1
|
Ghasemi A, Wang S, Sahay B, Abbott JR, Curtiss R. Protective immunity enhanced Salmonella vaccine vectors delivering Helicobacter pylori antigens reduce H. pylori stomach colonization in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034683. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric mucosal inflammation, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Emerging antimicrobial-resistant H. pylori has hampered the effective eradication of frequent chronic infections. Moreover, a safe vaccine is highly demanded due to the absence of effective vaccines against H. pylori. In this study, we employed a new innovative Protective Immunity Enhanced Salmonella Vaccine (PIESV) vector strain to deliver and express multiple H. pylori antigen genes. Immunization of mice with our vaccine delivering the HpaA, Hp-NAP, UreA and UreB antigens, provided sterile protection against H. pylori SS1 infection in 7 out of 10 tested mice. In comparison to the control groups that had received PBS or a PIESV carrying an empty vector, immunized mice exhibited specific and significant cellular recall responses and antigen-specific serum IgG1, IgG2c, total IgG and gastric IgA antibody titers. In conclusion, an improved S. Typhimurium-based live vaccine delivering four antigens shows promise as a safe and effective vaccine against H. pylori infection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Walduck AK, Raghavan S. Immunity and Vaccine Development Against Helicobacter pylori. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:257-275. [PMID: 31016627 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly-adapted gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and the immunology of this chronic infection is extremely complex. Despite the availability of antibiotic therapy, the global incidence of H. pylori infection remains high, particularly in low to middle-income nations. Failure of therapy and the spread of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria are significant problems and provide impetus for the development of new therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. The expansion of knowledge on gastric conventional and regulatory T cell responses, and the role of TH17 in chronic gastritis from studies in mouse models and patients have provided valuable insights into how gastritis is initiated and maintained. The development of human challenge models for testing candidate vaccines has meant a unique opportunity to study acute infection, but the field of vaccine development has not progressed as rapidly as anticipated. One clear lesson learned from previous studies is that we need a better understanding of the immune suppressive mechanisms in vivo to be able to design vaccine strategies. There is still an urgent need to identify practical surrogate markers of protection that could be deployed in future field vaccine trials. Important developments in our understanding of the chronic inflammatory response, progress and problems arising from human studies, and an outlook for the future of clinical vaccine trials will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva-Martín N, Bartual SG, Ramírez-Aportela E, Chacón P, Park CG, Hermoso JA. Structural basis for selective recognition of endogenous and microbial polysaccharides by macrophage receptor SIGN-R1. Structure 2015; 22:1595-606. [PMID: 25450767 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGN-R1 is a principal receptor for microbial polysaccharides uptake and is responsible for C3 fixation via an unusual complement activation pathway on splenic marginal zone macrophages. In these macrophages, SIGN-R1 is also involved in anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous immunoglobulin by direct interaction with sialylated Fcs. The high-resolution crystal structures of SIGN-R1 carbohydrate recognition domain and its complexes with dextran sulfate or sialic acid, and of the sialylated Fc antibody provide insights into SIGN-R1’s selective recognition of a-2,6-sialylated glycoproteins. Unexpectedly, an additional binding site has been found in the SIGNR1 carbohydrate recognition domain, structurally separate from the calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding site. This secondary binding site could bind repetitive molecular patterns, as observed in microbial polysaccharides, in a calcium-independent manner. These two binding sites may allow SIGNR1 to simultaneously bind both immune glycoproteins and microbial polysaccharide components, accommodating SIGN-R1’s ability to relate the recognition of microbes to the activation of the classical complement pathway.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tc52 amino-terminal-domain DNA carried by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium induces protection against a Trypanosoma cruzi lethal challenge. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4265-75. [PMID: 25069980 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02190-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we immunized mice with DNA encoding full-length Tc52 or its amino- or carboxy-terminal (N- and C-term, respectively) domain carried by attenuated Salmonella as a DNA delivery system. As expected, Salmonella-mediated DNA delivery resulted in low antibody titers and a predominantly Th1 response, as shown by the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1-specific antibodies. Despite modest expression of Tc52 in trypomastigotes, the antibodies elicited by vaccination were able to mediate lysis of the trypomastigotes in the presence of complement and inhibit their invasion of mammal cells in vitro. The strongest functional activity was observed with sera from mice immunized with Salmonella carrying the N-term domain (SN-term), followed by Tc52 (STc52), and the C-term domain (SC-term). All immunized groups developed strong cellular responses, with predominant activation of Th1 cells. However, mice immunized with SN-term showed higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), counterbalancing the inflammatory reaction, and also strong activation of Tc52-specific gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ(+)) CD8(+) T cells. In agreement with this, although all prototypes conferred protection against infection, immunization with SN-term promoted greater protection than that with SC-term for all parameters tested and slightly better protection than that with STc52, especially in the acute stage of infection. We conclude that the N-terminal domain of Tc52 is the section of the protein that confers maximal protection against infection and propose it as a promising candidate for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
5
|
Walduck AK, Becher D. Leptin, CD4(+) T(reg) and the prospects for vaccination against H. pylori infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:316. [PMID: 23087691 PMCID: PMC3470998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection induces chronic inflammation which is characterized not only by infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, but also significant populations of regulatory T cells (Treg). These cells are important for disease pathogenesis because they are believed to contribute to the persistence of the infection. Despite encouraging results in animal models, the prospects for an effective H. pylori vaccine are currently poor because of generally disappointing results in preclinical and phase 1 trials. As a result, a current major focus of basic research on vaccination is to better understand the mechanisms regulating the inflammatory response with the view it can inform future vaccine design. Our studies in this area have focused on gastric CD4+ Treg in vaccinated mice, and raised the hypothesis that adipokines in particular leptin are involved the establishment of a protective gastric immune response. Here we discuss the hypothesis that vaccination deregulates Treg responses in the gastric mucosa, and that this process is mediated by leptin. We propose that reduced suppression permits a protective sub population of H. pylori-specific CD4+ T cells to exert protective effects, presumably via the gastric epithelium. Evidence from the literature and experimental approaches will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Lin M, Li N, Lin L, She F. Therapeutic vaccination with Salmonella-delivered codon-optimized outer inflammatory protein DNA vaccine enhances protection in Helicobacter pylori infected mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:5310-5. [PMID: 22749593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination had demonstrated as an alternative way to combat Helicobacter pylori challenge. In the present study, codon-optimized outer inflammatory protein gene (oipA) for Mus species codon usage, the inclusion of optimal Kozak sequence, and modified of GC content was applied to construct a novel DNA construct. The Salmonella-delivered wild type oipA construct (SL7207/poipA) and the Salmonella-delivered codon-optimized oipA construct (SL7207/poipA-opt) were prepared and their therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in H. pylori-infected mice. The codon-optimized oipA construct (poipA-opt) expressed almost six-fold higher protein than that of wild type construct (poipA) as normalized to the β-actin expression in AGS cells. Oral therapeutic immunization with SL7207/poipA-opt significantly eliminated H. pylori colonization in the stomach; and protection was related to a robust Th1/Th2 immune response. Therefore, our results suggested that fine therapeutic efficacy was related to sufficient expression of the antigen. It is supposed that codon-optimized oipA gene improves protein expression and consequently enhances the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine, which resulted in a significant reduction of bacterial loads in H. pylori infected mice. The Salmonella-delivered codon-optimized DNA construct could be a candidate vaccine against H. pylori for the clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Chen
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malekshahi ZV, Gargari SLM, Rasooli I, Ebrahimizadeh W. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in mice with oral administration of egg yolk-driven anti-UreC immunoglobulin. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:366-72. [PMID: 21803146 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of gastritis and gastric ulcer, plays a crucial role in development of gastric carcinomas. Antibiotic therapy fails in almost 20% of cases due to development of antibiotic resistance. Development of antibodies against specific H. pylori targets could have significant therapeutic effect. In the present research attempts have been made to study the effect of IgY purified from egg yolk of hens immunized with recombinant UreC in treatment of mice infected with H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purified IgY-HpUc was used in two forms: powdered and PBS dissolved. 10(9) bacteria in BHI were orally administered to C57BL6/j mice three times on alternate day intervals. Eight weeks after the last inoculation, the serum was assayed for infection rate by ELISA. The severity of gastritis was analyzed histopathologically. Infected mice were randomly divided into three groups. Groups one and two were treated with dietary IgY-HpUc and IgY-HpUc dissolved in PBS respectively for 28 days. The untreated group served as control. RESULTS Serology and histopathology confirmed the establishment of the infection. Indirect ELISA results in the treated animals showed considerable reduction of H. pylori specific antibodies in their sera. Pathological examination of gastric mucosa of infected mice treated with IgY-HpUc showed considerable reduction of inflammation in the stomach tissues. The bacterial presence on mucosal layer of the stomach was considerably reduced. CONCLUSIONS UreC-induced IgY is specifically successful in inhibition of H. pylori infection and could be an alternative to antibiotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziba V Malekshahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Therapeutic efficacy of oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori CagA, VacA and UreB fusion proteins in mice model. Vaccine 2011; 29:6679-85. [PMID: 21745524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination is a desirable alternative for controlling Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. In the present study, attenuated Salmonella vector vaccines were constructed that expressed fusion proteins complexed with H. pylori CagA, VacA and UreB in different arrangements, and their therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in H. pylori-infected mice. Oral therapeutic immunization with attenuated Salmonella, which expressed the fused protein CVU, significantly decreased H. pylori colonization in the stomach; protection was related to specific CD4(+) T cell Th1 type responses and serum IgG and mucosal sIgA antibody responses. These findings suggested that therapeutic efficacy was related to the arrangement of the fusion protein. It is possible that arrangement decides the expression of recombinant antigen in mice, and the latter results in different therapeutic efficacy. The attenuated Salmonella vector vaccine, which expressed the fused protein arrangement CVU, is superior to others, and could be a candidate vaccine against H. pylori.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao J, Chen Z, Ren Y, Luo Y, Cao M, Lu W, Zhao P, Qi Z. Oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella carrying a co-expression plasmid encoding the core and E2 proteins of hepatitis C virus capable of inducing cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:3714-23. [PMID: 21396407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein has long been considered an attractive candidate for inclusion in a protective vaccine. However, this protein may hamper the development of systemic immune responses because of its immune suppressive properties. We previously reported that immune responses to HCV core protein could be efficiently induced by attenuated Salmonella carrying the HCV core protein, but not the HCV core DNA vaccine. To optimize the combination of the core protein and envelope protein 2 (E2) into a vaccine formulation to induce cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibodies, we constructed a plasmid containing two expression cassettes. One expression cassette was included to regulate the expression of HCV core protein by an inducible in vivo-activated Salmonella promoter, the other was included to regulate the expression of HCV E2 protein by the cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with the attenuated Salmonella strain SL7207 carrying this plasmid efficiently induced HCV core and E2-specific cellular immune responses and antibodies. IgG purified from immunized mice could neutralize the infectivity of HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) of both the autologous Con 1 isolate and the heterologous H77 isolate, and cell culture produced HCV (HCVcc) of Con1-JFH1 chimera. These results indicated that this vaccine strategy can effectively deliver core and E2 protein to the immune system and provide a promising approach for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Becher D, Deutscher ME, Simpfendorfer KR, Wijburg OL, Pederson JS, Lew AM, Strugnell RA, Walduck AK. Local recall responses in the stomach involving reduced regulation and expanded help mediate vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori in mice. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2778-90. [PMID: 21038469 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is recognised as the chief cause of chronic gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer in humans. With increased incidence of treatment failure and antibiotic resistance, development of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination is a desirable alternative. Although the results of vaccination studies in animal models have been promising, studies in human volunteers have revealed problems such as 'post-immunisation gastritis' and comparatively poor responses to vaccine antigens. The focus of this study was to compare the gastric and systemic cellular immune responses induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium-based vaccination in the C57BL/6 model of H. pylori infection. Analysis of lymphocyte populations in the gastric mucosa, blood, spleen, paragastric LN and MLN revealed that the effects of vaccination were largely confined to the parenchymal stomach rather than lymphoid organs. Vaccine-induced protection was correlated with an augmented local recall response in the gastric mucosa, with increased proportions of CD4(+) T cells, neutrophils and reduced proportions of CD4(+) Treg. CD4(+) T cells isolated from the stomachs of vaccinated mice proliferated ex vivo in response to H. pylori antigen, and secreted Th1 cytokines, particularly IFN-γ. This detailed analysis of local gastric immune responses provides insight into the mechanism of vaccine-induced protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Becher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Influence of promoter, gene copy number, and preexisting immunity on humoral and cellular responses to a vectored antigen delivered by a Salmonella enterica vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:78-87. [PMID: 19005022 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00253-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella strains are currently in production as vaccines for protection of animals against salmonellosis. Such commercial strains offer the potential to deliver heterologous antigen to protect animals against other diseases. One vaccine strain, attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM-1), was tested for the ability to deliver ovalbumin and to induce immune responses in mice. Two vaccine trials were performed testing the influence of promoter choice, the location of the encoding DNA (plasmid or chromosome), and the effect of preexisting homologous or heterologous immunity. The results demonstrated that humoral and T-cell responses were induced from either of two promoters, from either the plasmid or the chromosome, and that preexposure to the empty homologous vector, STM-1, or the heterologous vector, S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, had no detrimental effect on subsequent antigen-specific responses. In the case of homologous preexposure, responses were generally greater, and this was correlated with an increased uptake of Salmonella by macrophages in vitro after opsonization with immune sera.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liao XL, Ren H, Zhao P, Zhu SY, Cao J, Chen ZH, Zhao LJ, Pan W, Feitelson MA, Qui ZT. Efficient Induction of Mouse Immune Responses to Hepatitis C Virus by Viral Core Protein-Carrying AttenuatedSalmonella typhimurium. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:469-78. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Liao
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ying Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Alan Feitelson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhong-Tian Qui
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nyström J, Svennerholm AM. Oral immunization with HpaA affords therapeutic protective immunity against H. pylori that is reflected by specific mucosal immune responses. Vaccine 2006; 25:2591-8. [PMID: 17239498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of Helicobacter pylori adhesin A (HpaA), a H. pylori specific colonization factor, to induce therapeutic protection against H. pylori infection in mice. We found that oral immunization of H. pylori infected mice with HpaA induced protection, i.e. significant reduction in bacterial load in the stomach. This was even more pronounced when a combination of HpaA and urease was used. The protection was strongly related to specific mucosal CD4+ T cell responses with a Th1 profile as well as to mucosal IgA responses locally in the stomach. These findings suggest that HpaA is a promising vaccine candidate antigen for use in a therapeutic vaccine against H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nyström
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy of Göteborg University, Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Metzger WG, Mansouri E, Kronawitter M, Diescher S, Soerensen M, Hurwitz R, Bumann D, Aebischer T, Von Specht BU, Meyer TF. Impact of vector-priming on the immunogenicity of a live recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a vaccine expressing urease A and B from Helicobacter pylori in human volunteers. Vaccine 2005; 22:2273-7. [PMID: 15149786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2003] [Revised: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered recombinant Salmonella vaccines represent an attractive option for mass vaccination programmes against various infectious diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to gather knowledge about the possible impact of preexisiting immunity to carrier antigens on the immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines. Thirteen volunteers were preimmunized with Salmonella typhi Ty21a in order to evaluate the effects of prior immunization with the carrier strain. Then, they received three doses of 1-2 x 10(10) viable organisms of either the vaccine strain S. typhi Ty21a (pDB1) expressing subunits A and B of recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease (n = 9), or placebo strain S. typhi Ty21a (n = 4). Four volunteers were preimmunized and boosted with the vaccine strain S. typhi Ty21a (pDB1). No serious adverse effects were observed in any of the volunteers. Whereas none of the volunteers primed and boosted with the vaccine strain responded to the recombinant antigen, five of the nine volunteers preimmunized with the carrier strain showed cellular immune responses to H. pylori urease (56%). This supports the results of a previous study in non-preimmunized volunteers where 56% (five of nine) of the volunteers showed a cellular immune response to urease after immunisation with S. typhi Ty21a (pDB1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W G Metzger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Biologie, Schumannstrasse 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Antigen Delivery Systems II: Development of Live Recombinant Attenuated Bacterial Antigen and DNA Vaccine Delivery Vector Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG. Peptic Ulcers and Gastritis. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Jiang Z, Huang AL, Tao XH, Wang PL. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori by Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3464-9. [PMID: 15526366 PMCID: PMC4576228 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i23.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the serological response of patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases and Helicobocter pylori (H pylori) infection to two H pylori outer membrane proteins (OMPs) (Mr18000 and Mr26000) acquired by gene recombinant technique, and to determine the diagnostic significance of serological tests derived from these OMPs.
METHODS: Recombinant vectors encoding the two H pylori OMPs were used to transform and express in BL21 (DE3) E.coli. After purification with Ni2+-NTA agarose resin, colloid gold kits were prepared with purified recombinant proteins to detect H pylori infection and H pylori-associated diseases by the immunity-marker technology. We selected 150 patients with H pylori infection and digestive symptoms without previous treatment, including chronic gastritis (n = 60), duodenal ulcer (n = 30), gastric ulcer (n = 30), and gastric cancer (n = 30). As controls, 33 H pylori-negative healthy volunteers were also recruited. Serum samples were collected from all subjects, and the antibodies to specific proteins of H pylori were tested with the colloid gold test kits. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the colloid gold tests were evaluated, by using the combination of standard diagnostic methods (13C urea breath test and bacteria culture) and classic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as reference.
RESULTS: After purification with Ni2+-NTA agarose resin, the purity of recombinant fusion proteins was about 95%. The recombinant fusion proteins were recognized by the specific monoclonal antibodies against the two H pylori OMPs, as demonstrated by the ELISA. Of the 150 serum samples from patients infected with H pylori 141 (94.0%) responded positively to the recombinant protein with Mr26000, while the seropositive rates were 95.0%, 96.7%, 96.7% and 90.0% for patients with H pylori-associated chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the colloid gold kit with Mr26000 protein were 94.0%, 97.0%, and 94.5%, respectively. Compared with the classic ELISA, bacteria culture and 13C urea breath test results in detecting H pylori-infection, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). For the colloid gold kit with Mr18000, the seropositive rates were 52.0%, 40.0%, 40.0%, 53.3% and 86.7%, respectively, in H pylori-infected patients, and those with H pylori-associated chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in seropositivity between patient with gastric cancer (86.7%) and those with other diseases (43.3%).
CONCLUSION: The two colloid gold kits derived from the recombinant OMPs are useful tools either for detecting H pylori infection, or for, predicting H pylori-associated gastric malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Walduck A, Schmitt A, Lucas B, Aebischer T, Meyer TF. Transcription profiling analysis of the mechanisms of vaccine‐induced protection against
H. pylori. FASEB J 2004; 18:1955-7. [PMID: 15456742 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2321fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against H. pylori is regarded as desirable alternative to the current antibiotic therapy regimens. Mice immunized with an attenuated recombinant Salmonella typhimurium expressing H. pylori urease subunits A&B have dramatically reduced bacterial loads after a single dose. The mechanism(s) of protection against this largely extra-cellular pathogen are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify genes that were regulated specifically in response to immunization, in order to gain a broader picture of the immune response in the immunized gastric epithelium. Gene expression in RNA isolated from the gastric mucosa of immunized and infected Balb/c mice was compared with that in infected only mice at 1, 3, and 14 days after challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of H. pylori. We show that infection with H. pylori causes an immediate reaction in vivo, which was clearly divided into acute and chronic phases, and further that the transcriptional response in the H. pylori infected and immunized gastric mucosa is unique. Analysis of gene expression patterns at day 14 post-infection suggested not only the beginning of a lymphocytic infiltrate, but of an integrated epithelial response characterized by increased expression of genes controlling cell cycle and turnover. This observation was confirmed in independent experiments. The global approach has brought new insights to the effect of immunization on the gastric epithelium and has led us to propose a new multi-factorial model for the mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Walduck
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suzuki H, Nomura S, Masaoka T, Goshima H, Kamata N, Kodama Y, Ishii H, Kitajima M, Nomoto K, Hibi T. Effect of dietary anti-Helicobacter pylori-urease immunoglobulin Y on Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 Suppl 1:185-92. [PMID: 15298626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, chicken egg yolk was recognized as an inexpensive antibody source, and the therapeutic usefulness of egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in oral passive immunization has been investigated. Although multiple antibiotic treatments eradicate most Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections, therapy fails in 10-15% of cases due to the development of drug resistance. Consequently, it is important that new, more broadly based therapies for the treatment of H. pylori infection should be identified. The present study evaluated the effect, on H. pylori infection, of IgY prepared from egg yolk of hens immunized with H. pylori urease (anti-HpU IgY). Seventeen asymptomatic volunteers diagnosed as H. pylori-positive by the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) were orally administered anti-HpU IgY for 4 weeks. Four weeks later, UBT values were significantly decreased although no case showed H. pylori eradication. An H. pylori-positive 53-year-old female gastritis patient administered anti-HpU IgY plus lansoprazole for 8 weeks showed a decrease in serum pepsinogen (PG) I and UBT values as well as an increase in the PG I/II ratio. In conclusion, anti-HpU IgY may mitigate H. pylori-associated gastritis and partially attenuate gastric urease activity. Furthermore, anti-HpU IgY combined with antacids appears to ameliorate gastric inflammation. These encouraging results may represent a novel approach to the management of H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li GQ, Chen MH, Zhu SL, Chen J, Jiao ZY, Chen W, Hu PJ. Therapeutic vaccination against Helicobacter pylori infection with attenuated recombinant Salmonella typhimurium urease B subunit and catalase in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 5:72-5. [PMID: 15612661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-9573.2004.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of oral immunization with attenuated recombinant Salmonella typhimurium urease B subunit and catalase vaccines in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in a H. pylori infected mouse model. METHODS Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomized into three groups and challenged twice with oral administration of H. pylori within 3 days. Four weeks after the second challenge, the mice were immunized by oral administration of attenuated recombinant S. typhimurium urease B subunit (group A), attenuated recombinant S. typhimurium catalase (group B) or saline (group C), and all mice were killed 4 weeks later. The stomachs were collected for a rapid urease test, modified Giemsa staining and quantitative culture to observe the density of H. pylori, hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to assess the presence of inflammation and lymphocytes from the spleen were used for the lymphoproliferation assay. RESULTS The gastric H. pylori density of groups A, B and C was 1.58 x 10(5) c.f.u./g, 4.88 x 10(5) c.f.u./g and 1.92 x 10(6) c.f.u./g, respectively. The H. pylori density was significantly decreased in the therapeutic groups (P < 0.05). No significant inflammation was found in any group of mice. The lymphoproliferation assays of groups A and B were positive. CONCLUSION Immunization with oral attenuated recombinant S. typhimurium urease B subunit and catalase vaccines is effective in reducing the density of H. pylori colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen M, Chen J, Liao W, Zhu S, Yu J, Leung WK, Hu P, Sung JJY. Immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing catalase in protection against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Helicobacter 2003; 8:613-25. [PMID: 14632677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2003.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the protective effect of live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing catalase against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in mice, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of the protective immune reaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The H. pylori catalase gene was introduced into attenuated S. typhimurium strain SL3261. C57BL/6 mice were orally immunized with the SL3261 vaccine strain expressing catalase or with SL3261 alone or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after immunization and 5 weeks after H. pylori challenge, respectively. RESULTS All PBS control mice were infected. Eight of 13 (61.5%) mice immunized with the SL3261 vaccine strain and three of 14 (21%) mice immunized with SL3261 alone showed protection against H. pylori infection. Serum anti-H. pylori IgG2a levels of S. typhimurium-immunized mice were higher than those of PBS controls, both before and after H. pylori challenge, while there were no differences for IgG1 and IgA. Similarly, mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and interferon-gamma in the gastric mucosa of S. typhimurium-immunized mice was significantly higher than that of PBS controls both before and after challenge. Moreover, S. typhimurium-immunized mice were characterized by marked infiltration of lymphocyte and mononuclear cells in the gastric mucosa after challenge. IL-4 and IL-10 were not detected in any of the three groups. IL-6 expression was increased in the PBS group compared with the S. typhimurium-immunized groups after challenge. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that oral immunization of mice with catalase delivered by an attenuated S. typhimurium strain offers protection against H. pylori infection. This protective immunity was mediated through a predominantly Th1-type response and was associated with post-immunization gastritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang Z, Pu D, Huang AL, Tao XH, Wang PL. Cloning, expression and antigenic analysis of heat shock protein A gene of human Helicobacter pylori. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1480-1484. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct a recombinant vector containing gene encoding heat shock protein A with a Mr of 13 000 from human Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and express it in E. coli BL21, and to explore the antigenicity.
METHODS The target gene was amplified from H pylori chromosome by PCR, and then inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a (+) digested by restrictive endonuclease enzymes of kpn I, BamH I simultaneously. The recombinant vector was transformed and expressed in E.coli BL21.The antigenicity of recombinant fusion protein was analysed by Western blot.
RESULTS Enzyme digestion and sequencing analysis showed that the target gene has been inserted into the recombinant vector, but as compared with the gene reported by GenBank, 1.6% of gene mutation and 1.6% of amino acid residues change in H pylori occurred, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the recombinant vector could be expressed in E.coli BL21, the relative molecular mass (Mr) of expressed product was 33×103, while Mr of protein expressed by pET32a (+) was about 20×103, and soluble fusion expression product accounted for 18.96% of total bacterial protein. After purification with Ni+-NTA agarose resin, the purity of recombinant fusion protein was about 95%. Western blot result showed that recombinant fusion protein could be recognized by anti-H pylori positive serum, suggesting that the protein had good antigenicity.
CONCLUSION The gene encoding H pylori heat shock protein A has been cloned and expressed successfully. The results lay the foundation for development of H pylori protein vaccine and a quick diagnostic kit for detection of H pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Institute of Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pi-Long Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bai Y, Huang W, Lin HJ, Wang JD, Chen Y, Zhang ZS, Zhou DY, Zhang YL. Construction of clone expressing adhesin Hsp60 of Helicobacter pylori. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:547-550. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct a recombinant vector containing gene encoding Hsp60 gene of Helicobacter pylori and to express the vector in E.coli BL21.
METHODS The Hsp60 gene was amplified from H.pylori chromosome by PCR and inserted into the prokaryotie expression vector pET-22b (+). The recombinant vector was transformed and expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3). Recombinant Hsp60 protein immunogenicity was studied by Western blot.
RESULTS The 1.6 kb Hsp60 gene was successfully isolated. Recombinant E.coli strains expressed Hsp60 were obtained, the expression protein amounted to 27.2% of the total bacterial protein after induced with IPTG for 3 h at 37 ℃, which included inclusion body and soluble protein. Inclusion body was the major pattern of the expression that amounted to 76.6% of the insoluble protein. Western blot analysis of rHsp60 confirmed that it could be specially recognized by serum from Hp infected patients.
CONCLUSION The gene coding for Hp Hsp60 is cloned and expressed successfully. The results obtained lay the foundation for constructing the H.pylori vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Huang
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan-Jian Lin
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ji-De Wang
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye Chen
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhao-San Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dian-Yuan Zhou
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- PLA Institute for Digestive Medicine, the First Military Medical Univercity, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin JH, Yang M, Nam SW, Kim JT, Myung NH, Bang WG, Roe IH. Use of egg yolk-derived immunoglobulin as an alternative to antibiotic treatment for control of Helicobacter pylori infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1061-6. [PMID: 12204960 PMCID: PMC120060 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.5.1061-1066.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential use of immunoglobulin prepared from the egg yolk of hens immunized with Helicobacter pylori (immunoglobulin Y [IgY]-Hp) in the treatment of H. pylori infections. The purity of our purified IgY-Hp was 91.3%, with a yield of 9.4 mg of IgY per ml of egg yolk. The titer for IgY-Hp was 16 times higher than that for IgY in egg yolk from nonimmunized hens, and IgY-Hp significantly inhibited the growth and urease activity of H. pylori in vitro. Bacterial adhesion on AGS cells was definitely reduced by preincubation of both H. pylori (10(8) CFU/ml) and 10 mg of IgY-Hp/ml. In Mongolian gerbil models, IgY-Hp decreased H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal injury as determined by the degree of lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, in this experimental model, H. pylori-associated gastritis could be successfully treated by orally administered IgY-Hp. The immunological activity of IgY-Hp stayed active at 60 degrees C for 10 min, suggesting that pasteurization can be applied to sterilize the product. Fortification of food products with this immunoglobulin would significantly decrease the H. pylori infection. In conclusion, the IgY-Hp obtained from hens immunized by H. pylori could provide a novel alternative approach to treatment of H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Shin
- Research Center for Gastroenterology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kjaergaard K, Hasman H, Schembri MA, Klemm P. Antigen 43-mediated autotransporter display, a versatile bacterial cell surface presentation system. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:4197-204. [PMID: 12107137 PMCID: PMC135209 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.15.4197-4204.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen 43 (Ag43), a self-recognizing outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, has been converted into an efficient and versatile tool for surface display of foreign protein segments. Ag43 is an autotransporter protein characterized by the feature that all information required for transport to the outer membrane and secretion through the cell envelope is contained within the protein itself. Ag43 consists of two subunits (alpha and beta), where the beta-subunit forms an integral outer membrane translocator to which the alpha-subunit is noncovalently attached. The simplicity of the Ag43 system makes it ideally suited as a surface display scaffold. Here we demonstrate that the Ag43 alpha-module can accommodate and display correctly folded inserts and has the ability to display entire functional protein domains, exemplified by the FimH lectin domain. The presence of heterologous cysteine bridges does not interfere with surface display, and Ag43 chimeras are correctly processed into alpha- and beta-modules, offering optional and easy release of the chimeric alpha-subunits. Furthermore, Ag43 can be displayed in many gram-negative bacteria. This feature is exploited for display of our chimeras in an attenuated Salmonella strain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics
- Adhesins, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Adhesins, Bacterial/metabolism
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/isolation & purification
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Fimbriae Proteins
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Lectins
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Salmonella enterica/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kjaergaard
- Microbial Adhesion Group, Section of Molecular Microbiology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Vaccines are by definition prophylactic, but in recent years an interest has developed in therapeutic vaccines for infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, as well as gastric ulcers, cancer (with different approaches to combat various types of malignancy) and autoimmune diseases (a definite success was the development of a vaccine against multiple sclerosis) and there are potential vaccines in development for myasthenia gravis, lupus and diabetes. Therapeutic vaccines are also being developed against cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases and Huntington's disease. All of these efforts are based on the therapeutic vaccine being closely related chemically to the etiological agent that causes the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sela
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|