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Tantawy AA, Elsherif NHK, Elsayed SM, Ali HGA, Makkeyah SM, Elsantiel HIE, de Saint Basile G, Ragab IA. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Egyptian children: diagnosis, treatment challenges, and outcome. Expert Rev Hematol 2024; 17:153-163. [PMID: 38597207 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2024.2341044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a spectrum of immune activation which could be genetically determined, or secondary to an underlying illness. Our aim was to present the clinico-genetic aspects of HLH among Egyptian children and to evaluate the patterns of reactivation and outcome with illustrations of overlap manifestations. RESEARCH DESIGNAND METHODS We retrospectively collected the data of 55 patients with HLH, registered at Ain Shams University Children's Hospital,Cairo, Egypt. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 19 months (range 2-180), 33 patients (60%) fulfilled the diagnostic HLH criteria at presentation. Fourteen (25.45%) patients had secondary HLH, 15 (27.27%) patients had genetically documented familial HLH (11 had variants in UNC13D gene and one in PRF1 gene), 3 had Griscelli and Chediak-Higashi syndromes. Sixteen patients (29.1%) had reactivations, 8 (50%) of them had molecularly confirmed HLH. We report the death of 40 patients, the median duration from the diagnosis to death of 5 months mostly due to disease activity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the nonspecific signs and symptoms of HLH are challenging. Genetic testing, though expensive and sophisticated, is integral for the diagnosis. The difficulty in finding non-related donors for stem cell transplantation and the early reactivations are the causes of the inferior outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Tantawy
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nayera H K Elsherif
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Solaf M Elsayed
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba G A Ali
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara M Makkeyah
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hisham I E Elsantiel
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Centre d'Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Iman A Ragab
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, Ibn Sina National College of medical science, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Akagi Y, Tanaka K, Mawatari M, Toda Y, Kumasaka T, Ueda A. Clinical Characteristics of Retroviral Rebound Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Intern Med 2023; 62:1089-1093. [PMID: 37005296 PMCID: PMC10125823 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9661-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report a case of retroviral rebound syndrome (RRS) complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Owing to the paucity of comprehensive data on RRS, we also conducted a literature review. All 19 cases included in the review presented within 2 months after the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. They were usually accompanied by both a significant decrease in CD4 count (median 292/μL) and a rapid increase in plasma human immunodeficiency virus loads (median 3.5×105/mL). Although life-threatening complications were reported, the overall prognosis was favorable. The outcomes of this review aided in the diagnosis of the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Akagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Momoko Mawatari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuta Toda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshio Kumasaka
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Japan
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3
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Suárez-Hormiga L, Jaén-Sánchez MN, Verdugo-Espinosa EA, Carranza-Rodríguez C, Hernández-Cabrera PM, Pisos-Álamo E, Francés-Urmeneta A, Pérez-Arellano JL. Hemophagocytic syndrome in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: A study of 15 consecutive patients. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2020; 33:249-257. [PMID: 32560584 PMCID: PMC7374033 DOI: 10.37201/req/037.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is characterized by various clinical and biological data derived from cytokine hyperproduction and cell proliferation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the epidemiological, etiological, clinical and evolutionary characteristics of patients diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome and HIV infection, as well as their comparison with data from the literature. Methods- A retrospective descriptive observational study was performed, including all adult patients with a diagnosis of HPS and HIV infection treated in the Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit of the Hospital Universitario Insular, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria from June 1, 1998 to December 31, 2018. Results An analysis of this series of case reports of 15 patients showed a higher percentage of males than females, with a mean age of 42 years. With respect to the diagnostic criteria for HPS, presence of fever, cytopenias and hyperferritinemia were a constant in all patients. Clinical neurological manifestations were frequent and clinical respiratory signs and symptoms absent. HPS was confirmed in some patients who were not severely immune-depressed and had undetectable viral loads. Furthermore, 40% of cases were not receiving ART. The most frequent triggering causes of HPS were viral, especially HHV-8. In addition, two new HPS triggers were identified: Blastocystis dermatitidis and Mycobacterium chelonae. Conclusion Administration of treatment in HPS is arbitrary. This, together with the high mortality rate and the fact that it is underdiagnosed, indicates the importance of conducting future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Carranza-Rodríguez
- Cristina Carranza Rodríguez. Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Medicina Tropical. Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria. Av. Marítima del Sur s/n 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Spain.
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Telles JP, de Andrade Perez M, Marcusso R, Correa K, Teixeira RFA, Tobias WM. Hemophagocytic syndrome in patients living with HIV: a retrospective study. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:67-72. [PMID: 30255313 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various infectious diseases can hyper-stimulate the immune system, causing hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Little is known regarding the accuracy of diagnostic criteria and epidemiological triggering factors in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) setting. We investigated the major infectious disease triggers of HPS in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and determined the accuracy of bone marrow aspiration (BMA). The inclusion criteria were (i) confirmed HIV diagnosis, (ii) bone marrow aspiration, and (iii) a minimum of four HPS criteria. Patients were further classified into those with four presumed HPS criteria, or ≥ 5 confirmed criteria. The disease triggers, accuracy of bone marrow aspiration, and prognosis markers were examined. Presumed HPS was observed in 15/36 patients (41%), and confirmed HPS in 58% (n = 21). The major etiological triggers were infection with Mycobacterium (34%), Cytomegalovirus (14%), Cryptococcus neoformans (11%), and hematological or tumoral disease (11%). BMA demonstrated 93% specificity on screening diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 12.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-115.1, P = 0.01). Ferritin > 5000 ng/mL correlated with probability of death in univariate analysis (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.33-27.05, P = 0.02). Ferritin performance as test of death probability presented area under the curve as 0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.91, P = 0.016). However, neither cluster of differentiation for lymphocyte count nor HIV viral load correlated with patient deaths. Mycobacterium spp. and Cytomegalovirus were the main factors triggering HPS, followed by Cryptococcus neoformans, and hematological and tumoral diseases. High ferritin levels were associated with increased death probability. High specificity was noted with BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Telles
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo, SP, 01246-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosa Marcusso
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo, SP, 01246-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Correa
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 165, São Paulo, SP, 01246-900, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Moises Tobias
- Division of Hemathology in Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Karras A. Atteinte rénale du syndrome d’activation macrophagique. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/rea-2018-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Le syndrome d’activation macrophagique (SAM) ou syndrome hémophagocytaire est une pathologie compliquant soit certains déficits immunitaires d’origine génétique, soit certaines maladies hématologiques (essentiellement des lymphomes non hodgkiniens), infectieuses (herpèsvirus, bactéries, parasites) ou auto-immunes (lupus, maladie de Still). Il se caractérise par une suractivation aiguë du système immunitaire et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et des cellules histiocytaires/macrophagiques, déclenchant une production massive de cytokines pro-inflammatoires avec fièvre, pancytopénie, organomégalie, altérations du bilan hépatique et de la coagulation. Une défaillance multiviscérale est fréquente, nécessitant la prise en charge en réanimation et mettant souvent en jeu le pronostic vital, avec une mortalité qui reste dans certains cas à près de 50 %. Le SAM implique souvent le rein, par le biais d’une nécrose tubulaire aiguë, d’une néphropathie interstitielle inflammatoire ou d’une glomérulopathie sévère, responsable de syndrome néphrotique. La mise en évidence de ce syndrome n’est pas toujours facile chez un patient avec un tableau de sepsis ou de choc septique, mais elle peut guider la prise en charge thérapeutique, notamment l’initiation d’un traitement par chimiothérapie ou immunosuppresseurs, selon l’étiologie identifiée.
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6
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Ragab G, Atkinson TP, Stoll ML. Macrophage Activation Syndrome. THE MICROBIOME IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND INFECTION 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), or termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) when associated with rheumatic disorders, is a frequently fatal complication of infections, rheumatic disorders, and hematopoietic malignancies. Clinically, HLH/MAS is a life-threatening condition that is usually diagnosed among febrile hospitalized patients (children and adults) who commonly present with unremitting fever and a shock-like multiorgan dysfunction scenario. Laboratory studies reveal pancytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, elevated markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP), hyperferritinemia, and features of coagulopathy. In about 60% of cases, excess hemophagocytosis (macrophages/histiocytes engulfing other hematopoietic cell types) is noted on biopsy specimens from the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, and other organs. HLH/MAS has been hypothesized to occur when a threshold level of inflammation has been achieved, and genetic and environmental risk factors are believed to contribute to the hyperinflammatory state. A broad variety of infections, from viruses to fungi to bacteria, have been identified as triggers of HLH/MAS, either in isolation or in addition to an underlying inflammatory disease state. Certain infections, particularly by members of the herpesvirus family, are the most notorious triggers of HLH/MAS. Treatment for infection-triggered MAS requires therapy for both the underlying infection and dampening of the hyperactive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaafar Ragab
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Hashmi HRT, Mishra R, Niazi M, Venkatram S, Diaz-Fuentes G. An Unusual Triad of Hemophagocytic Syndrome, Lymphoma and Tuberculosis in a Non-HIV Patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2017; 18:739-745. [PMID: 28669977 PMCID: PMC5507798 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.903990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoma complicated with hemophagocytic syndrome and tuberculosis has been rarely reported. The clinical and radiological presentation of these potentially fatal conditions can be easily confused and there is a potential for misdiagnosis. CASE REPORT We present a 58-year-old Hispanic female who was admitted to the hospital with dizziness and fever. Her initial admission diagnosis was severe sepsis secondary to community acquired pneumonia. She was started on intravenous antibiotics. Due to mediastinal lymphadenopathy, lymphoma was considered as a differential diagnosis for which she underwent bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound-guided sampling of her mediastinal lymph nodes. Lymph node aspirate was suggestive of lymphoma. Initial cultures were negative. Her clinical course was complicated with respiratory failure, cytopenia, and rapidly progressive cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent cervical lymph node excision and bone marrow biopsy. The pathology of the lymph nodes confirmed T cell lymphoma, and bone marrow revealed hemophagocytosis. The patient was started on chemotherapy but she continued to deteriorate and died on day 20 of her hospital admission. Post-mortem results of cultures from a cervical lymph node biopsy and PCR were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest an aggressive tissue diagnosis with staining for acid-fast bacilli for early diagnosis in patients presenting with hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to lymphoma as coexisting tuberculosis is a consideration. Tuberculosis re-activation should be considered in patients from an endemic region who present with lymphoma and a deteriorating clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Masooma Niazi
- Department of Pathology, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sindhaghatta Venkatram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gilda Diaz-Fuentes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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8
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Ferraz RV, Carvalho AC, Araújo F, Koch C, Abreu C, Sarmento A. Acute HIV infection presenting as hemophagocytic syndrome with an unusual serological and virological response to ART. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:619. [PMID: 27793107 PMCID: PMC5086040 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV clinical presentation in the acute stage is variable and some of its virological and immunological aspects are not completely understood. Most cases of HIV- associated reactive hemophagocytic syndrome have been reported in patients with advanced stages of HIV and to our knowledge, there are only 8 cases in the English literature presenting during acute HIV infection, most in East Asia, being this the first case in a European patient. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a European Caucasian 27- year old woman with a primary HIV- infection presenting with extremely low CD4+ T cell count who developed a haemophagocytic syndrome after starting ART and in whom we documented a very unusual serological and virological response, characterized by an impaired HIV- antibody production and a 12 month time frame to reach an undetectable viral load, despite no evidence of resistance. CONCLUSIONS This case report apart from describing an unusual clinical presentation of an acute HIV infection as hemophagocytic syndrome provides useful information that might contribute for understanding some subtle issues in acute HIV infection, namely the dynamics of virological and immunological aspects after antiretroviral therapy initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Veiga Ferraz
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S). Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Carvalho
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S). Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Araújo
- Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmo Koch
- Transfusion Medicine and Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cândida Abreu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S). Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Porto, Portugal
| | - António Sarmento
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde (I3S). Grupo de I&D em Nefrologia e Doenças Infeciosas. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Porto, Portugal
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Wang YR, Qiu YN, Bai Y, Wang XF. A retrospective analysis of 56 children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Blood Med 2016; 7:227-231. [PMID: 27785117 PMCID: PMC5067061 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s92438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the etiological factors, clinical features, and prognostic factors in children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Methods Fifty-six children with HLH in Wuhan Union Hospital, People’s Republic of China, were retrospectively analyzed in recent years. We reviewed the medical records of 56 HLH children hospitalized from 2000 to 2013 to identify the possible prognostic factors. Results In more than half of the cases (64.29%), the etiological factor was found to be infection. Clinical characteristics such as prolonged fever (100.00%), hepatosplenomegaly (95.24%), and pancytopenia (100.00%) were observed. Characteristic laboratory values presented with increased ferritin (64.29%), triglycerides (78.57%), transaminases (80.95%), bilirubin (67.54%), lactate dehydrogenase (95.23%), and decreased fibrinogen (61.90%), natrium (40.48%), and potassium (30.94%). Bone marrow aspiration showed hemophagocytosis in 48 cases (85.71%). Forty-two patients were treated according to HLH-2004 protocol. Out of the 42 patients, 19 cases acquired remission and 13 cases died. Ten cases lost follow-up. High lactate dehydrogenase (>2,000 U/L), high bilirubin (>2 mg/mL), and younger age (<2 years) at the time of diagnosis were adverse prognostic factors. Conclusion HLH is a life-threatening syndrome caused by complicated etiology. The level of lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin accompanied with younger age were adverse factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Shenzhen Third Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen
| | - Yi-Ning Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Shenzhen Third Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen
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Lerolle N, Laanani M, Rivière S, Galicier L, Coppo P, Meynard JL, Molina JM, Azoulay E, Aumont C, Marzac C, Fardet L, Lambotte O. Diversity and combinations of infectious agents in 38 adults with an infection-triggered reactive haemophagocytic syndrome: a multicenter study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:268.e1-8. [PMID: 26686809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (HS) is a rare condition that occurs in patients with infections, haematological malignancies or autoimmune diseases. Although various microorganisms are thought to trigger HS, most of the literature data on this topic have been gathered in single-centre case series. Here, we sought to characterize infectious triggers in a large, multicentre cohort of patients with HS. Patients were included in the present study if HS was solely due to one or more infections. Detailed microbiological data were recorded. Of the 162 patients with HS in the cohort, 40 (25%) had at least one infection and 38 of the latter (including 14 women, 36.8%) were included. The median age was 46 years. Seven patients were presumed to be immunocompetent (18.4%), whereas 19 patients (50%) were infected with human immunodeficiency virus and 12 patients (31.6%) were immunocompromised for other reasons. Twenty-seven patients (71.1%) had a single infection, whereas six (15.8%) and five (13.1%) patients had, respectively, two and three concomitant infections. We observed pyogenic bacterial infections (n = 7), tuberculosis (n = 10), non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (n = 3), viral infections (n = 17: 11 cytomegalovirus, three Epstein-Barr virus, two human herpesvirus 8, one herpes simplex virus 2), parasitic infections (n = 8: four disseminated toxoplasmosis, one leishmaniasis, three malaria), fungal infections (n = 5: four pulmonary pneumocystosis and one candidaemia). Eighteen patients (47.4%) received corticosteroids and/or etoposide. Twelve patients died (31.6%). All multiple infections and all deaths occurred in immunocompromised patients. When compared with patients suffering from malignancy-associated HS, patients with infection-triggered HS were younger and more likely to be immunocompromised, and had a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lerolle
- Service de Médecine Interne-Immunologie clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France.
| | - M Laanani
- INSERM CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of HIV and STI Group, Paris, France
| | - S Rivière
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - L Galicier
- Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - P Coppo
- Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Université Paris 6, Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques, Paris, France
| | - J-L Meynard
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - J-M Molina
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - E Azoulay
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - C Aumont
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
| | - C Marzac
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - L Fardet
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris 12, Paris, France
| | - O Lambotte
- Service de Médecine Interne-Immunologie clinique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a serious complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The aim of this study is to describe demographical, clinical and laboratory features of HLH in children with VL. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort of children with HLH and VL admitted to a tertiary hospital in Northeast, Brazil, from January 2012 to April 2014. Clinical and laboratory data at admission and during hospital stay were reviewed. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease criteria. RESULTS A total 127 VL children were admitted, and 35 children had diagnosis of HLH. Mean age was 4.2 ± 4.3 years, with 62.9% males. Mean hospital stay was 29 ± 12 days. Main signs and symptoms were fever (100%), splenomegaly (94.2%) and hepatomegaly (60%). Laboratory findings showed pancytopenia, albumin 3.03 ± 0.77 g/dL, fibrinogen 236.1 ± 117.2 mg/dL, total calcium 8.2 ± 1.2 mEq/L, lactate dehydrogenase 1804 ± 1019 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase 1275.4 ± 2160.5 IU/L, total bilirubin 1.9 ± 2.4 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.67 ± 1.02 mg/dL, indirect bilirubin 1.2 ± 2.2 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase 140.0 ± 145.3 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase 71.4 ± 81.1 IU/L, ferritin 4296.5 ± 8028.8 ng/dL and triglycerides 333 ± 141 mg/dL. AKI was observed in 16 children (45.7%), predominantly mild forms (93.75% "risk"). AKI group presented lower levels of platelets (69,131 ± 40,247 vs. 138,678 ± 127,494/mm, P = 0.035) than non-AKI. No patient required dialysis and there was no death. CONCLUSIONS HLH was not a rare complication of VL. Main symptoms were compatible with both VL and HLH. Main laboratory findings reflected HLH pathophysiology. Mild forms of AKI were a common complication of HLH. Despite the disease severity and complications, mortality was low.
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Azevedo L, Gerivaz R, Simões J, Germano I. The challenging diagnosis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an HIV-infected patient. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-211817. [PMID: 26511991 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-211817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of febrile pancytopenia in the setting of HIV infection can be challenging. The authors report a case of a 34-year-old man with advanced HIV infection (TCD4=8 cells/mm(3)) and a 2-month history of fever, weight loss and asthaenia. On observation, he was emaciated, hyperthermic and pale, with a haemorrhagic oropharyngeal lesion, penile violaceous lesions and palpable hepatosplenomegaly. Blood tests showed pancytopenia, hyperferritinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia; imaging confirmed hepatosplenomegaly and a bone marrow biopsy revealed HIV-associated dyshematopoiesis. Biopsy of the aforementioned lesions displayed Kaposi sarcoma; extensive investigation was negative for other opportunistic infections or lymphoproliferative disease. Despite only a posteriori histological documentation, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was considered; chemotherapy and antiretrovirals were started, with excellent response. There was, however, disease relapse requiring an intensification course, with sustained remission at 18-month follow-up. HLH is a rare disease, with non-specific presentation, requiring a high index of suspicion since treatment delay can be fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Azevedo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Gerivaz
- Department of Hematology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Simões
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Germano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
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Boisseau M, Lambotte O, Galicier L, Lerolle N, Marzac C, Aumont C, Coppo P, Fardet L. Epstein-Barr virus viral load in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:423-7. [PMID: 25746607 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2015.1007475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication poorly, we hypothesized that reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) in these patients may be associated with poor control of EBV. The files of 314 patients with a suspected diagnosis of HS were retrospectively reviewed. EBV viral load at the time of HS was compared between HIV-positive and -negative patients. A confirmed diagnosis of HS was made in 162 patients [109 males, median age 48 (35-62) years]. Among them, 61 (38%) were HIV positive [median HIV viral load 3.2 (1.6-5.5) log/ml, median CD4 count 94 (28-190)/mm(3)]. The median EBV viral load was significantly higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative patients [4.0 (2.9-4.6) vs 2.5 (0-4.2) log/ml, p = 0.002]. It was higher both in patients with hematological malignancy-associated HS [4.0 (2.9-4.4) vs 2.9 (0-4.9) log/ml, p = 0.03] and in patients with infection-associated HS [3.9 (0-4.9) vs 0 (0-4.1) log/ml, p = 0.14]. However, EBV viral load was not significantly higher in HIV-infected patients with confirmed HS than in HIV-infected patients for whom HS was unlikely [4.0 (2.9-4.6) vs 3.9 (2.6-4.1) log/ml, p = 0.48].The high EBV viral load observed in HIV-infected patients with HS may be more likely to reflect the chronic HIV infection than to be the direct trigger of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Boisseau
- From the AP-HP, Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard , Paris , France
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Subedee A, Van Sickels N. Hemophagocytic Syndrome in the Setting of AIDS and Disseminated Histoplasmosis: Case Report and a Review of Literature. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2015; 14:391-7. [PMID: 25670709 DOI: 10.1177/2325957415570740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is traditionally regarded as a rapidly progressive and often fatal illness. In patients with AIDS, HLH usually occurs secondary to opportunistic infections. Although popular guidelines exist for the diagnosis and management of HLH in general, no formal study has evaluated their applicability among adult patients who develop HLH in the setting of AIDS and opportunistic infections. The study reports on a case of HLH in a patient with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis. Eighteen other previously reported cases of HLH in the setting of AIDS and histoplasmosis were reviewed. Majority of the cases occurred in patients with a CD4 count of less than 70 cells/mm(3). Overall mortality was 44%. Not getting antifungal treatment and having Histoplasma in blood were the 2 main risk factors for death. Among the patients who had a timely diagnosis of histoplasmosis and were initiated on antifungal therapy, the survival rates were significantly better, especially in the post-2000 ad period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Subedee
- Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Aulagnon F, Lapidus N, Canet E, Galicier L, Boutboul D, Peraldi MN, Reuter D, Bernard R, Schlemmer B, Azoulay E, Zafrani L. Acute kidney injury in adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 65:851-9. [PMID: 25480521 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is poorly characterized. This study aims to describe the incidence, clinical and biological features, and outcome associated with AKI in this population. STUDY DESIGN Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Patients with secondary HLH admitted to a single center from February 2007 through January 2013. 95 patients were included in the study. PREDICTOR AKI. OUTCOMES Recovery of kidney function, 6-month mortality, and complete remission of the underlying disease. MEASUREMENTS AKI was defined according to the KDIGO 2012 guideline. Recovery of kidney function was defined as improvement in serum creatinine level, with return to baseline serum creatinine level ±26.5μmol/L. RESULTS HLH was related to hematologic malignancy in 73 (77%), infectious disease in 21 (22%), and autoimmune disease in 9 (10%) patients and was multifactorial in 10 (11%) patients. The cause was undetermined in 2 (2%) patients. The incidence of AKI during HLH is high (62%), and 59% of the AKI population required renal replacement therapy. Main causes of AKI were acute tubular necrosis (49%), hypoperfusion (46%), tumor lysis syndrome (29%), or HLH-associated glomerulopathies (17%). At 6 months, 32% of the patients with AKI had chronic kidney disease. Two factors were associated independently with 6-month mortality by multivariable analysis: AKI stage ≥ 2 (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.08-6.29; P=0.03) and an underlying hematologic malignancy (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.05-9.14; P=0.04). In patients with hematologic malignancy, AKI was associated with lower 6-month complete remission (non-AKI, 25%; AKI patients, 5%; P=0.05). LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, lack of histologic data. CONCLUSIONS AKI in patients with HLH is frequent and adversely affects remission and survival. Early intensive management, including administration of etoposide, nephrotoxic drug withdrawal, prevention of tumor lysis syndrome, or aggressive supportive care, might improve kidney function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Aulagnon
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Biostatistics Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Canet
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Peraldi
- Department of Nephrology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Reuter
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Remy Bernard
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Schlemmer
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lara Zafrani
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
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Rivière S, Galicier L, Coppo P, Marzac C, Aumont C, Lambotte O, Fardet L. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: a retrospective analysis of 162 patients. Am J Med 2014; 127:1118-1125. [PMID: 24835040 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current knowledge in reactive hemophagocytic syndrome mainly relies on single-center case series including a relatively small number of patients. We aimed to identify a multicenter large cohort of adult patients with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome and to describe relevant clinical and laboratory features, underlying conditions, and outcome. METHODS We conducted a multicenter study in 3 tertiary care centers in France over a 6-year period. The medical files of 312 patients with suspected hemophagocytic syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified with a positive, negative, or undetermined diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome by experts' consensus. RESULTS Among the 312 patients fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 162 were classified with positive hemophagocytic syndrome (male, 67%; median age, 48 [35-62] years). Compared with patients without hemophagocytic syndrome, patients with hemophagocytic syndrome more frequently had an underlying immunodepression (45% vs 33%, P = .03) and exhibited higher temperature, ferritin, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein, and lower hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, and sodium levels. Only 70% of them had hemophagocytosis features on bone marrow aspiration. Hematologic malignancies, especially non-Hodgkin lymphomas, were the main trigger of hemophagocytic syndrome, accounting for 56% of cases. The early mortality rate (ie, within 1 month after diagnosis) was 20%. Patients with hematologic malignancies-associated hemophagocytic syndrome had a poorer early outcome than those with underlying infection. CONCLUSIONS In this large, multicenter study, hematologic malignancies are the main disease associated with hemophagocytic syndrome in adults. Early mortality is high, and outcome is influenced by the underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivière
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Médecine Interne, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 06, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Lionel Galicier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Paul Coppo
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Marzac
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Aumont
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- AP-HP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne, Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud 11, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Fardet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service de Médecine Interne, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 06, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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17
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Ce qu’il faut savoir sur le syndrome d’activation macrophagique en soins intensifs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Rosado FGN, Kim AS. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an update on diagnosis and pathogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 139:713-27. [PMID: 23690113 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp4zdkj4icouat] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a frequently fatal and likely underdiagnosed disease involving a final common pathway of hypercytokinemia, which can result in end-organ damage and death. Although an early diagnosis is crucial to decrease mortality, the definitive diagnosis is often challenging because of the lack of specificity of currently accepted diagnostic criteria and the absence of confirmatory gold standards. Because of the wide range of laboratory assays involved in the diagnosis of HLH, practicing pathologists from a broad spectrum of clinical specialties need to be aware of the disease so that they may appropriately flag results and convey them to their clinical counterparts. Our article summarizes these new advances in the diagnosis of HLH and includes a review of clinical findings, updated understanding of the pathogenesis, and promising new testing methods.
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19
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Vernier M, Million M, Laugier D, Le Treut T, Brouqui P, Botelho-Nevers E. Macrophage activation syndrome associated with co-trimoxazole. Med Mal Infect 2013; 43:128-30. [PMID: 23537744 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Vernier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 27 Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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20
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Michot JM, Hié M, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Michel M, Bloch-Queyrat C, Hermine O. Le syndrome d’activation lymphohistiocytaire de l’adulte. Rev Med Interne 2013; 34:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Debate around infection-dependent hemophagocytic syndrome in paediatrics. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:15. [PMID: 23324497 PMCID: PMC3549728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is clinically defined as a combination of fever, liver dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, pancytopenia, progressive macrophage proliferation throughout the reticuloendothelial system, and cytokine over-production, and may be primary or secondary to infectious, auto-immune, and tumoral diseases. The most consistent association is with viral infections but, as it is still debated whether any micro-organisms are involved in its pathogenesis, we critically appraised the literature concerning HPS and its relationship with infections. Discussion Infection-dependent HPS has been widely observed, but there are no data concerning its incidence in children. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of HPS may clarify the interactions between the immune system and the variously implicated potential infectious agents. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been prominently associated with HPS, with clonal proliferation and the hyperactivation of EBV-infected T cells. However, a number of other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections have been reported in association with HPS. In the case of low-risk HPS, corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin or cyclosporine A may be sufficient to control the biological process, but etoposide is recommended as a means of reversing infection-dependent lymphohistiocytic dysregulation in high-risk cases. Summary HPS is a potential complication of various infections. A polymerase chain reaction search for infectious agents including EBV, cytomegalovirus and Leishmania is recommended in clinical settings characterised by non-remitting fever, organomegaly, cytopenia and hyperferritinemia.
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23
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Cascio A, Todaro G, Bonina L, Iaria C. Please, do not forget secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in HIV-infected patients. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e885-6. [PMID: 22019569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Thoden J, Rieg S, Venhoff N, Wennekes V, Schmitt-Graeff A, Wagner D, Kern WV. Fatal hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with a previously well-controlled asymptomatic HIV infection after EBV reactivation. J Infect 2011; 64:110-2. [PMID: 21888928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a rare case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in a 70 year-old male patient with previously well-controlled HIV infection. We could confirm HLH in different organs post mortem. Since the diagnosis of HLH was delayed, the patient died despite initiation of chemotherapy. As cause for HLH, an EBV reactivation could be confirmed. In HIV infection, HLH may be the first HIV manifestation, often triggered by an opportunistic infection or immune reconstitution syndrome, but it is uncommon in the state of a well-controlled or aviremic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Thoden
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in 58 HIV-1-infected patients: clinical features, underlying diseases and prognosis. AIDS 2010; 24:1299-306. [PMID: 20559036 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328339e55b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe features of reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) in HIV-1-infected adult patients. To compare characteristics of patients with malignancy-associated RHS and infection-associated RHS. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study in three departments of Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine at three French tertiary centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medical charts of HIV-1-infected adult patients and RHS seen between January 2006 and December 2007 were reviewed. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data obtained at the time of RHS episode were compared between patients with malignancy-associated RHS and infection-associated RHS using non-parametric tests. The overall survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Fifty-eight HIV-1-infected patients were diagnosed with RHS [certain RHS n = 43, possible RHS n = 15, median (range) age 42 (23-85) years, men 76%]. At time of RHS, the median duration of HIV infection was 4 (0-22) years and 57% received HAART. The median CD4 lymphocyte count was 91 (2-387)/microl and 35% of patients had a plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml. Underlying haemopathy/malignancy (Hodgkin lymphoma n = 10) or infection (tuberculosis n = 9, cytomegalovirus infection n = 5) were evidenced for 31 and 23 patients, respectively. Patients with haemopathy/malignancy-associated RHS presented more frequently with splenomegaly (97 vs. 70%, P < 0.01), lower aspartate aminotransferase (36 vs. 84 UI/l, P < 0.01) and lactate dehydrogenase (530 vs. 911 UI/l, P < 0.01) levels and CD8 cell count (234 vs. 588/microl, P < 0.01). Eighteen (31%) patients died. The overall survival was not statistically different between the two groups (P = 0.68). CONCLUSION In the HAART era, RHS is frequently associated with underlying haemopathy/malignancy, especially Hodgkin lymphoma. The prognosis remains poor but seems, however, better than in the pre-HAART era.
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Rouphael NG, Talati NJ, Vaughan C, Cunningham K, Moreira R, Gould C. Infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 7:814-22. [PMID: 18045564 PMCID: PMC7185531 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemophagocytic syndrome or haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare disease that is often fatal despite treatment. Haemophagocytic syndrome is caused by a dysregulation in natural killer T-cell function, resulting in activation and proliferation of lymphocytes or histiocytes with uncontrolled haemophagocytosis and cytokine overproduction. The syndrome is characterised by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, liver dysfunction, and hyperferritinaemia. Haemophagocytic syndrome can be either primary, with a genetic aetiology, or secondary, associated with malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or infections. Infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome are most frequently caused by viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We present a case of EBV-associated haemophagocytic syndrome in a young adult with no known immunosuppression. We briefly review haemophagocytic syndrome and then discuss its associated infections, particularly EBV and other herpes viruses, HIV, influenza, parvovirus, and hepatitis viruses, as well as bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine G Rouphael
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Larroche C, Ziol M, Zidi S, Dhote R, Roulot D. Atteinte hépatique au cours du syndrome d’activation macrophagique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:959-66. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)78305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Romanou V, Hatzinikolaou P, Mavragani KI, Meletis J, Vaiopoulos G. Lupus Erythematosus Complicated by Hemophagocytic Syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol 2006; 12:301-3. [PMID: 17149063 DOI: 10.1097/01.rhu.0000249897.14441.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who, during a flare, suddenly developed febrile pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, and abnormal liver function tests. Bone marrow aspiration confirmed hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Lupus-related HPS was diagnosed and the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, high-dose steroids, and cyclophosphamide with an excellent outcome. In febrile patients with lupus, pancytopenia together with very high ferritin levels should raise the suspicion of HPS and because this may be fatal, early bone marrow aspiration is mandatory for the diagnosis. The exclusion of concurrent infection as the cause of HPS is very important for the establishment of the right therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Romanou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Guillaume MP, Driessens N, Libert M, De Bels D, Corazza F, Karmali R. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with extracerebral toxoplasmosis in an HIV-infected patient. Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17:503-4. [PMID: 17098596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a clinical entity that combines non-specific clinical and biological features. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by a bone marrow examination. HPS may be primary or secondary to a malignancy or to an infectious or autoimmune disease. Since it was first described, various agents have been implicated, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In HIV patients, many cases occur with lymphoma or with a variety of opportunistic infections due to CMV, HHV8, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MAC, toxoplasmosis, and even pneumococcus. We report here a case of an AIDS patient presenting a HPS secondary to an extracerebral form of systemic toxoplasmosis that was only revealed by specific PCR in tissue other than the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Guillaume
- Department of Medicine, Brugmann University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, 4 Van Gehuchten Plein, B 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Clement R, Jouan H, Le Gall F, Rodat O. Macrophage activation syndrome: an autopsy case of sudden death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:356-60. [PMID: 17027320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In a context of viral gastroenteritis, we report an unusual case of sudden death in an 8-year-old child. The only macroscopic abnormality observed in the autopsy was a diffuse mesenteric adenitis. Organ samples were taken for histopathological examination and a diffuse lymphocytic infiltration was observed. A sinusoidal histiocytic hyperplasia was found in the lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the lungs and the lymph nodes revealed haemophagocytic lesions (lymphocytes within the cytoplasm of histiocytic macrophages). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the histiocytes were CD68+ PS100- CD1A-. Following this microscopic examination macrophage activation or haemophagocytic syndrome was diagnosed. The syndrome is a distinct clinical entity characterised by fever, pancytopaenia, splenomegaly, and haemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, liver and lymph nodes. It is a clinical entity that is very difficult to diagnose due to the lack of specific clinical signs. It is generally a complication of an infectious process, an aggravation of an auto-immune disease or a complication of a neoplastic process. The physiopathology involves a disregulation of T lymphocytes and particularly T helper lymphocytes. To make this diagnosis the anatomopathological examination must be performed by an experienced practitioner. The presence of a lymphocyte infiltrate of macrophagic histiocytes in myeloid organs and especially positive CD68+ immune markers are the anatomopathological proofs of diagnosis. The autopsy examination must be carefully performed and include systematic sample harvesting for anatomopathological examination. The results of all these examinations taken together allow the diagnosis of haemophagocytic syndrome to be finally made.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clement
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Nantes, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44 093 Nantes Cedex, France.
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31
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Younous S, Amal S, Mahmal L. [Macrophagic activation syndrome and fulminant hepatitis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:1012-3. [PMID: 16928424 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Lambotte O, Khellaf M, Harmouche H, Bader-Meunier B, Manceron V, Goujard C, Amoura Z, Godeau B, Piette JC, Delfraissy JF. Characteristics and long-term outcome of 15 episodes of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006; 85:169-182. [PMID: 16721259 DOI: 10.1097/01.md.0000224708.62510.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) occurs mainly in the setting of serious infections and lymphomas. HS can occur in the course of 2 active systemic diseases, without simultaneous infection: adult Still disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Observations of specific lupus-associated HS are rare, and the long-term outcome of these patients with active SLE is unknown. We retrospectively studied 15 episodes of SLE-associated HS in 12 patients (10 women, 2 men) and noted the long-term outcome. HS occurred at a mean age of 25 years. All patients were febrile with >or=2 cytopenias, and bone marrow aspiration indicated hemophagocytosis. HS revealed SLE in 9 patients and recurred in 3. The main features of SLE-associated HS were a low frequency of hepatosplenomegaly, a high frequency of heart involvement (5 pericarditis, 4 myocarditis requiring transfer to intensive care unit), and a low C-reactive protein level (mean, 15 mg/L). Cutaneous-mucous symptoms of SLE, arthritis, and nephritis were present respectively in 8 (53%), 6 (40%), and 4 (27%) episodes, but symptoms of SLE were absent in 4 episodes at admission. All patients had anti-nuclear antibodies when the HS occurred. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies were present in 12 episodes. Treatment was steroids in 14 cases but cyclophosphamide was the only treatment able to control HS in 2 cases. All the cases of SLE-associated HS were controlled by the immunosuppressive regimen. Intravenous immunoglobulins seemed poorly effective. No infectious agent was found. Clinical presentations of the 23 patients with SLE-associated HS described in the literature were reviewed and were similar to those of the current series. The mean follow-up was 88 months (range, 7-240 mo). One patient died at 15 months (sepsis). Among the 5 patients with a follow-up >8 years, 4 always had active disease. During the follow-up of SLE, immunosuppressive drugs were added in 8 patients (cyclophosphamide in 7, azathioprine in 3, mycophenolate mofetil in 2) with significant adverse drug reactions. In the long-term, SLE-associated HS seems to define a severe SLE form with frequent flares, possible HS recurrences, and the need for prolonged immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lambotte
- From Department of Internal Medicine (OL, VM, CG, JFD) and Department of Pediatrics (BBM), Bicêtre University Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre; Department of Internal Medicine (MK, BG), Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil; Department of Internal Medicine (ZA, JCP), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; and Department of Internal Medicine (HH), Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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Kilani B, Ammari L, Kanoun F, Ben Chaabane T, Abdellatif S, Chaker E. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Infect Dis 2005; 10:85-6. [PMID: 16243558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rekik R, Morazin F, Lumbroso A, Stirnemann J, Montravers P, Gauzit R. Syndrome d’activation macrophagique réactionnel : une cause sous-estimée de défaillance multiviscérale en réanimation ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:1189-91. [PMID: 15589361 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of the haemophagocytic syndrome in the ICU patients with multiple organ failure seems to be high. The haemophagocytic syndrome can be considered as the consequence of the initial aggression leading to multiple organ failure. On the contrary the haemophagocytic syndrome could be the cause of multiple organ failure. A case of haemophagocytic syndrome is presented which led to rapidly fatal multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rekik
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Jean-Verdier, 93143 Bondy, France
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Pradalier A, Teillet F, Molitor JL, Drappier JC. Syndrome d’activation macrophagique (syndrome d’hémophagocytose). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 52:407-14. [PMID: 15336434 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation syndrome MAS describes the clinical, biological and histological symptoms related to a probably T lymphocytes/NK cell driven stimulation of macrophages with the consequence of a hemophagocytosis involving numerous organs, preferentially bone marrow, explaining the other term of "hemophagocytic syndrome". Clinical symptoms include cytopenia, multiple organ dysfunction, fever unresponsive to antibiotics, fatigue and rash. Infections (bacteria, virus or parasites), lymphoproliferative disorders, cancers, systemic diseases are the most prevalent triggers or etiologies of M.A.S. Evidence of haemaphagocytosis is obtained in the majority of cases with bone marrow specimens. In some cases haemophagocytosis can spare the bone marrow with involvement confined to other tissues such as liver and spleen. Very high levels of ferritine seem to correlate well with the presence of haemophagocytosis and is a possible marker for an early diagnosis. Early treatment initiation is mandatory. Corticosteroids, cytostatic drugs such as etoposide, cyclosporine A, plasmapherese, intravenous immunoglobulins and anti TNFalpha are proposed but no randomized trials were published.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pradalier
- Service de médecine interne IV, centre d'allergie de l'ouest parisien, hôpital Louis-Mourier, 178, rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France.
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Nouette-Gaulain K, Rossi H, Neau-Cransac M, Quinart A, Revel P, Sztark F. Insuffisance hépatique aiguë sévère et syndrome d’activation macrophagique : cause ou conséquence ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 23:349-52. [PMID: 15120778 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemophagocytic syndrome corresponds to an unconnected macrophagic activity with haemophagocytosis. We report the case of a haemophagocytic syndrome in a 49-year-old woman with initially a severe acute hepatic failure. This syndrome is probably underestimated in ICU patients. Haemophagocytic syndrome should be suspected in patients with fever and jaundice without infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nouette-Gaulain
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation I, CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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Karras A, Thervet E, Legendre C. Hemophagocytic syndrome in renal transplant recipients: report of 17 cases and review of literature. Transplantation 2004; 77:238-43. [PMID: 14742988 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000107285.86939.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) combines febrile hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hypofibrinemia, and liver dysfunction. It is defined by bone marrow and organ infiltration by activated, nonmalignant macrophages phagocytizing blood cells. HPS is often caused by an infectious or neoplastic disease and has rarely been described in renal transplant recipients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 17 cases of HPS after cadaveric renal transplantation (13 men and 4 women, age 41+/-8 years). The median time between transplantation and hemophagocytosis was 52 days. Eleven patients (64%) had received antilymphocyte globulins during the 3 months before presentation. RESULTS Fever was present in all patients, and hepatosplenomegaly was present in 9 of 17 patients. Other nonspecific clinical findings included abdominal, neurologic, and respiratory symptoms. Laboratory tests showed anemia (hemoglobin 6.1+/-1.3 g/dL), thrombocytopenia (34,000+/-32,000/mm3), and leukopenia (1,700+/-1,400/mm3). Elevated liver enzymes were present in 12 of 17 patients, and cholestasis was present in 10 of 17 patients. Elevated triglycerides and ferritin were noted in 75% and 86% of cases, respectively. HPS was related to viral infection in nine patients (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8), bacterial infection in three patients (tuberculosis and Bartonella henselae), and other infections in two patients (toxoplasmosis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniae). Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease was present in two patients. Despite large-spectrum anti-infectious treatment and dramatic tapering of immunosuppression, death occurred in eight patients (47%). Graft nephrectomy was performed in four of the nine surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS We report here the largest series of HPS after renal transplantation. This rare disease is usually secondary to herpes viridae infections, mostly cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite aggressive treatment, the prognosis remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Karras
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Dhote R, Simon J, Papo T, Detournay B, Sailler L, Andre MH, Dupond JL, Larroche C, Piette AM, Mechenstock D, Ziza JM, Arlaud J, Labussiere AS, Desvaux A, Baty V, Blanche P, Schaeffer A, Piette JC, Guillevin L, Boissonnas A, Christoforov B. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adult systemic disease: report of twenty-six cases and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 49:633-9. [PMID: 14558048 DOI: 10.1002/art.11368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze specific clinical findings, underlying disorders, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors for reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) in systemic disease. METHODS Data were collected using standardized forms as part of a French national survey. Adult cases without an underlying malignancy, diagnosed on bone marrow or lymph node biopsy, were included. RESULTS Twenty-six cases (7 men, 19 women, mean age 47.4 +/- 17.7 years) were studied. Systemic diseases included systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 14), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 2), adult onset systemic Still's disease (n = 4), polyarteritis nodosa (n = 2), mixed connective tissue disease (n = 1), pulmonary sarcoidosis (n = 1), systemic sclerosis (n = 1), and Sjögren's syndrome (n = 1). RHS occurred in 2 distinct clinical settings in the course of systemic disease. RHS was associated with an active infection in 15 patients (bacterial infections, 10 cases; viral, 3 cases; tuberculosis, 1 case; and aspergillosis, 1 case) and with the onset of a systemic disease alone in 9 cases. Isolated RHS occurred in 2 cases. The overall mortality rate was 38.5%. Two factors were associated with mortality: corticosteroid treatment at the time of RHS diagnosis, and thrombocytopenia (odds ratio = 28, 95% confidence interval = 13.3-238.9). CONCLUSIONS When RHS occurs in the course of an active systemic disease (situation only reported in cases of systemic lupus or adult Still's disease), immunosuppressive therapy should be used. In contrast, when RHS is present concomitantly with an active infection, immunosuppressive therapy needs to be lowered and antibiotic therapy should be instituted.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemophagocytic syndrome results from a inappropriate stimulation of macrophages in bone marrow and lymphoid organs, leading to phagocytosis of blood cells and production of high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This life-threatening disease combines non-specific clinical signs (fever, cachexia, hepatomegaly, enlargement of spleen and lymph nodes) as well as typical laboratory findings (bi- or pancytopenia, abnormal hepatic tests, hypofibrinemia, elevation of serum LDH, ferritinemia and triglyceride levels). Diagnosis is confirmed by cytological or pathological examination of bone marrow or tissue specimens. Hemophagocytosis may be primitive, essentially in pediatric population, or secondary, related to various situations such as lymphomas, infections (viral, bacterial or parasitic) or auto-immune diseases. Prognosis is poor, depending on the associated disease, with an overall mortality of 50%. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Recent advances, essentially due to genetic studies of familial hemophagocytic syndrome, have underlined the major role of T lymphocytes and TNF alpha in the pathogenesis of hemophagocytosis. In these pediatric cases, prognosis has dramatically improved since allogenic bone marrow transplantation is performed, raising long-term survival from 10 to 66%. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS In secondary forms of hemophagocytic syndrome, treatment must be symptomatic (transfusion, correction of electrolyte disorders) and etiological (chemotherapy, anti-viral or antibiotic drugs, immunosuppressive therapy). However, prospective trials are necessary to define the best treatment in these cases. New therapeutic options, targeting specific mediators, including TNF alpha, may emerge with the understanding of pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karras
- Service de néphrologie et de transplantation rénale, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
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Damiano J, Béchade D, Samson T, Souleau B, Morell E, Nicand E, Brinquin L, Algayres J. Fièvre et bi-cytopénie. Rev Med Interne 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(02)80038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Al-Kilani B, Qureshi I, Khalil A. Malaria-associated hemophagocyctic syndrome: case report with favorable outcome. Ann Saudi Med 2002; 22:261-2. [PMID: 17159417 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2002.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Allory Y, Challine D, Haioun C, Copie-Bergman C, Delfau-Larue MH, Boucher E, Charlotte F, Fabre M, Michel M, Gaulard P. Bone marrow involvement in lymphomas with hemophagocytic syndrome at presentation: a clinicopathologic study of 11 patients in a Western institution. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:865-74. [PMID: 11420457 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200107000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a clinicopathologic syndrome that can reveal a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The pathologic features of lymphoma associated with HPS remain ill defined. We studied 11 lymphomas associated with HPS on initial bone marrow biopsies, consecutively diagnosed during a 6-year period in a Western institution. There were seven diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), three T-cell lymphomas (one peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified, two hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphomas [HS gammadeltaTLs]), and one aggressive NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia (NKL). These lymphomas shared common clinicopathologic features with a systemic presentation, a poor outcome (nine patients died within 2 years), and a mild interstitial lymphoid infiltrate of the bone marrow at presentation in nine patients. This equivocal lymphoma infiltrate was blending with normal hematopoietic cells, and CD20 and CD3 immunolabelings were essential for its detection. A high number of reactive T (CD3+) cells, most often with a predominant cytotoxic (CD8+ TiA1+) phenotype, was present in all DLBCLs. By in situ hybridization, Epstein-Barr virus was detected in neoplastic cells of three cases (one DLBCL, one HS gammadeltaTL, and one NKL), which also showed serum viral DNA. Polymerase chain reaction studies disclosed HHV6 DNA sequences in tumor tissues of two DLBCLs, whereas HHV8 DNA was not detected. Because tumor mass indicative of lymphoma was not striking in most patients, bone marrow biopsy appears to be of great value for the diagnosis of an HPS-associated lymphoma, which may be, in Western patients, of B- as well as T- or NK-cell type. Immunostaining for CD3 and CD20 is essential to identify the common subtle lymphoma involvement. Together with a better understanding of the pathogenic processes, an early diagnosis may improve the prognosis of HPS-associated lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell/complications
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/complications
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Allory
- Département de Pathologie and EA 2348, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
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Mégarbane B, Bruneel F, Cazals-Hatem D, Adle-Biassette H, Houze S, Wolff M, Régnier B. [A strange disease of the plateaux. Visceral leishmaniasis]. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22 Suppl 2:219s-222s. [PMID: 11433575 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)83653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Mégarbane
- Clinique de réanimation des maladies infectieuses, hôpital Bichat Claude-Bernard, 75018 Paris, France
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de Kerguenec C, Hillaire S, Molinié V, Gardin C, Degott C, Erlinger S, Valla D. Hepatic manifestations of hemophagocytic syndrome: a study of 30 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:852-7. [PMID: 11280564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemophagocytic syndrome has been defined as the combination of a proliferation of cytologically benign, actively phagocytic macrophages in bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes in association with fever, cytopenia, splenomegaly, and hypertriglyceridemia. Hepatic dysfunction is often present but the nature of the hepatic lesions and related manifestations have not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to ascertain the features of hepatic involvement in hemophagocytic syndrome. METHODS Thirty patients with hemophagocytic syndrome were retrospectively studied. Inclusion criteria included: 1) bone marrow with hemophagocytic histiocytosis, 2) clinical or biological signs of hepatic involvement, and 3) available liver specimen. RESULTS The association of fever, jaundice, and hepatomegaly or splenomegaly was present in 50% of the patients. Median value for serum alanine transaminase activity was five times the upper limit of normal values (range, 0.3-125), for serum alkaline phosphatase activity 2.7 upper limit of normal values (range, 0.2-47.7), for total bilirubin 136 micromol/L (range, 4-681 micromol/L), and for factor V 70% (range, 19-145%). Sinusoidal dilatation with hemophagocytic histiocytosis were found in the biopsy specimen in all patients. An underlying condition potentially responsible for altered immune function (lymphoma, leukemia, liver transplantation) was identified in 29 patients. Liver biopsy was diagnostic for the underlying condition in 15 patients (including eight cases with nonspecific bone marrow biopsy findings). High serum bilirubin, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity, low factor V level, and lack of treatment for the underlying disease were associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Hemophagocytic syndrome should be suspected in immunodeficient patients with fever, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly. Hepatic lesions are characterized by nonspecific sinusoidal dilatation with hemophagocytic histiocytosis and in 50% of the patients by alterations specific to the underlying condition. Liver biopsy is a useful diagnostic procedure in patients with this clinical presentation.
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Alliot C, Barrios M, Brunel M. Hemophagocytic Syndrome Induced by HIV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 5:475-8. [PMID: 27419351 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2001.11746545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome is an unusual illness due to the proliferation of activated macrophages phagocyting the hematopoietic cells. This syndrome has been reported in association with infectious agents, lymphoproliferative diseases, immunosuppressive conditions or auto-immune illnesses. Cytokines secreted by activated or neoplastic lympho-cytes activate the macrophages. Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms take over and could explain resistance to therapy. Some viruses, including EBV, could upregulate cytokine genes. This report describes an adult with HIV-infection presenting with severe hemophagocytic syndrome in whom an extensive evaluation did not reveal opportunistic disease and suggests that the cause was the HIV. The outcome was fatal and highlights the poor prognosis of hemophagocytic syndrome in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alliot
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Saint-Eloi University Hospital , 2 Avenue Bertin-Sans, 34 295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M Barrios
- b National Institute of Blood Transfusion , 6 Rue Alexandre-Cabanel, 75015 Paris , France
| | - M Brunel
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Saint-Eloi University Hospital , 2 Avenue Bertin-Sans, 34 295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Viali S, Hutchinson DO, Hawkins TE, Croxson MC, Thomas M, Allen JP, Thomas SM, Powell KH. Presentation of intravascular lymphomatosis as lumbosacral polyradiculopathy. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23:1295-300. [PMID: 10918273 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4598(200008)23:8<1295::aid-mus24>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 53-year-old man developed progressive sensory disturbance and weakness in the legs, sphincter disturbance, back pain, systemic symptoms, and pancytopenia. Electrophysiological tests indicated a widespread lumbosacral polyradiculopathy. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging and routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed minor nonspecific abnormalities. Bone marrow and liver biopsies showed hemophagocytosis; and polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, and serum suggested active infection with human herpesvirus-6. Autopsy revealed that his neurological symptoms resulted from intravascular lymphomatosis (angiotropic large cell lymphoma), a rare variant of lymphoma with predilection for the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viali
- Department of Neurology, Auckland Hospital, New Zealand
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sailler
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Rangueil-Larrey, Toulouse
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Tiab M, Mechinaud F, Harousseau JL. Haemophagocytic syndrome associated with infections. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2000; 13:163-78. [PMID: 10942619 DOI: 10.1053/beha.2000.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haemophagocytic syndromes (HS) are the clinical manifestation of an increased macrophagic activity with haemophagocytosis. Pathophysiology is related to a deregulation of T-lymphocytes and excessive production of cytokines. The main clinicobiological features are fever, hepatosplenomegaly, adenopathies, skin rash, neurological features, cytopenias, hypertriglyceridaemia, hyperferritinaemia and coagulopathy. Diagnosis is based on examination of the bone marrow which shows benign histiocytes actively phagocytosing haemopoietic cells. Acquired HS are mostly associated with an underlying disease such as immunodeficiency, haematological neoplasias and autoimmune diseases. Infection-associated HS was originally described by Risdall in 1979, in viral disease. Since the initial description HS has also been documented in patients with bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent in most cases. In EBV-associated HS, which sometimes has a fatal course, unregulated T-cell reaction or uncontrolled B-cell proliferation may release cytokines. Management of HS consists of early diagnosis, careful screening for, and prompt treatment of, infections and detection and therapy of any underlying disease. Prognosis of infection-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (IAHS) is better than that in other types of secondary HS. Management of cytokine imbalance should be useful to improve the outcome and reduce the mortality rate in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tiab
- Service de Médecine Interne Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Départemental, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
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Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis (phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors) in bone marrow and other tissues. HLH may be diagnosed in association with malignant, genetic, or autoimmune diseases but is also prominently linked with Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus infection. Hyperproduction of cytokines, including interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, by EBV- infected T lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of HLH. EBV-associated HLH may mimic T-cell lymphoma and is treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy, while hemophagocytic syndromes associated with nonviral pathogens often respond to treatment of the underlying infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Fisman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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50
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Aubriet S, Zenone T, Kanitakis J, Vital Durand D. [Peripheral T-cell lymphoma 9 months after hemophagocytic syndrome with a favorable outcome after splenectomy]. Rev Med Interne 1999; 20:718-9. [PMID: 10480178 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(99)80495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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