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Huang N, Wang Q, Chen CY, Hu JM, Wang JK, Chang PY, Johnson MD, Lin CY. N-glycosylation on Asn-57 is required for the correct HAI-2 protein folding and protease inhibitory activity. Glycobiology 2023; 33:203-214. [PMID: 36637420 PMCID: PMC10114645 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-2 is an integral membrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that regulates the proteolysis of matriptase and prostasin in a cell-type selective manner. The cell-type selective nature of HAI-2 function depends largely on whether the inhibitor and potential target enzymes are targeted to locations in close proximity. The N-glycan moiety of HAI-2 can function as a subcellular targeting signal. HAI-2 is synthesized with 1 of 2 different N-glycan modifications: one of oligomannose-type, which largely remains in the endoplasmic reticulum/GA, and another of complex-type, which is targeted toward the apical surface in vesicle-like structures, and could function as an inhibitor of matriptase and prostasin. HAI-2 contains 2 putative N-glycosylation sites, Asn-57 and Asn-94, point mutations of which were generated and characterized in this study. The protein expression profile of the HAI-2 mutants indicates that Asn-57, and not Asn-94, is responsible for the N-glycosylation of both HAI-2 species, suggesting that the form with oligomannose-type N-glycan is the precursor of the form with complex-type N-glycan. Unexpectedly, the vast majority of non-glycosylated HAI-2 is synthesized into multiple disulfide-linked oligomers, which lack protease inhibitory function, likely due to distorted conformations caused by the disarrayed disulfide linkages. Although forced expression of HAI-2 in HAI-2 knockout cells artificially enhances HAI-2 oligomerization, disulfide-linked HAI-2 oligomers can also be observed in unmodified cells. These results suggest that N-glycosylation on Asn-57 is required for folding into a functional HAI-2 with full protease suppressive activity and correct subcellular targeting signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Huang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Chao-Yang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Ying Chang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of internal medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Huang N, Barndt RB, Lu DD, Wang Q, Huang SM, Wang JK, Chang PY, Chen CY, Hu JM, Su HC, Johnson MD, Lin CY. The difference in the intracellular Arg/Lys-rich and EHLVY motifs contributes to distinct subcellular distribution of HAI-1 versus HAI-2. Hum Cell 2021; 35:163-178. [PMID: 34643933 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane, Kunitz-type, serine protease inhibitors, HAI-1 and HAI-2, closely resemble one another structurally and with regard to their specificity and potency against proteases. Structural complementarity between the Kunitz domains and serine protease domains renders the membrane-associated serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin, the primary target proteases of the HAIs. The shared biochemical enzyme-inhibitor relationships are, however, at odds with their behavior at the cellular level, where HAI-1 appears to be the default inhibitor of these proteases and HAI-2 a cell-type-selective inhibitor, even though they are widely co-expressed. The limited motility of these proteins caused by their membrane anchorages may require their co-localization within a certain distance to allow the establishment of a cellular level functional relationship between the proteases and the inhibitors. The differences in their subcellular localization with HAI-1 both inside the cell and on the cell surface, compared to HAI-2 predominately in intracellular granules has, therefore, been implicated in the differential manner of their control of matriptase and prostasin proteolysis. The targeting signals present in the intracellular domains of the HAIs are systematically investigated herein. Studies involving domain swap and point mutation, in combination with immunocytochemistry and cell surface biotinylation/avidin depletion, reveal that the different subcellular localization between the HAIs can largely be attributed to differences in the intracellular Arg/Lys-rich and EHLVY motifs. These intrinsic differences in the targeting signal render the HAIs as two independent rather than redundant proteolysis regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Ying Chang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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3
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Barndt RB, Lee MJ, Huang N, Lu DD, Lee SC, Du PW, Chang CC, Tsai PFB, Huang YSK, Chang HM, Wang JK, Lai CH, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Targeted HAI-2 deletion causes excessive proteolysis with prolonged active prostasin and depletion of HAI-1 monomer in intestinal but not epidermal epithelial cells. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1833-1850. [PMID: 34089062 PMCID: PMC8444455 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of SPINT2, the gene encoding the integral membrane, Kunitz-type serine inhibitor HAI-2, primarily affect the intestine, while sparing many other HAI-2-expressing tissues, causing sodium loss in patients with syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea. The membrane-bound serine protease prostasin was previously identified as a HAI-2 target protease in intestinal tissues but not in the skin. In both tissues, the highly related inhibitor HAI-1 is, however, the default inhibitor for prostasin and the type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase. This cell-type selective functional linkage may contribute to the organ-selective damage associated with SPINT 2 mutations. To this end, the impact of HAI-2 deletion on matriptase and prostasin proteolysis was, here, compared using Caco-2 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. Greatly enhanced prostasin proteolytic activity with a prolonged half-life and significant depletion of HAI-1 monomer were observed with HAI-2 loss in Caco-2 cells but not HaCaT cells. The constitutive, high level prostasin zymogen activation observed in Caco-2 cells, but not in HaCaT cells, also contributes to the excessive prostasin proteolytic activity caused by HAI-2 loss. HAI-2 deletion also caused increased matriptase zymogen activation, likely as an indirect result of increased prostasin proteolysis. This increase in activated matriptase, however, only had a negligible role in depletion of HAI-1 monomer. Our study suggests that the constitutive, high level of prostasin zymogen activation and the cell-type selective functional relationship between HAI-2 and prostasin renders Caco-2 cells more susceptible than HaCaT cells to the loss of HAI-2, causing a severe imbalance favoring prostasin proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dajun D Lu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - See-Chi Lee
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Po-Wen Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Chang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Feng B Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Siou K Huang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ming Chang
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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The Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint2 is required for cellular cohesion, coordinated cell migration and cell survival during zebrafish hatching gland development. Dev Biol 2021; 476:148-170. [PMID: 33826923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor Spint1a, also named Hai1a, is required in the zebrafish embryonic epidermis to restrict the activity of the type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP) Matriptase1a/St14a, thereby ensuring epidermal homeostasis. A closely related Kunitz-type inhibitor is Spint2/Hai2, which in mammals plays multiple developmental roles that are either redundant or non-redundant with those of Spint1. However, the molecular bases for these non-redundancies are not fully understood. Here, we study spint2 during zebrafish development. It is co-expressed with spint1a in multiple embryonic epithelia, including the outer/peridermal layer of the epidermis. However, unlike spint1a, spint2 expression is absent from the basal epidermal layer but present in hatching gland cells. Hatching gland cells derive from the mesendodermal prechordal plate, from where they undergo a thus far undescribed transit into, and coordinated sheet migration within, the interspace between the outer and basal layer of the epidermis to reach their final destination on the yolk sac. Hatching gland cells usually survive their degranulation that drives embryo hatching but die several days later. In spint2 mutants, cohesion among hatching gland cells and their collective intra-epidermal migration are disturbed, leading to a discontinuous organization of the gland. In addition, cells undergo precocious cell death before degranulation, so that embryos fail to hatch. Chimera analyses show that Spint2 is required in hatching gland cells, but not in the overlying periderm, their potential migration and adhesion substrate. Spint2 acts independently of all tested Matriptases, Prostasins and other described Spint1 and Spint2 mediators. However, it displays a tight genetic interaction with and acts at least partly via the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, promoting both hatching gland cell cohesiveness and survival, in line with formerly reported effects of E-cadherin during morphogenesis and cell death suppression. In contrast, no such genetic interaction was observed between Spint2 and the cell-cell adhesion molecule EpCAM, which instead interacts with Spint1a. Our data shed new light onto the mechanisms of hatching gland morphogenesis and hatching gland cell survival. In addition, they reveal developmental roles of Spint2 that are strikingly different from those of Spint1, most likely due to differences in the expression patterns and relevant target proteins.
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Kawaguchi M, Yamamoto K, Takeda N, Fukushima T, Yamashita F, Sato K, Kitamura K, Hippo Y, Janetka JW, Kataoka H. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 stabilizes Epcam and maintains epithelial organization in the mouse intestine. Commun Biol 2019; 2:11. [PMID: 30623107 PMCID: PMC6320337 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPINT2 encoding the epithelial serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) are associated with congenital tufting enteropathy. However, the functions of HAI-2 in vivo are poorly understood. Here we used tamoxifen-induced Cre-LoxP recombination in mice to ablate Spint2. Mice lacking Spint2 died within 6 days after initiating tamoxifen treatment and showed severe epithelial damage in the whole intestinal tracts, and, to a lesser extent, the extrahepatic bile duct. The intestinal epithelium showed enhanced exfoliation, villous atrophy, enterocyte tufts and elongated crypts. Organoid crypt culture indicated that Spint2 ablation induced Epcam cleavage with decreased claudin-7 levels and resulted in organoid rupture. These organoid changes could be rescued by addition of serine protease inhibitors aprotinin, camostat mesilate and matriptase-selective α-ketobenzothiazole as well as by co-deletion of Prss8, encoding the serine protease prostasin. These results indicate that HAI-2 is an essential cellular inhibitor for maintaining intestinal epithelium architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yamashita
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 2608717, Japan
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
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Kataoka H, Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Shimomura T. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAI-1 and HAI-2): Emerging key players in epithelial integrity and cancer. Pathol Int 2018; 68:145-158. [PMID: 29431273 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The growth, survival, and metabolic activities of multicellular organisms at the cellular level are regulated by intracellular signaling, systemic homeostasis and the pericellular microenvironment. Pericellular proteolysis has a crucial role in processing bioactive molecules in the microenvironment and thereby has profound effects on cellular functions. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and HAI-2 are type I transmembrane serine protease inhibitors expressed by most epithelial cells. They regulate the pericellular activities of circulating hepatocyte growth factor activator and cellular type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), proteases required for the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor (SF). Activated HGF/SF transduces pleiotropic signals through its receptor tyrosine kinase, MET (coded by the proto-oncogene MET), which are necessary for cellular migration, survival, growth and triggering stem cells for accelerated healing. HAI-1 and HAI-2 are also required for normal epithelial functions through regulation of TTSP-mediated activation of other proteases and protease-activated receptor 2, and also through suppressing excess degradation of epithelial junctional proteins. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the mechanism of pericellular HGF/SF activation and highlights emerging roles of HAIs in epithelial development and integrity, as well as tumorigenesis and progression of transformed epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, 889-1692 Miyazaki
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, 889-1692 Miyazaki
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, 889-1692 Miyazaki
| | - Takeshi Shimomura
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, 889-1692 Miyazaki
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Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-2 (HAI-2)/ SPINT2 contributes to invasive growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11691-11706. [PMID: 29545930 PMCID: PMC5837738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1/SPINT1 and HAI-2/SPINT2 are membrane-anchored protease inhibitors having homologous Kunitz-type inhibitor domains. They regulate membrane-anchored serine proteases, such as matriptase and prostasin. Whereas HAI-1 suppresses the neoplastic progression of keratinocytes to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) through matriptase inhibition, the role of HAI-2 in keratinocytes is poorly understood. In vitro homozygous knockout of the SPINT2 gene suppressed the proliferation of two oral SCC (OSCC) lines (SAS and HSC3) but not the growth of a non-tumorigenic keratinocyte line (HaCaT). Reversion of HAI-2 abrogated the growth suppression. Matrigel invasion of both OSCC lines was also suppressed by the loss of HAI-2. The levels of prostasin protein were markedly increased in HAI-2-deficient cells, and knockdown of prostasin alleviated the HAI-2 loss-induced suppression of OSCC cell invasion. Therefore, HAI-2 has a pro-invasive role in OSCC cells through suppression of prostasin. In surgically resected OSCC tissues, HAI-2 immunoreactivity increased along with neoplastic progression, showing intense immunoreactivities in invasive OSCC cells. In summary, HAI-2 is required for invasive growth of OSCC cells and may contribute to OSCC progression.
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Nonboe AW, Krigslund O, Soendergaard C, Skovbjerg S, Friis S, Andersen MN, Ellis V, Kawaguchi M, Kataoka H, Bugge TH, Vogel LK. HAI-2 stabilizes, inhibits and regulates SEA-cleavage-dependent secretory transport of matriptase. Traffic 2017; 18:378-391. [PMID: 28371047 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) is able to suppress carcinogenesis induced by overexpression of matriptase, as well as cause regression of individual established tumors in a mouse model system. However, the role of HAI-2 is poorly understood. In this study, we describe 3 mutations in the binding loop of the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 (K42N, C47F and R48L) that cause a delay in the SEA domain cleavage of matriptase, leading to accumulation of non-SEA domain cleaved matriptase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We suggest that, like other known SEA domains, the matriptase SEA domain auto-cleaves and reflects that correct oligomerization, maturation, and/or folding has been obtained. Our results suggest that the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 mutants influence the flux of matriptase to the plasma membrane by affecting the oligomerization, maturation and/or folding of matriptase, and as a result the SEA domain cleavage of matriptase. Two of the HAI-2 Kunitz domain 1 mutants investigated (C47F, R48L and C47F/R48L) also displayed a reduced ability to proteolytically silence matriptase. Hence, HAI-2 separately stabilizes matriptase, regulates the secretory transport, possibly via maturation/oligomerization and inhibits the proteolytic activity of matriptase in the ER, and possible throughout the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika W Nonboe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Oliver Krigslund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Soendergaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Skovbjerg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Stine Friis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Martin N Andersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Thomas H Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lotte K Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
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Shiao F, Liu LCO, Huang N, Lai YJJ, Barndt RJ, Tseng CC, Wang JK, Jia B, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Selective Inhibition of Prostasin in Human Enterocytes by the Integral Membrane Kunitz-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor HAI-2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170944. [PMID: 28125689 PMCID: PMC5268426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-2 in humans cause sodium loss in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients with syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea (SCSD). Aberrant regulation of HAI-2 target protease(s) was proposed as the cause of the disease. Here functional linkage of HAI-2 with two membrane-associated serine proteases, matriptase and prostasin was analyzed in Caco-2 cells and the human GI tract. Immunodepletion-immunoblot analysis showed that significant proportion of HAI-2 is in complex with activated prostasin but not matriptase. Unexpectedly, prostasin is expressed predominantly in activated forms and was also detected in complex with HAI-1, a Kunitz inhibitor highly related to HAI-2. Immunohistochemistry showed a similar tissue distribution of prostasin and HAI-2 immunoreactivity with the most intense labeling near the brush borders of villus epithelial cells. In contrast, matriptase was detected primarily at the lateral plasma membrane, where HAI-1 was also detected. The tissue distribution profiles of immunoreactivity against these proteins, when paired with the species detected suggests that prostasin is under tight control by both HAI-1 and HAI-2 and matriptase by HAI-1 in human enterocytes. Furthermore, HAI-1 is a general inhibitor of prostasin in a variety of epithelial cells. In contrast, HAI-2 was not found to be a significant inhibitor for prostasin in mammary epithelial cells or keratinocytes. The high levels of constitutive prostasin zymogen activation and the selective prostasin inhibition by HAI-2 in enterocytes suggest that dysregulated prostasin proteolysis may be particularly important in the GI tract when HAI-2 function is lost and/or dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Shiao
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Li-Ching O. Liu
- College of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ying-Jung J. Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Barndt
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JKW); (CYL)
| | - Bailing Jia
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JKW); (CYL)
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Lai CH, Lai YJJ, Chou FP, Chang HHD, Tseng CC, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. Matriptase Complexes and Prostasin Complexes with HAI-1 and HAI-2 in Human Milk: Significant Proteolysis in Lactation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152904. [PMID: 27043831 PMCID: PMC4820252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant proteolysis may occur during milk synthesis and secretion, as evidenced by the presence of protease-protease inhibitor complex containing the activated form of the type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase and the transmembrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor HAI-1. In order to identify other proteolysis events that may occur during lactation, human milk was analyzed for species containing HAI-1 and HAI-2 which is closely related to HAI-1. In addition to the previously demonstrated matriptase-HAI-1 complex, HAI-1 was also detected in complex with prostasin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored serine protease. HAI-2 was also detected in complexes, the majority of which appear to be part of higher-order complexes, which do not bind to ionic exchange columns or immunoaffinity columns, suggesting that HAI-2 and its target proteases may be incorporated into special protein structures during lactation. The small proportion HAI-2 species that could be purified contain matriptase or prostasin. Human mammary epithelial cells are the likely cellular sources for these HAI-1 and HAI-2 complexes with matriptase and prostasin given that these protease-inhibitor complexes with the exception of prostasin-HAI-2 complex were detected in milk-derived mammary epithelial cells. The presence of these protease-inhibitor complexes in human milk provides in vivo evidence that the proteolytic activity of matriptase and prostasin are significantly elevated at least during lactation, and possibly contribute to the process of lactation, and that they are under tight control by HAI-1 and HAI-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung J. Lai
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Hua D. Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Tseng
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
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Lai YJJ, Chang HHD, Lai H, Xu Y, Shiao F, Huang N, Li L, Lee MS, Johnson MD, Wang JK, Lin CY. N-Glycan Branching Affects the Subcellular Distribution of and Inhibition of Matriptase by HAI-2/Placental Bikunin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132163. [PMID: 26171609 PMCID: PMC4501743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene product of SPINT 2, that encodes a transmembrane, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor independently designated as HAI-2 or placenta bikunin (PB), is involved in regulation of sodium absorption in human gastrointestinal track. Here, we show that SPINT 2 is expressed as two species of different size (30-40- versus 25-kDa) due to different N-glycans on Asn-57. The N-glycan on 25-kDa HAI-2 appears to be of the oligomannose type and that on 30-40-kDa HAI-2 to be of complex type with extensive terminal N-acetylglucosamine branching. The two different types of N-glycan differentially mask two epitopes on HAI-2 polypeptide, recognized by two different HAI-2 mAbs. The 30-40-kDa form may be mature HAI-2, and is primarily localized in vesicles/granules. The 25-kDa form is likely immature HAI-2, that remains in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the perinuclear regions of mammary epithelial cells. The two different N-glycans could, therefore, represent different maturation stages of N-glycosylation with the 25-kDa likely a precursor of the 30-40-kDa HAI-2, with the ratio of their levels roughly similar among a variety of cells. In breast cancer cells, a significant amount of the 30-40-kDa HAI-2 can translocate to and inhibit matriptase on the cell surface, followed by shedding of the matriptase-HAI-2 complex. The 25-kDa HAI-2 appears to have also exited the ER/Golgi, being localized at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane of breast cancer cells. While the 25-kDa HAI-2 was also detected at the extracellular face of plasma membrane at very low levels it appears to have no role in matriptase inhibition probably due to its paucity on the cell surface. Our study reveals that N-glycan branching regulates HAI-2 through different subcellular distribution and subsequently access to different target proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung J. Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Hsiang-Hua D. Chang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hongyu Lai
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yuan Xu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Frank Shiao
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Linpei Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China,s
| | - Ming-Shyue Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Michael D. Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYL); (JKW)
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12
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Kawaguchi M, Takeda N, Hoshiko S, Yorita K, Baba T, Sawaguchi A, Nezu Y, Yoshikawa T, Fukushima T, Kataoka H. Membrane-bound serine protease inhibitor HAI-1 is required for maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1815-26. [PMID: 21840293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1), encoded by the serine protease inhibitor Kunitz type 1 (SPINT1) gene, is a membrane-bound serine protease inhibitor expressed in epithelial tissues. Mutant mouse models revealed that HAI-1/SPINT1 is essential for placental labyrinth formation and is critically involved in regulating epidermal keratinization through interaction with its cognate cell surface protease, matriptase. HAI-1/SPINT1 is abundantly expressed in both human and mouse intestinal epithelium; therefore, we analyzed its role in intestinal function using mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Spint1 generated by interbreeding mice carrying Spint1(LoxP) homozygous alleles with transgenic mice carrying the Cre recombinase gene controlled by the intestine-specific Villin promoter. Although the resulting mice had normal development and appearance, crypts in the proximal aspect of the colon, including the cecum, exhibited histologic abnormalities and increased apoptosis and epithelial cell turnover accompanied by increased intestinal permeability. Distended endoplasmic reticula were observed ultrastructurally in some crypt epithelial cells, indicative of endoplasmic reticular stress. To study the role of HAI-1/SPINT1 in mucosal injury, we induced colitis by adding dextran sodium sulfate to the drinking water. After dextran sodium sulfate treatment, intestine-specific HAI-1/SPINT1-deficient mice had more severe symptoms and a significantly lower survival rate relative to control mice. These results suggest that HAI-1/SPINT1 plays an important role in maintaining colonic epithelium integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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13
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Szabo R, Hobson JP, List K, Molinolo A, Lin CY, Bugge TH. Potent inhibition and global co-localization implicate the transmembrane Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2 in the regulation of epithelial matriptase activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29495-504. [PMID: 18713750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801970200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAI)-1 and -2 are recently identified and closely related Kunitz-type transmembrane serine protease inhibitors. Whereas HAI-1 is well established as an inhibitor of the serine proteases matriptase and hepatocyte growth factor activator, the physiological targets of HAI-2 are unknown. Here we show that HAI-2 displays potent inhibitory activity toward matriptase, forms SDS-stable complexes with the serine protease, and blocks matriptase-dependent activation of its candidate physiological substrates proprostasin and cell surface-bound pro-urokinase plasminogen activator. To further explore the potential functional relationship between HAI-2 and matriptase, we generated a transgenic mouse strain with a promoterless beta-galactosidase marker gene inserted into the endogenous locus encoding HAI-2 protein and performed a global high resolution mapping of the expression of HAI-2, matriptase, and HAI-1 proteins in all adult tissues. This analysis showed striking co-localization of HAI-2 with matriptase and HAI-1 in epithelial cells of all major organ systems, thus strongly supporting a role of HAI-2 as a physiological regulator of matriptase activity, possibly acting in a redundant or partially redundant manner with HAI-1. Unlike HAI-1 and matriptase, however, HAI-2 expression was also detected in non-epithelial cells of brain and lymph nodes, suggesting that HAI-2 may also be involved in inhibition of serine proteases other than matriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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beta(2)microglobulin mRNA expression levels are prognostic for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1999-2005. [PMID: 18506145 PMCID: PMC2441949 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common non-cutaneous malignancy in the United States and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death. One of the most important determinants of CRC survival is lymph node metastasis. To determine whether molecular markers might be prognostic for lymph node metastases, we measured by quantitative real-time RT–PCR the expression levels of 15 cancer-associated genes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tissues derived from stage I–IV CRC patients with (n=20) and without (n=18) nodal metastases. Using the mean of the 15 genes as an internal reference control, we observed that low expression of β2microglobulin (B2M) was a strong prognostic indicator of lymph node metastases (area under the curve (AUC)=0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.69–0.94). We also observed that the expression ratio of B2M/Spint2 had the highest prognostic accuracy (AUC=0.87; 95% CI=0.71–0.96) of all potential two-gene combinations. Expression values of Spint2 correlated with the mean of the entire gene set at an R2 value of 0.97, providing evidence that Spint2 serves not as an independent prognostic gene, but rather as a reliable reference control gene. These studies are the first to demonstrate a prognostic role of B2M at the mRNA level and suggest that low B2M expression levels might be useful for identifying patients with lymph node metastasis and/or poor survival.
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15
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Akiyama Y, Nagai M, Komaki W, Marutsuka K, Asada Y, Kataoka H. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 in endothelial cells. Hum Cell 2007; 19:91-7. [PMID: 17204092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2006.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) is an integral membrane Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor initially identified as a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). HGFA is a serum proteinase that is critically involved in the activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in injured tissue. Previous studies have shown that HAI-1 is expressed on the basolateral surface of various epithelial cells. In this study, we analyzed the expression of HAI-1 in human endothelial cells. Immunohistochemically, HAI-1 protein was observed in the endothelial cells of capillaries, venules and lymph vessels. On the other hand, arterial endothelial cells were poorly stained for HAI-1. Mesothelial cells on the serous surface were also positively immunostained. The endothelial expression of HAI-1 was also examined in cultured human endothelial cells of various origins, such as umbilical vein, microvessels and aorta. Notably, in accordance with the results of immunohistochemistry, HAI-1 mRNA and protein levels were high in the endothelial cells derived from umbilical vein and were hardly detectable in those derived from aorta. A low but distinct level of HAI-1 expression was also observed in endothelial cells from microvessels. As these HAI-1-positive endothelial cells also expressed MET tyrosine kinase, the specific receptor of HGF/SF, it is conceivable that HAI-1 might have an important regulatory role in the HGF/SF-MET signaling axis of endothelial cells, which could be involved in the process of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Akiyama
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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16
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Betsunoh H, Mukai S, Akiyama Y, Fukushima T, Minamiguchi N, Hasui Y, Osada Y, Kataoka H. Clinical relevance of hepsin and hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 expression in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:491-8. [PMID: 17309599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteolysis is important for the generation of bioactive proteins mediating tumor progression. Recent studies suggest that the membrane-anchored cell surface proteinases matriptase and hepsin have significant roles in tumors. We analyzed the expression and clinical relevance of matriptase and hepsin, and their inhibitors hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) in 66 cases of conventional renal cell carcinomas (RCC). The mRNA level was evaluated in paired samples from tumor and non-tumorous renal tissues by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. As matriptase and hepsin potently activate the proform of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the expression of HGF and its receptor, c-Met, was also analyzed. Although upregulation of matriptase was observed occasionally in RCC, the expression level was not associated with prognostic parameters. Hepsin was downregulated in RCC, particularly in early stage disease, but upregulated in advanced stages. There was a trend of higher hepsin expression in RCC with distant metastasis, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high hepsin expression was associated with reduced overall survival (P<0.01, log-rank test). Moreover, multivariate analysis indicated that hepsin was an independent prognostic factor. Overexpression of HGF or c-Met also showed reduced overall survival. We also observed a tendency of low HAI-2 expression with reduced overall survival and a statistical association between high hepsin and low HAI-2 level. No associations were observed between matriptase and HAI-1 and HAI-2. Our findings suggest that the balance between hepsin and its inhibitor, HAI-2, may have prognostic value in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Betsunoh
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazakim Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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17
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Marchand-Adam S, Fabre A, Mailleux AA, Marchal J, Quesnel C, Kataoka H, Aubier M, Dehoux M, Soler P, Crestani B. Defect of Pro-Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activation by Fibroblasts in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:58-66. [PMID: 16574935 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200507-1074oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protects against lung fibrosis in several animal models. Pro-HGF activation to HGF is subjected to regulation by its activator (HGFA), a serine protease, and HGFA-specific inhibitors (HAI-1 and HAI-2). Our hypothesis was that fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) had an altered capacity to activate pro-HGF in vitro compared with control fibroblasts. METHODS We measured the kinetics of pro-HGF activation in human lung fibroblasts from control subjects and from patients with IPF by Western blot. HGFA, HAI-1, and HAI-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, RNA protection assay, and Western blot. We evaluated the effect of TGF-beta(1) and PGE(2) on pro-HGF activation and HGFA, HAI-1, and HAI-2 expression. MAIN RESULTS Lung fibroblasts activated pro-HGF in vitro. Pro-HGF activation was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, by an anti-HGFA antibody, as well as by HAI-1 and HAI-2. Pro-HGF activation by IPF fibroblasts was reduced compared with control fibroblasts. In IPF fibroblasts, HGFA expression was lower and HAI-1 and HAI-2 expression was higher compared with control fibroblasts. PGE(2) stimulated pro-HGF activation through increased expression of HGFA and decreased expression of its inhibitor HAI-2. In contrast, TGF-beta(1) reduced the ability of lung fibroblasts to activate pro-HGF through decreased expression of HGFA and increased expression of its inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS IPF fibroblasts have a low capacity to activate pro-HGF in vitro via a low level of HGFA expression and high levels of HAI-1 and HAI-2 expression, and PGE(2) is able to partially correct this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Inserm Unit 700, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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18
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Watanabe T, Sakata Y, Matsubara S, Yamagishi T, Nagaike K, Kuwata T, Suzuki M. Changes in plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor and its associated factors during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2006; 32:10-4. [PMID: 16445520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was originally identified as a factor that stimulates the mitogenesis of hepatocyte, and also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy. We conducted this study to evaluate the changes in plasma concentrations of HGF and its associated factors during normal pregnancy. METHODS Blood specimens were obtained from 14 healthy non-pregnant and 175 healthy pregnant and post-partum women (189 women in all). The women's plasma concentrations of total HGF, active HGF, active HGF activator (HGFA), HGF activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and HGF activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The levels of active HGF and HGF activator were significantly lower in pregnant women compared with those of non-pregnant women. The level of plasma HAI-1 significantly increased as pregnancy progressed, while it fell post-partum. Also, there were no differences in the concentrations of total HGF and HAI-2 in non-pregnant and pregnant women. CONCLUSION A high concentration of HAI-1 during pregnancy may decrease the plasma level of active HGFA. This may in turn inhibit the activation of the precursor form of HGF, leading to a decrease in the level of plasma active HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
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19
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Parr C, Watkins G, Mansel RE, Jiang WG. The hepatocyte growth factor regulatory factors in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:202-11. [PMID: 14734471 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates tumor cell-cell interactions, matrix adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. This factor is produced as an inactive precursor called pro-HGF, which requires proteolytic conversion, by HGF activator (HGFA) and matriptase, to evoke a biological response. Two new HGFA inhibitors, HAI-1 and HAI-2, inhibit the generation of biologically active HGF, through their interaction with HGFA. This study determined the expression of this HGF regulatory system in breast cancer. We examined HGF, the HGF receptor (c-Met), HGFA, matriptase, and the activation inhibitors (HAI-1 and HAI-2), tissues from patients with breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Breast cancer tissue (n = 100) and normal background tissue (n = 20) was obtained immediately after surgery. The median follow-up for the patients was 72 months. HGF, c-Met, HGFA, matriptase-1, HAI-1, and HAI-2 expression was quantified using real-time quantitative PCR. The distribution of these factors in mammary tissues was also examined through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The breast cancer specimens expressed a significantly higher level of HGF, c-Met, HGFA, HAI-1, and HAI-2, but not matriptase, compared with the normal background tissues. Tumor tissues from node-positive patients expressed a higher level of HGFA than from the patients without nodal involvement. Interestingly, HAI-2 was expressed to a lower degree in positive nodes than that of the node-negative breast cancer tissues. HAI-1 and HAI-2 were both significantly reduced in grade 3 tumors compared with the well-differentiated tumors. In addition, on comparison of Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) classification groups, HAI-2 was also found to be statistically lower in the TNM 3 breast cancer group when compared with TNM groups 1 and 2, thus associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that there are aberrant levels of HGF, c-Met, HGFA, HAI-1, and HAI-2 expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with background breast tissue. HAI-1 and HAI-2 are expressed to a significantly lower level in poorly differentiated breast tumors, and HAI-2 is also inversely correlated with nodal involvement and tumor spread. Overall a low level of HAI-2 in the breast cancer tissues was associated with an overall poor outlook. Therefore, the HGF regulatory system may have an important role in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Parr
- Metastasis Research Group, University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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20
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Mor O, Nativ O, Stein A, Novak L, Lehavi D, Shiboleth Y, Rozen A, Berent E, Brodsky L, Feinstein E, Rahav A, Morag K, Rothenstein D, Persi N, Mor Y, Skaliter R, Regev A. Molecular analysis of transitional cell carcinoma using cDNA microarray. Oncogene 2003; 22:7702-10. [PMID: 14576834 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), the fourth most common neoplasm diagnosed in men, is rising. Despite the development of several noninvasive diagnostic tests, none have gained full recognition by the clinicians. Gene expression profiling of tumors can identify new molecular markers for early diagnosis and disease follow-up. It also allows the classification of tumors into subclasses assisting in disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as in treatment selection. In this paper, we employed expression profiling for molecular analysis of TCC. A TCC-derived cDNA microarray was constructed and hybridized with 19 probes from normal urothelium and TCC tissues. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified all normal urothelium samples to be tightly clustered and separated from the TCC samples, with 29 of the genes significantly induced (t-test, P<10(-5)) in noninvasive TCC compared to normal urothelium. The identified genes are involved in epithelial cells' functions, tumorigenesis or apoptosis, and could become molecular tools for noninvasive TCC diagnosis. Principal components analysis of the noninvasive and invasive TCC expression profiles further revealed sets of genes that are specifically induced in different tumor subsets, thus providing molecular fingerprints that expand the information gained from classical staging and grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Mor
- QBI Enterprises Ltd, PO Box 4071, Nes Ziona 70400, Israel.
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21
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Pepe MS, Longton G, Anderson GL, Schummer M. Selecting differentially expressed genes from microarray experiments. Biometrics 2003; 59:133-42. [PMID: 12762450 DOI: 10.1111/1541-0420.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High throughput technologies, such as gene expression arrays and protein mass spectrometry, allow one to simultaneously evaluate thousands of potential biomarkers that could distinguish different tissue types. Of particular interest here is distinguishing between cancerous and normal organ tissues. We consider statistical methods to rank genes (or proteins) in regards to differential expression between tissues. Various statistical measures are considered, and we argue that two measures related to the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve are particularly suitable for this purpose. We also propose that sampling variability in the gene rankings be quantified, and suggest using the "selection probability function," the probability distribution of rankings for each gene. This is estimated via the bootstrap. A real dataset, derived from gene expression arrays of 23 normal and 30 ovarian cancer tissues, is analyzed. Simulation studies are also used to assess the relative performance of different statistical gene ranking measures and our quantification of sampling variability. Our approach leads naturally to a procedure for sample-size calculations, appropriate for exploratory studies that seek to identify differentially expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sullivan Pepe
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7232, USA.
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22
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Yamauchi M, Itoh H, Naganuma S, Koono M, Hasui Y, Osada Y, Kataoka H. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2) in human testis: identification of a distinct transcription start site for the HAI-2 gene in testis. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1953-7. [PMID: 12553733 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) are recently identified integral membrane Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors. They have important regulatory roles in pericellular activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) which is critically involved in the development and regeneration of various tissues. Recent reports suggest that HGF/SF is also involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the expression of HAIs in the testis. In human testis, HAI-2 was strongly expressed whereas HAI-1 mRNA was hardly detectable. Of interest was the observation that the mRNA size of HAI-2 was shorter in the testis (1.2 kb) than those in the other tissues such as placenta (1.5 kb). Subsequent experiments revealed that there are two major transcription start sites of the HAI-2 gene, which are -30 bp and -360 bp upstream from the translation initiation ATG codon. Although the latter site appeared to be mainly used in the placenta and other non-testicular organs, only the former site is used in testis, resulting in the -300 bp shorter mRNA. An immunohistochemical study using a specific monoclonal antibody raised against human HAI-2 protein indicated that HAI-2 is expressed exclusively in primary spermatocytes. These results suggest a distinct regulation of HAI-2 gene expression in testis and that HAI-2 may play a role in the process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamauchi
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Lemon WJ, Bernert H, Sun H, Wang Y, You M. Identification of candidate lung cancer susceptibility genes in mouse using oligonucleotide arrays. J Med Genet 2002; 39:644-55. [PMID: 12205107 PMCID: PMC1735228 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.9.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We applied microarray gene expression profiling to lungs from mouse strains having variable susceptibility to lung tumour development as a means to identify, within known quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate genes responsible for susceptibility or resistance to lung cancer. At least eight chromosomal regions of mice have been mapped and verified to be linked with lung tumour susceptibility or resistance. In this study, high density oligonucleotide arrays were used to measure the relative expression levels of >36 000 genes and ESTs in lung tissues of A/J, BALB/cJ, SM/J, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6J mice. A number of differentially expressed genes were found in each of the lung cancer susceptibility QTLs. Bioinformatic analysis of the differentially expressed genes located within QTLs produced 28 susceptibility candidates and 22 resistance candidates. These candidates may be extremely helpful in the ultimate identification of the precise genes responsible for lung tumour susceptibility or resistance in mice and, through follow up, humans. Complete data sets are available at http://thinker.med.ohio-state.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Lemon
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kataoka H, Itoh H, Koono M. Emerging multifunctional aspects of cellular serine proteinase inhibitors in tumor progression and tissue regeneration. Pathol Int 2002; 52:89-102. [PMID: 11940213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2002.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kataoka
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Kataoka H, Itoh H, Nuki Y, Hamasuna R, Naganuma S, Kitamura N, Shimomura T. Mouse hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator inhibitor type 2 lacking the first Kunitz domain potently inhibits the HGF activator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1096-100. [PMID: 11798188 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2) is a serine proteinase inhibitor containing two Kunitz-type inhibitor domains, initially identified as a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). In a previous study (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255, 740-748, 1999), we reported that a predominant transcript of mouse HAI-2 is a splicing variant lacking the first Kunitz domain (KD-1). Since KD-1 was reported to be responsible for the inhibition of HGFA in human HAI-2 and the second Kunitz domain (KD-2) of human HAI-2 was much less inhibitory against HGFA, it has been suggested that most of mouse HAI-2 may be ineffective in inhibiting HGFA. In this study, we have performed functional characterization of Kunitz domains in mouse HAI-2 by using recombinant proteins synthesized by Chinese hamster ovary cells without or with point mutation in the putative reactive site of each Kunitz domain. The results revealed that, unlike human HAI-2, KD-2 of mouse HAI-2 efficiently inhibits HGFA. Therefore, the major mouse HAI-2 protein that consists only of KD-2 can be a potent inhibitor of HGF activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kataoka
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Kataoka H, Shimomura T, Kawaguchi T, Hamasuna R, Itoh H, Kitamura N, Miyazawa K, Koono M. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 is a specific cell surface binding protein of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) and regulates HGFA activity in the pericellular microenvironment. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40453-62. [PMID: 11013244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) is responsible for proteolytic activation of the precursor form of hepatocyte growth factor in injured tissues. To date, two specific inhibitors of HGFA have been identified, namely HGFA inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2)/placental bikunin (PB). Both inhibitors are first synthesized as integral membrane proteins having two Kunitz domains and a transmembrane domain, and are subsequently released from cell surface by shedding. Here we show that an active form of HGFA is specifically complexed with membrane-form HAI-1, but not with HAI-2/PB, on the surface of epithelial cells expressing both inhibitors. This binding required the enzyme activity of HGFA. The selective binding of HGFA to the cell surface HAI-1 was further confirmed in an engineered system using Chinese hamster ovary cells, in which only the cells expressing HAI-1 retained exogenous HGFA. The binding of HGFA to HAI-1 was reversible, and no irreversible modifications affecting the enzyme activity occurred during the binding. Importantly, HAI-1 and the HGFA.HAI-1 complex were quickly released from the cell surface by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or interleukin 1beta accompanying the generation of 58-kDa fragments of HAI-1, which are less potent against HGFA, as well as significant recovery of HGFA activity in the culture supernatant. This regulated shedding was completely inhibited by BB3103, a synthetic zinc-metalloproteinase inhibitor. We conclude that HAI-1 is not only an inhibitor but also a specific acceptor of active HGFA, acting as a reservoir of this enzyme on the cell surface. The latter property appears to ensure the concentrated pericellular HGFA activity in certain cellular conditions, such as tissue injury and inflammation, via the up-regulated shedding of HGFA.HAI-1 complex. These findings shed light on a novel function of the integral membrane Kunitz-type inhibitor in the regulation of pericellular proteinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kataoka
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Itoh H, Kataoka H, Tomita M, Hamasuna R, Nawa Y, Kitamura N, Koono M. Upregulation of HGF activator inhibitor type 1 but not type 2 along with regeneration of intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278:G635-43. [PMID: 10762618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.4.g635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) are new Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors that were recently purified and cloned from the human stomach cancer cell line MKN45 as specific inhibitors against HGF activator. Both proteins contain two Kunitz inhibitor domains and are expressed abundantly throughout the gastrointestinal tract, in addition to the placenta, pancreas, and kidney. In this study, to assess the possible roles of HAI-1 and HAI-2 in the intestinal mucosa, we examined the expression of HAI-1 and HAI-2 during regeneration of the intestinal mucosa. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that HAI-1 but not HAI-2 was detected more strongly in regenerative epithelium than in normal epithelium, although both proteins were detected throughout the human gastrointestinal tract. During the course of acetic acid-induced experimental colitis in an in vivo mouse model, HAI-1 but not HAI-2 was upregulated in the recovery phase, suggesting that HAI-1 but not HAI-2 is associated with the regeneration of damaged colonic mucosa. Upregulation of HAI-1 may serve to downregulate the proliferative response after initial activation of MET receptor by HGF/scatter factor after an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Itoh
- Second Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical College, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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