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Wang J, Zhang H, Cai J, Li J, Sun B, Wu F. Effects of different carbon substrates on PAHs fractions and microbial community changes in PAHs-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121367. [PMID: 36858100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Different types of carbon substrates were widely used in soil remediation. However, differences of their impacts and related mechanisms on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microbial community structures in contaminated soil still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of corn straw (S), glucose (G), straw combined with glucose (SG), and sodium azide (N, as an abiotic control) on PAHs fractions and bacterial communities in soil. After 70 days' microcosm experiments, total PAHs concentrations were significantly reduced by 30.9%, 19.5% and 44.6% under S, G and SG treatments. Water soluble, acid soluble and residual PAHs under all treatments were significantly decreased after 70 days of incubation, while organically bound PAHs were increased by 11.4%, 22.7% and 36.1% under G, S and SG treatments. Additionally, straw and glucose application increased relative abundance related PAHs-degrading bacteria and the copy numbers of gram-negative (PAHs-RHDα GN) and gram-positive genes (PAHs-RHDα GP) in the contaminated soil. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Random Forest (RF) indicated that PAHs fractions are crucial factors for biodegradation of PAHs in PAHs-contaminated soils amended with carbon substrates. These suggested that carbon substrates contributed to PAHs conversion from residual PAHs (nonlabile fractions) to organically bound PAHs and thus increased the potential for PAHs conversion to water-soluble and organic acid-soluble PAHs, which were more easy to be utilized by soil microorganisms. This study revealed the new insights of different carbon substrates on degradation and dynamic changes of PAHs fractions and the better potential of combined application of straw and glucose in enhancing degradation of PAHs in PAHs-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Institute of Eco-environment and Industrial Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University/Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jun Cai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Benhua Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Gu R, Duo L, Guo X, Zou Z, Zhao D. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity between agricultural carbon emission efficiency and food security in Henan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:49470-49486. [PMID: 36780085 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
It is significant to investigate the coupling and coordination between agricultural carbon emission efficiency (ACEE) and food security and to achieve peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality in agriculture as early as possible while ensuring national food security. The Super-SBM (slack-based model) and the comprehensive index method were used to measure the ACEE and food security level in Henan province from 2010 to 2020. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) and the relative state of ACEE and food security were analyzed using the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) and the relative development degree model (RDDM). In addition, the interaction between ACEE and food security and the spatial-temporal heterogeneity were analyzed by combining with the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model. The results showed that: Firstly, the overall level of ACEE was high, and the spatial heterogeneity of ACEE was significant. The spatial pattern of food security is relatively stable, with high levels in the south and low levels in the north. Secondly, The CCD between ACEE and food security in Henan province generally shows a decreasing trend. In the spatial dimension, the CCD between ACEE and food security in Henan province exhibits a spatial divergence characteristic of low in the center and high in the north and south, with significant regional variations. Finally, there is spatial and temporal heterogeneity between ACEE and food security. The regression coefficients differ significantly among different cities, the regression coefficients do not show a consistent positive or negative correlation, and the regression coefficients are distributed both positively and negatively. This study serves as a guide for achieving the goal of double carbon in agriculture and ensuring food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Gu
- Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving Around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.,Resource and Environmental Strategy Research Center of Jiangxi Soft Science Research and Cultivation Base, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.,Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Linghua Duo
- Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving Around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China. .,Resource and Environmental Strategy Research Center of Jiangxi Soft Science Research and Cultivation Base, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China. .,Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Monitoring and Improving Around Poyang Lake of Ministry of Natural Resources, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.,Resource and Environmental Strategy Research Center of Jiangxi Soft Science Research and Cultivation Base, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.,Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zili Zou
- Resource and Environmental Strategy Research Center of Jiangxi Soft Science Research and Cultivation Base, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Dongxue Zhao
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
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Chen ZD, Chen F. Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of low carbon technologies under rice production systems in China. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 17:19. [PMID: 36482223 PMCID: PMC9733099 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, such as farmers' livelihood and the soil quality, has been identified to be strong influenced by climate change in China. However, the benefits of low carbon technologies (LCTs) are still debatable in rice production for farmers, which have been identified to tackle agricultural challenges. The choice of potential LCTs relevant to the case study is based on a literature review of previous empirical studies. Thus, the objectives of the study were to (1) investigate the public perception and preferences of LCTs in rice production of China, and (2) analyze the influences of the factors on farmer's decision in adopting LCTs in rice production. There were 555 farmer surveys from eight representative rice production counties in HP province of southern China, both the Poisson estimators and multivariate probit (MVP) approach were applied in the study. RESULTS Our results show that water-saving irrigation, integrated pest management techniques and planting green manure crops in winter season were the three major LCTs adapted by farmers in rice production. The intensity and probability of LCTs adoptions were influenced by the main factors including farmers' education level, climate change awareness, machinery ownership, technical support and subsidies. There is a significant correlation among the LCTs, and the adoption of the technologies is interdependent, depicting either complementarities or substitutabilities between the practices. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that policies enhance the integration of LCTs would be central to farmers' knowledge, environmental concerns, technical service and financial support in rice production systems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Du Chen
- China National Rice Research Institution, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing, China.
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Yang Y, Liu H, Dai Y, Tian H, Zhou W, Lv J. Soil organic carbon transformation and dynamics of microorganisms under different organic amendments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141719. [PMID: 32858285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic amendments (OAs) application is a practical strategy to improve soil organic carbon (SOC) in agriculture. The present study evaluated the impact of different OAs on the transformation of carbon and the dynamics of microorganisms in a 77-day incubation experiment. The OA treatments applied included wheat straw (U + WS), pig manure (U + PM), compost (U + CP), and improved compost (U + IC), and the no amendment group was the CK. After incubation, the SOC increased significantly in the U + WS group, but the other OA treatments had no significant effect relative to the CK. Among the OA treatments, U + CP and U + IC had lower CO2-C cumulative mineralization and the highest humification of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). U + PM had the lowest SOC content and the lowest aromatization of DOC. Redundancy analyses (RDA) showed that the CO2-C cumulative mineralization directly influenced the DOC, extracted organic carbon (EOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in all treatments. Proteobacteria positively correlated with SOC and MBC, Bacteroidetes were significantly related to DOC, and Gemmatimonadetes had a significant negative relationship with CO2-C cumulative mineralization. These results showed that U + CP and U + IC were more conducive to carbon sequestration, and U + PM was the most unfavourable during the incubation. Wheat straw played an important role in the steady improvement of the SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Hexiang Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Haixia Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Jialong Lv
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.
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Ali B, Ullah A, Khan D. Does the prevailing Indian agricultural ecosystem cause carbon dioxide emission? A consent towards risk reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4691-4703. [PMID: 32944863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, due to the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, the global environment has changed dramatically. As a result, climate change, global warming, and environmental degradation-like issues have been raised. Presumably, human beings, as well as the agricultural ecosystem, become most vulnerable to these issues. In this context, the study focuses on the nexus between Indian's agricultural ecosystem and carbon dioxide emission. For the purpose of this study, annual time series data over the time span from 1990 to 2014 was used. The modern techniques, for instance, Johansen, ARDL, and Granger causality, were employed. The Johansen test and ARDL model suggest that carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural ecosystems are co-integrated. In the short run, the ARDL model suggests that a 1% increase in biomass-burned crop residues, total pesticides, and stock of livestock would increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.26, 0.3, and 6.58% respectively. The residual diagnostics tests suggest that the ARDL model is stable, reliable, and credible in the present form. The results of the granger causality show that a unidirectional causality was found between carbon dioxide and total heads of livestock, all animal manure applied to the soil, agricultural technology, and total pesticide used in the agricultural sector. In contrast, bidirectional causality was found between the production of biomass-burned crop residues and carbon dioxide emission. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should take preemptive action to reduce the risk of environmental pollution and degradation through synchronized strategies particularly by reducing the amount of biomass-burned crop residues and usage of total pesticides in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Ali
- Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
- Department of Economics, Preston University, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Khan
- Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 26000, Pakistan.
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Evaluation of the Objectives and Concerns of Farmers to Apply Different Agricultural Managements in Olive Groves: The Case of Estepa Region (Southern, Spain). LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olive groves are representative of the landscape and culture of Spain. They occupy 2.5 M ha (1.5 M ha in Andalusia) and are characterised by their multifunctionality. In recent years, socio-economic and environmental factors (i.e., erosion) have compromised their sustainability, leading farmers to abandon their farms or intensify their management. The main objective/purpose of this research was to study the drivers and concerns that condition farmers’ choice of a given olive grove management model. Taking the Estepa region as a case study (Andalusia, Spain), surveys were conducted among farmers with integrated and organic managed olive groves. The socio-economic aspects were the main objectives and concerns of the farmers with integrated olive groves. In the case of farmers with organic management, conservation objectives prevailed, and their concerns were oriented to environmental threats. The education level was a key factor in the adoption of given farm management, as it increased the level of environmental awareness. In the context of multifunctional agriculture, it would be desirable to increase this awareness of the environmental threats against olive groves, in order to provide incentives for the implementation of agri-environmental practices that would enhance the sustainability of these systems.
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Kiran Kumara TM, Kandpal A, Pal S. A meta-analysis of economic and environmental benefits of conservation agriculture in South Asia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110773. [PMID: 32560994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture plays a key role in ensuring food and livelihood security in South Asia. However, this region is vulnerable to climate change which is likely to impact the livelihoods of millions of marginal and small holders. Agriculture is not only impacted by climate change but also one of the major contributor to global warming in South Asia. As compared to the traditional practices, Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices help mitigate the impact of climate change through a reduction in carbon emission and conservation of natural resources. In this article, a meta-analysis of the important studies was done for the impact of CA on carbon sequestration, water use, greenhouse gas emissions and cost and net returns. Carbon sequestration potential was found significantly higher in the CA practices (+16.30%) as compared to the conventional tillage. Inclusion of legumes, clay-rich soils, irrigation and presence of soil cover are the major drivers for higher carbon sequestration potential in the region. Additionally, a significant amount of water was also saved as CA practices led to relatively less consumption of water over the conventional tillage. Further, the adoption of CA based management practices resulted in a substantial reduction of CO2 (-4.28%) and CH4 (-25.67%) emissions both in aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. However, the emission of NO2 and N2O-N gases were higher under the CA, +14.45 and + 5.20% respectively. Nevertheless, the emission of N2O-N was lesser in CA (-1.78%) under aerobic conditions whereas it is increased under anaerobic soil conditions (+12.15%). The adoption of CA practices resulted in higher returns and lower costs as compared to the conventional system. Although CA has significant environmental benefits, the study suggests judicious use of inorganic inputs under CA for managing the impact of climate change in South Asia. Therefore, CA is a sustainable agricultural practice that deserves outscaling in South Asia for mitigation and adaptation of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kiran Kumara
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ankita Kandpal
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Suresh Pal
- ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi, India.
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Energy Budgeting, Data Envelopment Analysis and Greenhouse Gas Emission from Rice Production System: A Case Study from Puddled Transplanted Rice and Direct-Seeded Rice System of Karnataka, India. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12166439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of any rice production system is important to know the sustainability of varied cultivation and establishment technique. This study was conducted to determine the energy use pattern, GHG emission and efficiency of rice farms in puddled transplanted (PTR, rainfed) and direct-seeded rice (DSR, irrigated) production systems in Karnataka, India. The energy indices and GHG emission of different input and output in a rice production system were assessed by using energy and carbon equivalence. The efficiency of PTR and DSR farms were identified using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and energy optimization was ascertained. The key finding was excessive use of non-renewable energy inputs was observed for the PTR (92.4%) compare to DSR (60.3%) methods. The higher energy use efficiency (7.3), energy productivity (0.3 kg MJ−1) and energy profitability (6.3) were mainly attributed to the large decrease in energy inputs under DSR. The DEA showed efficiency for 26 PTR farms in comparison for 87 DSR farms. The mean technical efficiency value highlighted the scope for saving energy by 6% and 2% in PTR and DSR, respectively and showed an economic reduction of $405.5/ha with PTR versus $163.3/ha with the DSR method if these inefficient farms perform efficiently. The GHG emissions revealed that the total emissions for PTR versus DSR production caused by on-farm emissions were 86% and 65%, respectively. The DSR method also had a higher carbon efficiency ratio and carbon sustainability index (10.1 and 9.1, respectively). Thus, adoption of DSR method is imperative for reduction of energy consumption and GHG emissions to achieve the carbon sustainability.
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Wen Y, Ceng K, Lei B, Zhou Y. Study on The Influencing Factors of Agricultural Carbon Emission in Sichuan Based on LMDI Decomposition Technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/592/1/012179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Land Cover Change Intensifies Actual and Potential Radiative Forcing through CO 2 in South and Southeast Asia from 1992 to 2015. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142460. [PMID: 31373291 PMCID: PMC6678793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Land cover change (LCC) and its impact on CO2 sequestration and radiative forcing (RF) could dramatically affect climate change, but there has been little effort to address this issue in South and Southeast Asia over a long period of time using actual land cover information. In this study, annual land cover data from 1992 to 2015 were used to assess the CO2 flux and corresponding RF due to LCC in South and Southeast Asia. The results showed that 553.2 × 103 km2 of the region experienced LCC during this period, mostly due to land reclamation, urban expansion, and deforestation. These LCC caused a marked net decrease in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) as a composite of the various land cover categories during the whole study period, especially since 2001. The CO2 sequestration was 2160 TgCO2 during the early 1990s however cumulative sequestration decreased by 414.95 TgCO2 by 2015. Correspondingly, the cooling effect of NEP, i.e. the total actual RF, was -0.366 W m-2 in South and Southeast Asia between 1992 and 2015. However, the potential RF of the cumulatively reduced NEP due to LCC relative to the 1990s resulted in a warming effect of 2.33 × 10-3 W m-2 in 2015. Our study provides an applicable framework to accurately assess the potential effect of large-scale LCC on climate.
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Conservation tillage increases carbon sequestration of winter wheat-summer maize farmland on Loess Plateau in China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199846. [PMID: 30183708 PMCID: PMC6124710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions by increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) is notable. However, the estimation of the net ecosystem carbon balance after conversion from conventional tillage to conservational tillage has been poorly quantified for the Loess Plateau in China. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to estimate the agroecosystem carbon balance of a winter wheat–summer maize rotation system using a full carbon cycle analysis. The results showed that a positive net ecosystem carbon balance value in the cases of rotary tillage with straw incorporation, chisel plow tillage with straw incorporation, and no tillage with straw mulching treatments. Note that a negative value was detected for the conventional moldboard plowing tillage without crop straw treatment. The conversion from conventional tillage to conservational tillage substantially enhanced the carbon sink potential from 0.84 t C ha−1 yr−1 to 2.69 t C ha−1 yr−1 in both years. Our findings suggest that the expansion of conservational tillage could enhance the potential carbon sink of the rain-fed land in China.
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Zhang D, Shen J, Zhang F, Li Y, Zhang W. Carbon footprint of grain production in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4126. [PMID: 28663590 PMCID: PMC5491493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing environmental impact of food production, carbon footprint as an indicator can guide farmland management. This study established a method and estimated the carbon footprint of grain production in China based on life cycle analysis (LCA). The results showed that grain production has a high carbon footprint in 2013, i.e., 4052 kg ce/ha or 0.48 kg ce/kg for maize, 5455 kg ce/ha or 0.75 kg ce/kg for wheat and 11881 kg ce/ha or 1.60 kg ce/kg for rice. These footprints are higher than that of other countries, such as the United States, Canada and India. The most important factors governing carbon emissions were the application of nitrogen fertiliser (8–49%), straw burning (0–70%), energy consumption by machinery (6–40%), energy consumption for irrigation (0–44%) and CH4 emissions from rice paddies (15–73%). The most important carbon sequestration factors included returning of crop straw (41–90%), chemical nitrogen fertiliser application (10–59%) and no-till farming practices (0–10%). Different factors dominated in different crop systems in different regions. To identity site-specific key factors and take countermeasures could significantly lower carbon footprint, e.g., ban straw burning in northeast and south China, stopping continuous flooding irrigation in wheat and rice production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu'e Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Pawlowski MN, Crow SE, Meki MN, Kiniry JR, Taylor AD, Ogoshi R, Youkhana A, Nakahata M. Field-Based Estimates of Global Warming Potential in Bioenergy Systems of Hawaii: Crop Choice and Deficit Irrigation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168510. [PMID: 28052075 PMCID: PMC5215395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuel with biofuel is environmentally viable from a climate change perspective only if the net greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of the system is reduced. The effects of replacing annual arable crops with perennial bioenergy feedstocks on net GHG production and soil carbon (C) stock are critical to the system-level balance. Here, we compared GHG flux, crop yield, root biomass, and soil C stock under two potential tropical, perennial grass biofuel feedstocks: conventional sugarcane and ratoon-harvested, zero-tillage napiergrass. Evaluations were conducted at two irrigation levels, 100% of plantation application and at a 50% deficit. Peaks and troughs of GHG emission followed agronomic events such as ratoon harvest of napiergrass and fertilization. Yet, net GHG flux was dominated by carbon dioxide (CO2), as methane was oxidized and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission was very low even following fertilization. High N2O fluxes that frequently negate other greenhouse gas benefits that come from replacing fossil fuels with agronomic forms of bioenergy were mitigated by efficient water and fertilizer management, including direct injection of fertilizer into buried irrigation lines. From soil intensively cultivated for a century in sugarcane, soil C stock and root biomass increased rapidly following cultivation in grasses selected for robust root systems and drought tolerance. The net soil C increase over the two-year crop cycle was three-fold greater than the annualized soil surface CO2 flux. Deficit irrigation reduced yield, but increased soil C accumulation as proportionately more photosynthetic resources were allocated belowground. In the first two years of cultivation napiergrass did not increase net greenhouse warming potential (GWP) compared to sugarcane, and has the advantage of multiple ratoon harvests per year and less negative effects of deficit irrigation to yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan N. Pawlowski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Crow
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Manyowa N. Meki
- Texas A&M AgriLife Blackland Research and Extension Center, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. Kiniry
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Richard Ogoshi
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Adel Youkhana
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mae Nakahata
- Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar, Puunene, Hawaii, United States of America
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14
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Bao X, Wen X, Sun X, Zhao F, Wang Y. Interannual variation in carbon sequestration depends mainly on the carbon uptake period in two croplands on the North China Plain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110021. [PMID: 25313713 PMCID: PMC4197033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interannual variation in plant phenology can lead to major modifications in the interannual variation of net ecosystem production (NEP) and net biome production (NBP) as a result of recent climate change in croplands. Continuous measurements of carbon flux using the eddy covariance technique were conducted in two winter wheat and summer maize double-cropped croplands during 2003-2012 in Yucheng and during 2007-2012 in Luancheng on the North China Plain. Our results showed that the difference between the NEP and the NBP, i.e., the crop economic yield, was conservative even though the NEP and the NBP for both sites exhibited marked fluctuations during the years of observation. A significant and positive relationship was found between the annual carbon uptake period (CUP) and the NEP as well as the NBP. The NEP and the NBP would increase by 14.8±5.2 and 14.7±6.6 g C m(-2) yr(-1), respectively, if one CUP-day was extended. A positive relationship also existed between the CUP and the NEP as well as the NBP for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The annual air temperature, through its negative effect on the start date of the CUP, determined the length of the CUP. The spring temperature was the main indirect factor controlling the annual carbon sequestration when a one-season crop (winter wheat) was considered. Thus, global warming can be expected to extend the length of the CUP and thus increase carbon sequestration in croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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The effects of rape residue mulching on net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity from no-tillage paddy fields. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:198231. [PMID: 25140329 PMCID: PMC4130203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/198231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to provide a complete greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for global warming potential (GWP), net GWP, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) from no-tillage (NT) paddy fields with different amounts of oilseed rape residue mulch (0, 3000, 4000, and 6000 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1) during a rice-growing season after 3 years of oilseed rape-rice cultivation. Residue mulching treatments showed significantly more organic carbon (C) density for the 0–20 cm soil layer at harvesting than no residue treatment. During a rice-growing season, residue mulching treatments sequestered significantly more organic C from 687 kg C ha−1 season−1 to 1654 kg C ha−1 season−1 than no residue treatment. Residue mulching significantly increased emissions of CO2 and N2O but decreased CH4 emissions. Residue mulching treatments significantly increased GWP by 9–30% but significantly decreased net GWP by 33–71% and GHGI by 35–72% relative to no residue treatment. These results suggest that agricultural economic viability and GHG mitigation can be achieved simultaneously by residue mulching on NT paddy fields in central China.
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16
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To what extent can zero tillage lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from temperate soils? Sci Rep 2014; 4:4586. [PMID: 24699273 PMCID: PMC3975454 DOI: 10.1038/srep04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil tillage practices have a profound influence on the physical properties of soil and the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance. However there have been very few integrated studies on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and soil biophysical and chemical characteristics under different soil management systems. We recorded a significantly higher net global warming potential under conventional tillage systems (26-31% higher than zero tillage systems). Crucially the 3-D soil pore network, imaged using X-ray Computed Tomography, modified by tillage played a significant role in the flux of CO2 and CH4. In contrast, N2O flux was determined mainly by microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture content. Our work indicates that zero tillage could play a significant role in minimising emissions of GHGs from soils and contribute to efforts to mitigate against climate change.
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17
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Huang J, Chen Y, Sui P, Gao W. Estimation of net greenhouse gas balance using crop- and soil-based approaches: two case studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:299-306. [PMID: 23619090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The net greenhouse gas balance (NGHGB), estimated by combining direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, can reveal whether an agricultural system is a sink or source of GHGs. Currently, two types of methods, referred to here as crop-based and soil-based approaches, are widely used to estimate the NGHGB of agricultural systems on annual and seasonal crop timescales. However, the two approaches may produce contradictory results, and few studies have tested which approach is more reliable. In this study, we examined the two approaches using experimental data from an intercropping trial with straw removal and a tillage trial with straw return. The results of the two approaches provided different views of the two trials. In the intercropping trial, NGHGB estimated by the crop-based approach indicated that monocultured maize (M) was a source of GHGs (-1315 kg CO₂(-eq)ha(-1)), whereas maize-soybean intercropping (MS) was a sink (107 kg CO₂(-eq)ha(-1)). When estimated by the soil-based approach, both cropping systems were sources (-3410 for M and -2638 kg CO₂(-eq)ha(-1) for MS). In the tillage trial, mouldboard ploughing (MP) and rotary tillage (RT) mitigated GHG emissions by 22,451 and 21,500 kg CO₂(-eq)ha(-1), respectively, as estimated by the crop-based approach. However, by the soil-based approach, both tillage methods were sources of GHGs: -3533 for MP and -2241 kg CO₂(-eq)ha(-1) for RT. The crop-based approach calculates a GHG sink on the basis of the returned crop biomass (and other organic matter input) and estimates considerably more GHG mitigation potential than that calculated from the variations in soil organic carbon storage by the soil-based approach. These results indicate that the crop-based approach estimates higher GHG mitigation benefits compared to the soil-based approach and may overestimate the potential of GHG mitigation in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
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18
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Liu S, Zhang L, Liu Q, Zou J. Fe(III) fertilization mitigating net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in paddy rice-wheat rotation systems in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 164:73-80. [PMID: 22343523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A complete accounting of net greenhouse gas balance (NGHGB) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) affected by Fe(III) fertilizer application was examined in typical annual paddy rice-winter wheat rotation cropping systems in southeast China. Annual fluxes of soil carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) were measured using static chamber method, and the net ecosystem exchange of CO(2) (NEE) was determined by the difference between soil CO(2) emissions (R(H)) and net primary production (NPP). Fe(III) fertilizer application significantly decreased R(H) without adverse effects on NPP of rice and winter wheat. Fe(III) fertilizer application decreased seasonal CH(4) by 27-44%, but increased annual N(2)O by 65-100%. Overall, Fe(III) fertilizer application decreased the annual NGHGB and GHGI by 35-47% and 30-36%, respectively. High grain yield and low greenhouse gas intensity can be reconciled by Fe(III) fertilizer applied at the local recommendation rate in rice-based cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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19
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Wang Y, Xu H, Wu X, Zhu Y, Gu B, Niu X, Liu A, Peng C, Ge Y, Chang J. Quantification of net carbon flux from plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation: a full carbon cycle analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1427-1434. [PMID: 21277056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plastic greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) has played a vital role in increasing incomes of farmers and expanded dramatically in last several decades. However, carbon budget after conversion from conventional vegetable cultivation (CVC) to PGVC has been poorly quantified. A full carbon cycle analysis was used to estimate the net carbon flux from PGVC systems based on the combination of data from both field observations and literatures. Carbon fixation was evaluated at two pre-selected locations in China. Results suggest that: (1) the carbon sink of PGVC is 1.21 and 1.23 Mg C ha(-1) yr(-1) for temperate and subtropical area, respectively; (2) the conversion from CVC to PGVC could substantially enhance carbon sink potential by 8.6 times in the temperate area and by 1.3 times in the subtropical area; (3) the expansion of PGVC usage could enhance the potential carbon sink of arable land in China overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Managing Soils and Ecosystems for Mitigating Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions and Advancing Global Food Security. Bioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Li R, Zhou G, Wang Y. Responses of soil respiration in non-growing seasons to environmental factors in a maize agroecosystem, Northeast China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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West TO, Brandt CC, Baskaran LM, Hellwinckel CM, Mueller R, Bernacchi CJ, Bandaru V, Yang B, Wilson BS, Marland G, Nelson RG, De la Torre Ugarte DG, Post WM. Cropland carbon fluxes in the United States: increasing geospatial resolution of inventory-based carbon accounting. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:1074-86. [PMID: 20597291 DOI: 10.1890/08-2352.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Net annual soil carbon change, fossil fuel emissions from cropland production, and cropland net primary production were estimated and spatially distributed using land cover defined by NASA's moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) cropland data layer (CDL). Spatially resolved estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) were developed. The purpose of generating spatial estimates of carbon fluxes, and the primary objective of this research, was to develop a method of carbon accounting that is consistent from field to national scales. NEE represents net on-site vertical fluxes of carbon. NECB represents all on-site and off-site carbon fluxes associated with crop production. Estimates of cropland NEE using moderate resolution (approximately 1 km2) land cover data were generated for the conterminous United States and compared with higher resolution (30-m) estimates of NEE and with direct measurements of CO2 flux from croplands in Illinois and Nebraska, USA. Estimates of NEE using the CDL (30-m resolution) had a higher correlation with eddy covariance flux tower estimates compared with estimates of NEE using MODIS. Estimates of NECB are primarily driven by net soil carbon change, fossil fuel emissions associated with crop production, and CO2 emissions from the application of agricultural lime. NEE and NECB for U.S. croplands were -274 and 7 Tg C/yr for 2004, respectively. Use of moderate- to high-resolution satellite-based land cover data enables improved estimates of cropland carbon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram O West
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, USA.
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23
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Nelson RG, Hellwinckel CM, Brandt CC, West TO, De La Torre Ugarte DG, Marland G. Energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from cropland production in the United States, 1990-2004. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:418-25. [PMID: 19202012 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cropland production and management influence energy consumption and emissions of CO(2) from fossil-fuel combustion. A method was developed to calculate on-site and off-site energy and CO(2) emissions for cropping practices in the United States at the county scale. Energy consumption and emissions occur on-site from the operation of farm machinery and occur off-site from the manufacture and transport of cropland production inputs, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural lime. Estimates of fossil-fuel consumption and associated CO(2) emissions for cropping practices enable (i) the monitoring of energy and emissions with changes in land management and (ii) the calculation and balancing of regional and national carbon budgets. Results indicate on-site energy use and total energy use (i.e., the sum of on-site and off-site) on U.S. croplands in 2004 ranged from 1.6 to 7.9 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1) and from 5.5 to 20.5 GJ ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. On-site and total CO(2) emissions in 2004 ranged from 23 to 176 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1) and from 91 to 365 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. During the period of this analysis (1990-2004), national total energy consumption for crop production ranged from 1204 to 1297 PJ yr(-1) (Petajoule = 1 x 10(15) Joule) with associated total fossil CO(2) emissions ranging from 21.5 to 23.2 Tg C yr(-1) (Teragram = 1 x 10(12) gram). The annual proportion of on-site CO(2) to total CO(2) emissions changed depending on the diversity of crops planted. Adoption of reduced tillage practices in the United States from 1990 to 2004 resulted in a net fossil emissions reduction of 2.4 Tg C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Nelson
- Engineering Extension, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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24
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Johnson JMF, Franzluebbers AJ, Weyers SL, Reicosky DC. Agricultural opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:107-24. [PMID: 17706849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is a source for three primary greenhouse gases (GHGs): CO(2), CH(4), and N(2)O. It can also be a sink for CO(2) through C sequestration into biomass products and soil organic matter. We summarized the literature on GHG emissions and C sequestration, providing a perspective on how agriculture can reduce its GHG burden and how it can help to mitigate GHG emissions through conservation measures. Impacts of agricultural practices and systems on GHG emission are reviewed and potential trade-offs among potential mitigation options are discussed. Conservation practices that help prevent soil erosion, may also sequester soil C and enhance CH(4) consumption. Managing N to match crop needs can reduce N(2)O emission and avoid adverse impacts on water quality. Manipulating animal diet and manure management can reduce CH(4) and N(2)O emission from animal agriculture. All segments of agriculture have management options that can reduce agriculture's environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M-F Johnson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 803 Iowa Avenue, Morris, MN 56267, USA.
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25
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Soil Carbon Sequestration for Sustaining Agricultural Production and Improving the Environment with Particular Reference to Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j064v26n04_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Petersen G, Viviani D, Magrini-Bair K, Kelley S, Moens L, Shepherd P, DuBois D. Nongovernmental valorization of carbon dioxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 338:159-182. [PMID: 15713326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered the largest contributor to the greenhouse gas effect. Most attempts to manage the flow of CO2 or carbon into our environment involve reducing net emissions or sequestering the gas into long-lived sinks. Using CO2 as a chemical feedstock has a long history, but using it on scales that might impact the net emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere has not generally been considered seriously. There is also a growing interest in employing our natural biomes of carbon such as trees, vegetation, and soils as storage media. Some amelioration of the net carbon emissions into the atmosphere could be achieved by concomitant large withdrawals of carbon. This report surveys the potential and limitations in employing carbon as a resource for organic chemicals, fuels, inorganic materials, and in using the biome to manage carbon. The outlook for each of these opportunities is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Petersen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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27
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Abstract
The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lal
- Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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