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Mtshali A, Ngcapu S, Osman F, Garrett N, Singh R, Rompalo A, Mindel A, Liebenberg LJP. Genital HSV-1 DNA detection is associated with a low inflammatory profile in HIV-uninfected South African women. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 97:33-37. [PMID: 32848051 PMCID: PMC7841484 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are common in South Africa and worldwide. While HSV-2 is known to cause genital lesions, HSV-1 is better known to cause oral infections. Due to the global rise in genital HSV-1 infections, we aimed to compare the genital cytokine environment associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections and their relation to the proinflammatory genital immune environment associated with HIV risk in African women. METHODS HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were detected by quantitative real-time PCR in menstrual cup specimens collected from 251 HIV-negative women participating in the CAPRISA 083 study in Durban, South Africa. HSV shedding was defined as detection at >150 copies/mL. Forty-eight cytokines were measured in genital fluid by multiplexed ELISA, and multivariable regression models determined associations between genital cytokines and HSV DNA detection. RESULTS HSV-1 DNA detection (24/251 (9.6%)) and shedding (13/24 (54.2%)) was more common than HSV-2 (detection in 14/251 (5.6%), shedding in 0/14). None of the women with detectable HSV had evidence of genital lesions. HSV-2 DNA detection was associated with increased interleukin (IL)-18 and decreased cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine concentrations, but only in univariable analysis. By contrast, in both univariable and multivariable analyses, the detection of HSV-1 DNA was associated with reduced concentrations of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, IL-7, IL-4, platelet-derived growth factor-ββ and five proinflammatory cytokines associated with HIV risk: IL-6, IL-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS That HSV-1 DNA was more commonly detected and shed than HSV-2 emphasises the need for clinical screening of both viruses, not just HSV-2 in young women. Efforts to reduce genital inflammation may need to consider implementing additional strategies to mitigate a rise in HSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile Mtshali
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Farzana Osman
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KwaZulu-Natal Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anne Rompalo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian Mindel
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lenine J P Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Abusarah J, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet? Gerontology 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Keating SM, Jacobs ES, Norris PJ. Soluble mediators of inflammation in HIV and their implications for therapeutics and vaccine development. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:193-206. [PMID: 22743035 PMCID: PMC3418433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
From early in the HIV epidemic it was appreciated that many inflammatory markers such as neopterin and TNF-α were elevated in patients with AIDS. With the advent of modern technology able to measure a broad array of cytokines, we now know that from the earliest points of infection HIV induces a cytokine storm. This review will focus on how cytokines are disturbed in HIV infection and will explore potential therapeutic uses of cytokines. These factors can be used directly as therapy during HIV infection, either to suppress viral replication or prevent deleterious immune effects of infection, such as CD4+ T cell depletion. Cytokines also show great promise as adjuvants in the development of HIV vaccines, which would be critical for the eventual control of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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Westwood JA, Berry LJ, Wang LX, Duong CP, Pegram HJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Enhancing adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:531-45. [PMID: 20132063 DOI: 10.1517/14712591003610622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have contributed much to cancer treatment. However, these treatment modalities fail in a large proportion of patients, and there is a great need for effective alternate therapies. Adoptive immunotherapy can be effective against some cancers that have failed all other treatment options, even when disease burdens are massive. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review gives a brief introduction of the historical origins of adoptive immunotherapy and then provides details of strategies for increasing the potency of cell transfer. Approaches for enhancing adoptive immunotherapy include: selecting the right type of cell; providing cytokine support; preconditioning patients and tuning the tumor microenvironment. The review also provides insights into the safety, feasibility and costs of this form of therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This article will give the reader an appreciation of the potential of adoptive immunotherapy, as well as an understanding of some limitations and current approaches for optimizing the effectiveness of this approach. TAKE HOME MESSAGE With recent developments in knowledge of the interactions between the immune system and tumors, the field of adoptive immunotherapy is now poised to make dramatic contributions to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Westwood
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Research Program, St. Andrews Place, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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5
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Sportès C, Babb RR, Krumlauf MC, Hakim FT, Steinberg SM, Chow CK, Brown MR, Fleisher TA, Noel P, Maric I, Stetler-Stevenson M, Engel J, Buffet R, Morre M, Amato RJ, Pecora A, Mackall CL, Gress RE. Phase I study of recombinant human interleukin-7 administration in subjects with refractory malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:727-35. [PMID: 20068111 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-7 (IL-7) has critical and nonredundant roles in T-cell development, hematopoiesis, and postdevelopmental immune functions as a prototypic homeostatic cytokine. Based on a large body of preclinical evidence, it may have multiple therapeutic applications in immunodeficiency states, either physiologic (immunosenescence), pathologic (HIV), or iatrogenic (postchemotherapy and posthematopoietic stem cell transplant), and may have roles in immune reconstitution or enhancement of immunotherapy. We report here on the toxicity and biological activity of recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) in humans. DESIGN Subjects with incurable malignancy received rhIL-7 subcutaneously every other day for 2 weeks in a phase I interpatient dose escalation study (3, 10, 30, and 60 microg/kg/dose). The objectives were safety and dose-limiting toxicity determination, identification of a range of biologically active doses, and characterization of biological and, possibly, antitumor effects. RESULTS Mild to moderate constitutional symptoms, reversible spleen and lymph node enlargement, and marked increase in peripheral CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) lymphocytes were seen in a dose-dependent and age-independent manner in all subjects receiving >or=10 microg/kg/dose, resulting in a rejuvenated circulating T-cell profile, resembling that seen earlier in life. In some subjects, rhIL-7 induced in the bone marrow a marked, transient polyclonal proliferation of pre-B cells showing a spectrum of maturation as well as an increase in circulating transitional B cells. CONCLUSION This study shows the potent biological activity of rhIL-7 in humans over a well-tolerated dose range and allows further exploration of its possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sportès
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1203, USA.
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6
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Vaccari M, Franchini G. Memory T cells in Rhesus macaques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:126-44. [PMID: 20795545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the best studied species of Old World monkeys. DNA sequencing of the entire Rhesus macaque genome, completed in 2007, has demonstrated that humans and macaques share about 93% of their nucleotide sequence. Rhesus macaques have been widely used for medical research including drug testing, neurology, behavioral and cognitive science, reproduction, xenotransplantation and genetics. Because of the Rhesus macaque's sensitivity to bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause similar disease in humans, these animals represent an excellent model to study infectious diseases. The recent pandemic of HIV and the discovery of SIV, a lentivirus genetically related to HIV Type 1 that causes AIDS in Rhesus macaques, have prompted the development of reagents that can be used to study innate and adaptive immune responses in macaques at the single cell level. This review will focus on the distribution of memory cells in the different immunologic compartments of Rhesus macaques. In addition, the strategies available to manipulate memory cells in Rhesus macaques to understand their trafficking and function will be discussed. Emphasis is placed on studies of memory cells in macaques infected with SIV because many studies are available. Lastly, we highlight the usefulness of the Rhesus macaque model in studies related to the aging of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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7
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Abdul-Hai A, Weiss L, Ben-Yehuda A, Ergas D, Shapira MY, Slavin S. Interleukin-7 induced facilitation of immunological reconstitution of sublethally irradiated mice following treatment with alloreactive spleen cells in a murine model of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL1). Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40:881-9. [PMID: 17704792 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) plays a key role in maturation and function of both T and B cells. We investigate the potential use of recombinant human IL-7 for facilitation of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects mediated by T cells following transplantation in a murine model. Administration of IL-7 in vivo to allogeneic-transplanted mice improved disease-free survival: 67% of mice treated with IL-7 remained alive and disease free for more than 60 days, in comparison to 17% of the controls (P<0.05). Similar results were obtained when C57BL/6 spleen cells sensitized against irradiated B-cell leukemia (BCL(1)) cells in the presence of IL-7 were transplanted to F(1) mice, followed by IL-7 treatment in vivo. Of the BALB/c mice that received spleen cells from F(1) mice treated with IL-7 following transplantation of C57BL/6 spleen cells sensitized with irradiated BCL(1) in the presence of IL-7, only 29% developed leukemia, as compared to 79% in the control group (P<0.05). Mice treated with IL-7 showed increased splenic and thymic cellularity and improved T cell-dependent proliferative responses compared to the controls (P<0.05). IL-7 may provide a novel tool to enhance immune reconstitution following transplantation of mismatched stem cells and for enhancement of GVL effects mediated by alloreactive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdul-Hai
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Transplantation Research Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Abstract
IL-7 is a member of the common gamma-chain family of cytokines sharing a common gamma-chain in their receptor. Beyond its long-established pivotal role in immune development, it has been more recently recognized as a critically important regulator of peripheral naïve and memory T cell homeostasis while its role in postdevelopment thymic function remains at best, poorly defined, and controversial. Its multiple immune-enhancing properties, most notably in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis, make it a very attractive candidate for immunotherapy in a wide variety of clinical situations. Following many years of rich preclinical data in murine and simian models, IL-7 is now emerging in human phase I trials as a very promising immunotherapeutic agent. Human in vivo data discussed here are derived from the phase I study initiated at the National Cancer Institute in collaboration with Cytheris, Inc., in a cohort of subjects with incurable malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sportès
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Henson SM, Snelgrove R, Hussell T, Wells DJ, Aspinall R. An IL-7 fusion protein that shows increased thymopoietic ability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4112-8. [PMID: 16148161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-7 during thymopoiesis has led to it being the focus of a number of therapeutic interventions. However, its small size and pleiotropic nature present problems for thymus-directed therapies. We have created a fusion molecule between the extracellular N-terminal domain of CCR9 and IL-7, which has the potential to overcome these difficulties. This novel fusion protein retains the thymopoietic activity of IL-7 and the ligand-binding ability of CCR9. As a thymopoietic agent, compared with IL-7, it shows an enhanced retention in the thymus, increased de novo T cell production, and increased thymic output. Old mice receiving the fusion protein show improved CD8 T cell responses and reduced viral load after infection with influenza virus compared with those receiving IL-7. This chimeric molecule offers a novel therapeutic strategy that may result in the production of an effective immunorestorative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M Henson
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Lu H, Zhao Z, Kalina T, Gillespy T, Liggitt D, Andrews RG, Maloney DG, Kiem HP, Storek J. Interleukin-7 improves reconstitution of antiviral CD4 T cells. Clin Immunol 2005; 114:30-41. [PMID: 15596407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether long-term (2 months) administration of interleukin-7 (IL7) hastens immune recovery in baboons rendered severely lymphopenic by total body irradiation and antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Four baboons were treated with recombinant baboon IL7 and three baboons with placebo. Median CD4 T cell count at the end of IL7/placebo treatment was higher in the IL7-treated animals (2262 vs. 618/microl, P = 0.03). This appeared to be a result of peripheral expansion rather than de novo generation. Median cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific IFNgamma-producing CD4 T cell count at the end of IL7/placebo treatment was higher in the IL7-treated animals (122 vs. 1/microl, P = 0.03). All animals were pretransplant cytomegalovirus-seropositive. One animal died at the end of IL7 treatment; necropsy showed extensive T cell infiltration of kidneys and lungs. In conclusion, IL7 stimulates the expansion of CD4 T cells, including functional antiviral cells. Clinical risk-benefit ratio needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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van den Brink MRM, Alpdogan O, Boyd RL. Strategies to enhance T-cell reconstitution in immunocompromised patients. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:856-67. [PMID: 15516965 DOI: 10.1038/nri1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune deficiency, together with its associated risks such as infections, is becoming an increasingly important clinical problem owing to the ageing of the general population and the increasing number of patients with HIV/AIDS, malignancies (especially those treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy) or transplants (of either solid organs or haematopoietic stem cells). Of all immune cells, T cells are the most often affected, leading to a prolonged deficiency of T cells, which has important clinical consequences. Accordingly, strategies to improve the recovery and function of T cells, as we discuss here, should have a direct impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality of many patients and should increase the efficacy of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccinations against microbial pathogens or tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel R M van den Brink
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Box 111-Kettering 406D, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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12
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Moniuszko M, Fry T, Tsai WP, Morre M, Assouline B, Cortez P, Lewis MG, Cairns S, Mackall C, Franchini G. Recombinant interleukin-7 induces proliferation of naive macaque CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. J Virol 2004; 78:9740-9. [PMID: 15331707 PMCID: PMC515001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.9740-9749.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) regulates T-cell homeostasis, and its availability is augmented in lymphopenic hosts. Naive CD8+ T cells transferred to lymphopenic mice acquire a memory-like phenotype, raising the possibility that IL-7 is the biological mediator of this effect. Here, we provide direct evidence that IL-7 induces the acquisition of memory-cell markers not only in CD8+ T cells but also in CD4+ T-cell subsets in immune-competent Indian rhesus macaques. The increase of these memory-like populations was dependent on the dose of the cytokine, and these cells were found in the blood as well as secondary lymphoid organs. Memory-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquired the ability to secrete tumor necrosis factor alpha and, to a lesser extent, gamma interferon following stimulation with a cognate antigen. The phenotypic change observed in naive T cells was promptly reversed after discontinuation of IL-7. Importantly, IL-7 induced cycling of both CD4+ and CD8+ central memory and effector memory T cells, demonstrating its contribution to the maintenance of the entire T-cell pool. Thus, IL-7 may be of benefit in the treatment of iatrogenic or virus-induced T-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Moniuszko
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 41, Rm. D804, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA
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13
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Melchionda F, Fry TJ, Mackall CL. Harnessing the immune modulatory effects of IL7 for immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1049(03)00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Broers AEC, Posthumus-van Sluijs SJ, Spits H, van der Holt B, Löwenberg B, Braakman E, Cornelissen JJ. Interleukin-7 improves T-cell recovery after experimental T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation in T-cell-deficient mice by strong expansion of recent thymic emigrants. Blood 2003; 102:1534-40. [PMID: 12714515 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) has been shown to enhance thymic output of newly developed T cells following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in mice. In addition, IL-7 may affect peripheral expansion of T cells. In order to study the relative contribution of thymopoiesis versus peripheral T-cell expansion in the setting of compromised thymopoiesis, we have applied IL-7 in an experimental stem cell transplantation model using T cell-deficient RAG-1(-/-) mice. C57BL/6 RAG-1(-/-) mice received transplants of syngeneic T-cell-depleted (TCD) bone marrow (Ly5.1) with or without supplemented T cells (Ly5.2). IL-7 was administered until day 63 after BMT. Peripheral blood T- and B-cell recovery was quantified by flow cytometry and thymopoiesis was studied by quantification of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs). In mice receiving a T-cell-replete BMT, IL-7 selectively expanded mature CD45.2+ T cells without affecting the recovery of new bone marrow-derived CD45.1+ T cells. In contrast, IL-7 significantly enhanced the recovery of bone marrow-derived T cells after TCD BMT. Quantification of TRECs in mice receiving a TCD BMT revealed that enhanced T-cell recovery following IL-7 treatment resulted from a strong expansion of newly developed naive T cells. These results suggest that peripheral expansion of recent thymic emigrants or mature T cells may be a preferential mechanism by which IL-7 enhances T-cell recovery after BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoek E C Broers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Storek J, Gillespy T, Lu H, Joseph A, Dawson MA, Gough M, Morris J, Hackman RC, Horn PA, Sale GE, Andrews RG, Maloney DG, Kiem HP. Interleukin-7 improves CD4 T-cell reconstitution after autologous CD34 cell transplantation in monkeys. Blood 2003; 101:4209-18. [PMID: 12543864 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, interleukin-7 (IL-7) hastens T-cell reconstitution and might cause autoimmune diseases, lymphoma, and osteoporosis. We assessed the effect of IL-7 on T-cell reconstitution and toxicity in baboons that underwent total body irradiation followed by autologous transplantation of marrow CD34 cells. Three baboons received placebo and 3 baboons received recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 75 microg/kg twice a day subcutaneously) between 6 and 10 weeks after transplantation. The mean increase in blood absolute CD4 T-cell counts was 0.9-fold in the placebo-treated animals versus 9.0-fold in those treated with IL-7 (P =.02). The increase observed in the IL-7-treated animals appeared attributable to peripheral expansion rather than de novo generation. The IL-7-treated animals had greater mean increases in the volumes of the spleen (2.0-fold with placebo versus 4.5-fold with IL-7, P =.02) and lymph nodes (1.8-fold with placebo versus 4.1-fold with IL-7, P =.10) but not the thymus (3.4-fold with placebo versus 1.1-fold with IL-7, P =.18). Side effects of IL-7 included thrombocytopenia and possibly neutropenia and hemolytic anemia. One IL-7-treated animal failed to thrive due to a disease resembling graft-versus-host disease. No animals developed lymphoma. Bone density was not decreased. In conclusion, IL-7 raises CD4 T-cell counts in irradiated primates. It remains to be determined whether this is associated with clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Storek
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Fry
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1928, USA.
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17
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Lucas KG, Barrett JC. Adoptive immunotherapy for EBV-associated malignancies. Cancer Treat Res 2000; 101:203-32. [PMID: 10800651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4987-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Lucas
- University of Alabama-Birmingham, USA
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18
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Mohamedi SA, Brewer JM, Alexander J, Heath AW, Jennings R. Antibody responses, cytokine levels and protection of mice immunised with HSV-2 antigens formulated into NISV or ISCOM delivery systems. Vaccine 2000; 18:2083-94. [PMID: 10715522 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of a type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) antigen preparation following its formulation into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) or non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) was investigated in a murine model. The immune responses induced by each formulation were characterised by antigen specific total and subclass serum responses, and by lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine (interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) production by in vitro restimulated spleen cells. The degree of protection afforded to mice by these various HSV-2 vaccine preparations against homologous (HSV-2) and heterologous (HSV-1) challenge infection was also determined. The findings suggest that formulation of the HSV-2 glycoprotein antigens with ISCOM or NISV delivery vehicles, and the methods used to prepare these formulations, influenced the immunogenicity of the final preparation. Higher IgG2a and neutralising antibody levels, IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels and lymphoproliferative responses were noted in mice immunised with the HSV-2 ISCOM formulated vaccine preparation. Furthermore, although HSV-2 antigens formulated in dehydration-rehydration NISV, or entrapped in NISV by freeze-thawing at 30 degrees C (HSV-2 NISV 30), also elicited relatively high antibody, IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels and relatively high lymphoproliferative responses, formulation of HSV-2 antigens by freeze-thawing with NISV at 60 degrees C (HSV-2 NISV 60) did not. There were no differences between any of the HSV-2 vaccine formulations in terms of IL-4 induction in in vitro stimulated spleen cell cultures. Almost complete protection against HSV-2 challenge was afforded by the HSV-2 ISCOM preparation, while partial protection against challenge infection was afforded by the HSV-2 NISV 30 vaccine formulation. The findings are discussed in relation to the nature of the immune mechanisms, particularly Th1- or Th2-like responses, that may be elicited by HSV-2 antigen preparations formulated into various delivery systems and the relevance of these immune responses to protection against HSV infection in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mohamedi
- Sheffield Institute for Vaccine Studies, Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Floor 'F', University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, UK
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