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Vallinoto ACR, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Freitas Queiroz MA, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. Influence of Immunogenetic Biomarkers in the Clinical Outcome of HTLV-1 Infected Persons. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110974. [PMID: 31652745 PMCID: PMC6893456 DOI: 10.3390/v11110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, a member of the Retroviridae family, causes a neglected, silent, persistent infection affecting circa 5 to 10 million people around the world, with biology, immune pathology, clinical diseases, epidemiology, and laboratory issues still unsolved. Most of the infected subjects are asymptomatic, but severe clinical disorders appear as a neurodegenerative disease (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy—HAM) or a lymphoprolipherative disorder (Adult T Leukemia/Lymphoma—ATLL) and in other target organs of the human body. HTLV-1 infections are frequently asymptomatic, but there is a large spectrum of diseases that have been described along the years. The mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the host, the different modes of response of the host to the infection, and the immunogenic characteristics of the host are some of the interesting and unanswered questions that may direct the outcome of the disease. The most relevant published results dealing with the genetic variations of the host, the immune response to HTLV-1 infection, and the outcome of the infection are presented herein, including Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA), Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR), interleukin 6, 10, 28, Fas and Fas ligand, IFN-gamma, TNF-A, and Mannose-binding lectin. In summary, there are still several unmet research needs in the field of useful biomarkers on HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
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Aghamohammadi A, Mollahosseini F, Maghsudlu M, Shahabi M. Association between -221 X/Y polymorphism of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene and susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection among people from an endemic region in the Northeast of Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104015. [PMID: 31446139 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of (MBL) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been well documented in susceptibility to several infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between two MBL promoter variants, -550 H/L and -221 X/Y, and susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection. METHODS A total of 153 subjects infected with HTLV-1 and 169 healthy controls were recruited. SSP-PCR method was applied to genotype -550 H/L and -221 X/Y polymorphisms. Associations between genotypes or alleles and susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-Square. p ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups in the -221 position (χ2 = 19.709; p = .000). The MBL YX genotype was significantly associated with increased susceptibility to HTLV-1 (OR = 2.73, %95 CI = 1.74-4.30). Combined genotype of the two loci showed that the HYHX genotype (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.95-2.48) and LYLX (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.13-3.45) were associated with an increased risk of HTLV-1 infection. CONCLUSION Our results represent the importance of -221 X > Y variants in acquisition of HTLV-1 as this is the case for several other viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Aghamohammadi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahtab Maghsudlu
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Shahabi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
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Domingos JA, Soares LS, Bandeira LM, Bonin CM, Vicente ACP, Zanella L, Puga MAM, Tozetti IA, Motta-Castro ARC, da Cunha RV. Cytokine profile and proviral load among Japanese immigrants and non-Japanese infected with HTLV-1 in a non-endemic area of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174869. [PMID: 28376092 PMCID: PMC5380323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifetime risk of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development differs among ethnic groups. To better understand these differences, this prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the cytokine profile and the HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in Japanese and non-Japanese populations with HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers (ACs). The serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were quantified using the Cytometric Bead Array in 40 HTLV-1-infected patients (11 HAM/TSP and 29 ACs) and 18 healthy controls (HCs) in Brazil. Among ACs, 15 were Japanese descendants and 14 were non-Japanese. Of 11 patients with HAM/TSP, only one was a Japanese descendant. The HTLV-1 PVL was quantified by real-time PCR. The HTLV-1 PVL was 2.7-fold higher in HAM/TSP patients than ACs. Regardless of the clinical outcome, the PVL was significantly higher in patients younger than 60 years than older patients. The HAM/TSP and ACs had higher IL-10 serum concentrations than that of HCs. The ACs also showed higher IL-6 serum levels than those of HCs. According to age, the IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher in ACs non-Japanese patients older than 60 years. HAM/TSP patients showed a positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-17 and a negative correlation between the PVL and IL-17 and IFN-γ. In the all ACs, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-2 and IL-17 and a negative correlation was detected between IL-10 and TNF-α. Only 6.25% of the Japanese patients were symptomatic carriers, compared with 41.67% of the non-Japanese patients. In conclusion, this study showed that high levels of HTLV-1 PVL was intrinsicaly associated with the development of HAM/TSP. A higher HTLV-1 PVL and IL10 levels found in non-Japanese ACs over 60 years old, which compared with the Japanese group depicts that the ethnic background may interfere in the host immune status. More researches also need to be undertaken regarding the host genetic background to better understand the low frequency of HAM/TSP in Japanese HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Silva Soares
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Mareti Bonin
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Bojarojć-Nosowicz B, Kaczmarczyk E, Stachura A, Kubińska M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) gene polymorphism and expression of membrane-bound TNFα protein on CD11b+ and IgM+ cells in cows naturally infected with bovine leukemia virus. Pol J Vet Sci 2015; 18:533-9. [PMID: 26618585 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether SNP at position -824 (promoter region) of the TNFα gene significantly differentiates the size of IgM+, CD5+ and CD11b+ cell subpopulations and affects the expression of membrane-bound TNFα protein (mTNFα) on these cells and their susceptibility to BLV infections. In this study, significant differences were determined for the first time between TNFα genotypes and the percentage of cells with the CD11b+TNFα+p24+ immunophenotype. Furthermore, greater expansion of lymphocytes with the IgM+TNFα+p24+ immunophenotype was reported in cows with the G/G genotype than in A/A homozygotes. Cells with the above immunophenotype were more frequently observed in cows with persistent leukocytosis than in aleukemic cattle. Our results suggest that polymorphism of the TNFα-824 A>G gene and mTNFα protein expression play an important role in the pathogenesis of enzootic bovine leukosis.
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Association of TNF-α gene promoter region polymorphisms in bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cattle with different proviral loads. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2001-7. [PMID: 26051703 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the immune response against viral and other infections. Its expression levels are affected by a polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene. Bovine leukemia virus is a retrovirus that infects cattle and develops two different infection profiles in the host. One profile is characterized by a high number of proviral copies integrated into the host genome and a strong immune response against the virus, while the most relevant property of the other profile is that the number of copies integrated into the host genome is almost undetectable and the immune response is very weak. We selected a population of cattle sufficiently large for statistical analysis and classified them according to whether they had a high or low proviral load (HPL or LPL). Polymorphisms in the promoter region were identified by PCR-RFLP. The results indicated that, in the HPL group, the three possible genotypes were normally distributed and that, in the LPL group, there was a significant association between the proviral load and a low frequency of the G/G genotype at position -824.
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Coelho AVC, Brandão LAC, Guimarães RL, Loureiro P, de Lima Filho JL, de Alencar LCA, Crovella S, Segat L. Mannose binding lectin and mannose binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 genes polymorphisms in human T-lymphotropic virus infection. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1829-35. [PMID: 23861212 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Variations in genes involved in the immune response pathways may influence the interaction between viruses (such as Human T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV-1) and the host. The mannose binding lectin (MBL) and its associated serine protease type 2 (MASP-2) promote the activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system. As the interaction of complement system with HTLV-1 is not well understood, the MBL2 promoter/exon 1 polymorphisms and a MASP2 missense polymorphism were examined in a Northeast Brazilian population, looking for a possible relationship between these variations and the susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection. The present study describes an association between a polymorphism in the MASP2 gene and susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection, and provides further evidence of an association between the MBL2 gene and HTLV-1 infection. These findings suggest an important role of the complement system activation, via the lectin pathway, in the susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection.
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Shembade N, Harhaj EW. Role of post-translational modifications of HTLV-1 Tax in NF-κB activation. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:13-20. [PMID: 21540989 PMCID: PMC3083931 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the etiological agent of adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The HTLV-1 encoded Tax protein is a potent oncoprotein that deregulates gene expression by constitutively activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Tax activation of NF-κB is critical for the immortalization and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on mechanisms underlying Tax-mediated NF-κB activation, with an emphasis on post-translational modifications of Tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noula Shembade
- Noula Shembade, Edward W Harhaj, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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Alves AEM, Hermes RB, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Vallinoto ACR. Polymorphism in the promoter region of the mannose-binding lectin gene among human T-cell lymphotropic virus infected subjects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:991-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- AEM Alves
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - RB Hermes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - B Tamegão-Lopes
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Pará, Brasil
| | | | | | - MOG Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - R Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
| | - JAR Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Brasil
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Brito-Melo GEA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Catalan-Soares B, Ribas JG, Martins-Filho OA. IL-10 produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells emerge as a putative immunoregulatory mechanism to counterbalance the monocyte-derived TNF-alpha and guarantee asymptomatic clinical status during chronic HTLV-I infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:35-44. [PMID: 17177961 PMCID: PMC1810436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is believed widely that distinct patterns of the host immune response are associated with the outcome of chronic human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) infection toward asymptomatic or symptomatic neurodegenerative myelopathy (HAM/TSP), the exact mechanism underlying these immunological events still remains unknown. In this study, we have evaluated the cytokine pattern [interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10] of innate and adaptive immunity cells present at the peripheral blood from non-infected (NI) and HTLV-I infected individuals [asymptomatic (AS), oligosymptomatic (OL) and HAM/TSP-HT], following in vitro short-term incubation in the absence/presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) pan-leucocyte stimulation. In the absence of PMA stimulation, our data demonstrate that despite the overall immunological profile of AS mimicry that observed for NI, the high frequency of IL-12(+) neutrophils and TNF-alpha(+) monocytes are also a hallmark of this group of individuals. However, the outstanding positive correlation between the high frequency of TNF-alpha(+) monocytes and high levels CD4(+) IL-10(+) and CD8(+) IL-10(+) T cells suggests the establishment of immunoregulatory mechanisms that guarantee their asymptomatic clinical status. On the other hand, OL and HT did not present any association between the high frequency and TNF-alpha(+) neutrophils and monocytes and this immunoregulatory profile at their adaptive immunity cells. Upon PMA-index analysis, high levels of type 1 CD4(+) T cells, as well as higher IFN-gamma/IL-10 and TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratios, were observed in HT, and re-emphasize the role of Th1-cytokines from CD4(+) cells to HTLV-I immunity and disease. Moreover, increasing frequency of CD8(+) IFN-gamma(+) and CD8(+) TNF-alpha(+) cells were observed in the HT, which corroborates the marked inflammatory profile underlying this pathological condition and the role of CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E A Brito-Melo
- Laboratório de Imunologia da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Konnai S, Usui T, Ikeda M, Kohara J, Hirata TI, Okada K, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha genetic polymorphism may contribute to progression of bovine leukemia virus-infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2163-71. [PMID: 16839795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report, we had indicated that in a sheep model, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was closely associated with disease progression in sheep experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). However, individual variabilities are observed in these responses in BLV-infected animals. To attempt to identify genetic factors promoting the progression to BLV-induced lymphoma, we endeavored to determine whether there are any polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha gene among 291 individuals and whether this would affect the level of TNF-alpha expression and concomitant progression of BLV-induced disease or increase in the provirus load in the carriers. We found that the frequency of the TNF-alpha -824G allele, which has been associated with low transcription activity of the promoter/predicted enhancer region of the bovine TNF-alpha gene, was higher in individuals with BLV-induced lymphoma than in asymptomatic carrier individuals. In addition, we observed a tendency for increased BLV-provirus load in cattle with TNF-alpha -824G/G homozygote compared to TNF-alpha -824A/A homozygote or TNF-alpha -824A/G. These data suggest that the observed polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha gene could at least in part contribute to the progression of lymphoma in BLV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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Pontes GS, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Azevedo VN, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Vallinoto ACR. Characterization of Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Polymorphism Among Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2–Infected Asymptomatic Subjects. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:892-6. [PMID: 16216673 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection in a group of 83 HTLV-infected asymptomatic subjects (62 HTLV-1 and 21 HTLV-2) and 99 healthy controls. Detection of MBL*A, MBL*B, and MBL*C was performed by amplifying a fragment of 349 bp (exon 1) and submitting the product to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with BanI and MboII endonucleases. Allele MBL*D was investigated by sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of MBL*A, MBL*B, and MBL*D was 63%, 22%, and 15% among seropositive subjects and 70%, 14%, and 16% among healthy controls, respectively. Genotype differences were statistically significant (chi2 = 11.57; p = 0.04); the presence of genotype BB was 9.6% among HTLV-infected patients compared with 1% among controls (chi2 = 7.151; p = 0.019). A significant difference of the genotype frequencies between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections was observed, but this result could be attributed to the number of investigated HTLV-1-infected subjects. The odds ratio to the presence of BB genotype was 10.453 (1.279 < or = IC95% < or = 85.40; p = 0.019). Results reveal a strong association between MBL polymorphism and HTLV infection. Presence of genotype BB may be associated with the susceptibility to HTLV, but further studies, with a larger number of individuals, will be necessary. MBL polymorphism could possibly have an impact on diseases associated with HTLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Pontes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Virologia, Guamá, Belém
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Zhao TM, Hague B, Caudell DL, Simpson RM, Kindt TJ. Quantification of HTLV-I proviral load in experimentally infected rabbits. Retrovirology 2005; 2:34. [PMID: 15910683 PMCID: PMC1156951 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of proviral load in HTLV-1 infected patients correlate with clinical outcome and are reasonably prognostic. Adaptation of proviral load measurement techniques is examined here for use in an experimental rabbit model of HTLV-1 infection. Initial efforts sought to correlate proviral load with route and dose of inoculation and with clinical outcome in this model. These methods contribute to our continuing goal of using the model to test treatments that alleviate virus infection. RESULTS A real-time PCR assay was used to measure proviral load in blood and tissue samples from a series of rabbits infected using HTLV-1 inocula prepared as either cell-free virus particles, infected cells or blood, or by naked DNA injection. Proviral loads from asymptomatically infected rabbits showed levels corresponding to those reported for human patients with clinically silent HTLV-1 infections. Proviral load was comparably increased in 50% of experimentally infected rabbits that developed either spontaneous benign or malignant tumors while infected. Similarly elevated provirus was found in organs of rabbits with experimentally induced acute leukemia/lymphoma-like disease. Levels of provirus in organs taken at necropsy varied widely suggesting that reservoirs of infections exist in non-lymphoid organs not traditionally thought to be targets for HTLV-1. CONCLUSION Proviral load measurement is a valuable enhancement to the rabbit model for HTLV-1 infection providing a metric to monitor clinical status of the infected animals as well as a means for the testing of treatment to combat infection. In some cases proviral load in blood did not reflect organ proviral levels, revealing a limitation of this method for monitoring health status of HTLV-1 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Mao Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Immunogenetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg #50, Room 5515, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bishop Hague
- Molecular and Cellular Immunogenetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg #50, Room 5515, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David L Caudell
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg #37, Room 2002, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg #37, Room 2002, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas J Kindt
- Molecular and Cellular Immunogenetics Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg #50, Room 5515, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nishimura M, Kuno S, Kaji R, Kawakami H. Influence of a tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 2005; 374:218-21. [PMID: 15663966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied promoter region polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 genes in Japanese patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n=122) and normal controls (n=277). The frequency of the TNF-1031C, a high producer allele of TNF, was increased significantly in MSA patients compared with controls (chi2=12.36, P=0.0021, Pc=0.0084). In contrast, there was no difference in the genotype or allele frequency in the other cytokine gene polymorphisms. We also failed to detect any difference in the disease onset between each genotype of the polymorphisms examined. Our findings suggest that TNF might have a toxic effect in MSA.
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Nishimura M, Sakamoto T, Kaji R, Kawakami H. Influence of polymorphisms in the genes for cytokines and glutathione S-transferase omega on sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:140-3. [PMID: 15351436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied promoter region polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 genes in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 172) and normal controls (n = 163). We also examined an association of a polymorphism located in the glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO-1) gene region with AD patients. None of these genotypes or allele frequencies showed a significant difference between AD patients and controls. We also failed to detect any difference in the disease onset between each genotype of the seven polymorphisms. Although AD patients carrying high producer alleles of TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta or TGF-beta1 and IL-6 showed a tendency for an early onset of the disease, neither of these combined effects reached a significant level after multiple comparisons. Our findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the cytokines and GSTO do not play a major role in Japanese AD patients.
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