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Chilvery S, Yelne A, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Bansod S, Anchi P, Godugu C. Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity: An overview of the promising protective effects of natural products and herbal formulations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154510. [PMID: 36332383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays an important role in regulating the metabolic processes and is the most frequently targeted organ by toxic chemicals. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known anti-allergic, anti-pyretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which upon overdose leads to hepatotoxicity, the major adverse event of this over-the-counter drug. PURPOSE APAP overdose induced acute liver injury is the second most common cause that often requires liver transplantation worldwide, for which N-acetyl cysteine is the only synthetic drug clinically approved as an antidote. So, it was felt that there is a need for the novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver diseases with less adverse effects. This review provides detailed analysis of the different plant extracts; phytochemicals and herbal formulations for the amelioration of APAP-induced liver injury. METHOD The data was collected using different online resources including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science using keywords given below. RESULTS Over the past decades various reports have revealed that plant-based approaches may be a better treatment choice for the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in pre-clinical experimental conditions. Moreover, herbal compounds provide several advantages over the synthetic drugs with fewer side effects, easy availability and less cost for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. CONCLUSION The current review summarizes the hepatoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of various plant extracts, active phytoconstituents and herbal formulations with potential application against APAP induced hepatotoxicity as the numbers of hepatoprotective natural products are more without clinical relativity. Further, pre-clinical pharmacological research will contribute to the designing of natural products as medicines with encouraging prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilekha Chilvery
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Yelne
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sapana Bansod
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Das R, Mitra S, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Hossain MJ, Alqahtani AM, Alghazwani Y, Dhama K, Simal-Gandara J. Medicinal plants used against hepatic disorders in Bangladesh: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114588. [PMID: 34480997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liver disease is a major cause of illness and death worldwide which accounts for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide, 1 million due to complications of cirrhosis and 1 million due to viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. That's why it is seeking the researchers' attention to find out the effective treatment strategies. Phytochemicals from natural resources are the main leads for the development of noble hepatoprotective drugs. The majority of the natural sources whose active compounds are currently employed actually have an ethnomedical use. Ethnopharmacological research is essential for the development of these bioactive compounds. These studies not only provide scientific evidence on medicinal plants utilized for particular therapeutic purposes, but they also ensure cultural heritage preservation. Plenty of experimental studies have been well-documented that the ethnomedicinal plants are of therapeutics' interest for the advanced pharmacological intervention in terms of hepatic disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY This study summarizes the processes of hepatotoxicity induced by various toxins and explores identified hepatoprotective plants and their phytoconstituents, which can guide the extraction of novel phytochemical constituents from plants to treat liver injury. This review aimed to summarize the hepatoprotective activity of Bangladeshi medicinal plants where the bioactive compounds may be leads for the drug discovery in future. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature searches in electronic databases, such as Web of Science, Science Direct, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, BanglaJOL, and so on, were performed using the keywords 'Bangladesh', 'ethnomedicinal plants', 'Hepatoprotective agents' as for primary searches, and secondary search terms were used as follows, either alone or in combination: traditional medicine, medicinal plants, folk medicine, liver, hepatitis, therapeutic uses, and anti-inflammatory. Besides, several books, including the book entitled "Medicinal plants of Bangladesh: chemical constituents and uses" authored by Abdul Ghani, were carefully considered, which contained pharmacological properties and phytoconstituents of many medicinal plants growing and traditionally available in Bangladesh. Among them, the most promising plant species with their latest therapeutic effects against hepatic disorders were deeply considered in this review. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that in most cases, therapy using plant extracts stabilized altered hepatic biochemical markers induced by hepatotoxins. Initially, we investigated 32 plant species for hepatoprotective activity, however after extensive literature searching; we observed that 20 plants offer good pharmacological evidence of hepatoprotective function. Consequently, most bioactive compounds derived from the herbs including berberine, thymoquinone, andrographolide, ursolic acid, luteolin, naringenin, genistein, quercetin, troxerutin, morin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, chlorogenic acid, emodin, curcumin, resveratrol, capsaicin, ellagic acid, etc. are appeared to be effective against hepatic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Flavonoids, phenolic acids, monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, chromenes, capsaicinoids, curcuminoids, and anthraquinones are among the phytoconstituents were appraised to have hepatoprotective activities. All the actions displayed by these ethnomedicinal plants could make them serve as leads in the formulation of drugs with higher efficacy to treat hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia Alghazwani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareil-ly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004, Ourense, Spain.
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3
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Eshrati R, Jafari M, Gudarzi S, Nazari A, Samizadeh E, Ghafourian Hesami M. Comparison of ameliorative effects of Taraxacum syriacum and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in rat liver and kidney. J Biochem 2021; 169:337-350. [PMID: 32970799 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taraxacum syriacum (TS) with natural antioxidant and pharmacological activities may be considered for treatment of oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen (APAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of the ethanol extract of TS root against hepatorenal toxicity induced by APAP in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a standard drug. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Control group; APAP (1 g/kg) group; APAP-NAC (160 mg/kg) group and APAP-TS100 and APAP-TS200 groups: APAP plus 100 and 200 mg/kg of TS extract, respectively. After 7 days treatment, serum and liver and kidney tissues were prepared and evaluated. TS extract ameliorated the increased lipid peroxidation level and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and glutathione level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated rats. Moreover, treatment with the TS extract caused significant reduction in the histopathological damages and high levels of serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal functions after APAP treatment. This study suggests that the extract of TS roots has dose-dependent ameliorative effect against APAP-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney due to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. The overall efficacy of the extract at 200 mg/kg dose is comparable with NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eshrati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Gudarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshen Nazari
- Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Li CJ, Wang RN, Li DZ. Comparative analysis of plastid genomes within the Campanulaceae and phylogenetic implications. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233167. [PMID: 32407424 PMCID: PMC7224561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conflicts exist between the phylogeny of Campanulaceae based on nuclear ITS sequence and plastid markers, particularly in the subdivision of Cyanantheae (Campanulaceae). Besides, various and complicated plastid genome structures can be found in species of the Campanulaceae. However, limited availability of genomic information largely hinders the studies of molecular evolution and phylogeny of Campanulaceae. We reported the complete plastid genomes of three Cyanantheae species, compared them to eight published Campanulaceae plastomes, and shed light on a deeper understanding of the applicability of plastomes. We found that there were obvious differences among gene order, GC content, gene compositions and IR junctions of LSC/IRa. Almost all protein-coding genes and amino acid sequences showed obvious codon preferences. We identified 14 genes with highly positively selected sites and branch-site model displayed 96 sites under potentially positive selection on the three lineages of phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Cyananthus was more closely related to Codonopsis compared with Cyclocodon and also clearly illustrated the relationship among the Cyanantheae species. We also found six coding regions having high nucleotide divergence value. Hotpot regions were considered to be useful molecular markers for resolving phylogenetic relationships and species authentication of Campanulaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jiao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Yang JY, Zhong YT, Hao WN, Liu XX, Shen Q, Li YF, Ren S, Wang Z, Li W, Zhao LC. The PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways are involved in the protective effects of Lithocarpus polystachyus (sweet tea) on APAP-induced oxidative stress injury in mice. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18044-18053. [PMID: 35517205 PMCID: PMC9053632 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is a health issue that has gradually attracted attention, and is often regarded as a model of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The leaves of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. (named as “sweet tea”, ST) usually serve as tea drink and folk medicine for healthcare in the southwest part of China. In previous reports, it has been proven to protect various animal models, except for APAP-induced liver injury model. Therefore, this study initially explored the protective effect of ST leaf extract (STL-E) on hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in ICR mice. STL-E of 50 and 100 mg kg−1 were given to each group for 7 days. ALI was intraperitoneally induced by APAP treatment (i.p. 250 mg per kg body weight). Biochemical markers, levels of inflammatory factors, histopathological staining and western blotting were used to analyze the inflammation and apoptosis of liver tissues. Interestingly, the treatment with STL-E significantly attenuated APAP-induced liver injury (p < 0.05). Moreover, STL-E partially mitigated APAP-induced liver injury by effectively activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In a word, STL-E protected liver against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt-mediated apoptosis signal pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway. Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is a health issue that has gradually attracted attention, and is often regarded as a model of drug-induced hepatotoxicity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Yu-Te Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
| | - Wei-Nan Hao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Xiang-Xiang Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Qiong Shen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun 130118 China +86-431-84533304 +86-431-84533304
| | - Li-Chun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanning 530200 China
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Cho BO, Choi J, Kang HJ, Che DN, Shin JY, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Jang SI. Anti-obesity effects of a mixed extract containing Platycodon grandiflorum, Apium graveolens and green tea in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2783-2791. [PMID: 32256761 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-obesity effect of a combination of extracts made of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGE), Apium graveolens (AGE) and green tea (GTE) extracts was investigated in a high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6N mouse model. Body weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, liver weight, adipocytes size and serum lipid profile, insulin, leptin and glucose levels were investigated. Additionally, hepatic steatosis, injury and oxidative burden were evaluated in the present study. The current study demonstrated that the PGE, AGE, and GTE (PAG) mixture were most effective in preventing obesity and its associated complications compared with the single extracts used alone. This was evidenced by the PAG's prevention of weight gain, reduction of adipocyte size, beneficial effects in serum lipid profile, levels of insulin, leptin and glucose, and the prevention of liver injury by reducing fat accumulation in the liver, decreased GOT and GPT enzymes and the upregulation of liver antioxidant enzymes. These results suggested that PAG may provide insights into functional food ingredients for use in the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Ok Cho
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea
| | - Denis Nchang Che
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, P.R. China
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agro-Bio and Food Industry, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China.,Department of Agro-Bio and Food Industry, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Functional Food (Drug) R&D Team, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Research Institute, Ato Q&A Co. Ltd., Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54840, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Management, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, P.R. China
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Kim IH, Choi JW, Nam TJ. PYP1-4 peptide from Pyropia yezoensis protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:849-860. [PMID: 32010245 PMCID: PMC6966212 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic. It is safe at normal treatment doses; however, APAP overdose is a major cause of acute liver and kidney failure. A variety of methods to reduce the damage caused by APAP overdose have previously been evaluated. The protein-rich seaweed Pyropia yezoensis has antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities, and protects against cytotoxicity. However, little is known regarding the protective effects of P. yezoensis peptide against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study investigated the ability of P. yezoensis peptide (PYP1-4) to ameliorate the damage caused by APAP-induced hepatotoxicity using HepG2 as the model cell line in addition to the signaling pathways involved. Briefly, cell viability, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and apoptosis assays were performed in conjunction with western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. First, the present study revealed the minimum toxic concentration of APAP (15 mM) and the resting concentration of PYP1-4 (0–500 ng/ml). Administration of PYP1-4 to APAP-induced cells decreased the nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species levels, and restored the levels of antioxidant-associated proteins (catalase, heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase 2 and quinone oxidoreductase 1). PYP1-4 increased the translocation of nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 to the nucleus and the activities of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, APAP induced apoptosis; however, PYP1-4 inhibited apoptosis by modulating the levels of pro-apoptotic markers (Bad), anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 and BH3 interacting domain death agonist), caspases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Subsequently, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling pathway was investigated to determine whether PYP1-4 treatment restored the levels of cell growth-associated factors during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. PYP1-4 treatment impacted the levels of components of the insulin receptor substrate 1/PI3K/Akt and Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathways, and promoted cell survival. Therefore, the P. yezoensis peptide PYP1-4 may be useful for preventing APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Choi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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8
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Choi JH, Kim SM, Lee GH, Jin SW, Lee HS, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Platyconic Acid A, Platycodi Radix-Derived Saponin, Suppresses TGF-1-induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells via Blocking SMAD and Activating the PPAR Signaling Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121544. [PMID: 31795488 PMCID: PMC6952772 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix is a widely sold health food worldwide, which contains numerous phytochemicals that are beneficial to health. Previously, we reported that saponin from the roots of Platycodi radix-derived saponin inhibited toxicant-induced liver diseases. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of platyconic acid A (PA), the active component of Platycodi radix-derived saponin, on the anti-fibrotic activity involving the SMAD pathway remains unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects of PA on TGF-β1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). PA inhibited TGF-β1-enhanced cell proliferation, as well as expression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 in HSC-T6 cells. PA suppressed TGF-β1-induced smad2/3 phosphorylation and smad binding elements 4 (SBE4) luciferase activity. Reversely, PA restored TGF-β1-reduced expression of smad7 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. PA also repressed TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. In summary, the results suggest that the inhibitory effect of PA on HSCs occurs through the blocking of SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways, leading to the suppression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Seul Mi Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang 28116, Korea;
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food and Medicine, College of Public Health and Natural Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea;
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5936
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Leng J, Hou JG, Fu CL, Ren S, Jiang S, Wang YP, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Platycodon grandiflorum Saponins attenuate scrotal heat-induced spermatogenic damage via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Platycodon grandiflorum Saponins Ameliorate Cisplatin-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity through the NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation and PI3K/Akt/Apoptosis Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091328. [PMID: 30235825 PMCID: PMC6164643 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent against cancers, its clinical application is seriously limited by its severe side effects of nephrotoxicity. Previous studies reported that saponins isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGS) exerted protective effects in various animal models of renal injury, with no confirmation on cisplatin-induced injury. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of PGS (15 and 30 mg/kg) on cisplatin-induced kidney injury in mice. The levels of serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and renal histopathology demonstrated the protective effect of PGS against cisplatin-induced kidney injury. PGS exerted anti-inflammation effects via suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and alleviating the cisplatin-induced increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in kidney tissues. The expressions of phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and its downstream apoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2 and caspase families were regulated by PGS in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, PGS exerted kidney protection effects against cisplatin-induced kidney injury by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and regulating PI3K/Akt/apoptosis signaling pathways in mice.
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Fu CL, Liu Y, Leng J, Zhang J, He YF, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Platycodin D protects acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting hepatocyte MAPK pathway and apoptosis in C57BL/6J mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:867-877. [PMID: 30257399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (P. grandiflorus), Platycodonis Radix, has been commonly applied to prevent and treat human diseases including bronchitis, asthma and excessive phlegm. Platycodin D (PD), one of the most important therapeutic components of P. grandiflorus, has been reported to possess protective effect against alcohol and carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we examined the protective efficacy of PD on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury and possible underlying mechanisms in C57BL/6J mice. Administration of PD prior to APAP intoxication significantly ameliorated the increase in serum transferases, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and the depletion of glutathione (GSH) in mice. PD pretreatment decreased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in presence of APAP. Moreover, PD treatment noticeably reduced APAP-induced hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis evidenced by evaluating physiological and histological hepatocyte changes in mice. Finally, PD pretreatment significantly diminished c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and p38 phosphorylation induced by APAP. Collectively, PD pretreatment effectively protects hepatocytes against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice through ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Fu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu-Fang He
- College of Management, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Leng J, Wang Z, Fu CL, Zhang J, Ren S, Hu JN, Jiang S, Wang YP, Chen C, Li W. NF-κB and AMPK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the protective effects of Platycodon grandiflorum
saponins against acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2235-2246. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Cheng-lin Fu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Jun-nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Ying-ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development; Changchun China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development; Changchun China
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Nikravesh H, Khodayar MJ, Mahdavinia M, Mansouri E, Zeidooni L, Dehbashi F. Protective Effect of Gemfibrozil on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Acetaminophen in Mice: the Importance of Oxidative Stress Suppression. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:331-339. [PMID: 30023335 PMCID: PMC6046434 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Gemfibrozil (GEM) apart from agonist activity at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of GEM on acute liver toxicity induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in mice. Methods: In this study, mice divided in seven groups include, control group, APAP group, GEM group, three APAP groups pretreated with GEM at the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively and APAP group pretreated with N-Acetyl cysteine. GEM, NAC or vehicle were administered for 10 days. In last day, GEM and NAC were gavaged 1 h before and 1 h after APAP injection. Twenty four hours after APAP, mice were sacrificed. Serum parameters include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and liver tissue markers including catalase enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels determined and histopathological parameters measured. Results: GEM led to significant decrease in serum ALT and AST activities and increase in catalase activity and hepatic GSH level and reduces malondialdehyde and ROS levels in the liver tissue. In confirmation, histopathological findings revealed that GEM decrease degeneration, vacuolation and necrosis of hepatocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusion: Present data demonstrated that GEM has antioxidant properties and can protect the liver from APAP toxicity, just in the same pathway that toxicity occurs by toxic ROS and that GEM may be an alternative therapeutic agent to NAC in APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojatolla Nikravesh
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Mahdavinia
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Zeidooni
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Dehbashi
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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14
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Sheng Y, Liu G, Wang M, Lv Z, Du P. A selenium polysaccharide from Platycodon grandiflorum rescues PC12 cell death caused by H2O2 via inhibiting oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:393-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Hadzi-Petrushev N, Mitrov D, Kostovski V, Mladenov M. The impact of vitamin C on the relationship among inflammation, lipid peroxidation and platelet activation during analgesic nephropathy in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:473-481. [PMID: 28771433 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of paracetamol-induced renal damage. This study examines the relationship between 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and platelet activation as well as the relative contribution of the pro-inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in enhanced 8-iso-PGF2α biosynthesis, as a complementary onset during analgesic nephropathy induced by chronic treatment with paracetamol. The protective effects of vitamin C on the aforementioned settings are also investigated. METHODS Analgesic nephropathy was induced in Wistar rats. Renal function markers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically. Immunoassays were used to measure the pro-inflammatory markers and the markers of lipid peroxidation and platelet activation. RESULTS The chronic treatment with paracetamol led to renal dysfunction, represented by the elevation of plasma urea and creatinine and the decline in the enzymatic antioxidant status, but did not cause a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-1β. The paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation and enhanced production of 8-iso-PGF2α was not sufficient to cause changes in platelet activation represented by the level of 11-dehydro thromboxane B2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that oxidative stress cannot circumvent the need of stimulation by circulatory cytokines in order to induce inflammatory response and changes in platelet activation during analgesic nephropathy. Vitamin C proved to be beneficial in restoring the renal function markers to normal, increasing the renal enzymatic antioxidant potential, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and lowering cytokine production and 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 excretion. The observed effects of vitamin C offer support for its potential use as protective treatment in cases of chronic paracetamol overdose.
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16
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Multi-targeted protection of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by tannic acid. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Park HM, Park KT, Park EC, Kim SI, Choi MS, Liu KH, Lee CH. Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analyses of the Effects of Dietary Platycodon grandiflorum on Liver and Serum of Obese Mice under a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010071. [PMID: 28106735 PMCID: PMC5295115 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify metabolites involved in the anti-obesity effects of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic techniques. C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND)-fed mice, HFD-fed mice, HFD with 1% PG extract-fed mice (HPGL), and HFD with 5% PG extract-fed mice (HPGH). After 8 weeks, the HFD group gained more weight than the ND group, while dietary 5% PG extract attenuated this change. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots showed a clear distinction between experimental groups in serum and liver markers. We also identified 10 and 32 metabolites in the serum and liver, respectively, as potential biomarkers that could explain the effect of high-dose PG added to HFD-fed mice, which were strongly involved in amino acid metabolism (glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, glutamate, phenylalanine, ornithine, lysine, and tyrosine), TCA cycle (fumarate and succinate), lipid metabolism (linoleic and oleic acid methyl esters, oleamide, and cholesterol), purine/pyrimidine metabolism (uracil and hypoxanthine), carbohydrate metabolism (maltose), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines). We suggest that further studies on these metabolites could help us gain a better understanding of both HFD-induced obesity and the effects of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kab-Tae Park
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Edmond Changkyun Park
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Seung Ii Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea.
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Myung Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Kim HJ, Jung J, Kim MS, Lee JM, Choi D, Yeam I. Molecular marker development and genetic diversity exploration by RNA-seq in Platycodon grandiflorum. Genome 2015; 58:441-51. [PMID: 26501479 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum, generally known as the bellflower or balloon flower, is the only species in the genus Platycodon of the family Campanulaceae. Platycodon plants have been traditionally used as a medicinal crop in East Asia for their antiphlogistic, antitussive, and expectorant properties. Despite these practical uses, marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding in platycodons have lagged due to the lack of genetic information on this genus. In this study, we performed RNA-seq analysis of three platycodon accessions to develop molecular markers and explore genetic diversity. First, genic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were retrieved and compared; dinucleotide motifs were the most abundant repeats (39%-40%) followed by trinucleotide (25%-31%), tetranucleotide (1.5%-1.9%), and pentanucleotide (0.3%-1.0%) repeats. The result of in silico SSR analysis, three SSR markers were detected and showed possibility to distinguish three platycodon accessions. After several filtering procedures, 180 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to design 40 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Twelve of these PCR-based markers were validated as highly polymorphic and utilized to investigate genetic diversity in 21 platycodon accessions collected from various regions of South Korea. Collectively, the 12 markers yielded 35 alleles, with an average of 3 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.087 to 0.693, averaging 0.373 per locus. Since platycodon genetics have not been actively studied, the sequence information and the DNA markers generated from our research have the potential to contribute to further genetic improvements, genomic studies, and gene discovery in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea.,b Department of Eco-Friendly Horticulture, Cheonan Yonam College, Cheonan, Chungcheongnamdo, 331-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsu Jung
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Kim
- c Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- d Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- c Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- a Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea.,e Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Andong National University, Andongsi, Gyeongsangbukdo, 760-749, Republic of Korea
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Tebbe C, Chhina J, Dar SA, Sarigiannis K, Giri S, Munkarah AR, Rattan R. Metformin limits the adipocyte tumor-promoting effect on ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4746-64. [PMID: 24970804 PMCID: PMC4148096 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Omental adipocytes promote ovarian cancer by secretion of adipokines, cytokines and growth factors, and acting as fuel depots. We investigated if metformin modulates the ovarian cancer promoting effects of adipocytes. Effect of conditioned media obtained from differentiated mouse 3T3L1 preadipoctes on the proliferation and migration of a mouse ovarian surface epithelium cancer cell line (ID8) was estimated. Conditioned media from differentiated adipocytes increased the proliferation and migration of ID8 cells, which was attenuated by metformin. Metformin inhibited adipogenesis by inhibition of key adipogenesis regulating transcription factors (CEBPα, CEBPß, and SREBP1), and induced AMPK. A targeted Cancer Pathway Finder RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) based gene array revealed 20 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes in ID8 cells exposed to adipocyte conditioned media, which were altered by metformin. Adipocyte conditioned media also induced bio-energetic changes in the ID8 cells by pushing them into a highly metabolically active state; these effects were reversed by metformin. Collectively, metformin treatment inhibited the adipocyte mediated ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, expression of cancer associated genes and bio-energetic changes. Suggesting, that metformin could be a therapeutic option for ovarian cancer at an early stage, as it not only targets ovarian cancer, but also modulates the environmental milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Tebbe
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jasdeep Chhina
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Kalli Sarigiannis
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adnan R Munkarah
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Women's Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Mohamad NE, Yeap SK, Lim KL, Yusof HM, Beh BK, Tan SW, Ho WY, Sharifuddin SA, Jamaluddin A, Long K, Nik Abd Rahman NMA, Alitheen NB. Antioxidant effects of pineapple vinegar in reversing of paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Chin Med 2015; 10:3. [PMID: 25699088 PMCID: PMC4333164 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pineapple (Ananas comosus) was demonstrated to be hepatoprotective. This study aims to investigate the reversing effects of pineapple vinegar on paracetamol-induced liver damage in murine model. Methods Pineapple juice was fermented via anaerobic and aerobic fermentation to produce pineapple vinegar. Male BALB/c mice (n = 70) were separated into 7 treatment groups (n = 10). Pineapple vinegar (0.08 and 2 mL/kg BW) and synthetic vinegar were used to treat paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. The hepatoprotective effects were determined by serum biochemistry profiles (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and triglyceride (TG)), liver antioxidant levels (ferric-reducing ability plasma (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione assays (GSH)) and histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The effects were further evaluated by the expression levels of iNOS, NF-κB, and cytochrome P450 2E1 by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Vinegar samples were also tested for in vitro antioxidant (FRAP, 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total phenolic content (TPC)). Soluble phenolic acid contents in the samples were identified by HPLC. Results Pineapple vinegar contained 169.67 ± 0.05 μg GAE/mL of TPC, with 862.61 ± 4.38 μg/mL gallic acid as the main component. Oral administration of pineapple vinegar at 2 mL/kg BW reduced serum enzyme biomarker levels, including AST (P = 0.008), ALT (P = 0.006), ALP (P= 0.002), and TG (P = 0.006) after 7 days of paracetamol treatment. Liver antioxidant levels such as hepatic glutathione (P = 0.003), SOD (P < 0.001), lipid peroxidation (P = 0.002) and FRAP (P <0.001) were restored after the treatment. Pineapple vinegar reduced the expressions of iNOS (P = 0.003) and NF-kB (P = 0.003) and the level of NO (P = 0.003) significantly. Pineapple vinegar also downregulated liver cytochrome P450 protein expression. Conclusions Oral administration of pineapple vinegar at 0.08 and 2 mL/kg BW reduced serum enzyme biomarker levels, restored liver antioxidant levels, reduced inflammatory factor expressions, and down regulated liver cytochrome P450 protein expression in paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Elyani Mohamad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Kian Lam Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang, 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Mohd Yusof
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Boon Kee Beh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang, 43000 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Shaiful Adzni Sharifuddin
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Anisah Jamaluddin
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Long
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Han Y, Tian YH, Zhang GS, Sun YS, Wang YP. Platycodin D isolated from the aerial parts of Platycodon grandiflorum protects alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:1418-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the main active saponin of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) and is reported to exhibit multiple biological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Ye Han
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Yu-Hong Tian
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Gui-Shan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
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23
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Lee BJ, Jeon SH, Lee SW, Chun HS, Cho YS. Effect of Drying Methods on the Saponin and Mineral Contents of Platycodon grandiflorum Radix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2014.46.5.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Song E, Fu J, Xia X, Su C, Song Y. Bazhen decoction protects against acetaminophen induced acute liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107405. [PMID: 25222049 PMCID: PMC4164650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bazhen decoction is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal decoction, but the scientific validation of its therapeutic potential is lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate corresponding anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities of Bazhen decoction, using acetaminophen-treated mice as a model system. A total of 48 mice were divided into four groups. Group I, negative control, treated with vehicle only. Group II, fed with 500 mg/kg/day Bazhen decoction for 10 continuous days. Group III, received a single dose of 900 mg/kg acetaminophen. Group IV, fed with 500 mg/kg/day Bazhen decoction for 10 continuous days and a single dose of 900 mg/kg acetaminophen 30 min before last Bazhen decoction administration. Bazhen decoction administration significantly decrease acetaminophen-induced serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS, TBARS and protein carbonyl group levels, as well as GSH depletion and loss of MMP. Bazhen decoction restore SOD, CAT, GR and GPx activities and depress the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6, respectively. Moreover, Bazhen decoction down-regulate acetaminophen-induced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9. These results suggest the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties of Bazhen decoction towards acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanli Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyang Su
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Luan H, Yang L, Liu L, Liu S, Zhao X, Sui H, Wang J, Wang S. Effects of platycodins on liver complications of type 2 diabetes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1597-603. [PMID: 25017203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of platycodin in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. All rats were randomly divided into two groups: The control group (normal diet) and the model group (a high‑fat and high‑sugar diet). The model group was injected with 2% streptozocin (25 mg/kg body weight) through the tail vein following 4 weeks of dieting. After a total of 8 weeks of dieting, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and liver function were examined. The high‑fat and high‑sugar diet was continued in the successful model rats, which were randomly divided into four groups and treated with the following doses of platycodins: The untreated, and 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight/day groups. Platycodins treatment lasted for 12 weeks. Platycodins treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight/day reduced the FBG, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) and liver index levels compared with the untreated group (P<0.05), while the high‑density lipoprotein levels increased (P<0.05). Furthermore, FBG, GPT, TC and LDL levels were returned to the normal level. This dose also increased the expression of BMP‑9 mRNA and BMP‑9 protein, and reduced the expression of Smad‑4 mRNA and Smad‑4 protein. These findings indicate that platycodins can rectify disorders of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, improve liver index and protect liver function in liver complications of type 2 diabetes. The current study suggests that this therapeutic effect is mediated through the BMP‑9/Smad‑4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Luan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Limin Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Zhao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Sui
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
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26
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Mazzari ALDA, Prieto JM. Herbal medicines in Brazil: pharmacokinetic profile and potential herb-drug interactions. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:162. [PMID: 25071580 PMCID: PMC4087670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of active compounds found in herbal medicines can serve as substrate for enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. When a medicinal plant is co-administered with a conventional drug and little or no information is known about the pharmacokinetics of the plant metabolites, there is an increased risk of potential herb-drug interactions. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in a population may act to predispose individuals to adverse reactions. The use of herbal medicines is rapidly increasing in many countries, particularly Brazil where the vast biodiversity is a potential source of new and more affordable treatments for numerous conditions. Accordingly, the Brazilian Unified Public Health System (SUS) produced a list of 71 plant species of interest, which could be made available to the population in the near future. Physicians at SUS prescribe a number of essential drugs and should herbal medicines be added to this system the chance of herb-drug interactions further increases. A review of the effects of these medicinal plants on Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolic mechanisms and the transporter P-glycoprotein was conducted. The results have shown that approximately half of these medicinal plants lack any pharmacokinetic data. Moreover, most of the studies carried out are in vitro. Only a few reports on herb-drug interactions with essential drugs prescribed by SUS were found, suggesting that very little attention is being given to the safety of herbal medicines. Here we have taken this information to discuss the potential interactions between herbal medicines and essential drugs prescribed to Brazilian patients whilst taking into account the most common polymorphisms present in the Brazilian population. A number of theoretical interactions are pinpointed but more pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacovigilance data are needed to ascertain their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L D A Mazzari
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Jose M Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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Zhang F, Zhan Q, Gao S, Dong X, Jiang B, Sun L, Tao X, Chen WS. Chemical profile- and pharmacokinetics-based investigation of the synergistic property of platycodonis radix in traditional Chinese medicine formula Shengxian decoction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:497-507. [PMID: 24524880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To investigate the synergistic property of Platycodonis radix (PG) in a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription Shengxian decoction (SXT) by combining chemical profile with pharmacokinetic analysis strategy. The synergized prescription consisted of Astragali radix, Anemarrhenae rhizoma, Bupleuri radix, and Cimicifuage rhizoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was employed to investigate the chemical fingerprints of SXT and decreased SXT (SXT that removed Platycodonis radix, SXT-PG). A reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed to examine the pharmacokinetics of 9 marker compounds (including formononetin, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, ononin, caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, mangiferin, timosaponin E1, timosaponin B-II and timosaponin B) following oral administration of SXT and SXT-PG in rats. Both in vitro chemical profiles and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters differences between SXT and SXT-PG were conducted. RESULTS By using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS method, a total of 25 compounds identified from SXT, including 13 triterpenoids, 5 caffeinic derivatives, 4 isoflavonoids and 3 xanthone glycosides. Comparing the chemical fingerprints between SXT and decreased SXT did not reveal significant difference in the chemical profile of other four TCMs. The improved pharmacokinetic profiles of mangiferin, timosaponin E1, timosaponin B-II and timosaponin B were found in SXT group, suggesting the quicker distribution and more effective absorption, when compared with those in the SXT-PG group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that PG did not increase the dissolution of synergized prescription when co-decocting, but guided the synergized prescription to target location, reflecting the courier role of PG, which was in line with the clinical principle of TCM. It also established a useful method for TCM synergistic property research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Qin Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Pharmacognasy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Lianna Sun
- Department of Pharmacognasy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Khanal T, Do MT, Jin SW, Han HJ, Lee HS, Lee YC, Chung YC, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum suppresses TGFβ1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via repression of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 pathway in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:140-51. [PMID: 24341702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.853087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces growth arrest, tissue fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through activation of Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. EMT is the differentiation switch by which polarized epithelial cells differentiate into contractile and motile mesenchymal cells. Our previous studies have shown that saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (CKS) have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimetastatic, and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of CKS on TGFβ1-induced alterations characteristic of EMT in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. We found that CKS-treated cells displayed inhibited TGFβ1-mediated E-cadherin downregulation and Vimentin upregulation and also retained epithelial morphology. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression, a repressor of E-cadherin and an inducer of the EMT, was reduced by CKS. CKS inhibited TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 also blocked TGFβ1-induced GSK-3β phosphorylation and Snail activation. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression was reduced by selective inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2. Moreover, CKS treatment attenuated TGFβ1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and upregulated Smad7 expression. These results indicate that pretreatment with the CKS inhibits the TGFβ1-induced EMT through PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, GSK-3β and Smad2/3 in human lung carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- a Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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Triterpenoid Saponins Isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Replication. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:560417. [PMID: 24489585 PMCID: PMC3893781 DOI: 10.1155/2013/560417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to significant adverse effects and emergence of resistant strains of currently developed anti-HCV agents, plant extracts have been considered to be potential sources of new bioactive compounds against HCV. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional effects of triterpenoid saponins contained in the root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on viral enzyme activities and replication in both HCV replicon cells and cell culture grown HCV- (HCVcc-) infected cells. Inhibitory activities of triterpenoid saponins from PG were verified by NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase assay and were further confirmed in the context of HCV replication. Six triterpenoid saponins (platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, deapioplatycodin D, deapioplatycodin D2, and platyconic acid A), PG saponin mixture (PGSM), were identified as active components exerting anti-HCV activity. Importantly, PGSM exerted synergistic anti-HCV activity in combination with either interferon-α or NS5A inhibitors. We demonstrated that combinatorial treatment of PGSM and IFN-α efficiently suppressed colony formation with significant reduction in drug resistant variant of HCV. These data suggest that triterpenoid saponin may represent a novel anti-HCV therapeutic agent.
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30
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Gum SI, Cho MK. Recent updates on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the role of nrf2 in hepatoprotection. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:165-72. [PMID: 24386516 PMCID: PMC3877995 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) known as paracetamol is the main ingredient in Tylenol, which has analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Inappropriate use of APAP causes major morbidity and mortality secondary to hepatic failure. Overdose of APAP depletes the hepatic glutathione (GSH) rapidly, and the metabolic intermediate leads to hepatocellular death. This article reviews the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity and provides an overview of current research studies. Pharmacokinetics including metabolism (activation and detoxification), subsequent transport (efflux)-facilitating excretion, and some other aspects related to toxicity are discussed. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated gene battery plays a critical role in the multiple steps associated with the mitigation of APAP toxicity. The role of Nrf2 as a protective target is described, and potential natural products inhibiting APAP toxicity are outlined. This review provides an update on the mechanism of APAP toxicity and highlights the beneficial role of Nrf2 and specific natural products in hepatoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Il Gum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, Korea
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Platycodi Radix attenuates dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inducing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:231-9. [PMID: 23485615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the aqueous extract of the Platycodi Radix root (Changkil: CK) on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. DMN treatment for 4 weeks led to marked liver fibrosis as assessed by serum biochemistry, histopathological examination, and hepatic lipid peroxidation and collagen content. CK significantly inhibited DMN-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, fibrosis score, and hepatic malondialdehyde and collagen content. CK also inhibited DMN-induced reductions in rat body and liver weights. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses revealed that CK inhibited DMN-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA, and collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin protein. DMN-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation was reduced by CK treatment. Furthermore, CK induced activation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in HepG2 cells. These results demonstrated that CK attenuates DMN-induced liver fibrosis through the activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes.
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Platycodin D attenuates bile duct ligation-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kim TW, Lee HK, Song IB, Kim MS, Hwang YH, Lim JH, Park SJ, Lee SW, Kim JW, Yun HI. Protective effect of the aqueous extract from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1473-8. [PMID: 23035893 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.680973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has been widely studied for its hepatoprotective effects against various hepatotoxicants. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the protective effect of the standardized aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum (BC703) on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS BC703 is a standardized aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum in reference to platycodin D (at least 0.8%). The mice were allocated into five groups as follows: Sham-operated, bile duct ligation (BDL) alone, and BDL with BC703 (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg BW) treated group. BC703 was given for 3 consecutive days before BDL operation. The animals were sacrificed by CO₂ anesthesia post-24 h of BDL operations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase increased to 395.2 ± 90.0 and 266.0 ± 45.6 Unit/L in the BDL alone group and decreased with BC703 in a dose-dependent manner. Especially the 10 mg/kg of BC703-treated mice showed a 77% decrease of serum alanine aminotransferase and 56% of aspartate aminotransferase as compared with BDL alone. Decreased antioxidant enzyme levels in BDL alone group were elevated in BC703-treated groups ranging from 7 to 29% for glutathione and from 13 to 25% for superoxide dismutase. BC703 treatment also attenuated malondialdehyde (from 3 to 32%) and nitric oxide levels (from 32 to 50%) as compared with BDL alone. Histopathological studies further confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of BC703 in BDL-induced cholestesis. CONCLUSION BC703 could attenuate liver injury by BDL in mice, and test results indicate that BC703 might be useful in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University , Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Choi JH, Han EH, Park BH, Kim HG, Hwang YP, Chung YC, Lee YC, Jeong HG. Platycodi Radix suppresses development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:446-452. [PMID: 22407167 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platycodi Radix has been used to treat chronic diseases, such as bronchitis, asthma, and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we examined the effect of an aqueous extract, Changkil (CK), from the root of Platycodi Radix on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions. Administration of CK onto DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice ameliorated lesion intensity scores, levels of IgE, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), TNF-α, and IL-4 in serum and ears. In contrast, CK increased level of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Histopathological examination showed reduced thickness of the epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in the ears. CK also suppressed TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced mRNA expression and production of TARC in HaCaT cells. CK exerts beneficial effects on AD symptoms, suggesting that CK is an effective potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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35
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Lim JH, Kim TW, Park SJ, Song IB, Kim MS, Kwon HJ, Cho ES, Son HY, Lee SW, Suh JW, Kim JW, Yun HI. Protective Effects of Platycodon grandiflorum Aqueous Extract on Thioacetamide-induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 24:223-8. [PMID: 22319234 PMCID: PMC3266357 DOI: 10.1293/tox.24.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective activity of aqueous extract
from Platycodon grandiflorum (BC703) on thioacetamide (TA)-induced
hepatotoxicity in mice. We found that BC703 significantly decreased mortality and the
change in serum transaminase following TA administration. The group treated with BC703 at
doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg produced significant hepatoprotective effects against
TA-induced liver damage by decreasing the activities of serum enzymes, nitric oxide and
lipid peroxidation in dose-dependent manners. Histopathological studies further
substantiated the protective effect of BC703. These results show the hepatoprotective
activity of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum on
thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Lim
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence
Technology, Gyeonggi-Do 443-270, South Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Park
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence
Technology, Gyeonggi-Do 443-270, South Korea
| | - In-Bae Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Myoung-Seok Kim
- Jeollanamdo Development Institute for Traditional Korean
Medicine, Jeollanam-Do 529-851, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kwon
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun-Sang Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Lee
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence
Technology, Gyeonggi-Do 443-270, South Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji
University, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Kim
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence
Technology, Gyeonggi-Do 443-270, South Korea
| | - Hyo-In Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National
University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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KIM TW, LIM JH, SONG IB, PARK SJ, YANG JW, SHIN JC, SUH JW, SON HY, CHO ES, KIM MS, LEE SW, KIM JW, YUN HI. Hepatoprotective and Anti-Hepatitis C Viral Activity of Platycodon grandiflorum Extract on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatic Injury in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012; 58:187-94. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.58.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ryu CS, Kim CH, Lee SY, Lee KS, Choung KJ, Song GY, Kim BH, Ryu SY, Lee HS, Kim SK. Evaluation of the total oxidant scavenging capacity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chem 2011; 132:333-7. [PMID: 26434298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (PG; Balloon flower) was determined using the total oxidant-scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Platycodigenin, polygalacic acid, platycodin D, platycoside E and deapioplatycoside E were isolated and their structures were characterised based on their physical and spectral properties and by comparison of these results with similar data in the literature. Platycodin D showed the greatest TOSC value against peroxyl radicals, followed (in decreasing order) by polygalacic acid, platycodigenin, deapioplatycosides E and platycoside E. Although the TOSC value of the saponins against peroxyl radicals was less than that of glutathione (GSH) and Trolox used as positive controls. However, TOSC value of platycodigenin, deapioplatycoside E, platycodin D or platycoside E against peroxynitrite was 2.35-, 1.27-, 1.02- or 0.75-fold of GSH, respectively, while polygalacic acid exhibited no scavenging capacity of peroxynitrites. These results suggest importance of the presence of hydroxyl group at carbon 24 in platycodigenin in peroxynitrite scavenging. As the number of attached sugar residues in the saponin glycosides is increased, the scavenging capacity of peroxyl radical, but not peroxynitrite was significantly decreased. These results showed that PG saponins have potent antioxidant activities, which is different according to the structure of aglycones and the number of attached sugar residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Sook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Choung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Ochang Branch Institute, KRIBB, Cheongwon 363-883, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Uzma N, Kumar BS, Priyadarsini KI. Hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of selenocystine in experimental liver injury of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:723-34. [PMID: 20737246 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study was evaluated to investigate the efficacy of selenocystine (CysSeSeCys), a well-known organoselenium compound, on the prevention of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute hepatic injury in Wistar rats. Forty healthy male Wistar rats were utilized in this study. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl(4) intoxication in rats. Serum biological analysis, oxidative stress, immune parameters, and gene expression of COX-2 and CYP2E1 were carried out. Pretreatment of CysSeSeCys prior to CCl(4) administration significantly prevented an increase in serum hepatic enzymatic activities. In addition, pretreatment of CysSeSeCys significantly prevented the formation of ROS, MDA, depletion of glutathione, and alteration of antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of CCl(4)-intoxicated rats. This study also revealed that pretreatment with CysSeSeCys normalized the levels of interleukin 6 and10, IgG, and CD4 cell count. Pretreatment of CysSeSeCys significantly reversed COX-2 inflammatory response and the upregulation of CYP2E1 expression as well. Histopathological changes induced by CCl(4) were also significantly attenuated by CysSeSeCys pretreatment. CysSeSeCys has a potent hepatoprotective effect on CCl(4)-induced liver injury in rats through its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Uzma
- Department of Physiology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500 058, India
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Noh JR, Kim YH, Gang GT, Hwang JH, Kim SK, Ryu SY, Kim YS, Lee HS, Lee CH. Hepatoprotective effect of Platycodon grandiflorum against chronic ethanol-induced oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:224-31. [PMID: 21811061 DOI: 10.1159/000330117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) in ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver damage. METHODS AND RESULTS PG treatment (both the total extract and saponin fraction) significantly blocked EtOH-induced oxidative stress through the preservation of activities of antioxidant enzymes in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, while the administration of EtOH to C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks induced liver damage, along with a significant increase in plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hepatic triglyceride and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, PG treatment significantly decreased glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hepatic triglyceride and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels compared with the EtOH-treated control group (p < 0.05). Histological observation by hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining in the liver showed more effective inhibition of lipid accumulation in PG-treated groups, as compared to the EtOH-treated control group. Additionally, PG treatments appeared to enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PG has a protective effect against EtOH-induced oxidative damage, possibly by inhibition of lipid accumulation and peroxidation through the enhancement of the antioxidant defense system. PG might be useful as a therapeutically potent natural ingredient for the prevention of chronic EtOH-induced oxidative stress and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ran Noh
- Animal Model Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Korea
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Han EH, Kim HG, Park BH, Lee HS, Park BK, Lee YC, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Inhibition of acrolein-stimulated MUC5AC expression by Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponin in A549 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2157-66. [PMID: 21664222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin overproduction is a hallmark of chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, we investigated the inhibition of acrolein-induced expression of mucin 5, subtypes A and C (MUC5AC) by Changkil saponin (CKS) in A549 cells. Acrolein, a known toxin in tobacco smoke and an endogenous mediator of oxidative stress, increases the expression of airway MUC5AC, a major component of airway mucus. CKS, a Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponin, inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity, through the suppression of NF-κB activation. CKS also repressed acrolein-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38MAPK, which are upstream signaling molecules that control MUC5AC expression. In addition, the MAPK inhibitors PD98059 (ERK1/2), SP600125 (JNK1/2), and SB203580 (p38 MAPK), and a PKC delta inhibitor (rottlerin; PKCδ) inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity. CKS repressed acrolein-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ. Moreover, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, N-acetylcysteine, inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity through the suppression of PKCδ and MAPK activation, and CKS repressed acrolein-induced ROS production. These results suggest that CKS suppresses acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB via ROS-PKCδ-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Li YG, Ji DF, Zhong S, Shi LG, Hu GY, Chen S. Saponins from Panax japonicus protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in mice by up-regulating the expression of GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 45:320-31. [PMID: 20554696 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism(s) of saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) on alcohol-induced hepatic damage in mice. METHODS SPJ were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection-mass spectrometry (LC-ELSD-MS). Non-toxic concentrations of SPJ were assayed on alcohol-induced hepatic injury in male ICR mice and human hepatic cells. The protective effects were evaluated by biochemical values, histopathological observations and the relative gene expression. Results. In vitro, SPJ showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. In vivo, SPJ (50 mg/kg) could rectify the pathological changes of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) caused by alcohol metabolism to normal levels except for hepatic GSH and CAT. In hepatic cells, the results were in agreement with foregoing results determined in mice after pretreatment of SPJ (100 microg/ml). RT-PCR results showed that CAT, GPX and SOD mRNA decreased by alcohol metabolism were reversed, in which GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3 could return to a normal level, but CAT, GPX1 and SOD2 mRNA were still evidently lower than the control. Histopathological observations provided supportive evidence for biochemical analyses. CONCLUSIONS SPJ plays an important role in the protection of the structure and function of hepatic mitochondria and karyon by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species/free radicals and up-regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and CAT), especially to GPX3, SOD1 and SOD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Gui Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Molecular mechanism of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation by Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins. Toxicol Lett 2010; 195:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Eu JB, Kim SO, Seoung TJ, Choi SG, Cho SH, Choi CY. Protective Effect of Theanine on the Acetaminophen-induced Hepatotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jeong CH, Choi GN, Kim JH, Kwak JH, Kim DO, Kim YJ, Heo HJ. Antioxidant activities from the aerial parts of Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Khanal T, Choi JH, Hwang YP, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Protective effects of saponins from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum against fatty liver in chronic ethanol feeding via the activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia amygdalina (astereaceae) in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 62:197-206. [PMID: 19581077 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possible modulatory effect of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (MEVA), a plant widely consumed in the tropics and used locally in the treatment of fever, jaundice, stomach disorders and diabetes on the toxicity of CCl(4), was investigated in male rats. Oral administration of CCl(4) at a dose of 1.2g/kg body weight 3 times a week for 3 weeks significantly induced marked hepatic injury as revealed by increased activity of the serum enzymes ALT, AST, SALP and gamma-GT. Methanolic extract of V. amygdalina administered 5 times a week for 2 weeks before CCl(4) treatment at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses of the extract ameliorated the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Likewise the methanolic extract of V. amygdalina reduced the CCl(4)-induced increase in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid by 37.8%, 30.6% and 8.5%, respectively, and a reduction in the cholesterol/phospholipids ratio. These parameters were however increased at 750 mg/kg extract pretreatment. CCl(4)-induced lipid peroxidation was likewise attenuated by 57.2% at 500 mg/kg dose of the methanolic extract of V. amygdalina. Similarly, administration of the extract increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and reduced glutathione concentration significantly at 500 mg/kg (P<0.05) and catalase activity at 500-1000 mg/kg doses. These results suggest that methanolic extract of V. amygdalina leaves posseses protective effect against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity by the antioxidant mechanism of action.
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Lee HS, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effect of Platycodi Radix on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Choi JH, Choi CY, Lee KJ, Hwang YP, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Hepatoprotective Effects of an Anthocyanin Fraction from Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potato Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Mice. J Med Food 2009; 12:320-6. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Yung Choi
- Division of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Hwang
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Division of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- BK21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Lee HS, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effect of Platycodi Radix on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1272-9. [PMID: 19264106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by an associated increase in airway responsiveness. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract from the root of Platycodi Radix (Changkil: CK) on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation to induce chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling. CK markedly decreased the number of infiltrated inflammatory cells and the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and chemokines compared with those in the OVA-induced group. In addition, CK reduced OVA-specific IgE levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Based on lung histopathological studies, inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion were inhibited by CK administration compared to that in the OVA-induced group. Lung weight was reduced after CK administration. Also, increased generation of ROS in BAL fluid, as well as NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, by inhalation of OVA was diminished by CK. Moreover, CK reduced the OVA-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteases activity. These findings indicate that oxidative stress may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma induced by OVA and that CK may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- BK 21 Project Team, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
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Khanal T, Choi JH, Hwang YP, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Saponins isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum protect against acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:530-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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