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Li Z, Chen J, Lei T, Zhang H. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis of mouse microglia cell line BV-2 cells via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:221-226. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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2
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Chang CY, Chiou PP, Chen WJ, Li YH, Yiu JC, Cheng YH, Chen SD, Lin CT, Lai YS. Assessment of the tumorigenesis and drug susceptibility of three new canine mammary tumor cell lines. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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3
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Frankenberg T, Miloh T, Chen FY, Ananthanarayanan M, Sun AQ, Balasubramaniyan N, Arias I, Setchell KDR, Suchy FJ, Shneider BL. The membrane protein ATPase class I type 8B member 1 signals through protein kinase C zeta to activate the farnesoid X receptor. Hepatology 2008; 48:1896-905. [PMID: 18668687 PMCID: PMC2774894 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior loss-of-function analyses revealed that ATPase class I type 8B member 1 [familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1)] posttranslationally activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Mechanisms underlying this regulation were examined by gain-of-function studies in UPS cells, which lack endogenous FIC1 expression. FXR function was assayed in response to wild-type and mutated FIC1 expression constructs with a human bile salt export pump (BSEP) promoter and a variety of cellular localization techniques. FIC1 overexpression led to enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear localization of FXR that was associated with FXR-dependent activation of the BSEP promoter. The FIC1 effect was lost after mutation of the FXR response element in the BSEP promoter. Despite similar levels of FIC1 protein expression, Byler disease FIC1 mutants did not activate BSEP, whereas benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis mutants partially activated BSEP. The FIC1 effect was dependent on the presence of the FXR ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid. The effect of FIC1 on FXR phosphorylation and nuclear localization and its effects on BSEP promoter activity could be blocked with protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) inhibitors (pseudosubstrate or small interfering RNA silencing). Recombinant PKC zeta directly phosphorylated immunoprecipitated FXR. The mutation of threonine 442 of FXR to alanine yielded a dominant negative protein, whereas the phosphomimetic conversion to glutamate resulted in FXR with enhanced activity and nuclear localization. Inhibition of PKC zeta in Caco-2 cells resulted in activation of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter promoter. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that FIC1 signals to FXR via PKC zeta. FIC1-related liver disease is likely related to downstream effects of FXR on bile acid homeostasis. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis emanates from a partially functional FIC1 protein. Phosphorylation of FXR is an important mechanism for regulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Frankenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Tamir Miloh
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Frank Y. Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Meena Ananthanarayanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - An-Qiang Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Irwin Arias
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Frederick J. Suchy
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Benjamin L. Shneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Zhou JH, Yu DV, Cheng J, Shapiro DJ. Delayed and persistent ERK1/2 activation is required for 4-hydroxytamoxifen-induced cell death. Steroids 2007; 72:765-77. [PMID: 17714751 PMCID: PMC3655899 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (Tam), and its active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT), compete with estrogens for binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Tam and OHT can also induce ER-dependent apoptosis of cancer cells. 10-100nM OHT induces ER-dependent apoptosis in approximately 3 days. Using HeLaER6 cells, we examined the role of OHT activation of signal transduction pathways in OHT-ER-mediated apoptosis. OHT-ER activated the p38, JNK and ERK1/2 pathways. Inhibition of p38 activation with SB203580, or RNAi-knockdown of p38alpha, moderately reduced OHT-ER mediated cell death. A JNK inhibitor partly reduced cell death. Surprisingly, the MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD98059, completely blocked OHT-ER induced apoptosis. EGF, an ERK1/2 activator, enhanced OHT-induced apoptosis. OHT induced a delayed and persistent phosphorylation of ERK1/2 that persisted for >80h. Addition of PD98059 as late as 24h after OHT largely blocked OHT-ER mediated apoptosis. The antagonist, ICI 182,780, blocked both the long-term OHT-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and OHT-induced apoptosis. Our data suggests that the p38 and JNK pathways, which often play a central role in apoptosis, have only a limited role in OHT-ER-mediated cell death. Although rapid activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is often associated with cell growth, persistent activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is essential for OHT-ER induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150001, China
| | - David V. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jingwei Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David J. Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Illinois Urbana, IL 61801
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5
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Kim HS, Ishizaka M, Kazusaka A, Fujita S. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in GH3 pituitary cells. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:27-33. [PMID: 16874505 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, has been clinically used as an antitumor drug and induces apoptosis in GH3 pituitary cells. Although di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a well-known environmental estrogen and the exposure to this chemical is well expected, reports are limited regarding effects of DEHP on tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in pituitary cells. In the cytotoxicity assay, the reduced cell viability in tamoxifen-treated GH3 cells was reversed by DEHP (250 microM) treatment for 4 days. To characterize cell death, cells were stained using Hoechst 33258. Apoptotic morphological change such as chromatin condensation induced by tamoxifen was suppressed by treatment with DEHP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells induced by tamoxifen was significantly decreased by DEHP treatment. Enhanced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage by tamoxifen treatment was also inhibited by DEHP. These results suggest that DEHP suppresses tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in association with its estrogenic effect in GH3 cells and might counteract the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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6
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Seilicovich A, Pisera D, Sciascia SA, Candolfi M, Puntel M, Xiong W, Jaita G, Castro MG. Gene therapy for pituitary tumors. Curr Gene Ther 2006; 5:559-72. [PMID: 16457646 PMCID: PMC2696484 DOI: 10.2174/156652305774964721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the most common primary intracranial neoplasms. Although most pituitary tumors are considered typically benign, others can cause severe and progressive disease. The principal aims of pituitary tumor treatment are the elimination or reduction of the tumor mass, normalization of hormone secretion and preservation of remaining pituitary function. In spite of major advances in the therapy of pituitary tumors, for some of the most difficult tumors, current therapies that include medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic methods are often unsatisfactory and there is a need to develop new treatment strategies. Gene therapy, which uses nucleic acids as drugs, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of pituitary tumors that do not respond to classical treatment strategies if the patients become intolerant to the therapy. The development of animal models for pituitary tumors and hormone hypersecretion has proven to be critical for the implementation of novel treatment strategies and gene therapy approaches. Preclinical trials using several gene therapy approaches for the treatment of anterior pituitary diseases have been successfully implemented. Several issues need to be addressed before clinical implementation becomes a reality, including the development of more effective and safer viral vectors, uncovering novel therapeutic targets and development of targeted expression of therapeutic transgenes. With the development of efficient gene delivery vectors allowing long-term transgene expression with minimal toxicity, gene therapy will become one of the most promising approaches for treating pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Seilicovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina.
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7
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Blumenthal DT, Schulman SF. Survival outcomes in glioblastoma multiforme, including the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2006; 5:683-90. [PMID: 16162092 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.5.5.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an uncommon cancer, but one that is disproportionately represented in mortality rates. Recent developments in adjuvant chemotherapy have regenerated enthusiasm for the treatment of this tumor. Ongoing translational and clinical research has led to a greater understanding of the biologic and molecular behavior and heterogeneity of this tumor. Recent shifts in treatment standards, as well as further selective individualizing of therapies based on molecular information, promise progress for this difficult-to-treat neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah T Blumenthal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Ste 2152, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Erensoy N, Cagatay P, Yilmazer S. Effects of estrogen and tamoxifen on the ultrastructural characteristics of female rat prolactin cells as evaluated by immunogold technique. Acta Histochem 2005; 107:199-205. [PMID: 15993477 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and antiestrogens are known to have effects on prolactin (PRL)-producing cells in the anterior pituitary. This study was planned to investigate the effects of estrogen and tamoxifen at immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic levels on PRL cells of female rat pituitary. Animals were divided into three groups of eight adult female rats each. The first group was the control group. 200-microg/day of estrogen was administered subcutaneously for 11 weeks to 16 rats. Tamoxifen was administered to eight of them for the last 15 days. In diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced group, serum PRL levels and pituitary weights were found to be elevated when compared with the control group. In the DES plus tamoxifen group the readings were close to that of the control group. PRL-positive cells were enlarged and strongly immunostained in DES-induced group when assessed by light microscopy. Tamoxifen prevented this effect. At the ultrastructural level, in the tamoxifen treated group, PRL-producing cells contained both immunopositive and immunonegative secretory granules. Numerous PRL-producing cells exhibited progressive morphological changes in the nuclei compatible with the apoptotic process. The results of this study indicate that tamoxifen prevents not only the proliferative effect of estrogen but also inhibits the secretion mechanism of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Erensoy
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Turkey.
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Basu S, Ma R, Boyle PJ, Mikulla B, Bradley M, Smith B, Basu M, Banerjee S. Apoptosis of human carcinoma cells in the presence of potential anti-cancer drugs: III. Treatment of Colo-205 and SKBR3 cells with: cis -platin, Tamoxifen, Melphalan, Betulinic acid, L-PDMP, L-PPMP, and GD3 ganglioside. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:563-77. [PMID: 15454695 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000043293.46845.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer, predominantly among women over 20, whereas colo-rectal cancer occurs in both men and women over the age of 50. Chemotherapy of both cancers affect rapidly growing normal as well as cancer cells. Cancer cells are non-apoptotic. Seven anti-cancer agents (cis -platin, Tamoxifen, Melphalan, Betulinic acid, D-PDMP, L-PPMP, and GD3) have been tested with human breast (SKBR3) and colon (Colo-205) carcinoma cells for their apoptotic effect and found to be positive by several assay systems. Colo-205 cells were obtained from ATCC, and the SKBR3 cells were a gift from the Cleveland Clinic. All of these six agents killed those two cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In the early apoptotic stage (6 h), these cells showed only a flopping of phosphatidylserine on the outer lamella of the plasma membranes as evidenced by the binding of a novel fluorescent dye PSS-380. After 24 h of the treatment, those apoptotic cells showed damage of the plasma as well as the nuclear membrane as evidenced by binding of propidium iodide to the nuclear DNA. DNA laddering assay viewed further breakdown of DNA by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. It is concluded that during apoptosis the signaling by Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway (MSP) is stimulated by some of these agents. Caspase 3 was activated with the concomitant appearance of its p17 polypeptide as viewed by Westernblot analyses. Incorporation of radioactivity from [U-(14)C]-L-serine in total sphingolipid mixture was observed between 2 and 4 micromolar concentrations of most of the agents except ci s-platin. However, apoptosis in carcinoma cells in the presence of cis -platin is induced by a caspase 3 activation pathway without any increase in synthesis of ceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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10
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Kim YJ, Lee CJ, Lee U, Yoo YM. Tamoxifen-induced cell death and expression of neurotrophic factors in cultured C6 glioma cells. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:121-5. [PMID: 15690126 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-0984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ( Z)-2[ p -(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N ,N -dimethylamine citrate (tamoxifen) on cell survival and the expression of neurotrophic factors (NTF) were investigated in rat C6 glioma cells (C6). C6 cells do not express the estrogen receptor. Cytotoxic effect was detected from 24 h after the treatment with 10 microM tamoxifen and increased with time in a dose-dependent manner. C6 cells treated with tamoxifen also displayed various morphological types such as elliptical, round and aggregated form. As the treatment time increased, the proliferation of C6 cells was reduced remarkably and most of them became the round or aggregated form. To examine the relationship of the expression of NTF and the cytotoxicity of tamoxifen, the mRNA level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was measured after 24 h treatment with tamoxifen by RT-PCR. The expression of mRNA of BDNF or GDNF in C6 cells treated with various concentrations of tamoxifen was comparable to controls. The expression of bFGF mRNA was significantly reduced in C6 cells treated with 10 or 15 microM tamoxifen. The results suggest that tamoxifen exerts cytotoxic effect on estrogen receptor-negative C6 cells through the inhibition of the transcription of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Inha University, South Korea
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11
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Hayon T, Atlas L, Levy E, Dvilansky A, Shpilberg O, Nathan I. Multifactorial activities of nonsteroidal antiestrogens against leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 27:389-96. [PMID: 14585326 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-090x(03)00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antileukemic activity of nonsteroidal antiestrogens was investigated. Tamoxifen, clomiphene and nafoxidine caused a decrease in viability of the estrogen receptor-negative T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF/CEM, nafoxidine being the most active. A combination of clomiphene and genistein resulted in a synergistic cytotoxic effect when applied to Molt-3, another T-lymphblastic leukemic cell line. The antiestrogens arrested the cells at G(0)/G(1) phase and induced apoptosis. Using the CCRF/VCR(1000) cell line, which is resistant to vincristine, it was observed that the effect of nafoxidine on modulating drug resistance was manifested at a lower concentration than that causing a direct cytotoxic effect. Nafoxidine inhibited the Pgp pump activity as measured by rhodamine 123 efflux. Combination with verapamil was found to be more effective in abrogating the pump activity. This study points to the multifactorial activities of nonsteroidal antiestrogens against lymphoblastic leukemia and implies their potential use in clinical treatment as antileukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Hayon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Soroka University Medical Centre, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Yang ZL, Wang QW, Deng XH, Li DQ, L F, Li YG. Enzymatic activities of ChAT, GAD65 and PKC in pancreatic carcinoma tissues. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1554-1557. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study on the expression characteristics of ChAT, GAD65 and PKC enzymatic activities and their clinicopathological significance in the tissues of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma.
METHODS The enzymatic activities of ChAT, GAD65 and PKC were detected by immunohistochemical method of avidin-biotin complex on formalin-fixed and routine paraffin-embedded sections of specimens of chronic pancreatitis (n =10) and pancreatic carcinoma (n =47).
RESULTS The positive rate and the score of ChAT, GAD65 and PKC were significantly lower in 10 cases of chronic pancreatitis than that of pancreatic carcinoma (ChAT, 0% vs 48.9% , 0.2±0.4 vs 2.2±1.4; GAD65, 10.0% vs 55.3%, 0.6±0.9 vs 2.2±1.2; PKC, 10.0% vs 57.4%, 0.6±0.9 vs 2.1±1.6). The score of ChAT was significantly higher in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma than that of poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). The positive rate and the score of GAD65 or PKC were significantly lower (GAD65, P<0.05; PKC, P<0.01) in cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma than in cases of poorly-differentiated. No difference was found for the enzyme expressions and the clinicopathological characteristics among different sex, age, with or without metastasis of pancreatic carcinoma. A highly positive correlation was found between the scores of GAD65 and PKC in pancreatic carcinoma.
CONCLUSION The expression of enzymatic activities of ChAT, GAD65 or PKC might be related to the carcinogenesis, progression and biological behaviors of pancreatic carcinoma. They might be important biological markers of pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Lin Yang
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qun-Wei Wang
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xing-Hui Deng
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Li
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang L
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong-Guo Li
- Reaserch Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Xiangya Second Hospital of Zhongnan University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Potokar M, Milisav I, Kreft M, Stenovec M, Zorec R. Apoptosis triggered redistribution of caspase-9 from cytoplasm to mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2003; 544:153-9. [PMID: 12782307 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-9 is an apoptosis initiator protease activated as a response to the mitochondrial damage in the cytoplasmic complex apoptosome. By fluorescence labelling of proteins, confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionations we demonstrate that caspase-9 is in the cytoplasm of non-apoptotic pituitary cells. The activation of apoptosis with rotenone triggers the redistribution of caspase-9 to mitochondria. Experiments using the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk and the specific caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD.fmk show that the caspase-9 redistribution is a regulated process and requires the activity of a caspase other than the caspase-9. We propose that this spatial regulation is required to control the activity of caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, Slovenia
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