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Proteome Profile Changes Induced by Heterologous Overexpression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Derived Antigens PstS-1 (Rv0934) and Ag85B (Rv1886c) in Mycobacterium microti. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121836. [PMID: 36551264 PMCID: PMC9775975 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new tuberculosis vaccines remains a global priority, and recombinant vaccines are a frequently investigated option. These vaccines follow a molecular strategy that may enhance protective efficacy. However, their functional differences, particularly with respect to glycosylation, remain unknown. Recent studies have shown that glycosylation plays a key role in the host-pathogen interactions during immune recognition. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the glycosylation profiles of two recombinant strains of Mycobacterium microti, overexpressing Ag85B (Rv1886c) and PstS-1 (Rv0934) antigens of M. tuberculosis. For each strain, the glycosylation profile was determined by Western blotting with lectins. The results showed the presence of mannosylated proteins and evidence of linked sialic acid proteins. Interestingly, different proteome and glycoproteome profiles were observed between the two recombinant strains and the wild-type strain. We have shown here that the construction of the recombinant strains of M. microti has altered the proteome and glycosylation profiles of these strains, leading us to ask what impact these changes might have on the immune response.
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Cardona PJ, Williams A. Experimental animal modelling for TB vaccine development. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:268-273. [PMID: 28163168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research for a novel vaccine to prevent tuberculosis is an urgent medical need. The current vaccine, BCG, has demonstrated a non-homogenous efficacy in humans, but still is the gold standard to be improved upon. In general, the main indicator for testing the potency of new candidates in animal models is the reduction of the bacillary load in the lungs at the acute phase of the infection. Usually, this reduction is similar to that induced by BCG, although in some cases a weak but significant improvement can be detected, but none of candidates are able to prevent establishment of infection. The main characteristics of several laboratory animals are reviewed, reflecting that none are able to simulate the whole characteristics of human tuberculosis. As, so far, no surrogate of protection has been found, it is important to test new candidates in several models in order to generate convincing evidence of efficacy that might be better than that of BCG in humans. It is also important to investigate the use of "in silico" and "ex vivo" models to better understand experimental data and also to try to replace, or at least reduce and refine experimental models in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia.
| | - Ann Williams
- National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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Dannenberg AM, Dey B. Perspectives for Developing New Tuberculosis Vaccines Derived from the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: I. Basic Principles, II. Preclinical Testing, and III. Clinical Testing. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:58-76. [PMID: 26343850 PMCID: PMC4552198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Part I. Basic Principles. TB vaccines cannot prevent establishment of the infection. They can only prevent an early pulmonary tubercle from developing into clinical disease. A more effective new vaccine should optimize both cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) better than any existing vaccine. The rabbit is the only laboratory animal in which all aspects of the human disease can be reproduced: namely, the prevention of most primary tubercles, the arrestment of most primary tubercles, the formation of the tubercle’s solid caseous center, the liquefaction of this center, the formation of cavities and the bronchial spread of the disease. In liquefied caseum, virulent tubercle bacilli can multiply extracellularly, especially in the liquefied caseum next to the inner wall of a cavity where oxygen is plentiful. The bacilli in liquefied caseum cannot be reached by the increased number of activated macrophages produced by TB vaccines. Therefore, new TB vaccines will have little or no effect on the extracellular bacillary growth within liquefied caseum. TB vaccines can only increase the host’s ability to stop the development of new TB lesions that arise from the bronchial spread of tubercle bacilli from the cavity to other parts of the lung. Therefore, effective TB vaccines do not prevent the reactivation of latent TB. Such vaccines only control (or reduce) the number of metastatic lesions that result after the primary TB lesion was reactivated by the liquefaction process. (Note: the large number of tubercle bacilli growing extracellularly in liquefied caseum gives rise to mutations that enable antimicrobial resistance—which is a major reason why TB still exists today). Part II. Preclinical Testing. The counting of grossly visible tubercles in the lungs of rabbits after the inhalation of virulent human-type tubercle bacilli is the most pertinent preclinical method to assess the efficacy of new TB vaccines (because an effective vaccine will stop the growth of developing tubercles before while they are still microscopic in size). Unfortunately, rabbits are rarely used in preclinical vaccine trials, despite their relative ease of handling and human-like response to this infection. Mice do not generate an effective DTH response, and guinea pigs do not generate an effective CMI response. Only the rabbits and most humans can establish the proper amount of DTH and CMI that is necessary to contain this infection. Therefore, rabbits should be included in all pre-clinical testing of new TB vaccines. New drugs (and/or immunological procedures) to reduce liquefaction and cavity formation are urgently needed. A simple intradermal way to select such drugs or procedures is described herein. Part III. Clinical Testing. Vaccine trials would be much more precise if the variations in human populations (listed herein) were taken into consideration. BCG and successful new TB vaccines should always increase host resistance to TB in naive subjects. This is a basic immunological principle. The efficacies of new and old TB vaccines are often not recognized, because these variations were not identified in the populations evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Dannenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Bappaditya Dey
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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The immunity and protective effects of antigen 85A and heat-shock protein X against progressive tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Perspectives on clinical and preclinical testing of new tuberculosis vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:781-94. [PMID: 20930073 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review hopes to improve the selection of new tuberculosis (TB) vaccines by providing several perspectives on the immunization of humans, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys which have not usually been considered. (i) In human TB vaccine trials, the low rate of healing of Mycobacterium bovis BCG lesions (used as the control group) would distinguish individuals who might be helped by vaccination from the 95% who do not need it and would make these trials more conclusive. (ii) The rabbit immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is much more effective in arresting tuberculosis than those of other laboratory animals, so pulmonary tubercle counting in rabbits should be included in all preclinical TB vaccine testing. (iii) Both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are necessary to control the growth of M. tuberculosis. The testing of new TB vaccines in mice or in guinea pigs may not detect important antigens needed for human immunization. Mice respond poorly to tuberculin-like antigens that cause DTH. Guinea pigs respond poorly to antigens that cause CMI. Rabbits and humans respond well to both DTH and CMI antigens. Since monkeys are very susceptible to M. tuberculosis, they may not be as useful as rabbits for preclinical vaccine evaluation. (iv) Critical antigens (possibly ESAT-6 or CFP-10) might increase the immunity of the host to a greater extent than that produced by a natural M. tuberculosis infection and therefore would be useful in both prophylaxis and immunotherapy. Such critical antigens would increase the host's ability to neutralize key components of M. tuberculosis that enable it to survive in both laboratory animals and humans.
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Murphy D, Corner LAL, Gormley E. Adverse reactions to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis in humans, veterinary animals and wildlife species. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:344-57. [PMID: 18222731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis strain, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is one of the most widely used human vaccines and remains one of the safest vaccines available. It has been used in human populations for over 80 years and 100 million children receive the vaccine annually. It has also been employed extensively for vaccine studies in laboratory animal hosts and is currently being developed for use in a variety of livestock and wild animals. Despite the large number of doses delivered since is first usage in 1921, reports of adverse reactions arising from the use of the BCG vaccine are relatively uncommon and where serious reactions do occur they are often the result of vaccination of immuno-compromised individuals. Factors that may influence the development of adverse reactions to BCG include the potency and dose of the vaccine strain, the route of delivery, the age and immune status of the host, and the skill levels of the operator administering the vaccine. Circumstances affecting the notification of adverse reactions include the lack of clear case definitions of abnormal vaccine reactions, and a scarcity of systematic surveillance and functioning reporting systems. With continued use of the BCG and the development of a new generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against tuberculosis in different host species, the risk factors associated with adverse reactions may need to be reappraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Murphy
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Deforges L, Boulouis HJ, Thibaud JL, Boulouha L, Sougakoff W, Blot S, Hewinson G, Truffot-Pernot C, Haddad N. First isolation of Mycobacterium microti (Llama-type) from a dog. Vet Microbiol 2005; 103:249-53. [PMID: 15504596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the first isolation of Mycobacterium microti from a dog with lesions of acute peritonitis. The isolate was demonstrated to be M. microti of Llama-Type by spoligotyping. Epidemiological implications of the isolation of this possibly zoonotic agent from a dog are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Deforges
- Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire Henri Mondor, F94000 Créteil, France
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Frota CC, Hunt DM, Buxton RS, Rickman L, Hinds J, Kremer K, van Soolingen D, Colston MJ. Genome structure in the vole bacillus, Mycobacterium microti, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with a low virulence for humans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:1519-1527. [PMID: 15133113 PMCID: PMC2964484 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium microti, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is phylogenetically closely related to M. tuberculosis, differing in a few biochemical properties. However, these species have different levels of virulence in different hosts; most notably M. microti shows lower virulence for humans than M. tuberculosis. This report presents genomic comparisons using DNA microarray analysis for an extensive study of the diversity of M. microti strains. Compared to M. tuberculosis H37Rv, 13 deletions were identified in 12 strains of M. microti, including the regions RD1 to RD10, which are also missing in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. In addition, four new deleted regions, named MiD1, RD1beta, MiD2 and MiD3, were identified. DNA sequencing was used to define the extent of most of the deletions in one strain. Although RD1 of M. bovis BCG and M. microti is thought to be crucial for attenuation, in this study, three of the four M. microti strains that were isolated from immunocompetent patients had the RD1 deletion. In fact, only the RD3 deletion was present in all of the strains examined, although deletions RD7, RD8 and MiD1 were found in almost all the M. microti strains. These deletions might therefore have some relation to the different host range of M. microti. It was also noticeable that of the 12 strains studied, only three were identical; these strains were all isolated from immunocompetent humans, suggesting that they could have arisen from a single source. Thus, this study shows that it is difficult to ascribe virulence to any particular pattern of deletion in M. microti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C. Frota
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Debbie M. Hunt
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Roger S. Buxton
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Lisa Rickman
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jason Hinds
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kristin Kremer
- National Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- National Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Joseph Colston
- Division of Mycobacterial Research, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Castañón-Arreola M, López-Vidal Y. A second-generation anti TB vaccine is long overdue. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2004; 3:10. [PMID: 15176980 PMCID: PMC446207 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine significantly reduces the risk of tuberculosis by 50% and continues to be used to prevent tuberculosis around the world. However, it has been shown to be ineffective in some geographical regions. The existence of different BCG strains was described more than 60 years ago, these vary in their antigenic content but the genetic mutations in BCG strains have yet been shown to affect their protection. After the declaration of tuberculosis as a global emergency in 1993, current research attempts to develop a novel more-effective vaccine. Using new technologies, recombinant, auxotroph, DNA, subunit and phylogenetically closely related mycobacteria, naturally or genetically attenuated, have been used as vaccines in animal models, but their protective efficacy, is less than that offered by the current BCG vaccine. Today it is mandatory that a major effort be made to understand how different BCG vaccine strains influence immune response and why in some cases vaccines have failed, so we can rationally develop the next generation of tuberculosis vaccines to reduce the prevalence from 10% to less than 2 % for developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castañón-Arreola
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Manabe YC, Dannenberg AM, Tyagi SK, Hatem CL, Yoder M, Woolwine SC, Zook BC, Pitt MLM, Bishai WR. Different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause various spectrums of disease in the rabbit model of tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6004-11. [PMID: 14500521 PMCID: PMC201108 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.6004-6011.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit model of tuberculosis has been used historically to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis based on their relative virulence in this animal host. M. tuberculosis infection in market rabbits is cleared over time, whereas infection with M. bovis results in chronic, progressive, cavitary disease leading to death. Because of the innate resistance of commercial rabbits to M. tuberculosis, 320 to 1,890 log-phase, actively growing inhaled bacilli were required to form one grossly visible pulmonary tubercle at 5 weeks. The range of inhaled doses required to make one tubercle allows us to determine the relative pathogenicities of different strains. Fewer inhaled organisms of the M. tuberculosis Erdman strain were required than of M. tuberculosis H37Rv to produce a visible lesion at 5 weeks. Furthermore, with the Erdman strain, only 7 of 15 rabbits had healed lesions at 16 to 18 weeks; among the other animals, two had chronic, progressive cavitary disease, a phenotype usually seen only with M. bovis infection. Genotypic investigation of the Erdman strain with an H37Rv-based microarray identified gene differences in the RD6 region. Southern blot and PCR structural genetic analysis showed significant differences between M. tuberculosis strains in this region. Correlation of the relative pathogenicity, including disease severity, in the rabbit model with the strain genotype may help identify stage-specific M. tuberculosis genes important in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari C Manabe
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, 424 North Bond Street, Room 1108, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a devastating disease that kills more than three million people each year. Of these, 0.9 million are co-infected with HIV and numbers of infections and death continue to rise with the global spread of HIV. A new vaccine is desperately needed to control this epidemic that threatens to kill 90 million people over the next 3 decades. Outstanding work in research laboratories, combined with the success of genome sequencing, has resulted in a variety of candidate TB vaccines, many of which are sufficiently promising to advance into clinical trials. This review discusses the array of new candidate TB vaccines and the clinical studies that are currently planned.
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Dannenberg AM. Pathogenesis of pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis infection: basic principles established by the rabbit model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2001; 81:87-96. [PMID: 11463228 DOI: 10.1054/tube.2000.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Dannenberg
- Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore 221205, USA.
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Dannenberg AM, Collins FM. Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis is not due to increasing numbers of viable bacilli in rabbits, mice and guinea pigs, but is due to a continuous host response to mycobacterial products. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2001; 81:229-42. [PMID: 11466035 DOI: 10.1054/tube.2001.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) kills more people in the world today than any other infectious disease. A better vaccine to prevent clinical tuberculosis is greatly needed. Candidate vaccines are often evaluated by infecting rabbits, mice and guinea pigs by an aerosol of virulent tubercle bacilli and culturing their lungs for viable bacilli at various times thereafter. In all three species, however, the number of viable bacilli usually does not continuously increase until the host succumbs. The number of viable bacilli increases logarithmically for only about 3 weeks. Then, the host develops delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which keep the number of viable bacilli rather constant during the subsequent weeks. In the immunized host, DTH and CMI stop the logarithmic increase sooner than in the unimmunized controls, so that the stationary bacillary levels that follow are lower. This review analyzes host-parasite interactions in the lungs of rabbits, mice and guinea pigs. All three species cannot prevent inhaled fully virulent tubercle bacilli from establishing an infection, but they differ markedly in the type of the disease produced once it is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dannenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA.
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