmed its ferruginous nature. On subsequent questioning, the patient informed us that he had worked with heavy equipment in a mine at the time that he had first noticed the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Paproski
- Department of Pathology and Division of Dermatology, St Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kamani NR, Infante AJ. Chronic granulomatous disease and other disorders of neutrophil function. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2000; 19:141-56. [PMID: 11107499 DOI: 10.1385/criai:19:2:141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N R Kamani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7810, USA
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Córdoba-Guijarro S, Feal C, Daudén E, Fraga J, García-Díez A. Lupus erythematosus-like lesions in a carrier of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 14:409-11. [PMID: 11305387 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency disease. Carrier status of CGD has been reported in association with lupus erythematosus-type lesions. A 35-year-old woman, mother of a child with X-linked CGD presented an 8-year history of erythematous plaques with an arciform pattern on the upper trunk, back and arms. The nitroblue tetrazolium test revealed the carrier status of the patient. Haematological, biochemical and immunological tests (including ANA, DNA, SSA-Ro, SSB-La, RNP, SM and Jo1 antibodies) were normal or negative except for a polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia with high serum IgA. Histological examination showed a papillary and perifollicular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. Direct immunofluorescence was negative. We report a female carrier of X-linked CGD who developed clinical subacute lupus erythematosus-like lesions. We review the literature and discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Córdoba-Guijarro
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited disorder characterized by defective oxidative killing by neutrophils and other phagocytes. This results in susceptibility to persistent and life-threatening infections. We describe a 25-year-old man with chronic granulomatous disease who presented with an acute, febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. This indicates that normal neutrophil intracellular killing mechanisms are not essential in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lyon
- Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester Medical School, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J A van Burik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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