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Upregulation of Cathepsins in Olfactory Bulbs Is Associated with Transient Olfactory Dysfunction in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3412-3423. [PMID: 32529488 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal/endosomal proteolytic enzymes that include serine, aspartate, and cysteine proteases. The role of cathepsin in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, remains elusive. We evaluated the expression level and localization of different cathepsins in the olfactory bulbs of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Quantitative real-time PCR results and Western blotting analyses revealed that serine, aspartate, and cysteine cathepsins are expressed at significantly higher levels in the olfactory bulbs of mice with EAE in the paralytic stage compared with those of control mice. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that cathepsin A, D, and S were expressed in the glomerulus layer, external plexiform layer, and mitral cell layer. Furthermore, cathepsins were detected in astrocytes, microglia, inflammatory cells, and vascular cells in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice at the paralytic stage. Collectively, these results suggest that the upregulation of cathepsins in the olfactory bulb of mice with EAE is associated with transient olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The p53 family of transcription factors, including p53, p63, and p73, plays key roles in both biological and pathological processes, including cancer and neural development. Recent Advances: In recent years, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the entire p53 family is involved in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Mechanistically, the p53 proteins control neuronal cell fate, terminal differentiation, and survival, via a complex interplay among the family members. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we discuss the involvement of the p53 family in neurobiology and in pathological conditions affecting the CNS, including neuroinflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the function of the p53 family could improve our general knowledge of the pathogenesis of brain disorders and potentially pave the road for new therapeutic intervention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
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Fierabracci A, Pellegrino M. The Double Role of p53 in Cancer and Autoimmunity and Its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121975. [PMID: 27897991 PMCID: PMC5187775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a sequence-specific short-lived transcription factor expressed at low concentrations in various tissues while it is upregulated in damaged, tumoral or inflamed tissue. In normally proliferating cells, p53 protein levels and function are tightly controlled by main regulators, i.e., MDM2 (mouse double minute 2) and MDM4 proteins. p53 plays an important role due to its ability to mediate tumor suppression. In addition to its importance as a tumor suppressor, p53 coordinates diverse cellular responses to stress and damage and plays an emerging role in various physiological processes, including fertility, cell metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, autophagy, cell adhesion, stem cell maintenance and development. Interestingly, it has been recently implicated in the suppression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in both mice and humans. In this review based on current knowledge on the functional properties of p53 and its regulatory pathways, we discuss the potential utility of p53 reactivation from a therapeutic perspective in oncology and chronic inflammatory disorders leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marsha Pellegrino
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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He YX, Du M, Shi HL, Huang F, Liu HS, Wu H, Zhang BB, Dou W, Wu XJ, Wang ZT. Astragalosides from Radix Astragali benefits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL /6 mice at multiple levels. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:313. [PMID: 25150364 PMCID: PMC4155103 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Radix Astragali is famous for its beneficial effect on inflammation associated diseases. This study was to assess the efficacy of astragalosides (AST) extracted from Radix Astragali, on the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and explore its possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods EAE was induced by subcutaneous immunization of MOG35–55. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was examined by HE staining. ROS level was detected by measuring infiltrated hydroethidine. Leakage of blood brain barrier (BBB) was assessed using Evan’s blue dye extravasation method. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA kits. Activities of total-SOD, GSH-Px, and iNOS and MDA concentration were measured using biochemical analytic kits. Gene expression was detected using real-time PCR method. Protein expression was assayed using western blotting approach. Results AST administration attenuated the progression of EAE in mice remarkably. Further studies manifested that AST treatment inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells, lessened ROS production and decreased BBB leakage. In peripheral immune-systems, AST up-regulated mRNA expression of transcriptional factors T-bet and Foxp3 but decreased that of RORγt to modulate T cell differentiation. In CNS, AST stopped BBB leakage, reduced ROS production by up-regulation of T-SOD, and reduced neuroinflammation by inhibition of iNOS and other inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, AST inhibited production of p53 and phosphorylation of tau by modulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conclusions AST orchestrated multiple pathways, including immuno-regulation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation and anti-neuroapoptosis involved in the MS pathogenesis, to prevent the deterioration of EAE, which paves the way for the application of it in clinical prevention/therapy of MS.
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Franck D, Tracy L, Armata HL, Delaney CL, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Ong H, Kim JK, Scrable H, Sluss HK. Glucose Tolerance in Mice is Linked to the Dose of the p53 Transactivation Domain. Endocr Res 2013; 38:139-150. [PMID: 23102272 PMCID: PMC5074905 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2012.735735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the transactivation domain-mediated control of glucose homeostasis by the tumor suppressor p53. BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor p53 has a critical role in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Phosphorylation of Ser18 in the transaction domain of p53 controls the expression of Zpf385a, a zinc finger protein that regulates adipogenesis and adipose function. This results suggest that the transactivation domain of p53 is essential to the control of glucose homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with mutations in the p53 transactivation domain were examined for glucose homeostasis as well as various metabolic parameters. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were performed on age matched wild type and mutant animals. In addition, mice expressing increased dosage of p53 were also examined. RESULTS Mice with a mutation in p53Ser18 exhibit reduced Zpf385a expression in adipose tissue, adipose tissue-specific insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Mice with relative deficits in the transactivation domain of p53 exhibit similar defects in glucose homeostasis, while "Super p53" mice with an increased dosage of p53 exhibit improved glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION These data support the role of an ATM-p53 cellular stress axis that helps combat glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and regulates glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Franck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Department of Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - Laura Tracy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Department of Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - Heather L. Armata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Christine L. Delaney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Hwi Jin Ko
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Helena Ong
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | | | - Hayla K. Sluss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Corresponding author: Hayla K. Sluss, Department of Medicine, LRB 370W, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01655 USA, Phone: (508) 856-3372,
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Madenspacher JH, Azzam KM, Gowdy KM, Malcolm KC, Nick JA, Dixon D, Aloor JJ, Draper DW, Guardiola JJ, Shatz M, Menendez D, Lowe J, Lu J, Bushel P, Li L, Merrick BA, Resnick MA, Fessler MB. p53 Integrates host defense and cell fate during bacterial pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:891-904. [PMID: 23630228 PMCID: PMC3646498 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
p53 deletion augments neutrophil-mediated bacterial clearance in the lung at the expense of tissue homeostasis, leading to increased mortality. Cancer and infection are predominant causes of human mortality and derive, respectively, from inadequate genomic and host defenses against environmental agents. The transcription factor p53 plays a central role in human tumor suppression. Despite its expression in immune cells and broad responsiveness to stressors, it is virtually unknown whether p53 regulates host defense against infection. We report that the lungs of naive p53−/− mice display genome-wide induction of NF-κB response element–enriched proinflammatory genes, suggestive of type 1 immune priming. p53-null and p53 inhibitor–treated mice clear Gram-negative and -positive bacteria more effectively than controls after intrapulmonary infection. This is caused, at least in part, by cytokines produced by an expanded population of apoptosis-resistant, TLR-hyperresponsive alveolar macrophages that enhance airway neutrophilia. p53−/− neutrophils, in turn, display heightened phagocytosis, Nox-dependent oxidant generation, degranulation, and bacterial killing. p53 inhibition boosts bacterial killing by mouse neutrophils and oxidant generation by human neutrophils. Despite enhanced bacterial clearance, infected p53−/− mice suffer increased mortality associated with aggravated lung injury. p53 thus modulates host defense through regulating microbicidal function and fate of phagocytes, revealing a fundamental link between defense of genome and host during environmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Shin T, Ahn M, Moon C, Kim S. Erythropoietin and autoimmune neuroinflammation: lessons from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:215-20. [PMID: 23301189 PMCID: PMC3531585 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.4.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is known to have numerous biological functions. While its primary function is during haematopoiesis, recent studies have shown that EPO plays important role in cytoprotection, immunomodulation, and antiapoptosis. These secondary functions of EPO are integral to tissue protection following hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and spinal cord injury in the central nervous system. This review focuses on experimental evidence documenting the neuroprotective effects of EPO in organ-specific autoimmune nervous system disorders such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). In addition, the immunomodulatory role of EPO in the pathogenesis of EAE and EAN animal models of human multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome, respectively, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Ahn M, Yang W, Kim H, Jin JK, Moon C, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of arginase-1 in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2012; 1453:77-86. [PMID: 22483960 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arginase-1, a marker for M2 phenotype alternatively activated macrophages, inhibits inflammation and is associated with phagocytosis of cell debris and apoptotic cells. We analyzed the expression of arginase-1, a competitive enzyme of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Western blot analysis showed that both arginase-1 and iNOS significantly increased in the spinal cords of rats at the peak stage of EAE compared with the expression level in control animals (p<0.05) and declined thereafter. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that increased expression of arginase-1 in EAE spinal cords was confirmed in macrophages as well as in some neurons and astrocytes that were constitutively positive for arginase-1 in normal spinal cords. A semiquantitative analysis by immunofluorescence showed that in EAE lesions, an increased level of arginase-1 immunoreactivity was matched with ED1-positive macrophages, which were also positive for activin A, a marker for the M2 phenotype. Taking all of these findings into consideration, we postulate that the increased level of arginase-1, which is partly from M2 macrophages, contributes to the modulation of neuroinflammation in EAE lesions, possibly through the reduction of nitric oxide in the lesion via competition with iNOS for the use of L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Moon C, Ahn M, Jeong C, Kim H, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of netrin-1 in the spinal cord with rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Invest 2010; 40:160-71. [PMID: 21062237 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.525570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether netrin-1 is involved in autoimmune injury of the central nervous system, the expression of netrin-1 protein was analyzed in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Western blot analysis revealed significantly increased content of netrin-1 in the spinal cords of rats at the peak stage of EAE, as compared with the levels in normal control animals (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry detected the netrin-1 protein in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the spinal cords of normal controls. In EAE-affected spinal cords, netrin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in infiltrating inflammatory cells at the peak stage as well as in neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These results suggest that netrin-1 is transiently increased in rat EAE lesions, where it contributes to the modulation of rat acute EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Requirement of the ATM/p53 tumor suppressor pathway for glucose homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5787-94. [PMID: 20956556 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00347-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) patients can develop multiple clinical pathologies, including neuronal degeneration, an elevated risk of cancer, telangiectasias, and growth retardation. Patients with A-T can also exhibit an increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The ATM protein kinase, the product of the gene mutated in A-T patients (Atm), has been implicated in metabolic disease, which is characterized by insulin resistance and increased cholesterol and lipid levels, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. ATM phosphorylates the p53 tumor suppressor on a site (Ser15) that regulates transcription activity. To test whether the ATM pathway that regulates insulin resistance is mediated by p53 phosphorylation, we examined insulin sensitivity in mice with a germ line mutation that replaces the p53 phosphorylation site with alanine. The loss of p53 Ser18 (murine Ser15) led to increased metabolic stress, including severe defects in glucose homeostasis. The mice developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The insulin resistance correlated with the loss of antioxidant gene expression and decreased insulin signaling. N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment restored insulin signaling in late-passage primary fibroblasts. The addition of an antioxidant in the diet rendered the p53 Ser18-deficient mice glucose tolerant. This analysis demonstrates that p53 phosphorylation on an ATM site is an important mechanism in the physiological regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Singh N, Huang L, Qin H. Defective T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis of T cells and rejection of transplanted immunogenic tumors in p53(-/-) mice. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:559-68. [PMID: 19950180 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the tumor suppressor gene p53 spontaneously develop T-cell lymphomas at a high rate, suggesting that in these mice lymphomas arise due to defective apoptosis mechanisms in T cells mediated by p53. However, a role of p53 in regulation of T-cell responses or apoptosis has been poorly defined. TCR-mediated signaling in the absence of CD28 costimulation induces both apoptosis and proliferation of naïve T cells from WT mice. In this report we show that, in response to TCR stimulation, T cells from naïve p53-deficient mice exhibited higher proliferation and drastically reduced apoptosis than WT T cells. CD28 costimulation enhanced the proliferation of TCR-stimulated WT and p53(-/-) T cells, suggesting that p53 uncouples CD28-mediated antiapoptotic and proliferative signals. To evaluate the physiological significance of these findings, we transplanted OVA expressing-EG.7 tumor cells into WT and p53(-/-) mice. Unlike WT mice, p53(-/-) mice exhibited a robust tumor-resistant phenotype and developed cytotoxic T-cell responses against OVA. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that p53 is an essential factor in negative regulation of T-cell responses and have implication for immunomodulation during treatment of cancers and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Singh
- Immunotherapy Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Kim H, Moon C, Ahn M, Byun J, Lee Y, Kim MD, Matsumoto Y, Koh CS, Shin T. Heat shock protein 27 upregulation and phosphorylation in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2009; 1304:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kang SY, Kang JH, Choi JC, Lee JS, Lee CS, Shin T. Expression of erythropoietin in the spinal cord of lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Neurol 2009; 5:39-45. [PMID: 19513333 PMCID: PMC2686895 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2009.5.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Erythropoietin (Epo), originally recognized for its central role in erythropoiesis, has been shown to improve the outcomes in patients with various neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to elucidate the Epo expression pattern in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and to assess the systemic effect of Epo during the course of EAE. Methods We used an EAE model induced in Lewis rats by immunization with myelin basic protein. Immunized rats were given recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) intraperitoneally at a dose of 5,000 U/kg for 7 consecutive days, either starting on day 3 post-immunization (five rats) or on the day of clinical symptom onset (score ≥1, five rats). After immunization, the rats were observed daily for clinical signs of EAE. Epo expression was investigated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results Western blot analysis showed that, Epo expression was significantly elevated relative to control in the rat spinal cord during the peak stage of EAE (p<0.05), and then decreased thereafter. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Epo was expressed in some neurons and glial cells. Epo immunoreactivity was detected in ED1-positive macrophages and astrocytes in EAE lesions. Furthermore, we found that the intraperitoneal administration of rhEpo reduced both the disease severity and duration of paralysis in EAE rats, and reduced macrophage activity and increased Epo activity. Conclusions Based on these findings, we postulate that Epo expression begins to increase at the start of EAE and that rhEpo administration leads to functional recovery from EAE paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Yoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Kim H, Ahn M, Moon C, Matsumoto Y, Sung Koh C, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of flotillin-1 in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2006; 1114:204-11. [PMID: 16919610 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed flotillin-1 expression in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Western blot analysis showed that flotillin-1 expression increased significantly in the spinal cords from rats at the peak stage of EAE compared with the levels in control animals (p<0.05) and declined thereafter. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that flotillin-1 was expressed constitutively in the gray matter (particularly in the dorsal horn) of the normal rat spinal cord and in some neurons and glial cells. In EAE lesions, flotillin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in some macrophages and astrocytes, in which cathepsin D, a lysosomal marker, was localized. In the spinal cord cells in EAE, there was increased expression of flotillin-1 above the constitutive expression of flotillin-1 in normal spinal cords. Taking all these findings into consideration, we postulate that expression of flotillin-1 begins to increase when EAE is initiated and that flotillin-1 contributes to the formation of phagosomes in affected cells in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Ahn M, Shin T. Increased phosphorylation of c-Jun NH (2)-terminal protein kinase in the sciatic nerves of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:13-7. [PMID: 16434843 PMCID: PMC3242079 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of c-Jun NH (2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK), one of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, was analyzed in the sciatic nerves of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of both phosphorylated JNK1 (p-JNK1, approximately 46 kDa) and phosphorylated JNK2 (p-JNK2, approximately 54 kDa) in the sciatic nerves of rats with EAN increased significantly (p < 0.05) at day 14 post-immunization (PI) and remained at this level at days 24 and 30 PI, with a slight decrease. In EAN-affected sciatic nerves, there was intense immunostaining for p-JNK in the infiltrating inflammatory cells (especially ED1-positive macrophages) and Schwann cells on days 14-24 PI, compared with those of controls. Some macrophages with increased p-JNK immunoreactivity was shown to be apoptotic, while some Schwann cells remained survived in this rat EAN model, suggesting that JNK is differentially involved in the EAN-affected sciatic nerves. These findings suggest that JNK phosphorylation is closely associated with the clearance of inflammatory cells as well as the activation of Schwann cells in the EAN affected sciatic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Shin T, Kim H, Jin JK, Moon C, Ahn M, Tanuma N, Matsumoto Y. Expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:11-20. [PMID: 15925413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was analyzed. Western blot analysis showed that three isotypes of caveolins including caveolin-1, -2 and -3 increased significantly in the spinal cords of rats during the early stage of EAE, as compared with the levels in control animals (p<0.05); the elevated level of each caveolin persisted during the peak and recovery stage of EAE. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that caveolin-1 and -2 were expressed constitutively in the vascular endothelial cells and ependymal cells of the normal rat spinal cord, whereas caveolin-3 was almost exclusively localized in astrocytes. In EAE lesions, the immunoreactivity of caveolin-1 was increased in the ependymal cells, some astrocytes, and some inflammatory cells of the spinal cord, while that of caveolin-2 showed an intense immunoreactivity. Caveolin-3 was expressed constitutively in some astrocytes, but not in endothelial cells; its immunoreactivity was increased in reactive astrocytes in EAE lesions. The results of the Western blot analysis largely confirmed the observations obtained with immunohistochemistry. Taking all the findings into consideration, we postulate that the expression levels of each caveolin begin to increase when EAE is initiated, possibly contributing to the modulation of signal transduction pathways in the affected cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolin 1
- Caveolin 2
- Caveolin 3
- Caveolins/biosynthesis
- Caveolins/immunology
- Caveolins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immune Sera
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
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18
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Zheng SJ, Lamhamedi-Cherradi SE, Wang P, Xu L, Chen YH. Tumor suppressor p53 inhibits autoimmune inflammation and macrophage function. Diabetes 2005; 54:1423-8. [PMID: 15855329 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 regulates apoptosis, cell cycle, and oncogenesis. To explore the roles of p53 in autoimmunity, we studied type 1 diabetes and innate immune responses using C57BL/6 mice deficient in p53. We found that p53-deficient mice were more susceptible to streptozotocin-induced diabetes than control mice, and they produced higher levels of interleukin-1, -6, and -12. The innate immune response of p53-/- macrophages to lipopolysaccharides and gamma-interferon was significantly enhanced compared with p53+/+ cells. p53-/- macrophages produced more proinflammatory cytokines and higher levels of total and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. These results indicate that p53 inhibits autoimmune diabetes and innate immune responses through downregulating STAT-1 and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Zheng
- 614 BRB-II/III, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Moon C, Ahn M, Kim H, Lee Y, Koh CS, Matsumoto Y, Shin T. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the early and peak phases of autoimmune neuritis in rat sciatic nerves. Brain Res 2005; 1040:208-13. [PMID: 15804444 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in autoimmune disorders of the peripheral nerve system, we analyzed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK protein in the sciatic nerves of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK protein was significantly increased in the sciatic nerves of rats in the early and peak phases of EAN, and declined gradually thereafter. Immunohistochemistry showed that p-p38 MAPK levels were increased in the infiltrating inflammatory cells, including T cells and macrophages, as well as in blood vessels and some Schwann cells in EAN-affected sciatic nerves, as compared to the sciatic nerves of controls. Some inflammatory cells and a few Schwann cells were also positive for TUNEL reaction at the peak and recovery phases of EAN. In conclusion, we postulate that the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK is involved in the elimination of infiltrating inflammatory cells during the course of EAN and may possibly modulate recovery in autoimmune disorders of the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Moon C, Ahn M, Kim S, Jin JK, Sim KB, Kim HM, Lee MY, Shin T. Temporal patterns of the embryonic intermediate filaments nestin and vimentin expression in the cerebral cortex of adult rats after cryoinjury. Brain Res 2005; 1028:238-42. [PMID: 15527750 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of two embryonic intermediate filaments, nestin and vimentin, in the rat brain at days 0 (control), 1, 4, 7 and 14 post-cryoinjury was studied to elucidate their roles in brain injury. Western blot analysis showed that both nestin and vimentin expressions in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex were significantly increased at 4 and 7 days post-cryoinjury, and were decreased at day 14 after cryoinjury. Immunohistochemistry showed that there were few nestin- and vimentin-positive cells in the cerebral cortex in normal controls. On days 4 and 7 post-injury, abundant glial cells in the periphery of the lesion were immunostained for nestin and/or vimentin; only vimentin was detected in the majority of inflammatory cells in the core lesion. These findings suggest that nestin and vimentin contribute to the repair of brain injury through the migration of activated cells and the formation of a glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Moon C, Yasuzumi F, Okura N, Kim H, Ahn M, Shin T. Enhanced Expression of Tyrosine Kinase Receptor A in Germ Cells of Rat Testis with Acute Experimental Testicular Torsion. Urol Int 2005; 74:79-85. [PMID: 15711115 DOI: 10.1159/000082715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To examine the involvement of neurotrophic factor receptors in the testis with acute experimental testicular torsion, the expression of tyrosine kinase receptors (trk) A and B, and p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) were studied in the rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS There was a significant increase in TUNEL-positive reaction in spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules in rat testes after testicular torsion. Western blot analysis showed that trk A expression reached a significant peak at 12 h after reperfusion (p < 0.01), as compared to sham-operated controls, whereas trk B was not increased in the testis after I/R. Constitutive expression of p75 NGFR was at or below the level detectable by Western blot analysis, and it remained unchanged in the testis after I/R. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that after I/R trk A expression was increased in spermatocytes and spermatids in the seminiferous tubules, in contrast to the basal location of the TUNEL-positive reaction. Immunoreactivity of trk B was seen mainly in the interstitial cells in the sham-operated testis, and its localization was not changed after I/R. CONCLUSION It is postulated that trk A and B, but not p75 NGFR, are involved differently in the survival of testicular cells during acute experimental testicular torsion. In particular, increased trk A seems to be related to germ cell survival following I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju, South Korea.
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Moon C, Heo S, Sim KB, Shin T. Upregulation of CD44 expression in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. Neurosci Lett 2004; 367:133-6. [PMID: 15308314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the extracellular matrix phosphoglycoprotein CD44 after compression injury of the spinal cord was examined in rats. Western blot analysis of tissues harvested on days 0 (sham), 1, 4 and 7 post-injury showed significant increases in CD44 expression from 1 to 7 days after compression injury compared to sham-operated controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CD44 was constitutively expressed in some astrocytes in sham-operated controls. At days 4-7 post-injury, CD44 was intensely expressed in astrocytes in the periphery of lesions, and in myelin sheaths, vessels, and the majority of inflammatory cells including macrophages in core lesions. The finding that expression of CD44 was upregulated after spinal cord injury suggests that CD44 contributes to cell adhesion and glial cell attraction during the early stages after spinal cord injury, and may thus promote remodeling of injured spinal cords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School, Cheju National University, Jeju City 690-756, South Korea
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Lev N, Barhum Y, Melamed E, Offen D. Bax-ablation attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:139-42. [PMID: 15050683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. Although the exact pathophysiology is unknown, apoptosis plays a crucial role. Here, we studied the role of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS. We demonstrate that the clinical signs were markedly reduced in the EAE Bax-deficient mice as compared to wild type (2.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.32, respectively, P < 0.05). Bax-deficient mice demonstrated less inflammatory infiltration and axonal damage, although they showed similar T-cell immune potency. In conclusion, ablation of the bax gene attenuates the severity of MOG-induced EAE and emphasizes the importance of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Lev
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Campus, Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Petah-Tikva, Israel
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Moon C, Ahn M, Jee Y, Heo S, Kim S, Kim H, Sim KB, Koh CS, Shin YG, Shin T. Sodium salicylate-induced amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats is associated with the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenases. Neurosci Lett 2004; 356:123-6. [PMID: 14746879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of oral administration of sodium salicylate on the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 1 and 2, in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sodium salicylate (200 mg/kg) was administered orally for 13 days after the induction of EAE by immunization with guinea pig myelin basic protein and complete Freund's adjuvant. The onset (P<0.0001) and severity (P<0.05) of EAE paralysis in salicylate-treated animals were delayed and suppressed significantly compared with vehicle-treated controls. Western blot analysis showed that expression of COX-2 and iNOS, but not COX-1, decreased significantly in the spinal cords of salicylate-treated rats compared with vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05) and this finding was paralleled by immunohistochemical observations. These results suggest that the amelioration by salicylate of paralysis in rats with EAE is mediated in part by the suppression of COX and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, College of Argiculture and Life Sciences, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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Shin T, Ahn M, Jung K, Heo S, Kim D, Jee Y, Lim YK, Yeo EJ. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 140:118-25. [PMID: 12864979 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38, was analyzed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. Western blot analysis showed that the three MAP kinases (phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), p-JNK, and p-p38) were increased significantly in the spinal cords of rats with EAE at the peak stage as compared with the levels in controls (p<0.05), and both p-ERK and p-JNK declined slightly in the recovery stage of EAE. Immunohistochemistry showed that p-ERK was constitutively expressed in brain cells, including astroglial cells, and showed enhanced immunoreactivity in those cells in EAE, while some T cells and macrophages were weakly immunopositive for p-ERK in EAE lesions. Both p-JNK and p-p38 were intensely immunostained in T cells in EAE lesions, while a few glial cells and astrocytes were weakly positive for both. Taking all these facts into consideration, we postulate that increased expression of the phosphorylated form of each MAP kinase plays an important role in the initiation of acute monophasic EAE. Differential expression of three MAP kinases was discerned in an animal model of human autoimmune central nervous system diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Life Science, Cheju National University, 690-756, Cheju, South Korea.
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Moon C, Terashima SI, Shin T. Immunohistochemical localization of the delta subspecies of protein kinase C in the trigeminal sensory system of Trimeresurus flavoviridis, an infrared-sensitive snake. Neurosci Lett 2003; 338:233-6. [PMID: 12581839 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of the protein kinase C (PKC) delta subspecies in the trigeminal sensory system of the infrared-sensitive snake Trimeresurus flavoviridis. In the trigeminal ganglion (TG), diffuse low-intensity PKC delta immunoreactivity was found in TG neurons and fibers, while intense reactions were observed mainly in medium-sized neurons, which include most of the infrared-sensitive neurons. In the brainstem, intense PKC delta immunoreactivity was present in the intermediate layer of the optic tectum of the midbrain and in the nucleus descendens lateralis n. trigemini of the medulla oblongata; these areas are related to the infrared sensory pathway. In the pit organ (the infrared receptor), PKC delta immunoreactivity was present in terminal nerve masses in the pit membrane. These findings suggest that the PKC delta subspecies is involved in the infrared sensory pathway in the trigeminal sensory system of the infrared-sensitive snake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Physiology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Abstract
The role of p53, a pro-apoptotic protein, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was investigated using p53-deficient C57BL/6J mice. p53-deficient mice immunised with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) exhibited a more severe clinical course of EAE with more severe inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to wild-type littermates. While T and B cell responses of p53-deficient mice to MOG were comparable to those of wild-type littermates, significantly higher production of IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-10 was observed in lymphocytes exposed to MOG from p53-deficient mice than those from wild-type littermates. Furthermore, a flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V staining showed that apoptosis of CNS-infiltrating cells was less in p53-deficient mice with EAE compared to wild-type littermates. These results suggest that p53 may be involved in the regulatory process of EAE through the control of cytokine production and/or the apoptotic elimination of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Okuda
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Lee Y, Shin T. Expression of constitutive endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the sciatic nerve of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 126:78-85. [PMID: 12020959 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the expression of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in the sciatic nerve of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Western blot analysis showed that both eNOS and iNOS expressions in the sciatic nerves of rats increased significantly during the peak stage of EAN, but declined thereafter. Only minimal amounts of these enzymes were identified in normal rat sciatic nerves. Immunohistochemical studies showed that eNOS was increased in vascular endothelial cells and Schwann cells, but not in inflammatory cells, during the peak stage of EAN. However, iNOS was found mainly in inflammatory macrophages in sciatic nerve EAN lesions.These findings suggest that, depending on the stage of peripheral nervous system autoimmune disease, the increased expressions of both eNOS and iNOS might be involved in either the production of detrimental effects during the induction stage of EAN or in the recovery from EAN paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduk Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School (Brain Korea 21 Project), Cheju National University, 690-756, Republic of Korea
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