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Wutzl B, Leibnitz K, Kominami D, Ohsita Y, Kaihotsu M, Murata M. Analysis of the Correlation between Frontal Alpha Asymmetry of Electroencephalography and Short-Term Subjective Well-Being Changes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7006. [PMID: 37571789 PMCID: PMC10422288 DOI: 10.3390/s23157006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) describes how well people experience and evaluate their current condition. Previous studies with electroencephalography (EEG) have shown that SWB can be related to frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA). While those studies only considered a single SWB score for each experimental session, our goal is to investigate such a correlation for individuals with a possibly different SWB every 60 or 30 s. Therefore, we conducted two experiments with 30 participants each. We used different temperature and humidity settings and asked the participants to periodically rate their SWB. We computed the FAA from EEG over different time intervals and associated the given SWB, leading to pairs of (FAA, SWB) values. After correcting the imbalance in the data with the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), we performed a linear regression and found a positive linear correlation between FAA and SWB. We also studied the best time interval sizes for determining FAA around each SWB score. We found that using an interval of 10 s before recording the SWB score yields the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Wutzl
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Leibnitz
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daichi Kominami
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohsita
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiko Kaihotsu
- Technology Innovation Center, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Settsu 566-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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2
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K. A short review on emotion processing: a lateralized network of neuronal networks. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:673-684. [PMID: 34216271 PMCID: PMC8844151 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are valenced mental responses and associated physiological reactions that occur spontaneously and automatically in response to internal or external stimuli, and can influence our behavior, and can themselves be modulated to a certain degree voluntarily or by external stimuli. They are subserved by large-scale integrated neuronal networks with epicenters in the amygdala and the hippocampus, and which overlap in the anterior cingulate cortex. Although emotion processing is accepted as being lateralized, the specific role of each hemisphere remains an issue of controversy, and two major hypotheses have been proposed. In the right-hemispheric dominance hypothesis, all emotions are thought to be processed in the right hemisphere, independent of their valence or of the emotional feeling being processed. In the valence lateralization hypothesis, the left is thought to be dominant for the processing of positively valenced stimuli, or of stimuli inducing approach behaviors, whereas negatively valenced stimuli, or stimuli inducing withdrawal behaviors, would be processed in the right hemisphere. More recent research points at the existence of multiple interrelated networks, each associated with the processing of a specific component of emotion generation, i.e., its generation, perception, and regulation. It has thus been proposed to move from hypotheses supporting an overall hemispheric specialization for emotion processing toward dynamic models incorporating multiple interrelated networks which do not necessarily share the same lateralization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117445. [PMID: 33059053 PMCID: PMC7805386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in human neuroimaging studies has yielded significant advances in understanding of cognitive and emotional functions. The relevant literature was reviewed, with emphasis on how the use of naturalistic stimuli has helped advance scientific understanding of human memory, attention, language, emotions, and social cognition in ways that would have been difficult otherwise. These advances include discovering a cortical hierarchy of temporal receptive windows, which supports processing of dynamic information that accumulates over several time scales, such as immediate reactions vs. slowly emerging patterns in social interactions. Naturalistic stimuli have also helped elucidate how the hippocampus supports segmentation and memorization of events in day-to-day life and have afforded insights into attentional brain mechanisms underlying our ability to adopt specific perspectives during natural viewing. Further, neuroimaging studies with naturalistic stimuli have revealed the role of the default-mode network in narrative-processing and in social cognition. Finally, by robustly eliciting genuine emotions, these stimuli have helped elucidate the brain basis of both basic and social emotions apparently manifested as highly overlapping yet distinguishable patterns of brain activity.
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Ding J, Wang Y, Wang C, d'Oleire Uquillas F, He Q, Cheng L, Zou Z. Negative Impact of Sadness on Response Inhibition in Females: An Explicit Emotional Stop Signal Task fMRI Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:119. [PMID: 32903296 PMCID: PMC7396530 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a critical cognitive ability underlying executive control over reactions to external cues, or inner requirements. Previous studies suggest that high arousal negative emotions (e.g., anger or fear) could impair response inhibition in implicit emotional stop signal tasks (eSSTs). However, studies exploring how low arousal negative emotions (e.g., sadness) influence response inhibition remain sparse. In the current study, 20 female college students performed an explicit eSST to explore the influence of sadness on response inhibition and its neural mechanism. Participants are instructed to press a button to sad or neutral facial stimuli while inhibiting their response during the presentation of a stop signal. Results showed that compared with neutral stimuli, sad stimuli were related to increased stop signal reaction time (SSRT) (i.e., worse response inhibition). Compared with neutral condition, higher activation during sad condition was found within the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), right insula, right middle cingulate cortex (MCC), bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), left lingual gyrus, and right motor cortex. These findings indicated that sadness, like other negative emotions, may impair response inhibition in an explicit way and highlight the explicit eSST as a new paradigm to investigate the subtle interaction between negative emotion processing and cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Ding
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Federico d'Oleire Uquillas
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiling Zou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Hoffstaedter F, Mohlberg H, Eickhoff SB, Amunts K, Zilles K. Human Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Structural, Functional, and Connectional Heterogeneity. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2552-2574. [PMID: 29850806 PMCID: PMC6519696 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) encompasses 7 distinct cyto- and receptorarchitectonic areas. We lack a detailed understanding of the functions in which they are involved, and stereotaxic maps are not available. We present an integrated structural/functional map of pACC based on probabilistic cytoarchitectonic mapping and meta-analytic connectivity modeling and quantitative functional decoding. Due to the restricted spatial resolution of functional imaging data relative to the microstructural parcellation, areas p24a of the callosal sulcus and p24b on the surface of the cingulate gyrus were merged into a "gyral component" (p24ab) of area p24, and areas pv24c, pd24cv, and pd24cd, located within the cingulate sulcus were merged into a "sulcal component" (p24c) for meta-analytic analysis. Area p24ab was specifically associated with interoception, p24c with the inhibition of action, and p32, which was also activated by emotion induction tasks pertaining negatively valenced stimuli, with the ability to experience empathy. Thus, area p32 could be classified as cingulate association cortex playing a crucial role in the cognitive regulation of emotion. By this spectrum of functions, pACC is a structurally and functionally heterogeneous region, clearly differing from other parts of the anterior and middle cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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6
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Hwang RJ, Chen HJ, Guo ZX, Lee YS, Liu TY. Effects of aerobic exercise on sad emotion regulation in young women: an electroencephalograph study. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 13:33-43. [PMID: 30728869 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-018-9511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise on cognitive abilities have been studied. However, evidence regarding the neural substrates of sad emotion regulation is limited. Women have higher rates for affective disorders than men, but insufficient outcomes assess how aerobic exercises modulate central frontal activation in sad emotion inhibition and resilience among healthy women. This study investigated the effects of aerobic exercise-related brain activity on sad emotion inhibition processing in young women. Sad facial Go/No-Go and neutral Go/No-Go trials were conducted among 30 healthy young women to examine the changes in the N2 component, which reflects frontal inhibition responses, between pre-exercise and post-exercise periods. The first test was performed before aerobic exercise (baseline; 1st) and the second test was performed during an absolute rest period of 90 min after exercise. The sad No-Go stimuli that evoked N200 (N2) event-related potential were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that in the sad No-Go trials, N2 activation at the central-prefrontal cortex was significantly attenuated after exercise compared to the baseline N2 activation. Exercise-modulated N2 activation was not observed in the neutral No-Go trials. The behavioral error rates of sad No-Go trials did not differ between the two experiments. A reduced engagement of central-frontal activation to sad No-Go stimuli was shown after exercise. However, behavioral performance was consistent between the two measurements. The findings scope the benefits of the aerobic exercise on the neural efficiency in responding to sad emotion-eliciting cues as well as adaptive transitions reinstatement for regulatory capabilities in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jen Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Nursing Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,3Center of Clinical Competency Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhan-Xian Guo
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sheun Lee
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology (CGUST), 261 Wei-Hwa 1st Rd, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC.,4China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Liu
- 5Science and Technology Policy Research and Information Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, 15F, No. 106, Sec. 2, Heping E. Rd, Taipei, 10636 Taiwan, ROC
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7
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Sabharwal A, Szekely A, Kotov R, Mukherjee P, Leung HC, Barch DM, Mohanty A. Transdiagnostic neural markers of emotion-cognition interaction in psychotic disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:907-922. [PMID: 27618279 PMCID: PMC5576592 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in working memory (WM) and emotion processing are prominent impairments in psychotic disorders, and have been linked to reduced quality of life and real-world functioning. Translation of knowledge regarding the neural circuitry implementing these deficits into improved diagnosis and targeted treatments has been slow, possibly because of categorical definitions of disorders. Using the dimensional Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, we investigated the clinical and practical utility of transdiagnostic behavioral and neural measures of emotion-related WM disruption across psychotic disorders. Behavioral and functional MRI data were recorded while 53 participants with psychotic disorders and 29 participants with no history of psychosis performed a modified n-back task with fear and neutral distractors. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that psychotic symptoms entered after diagnosis accounted for unique variance in fear versus neutral accuracy and activation in the ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, but diagnostic group entered after psychotic symptoms did not. These results remained even after controlling for negative symptoms, disorganized symptoms, and dysphoria. Finally, worse accuracy and greater prefrontal activity were associated with poorer social functioning and unemployment across diagnostic groups. Present results support the transdiagnostic nature of behavioral and neuroimaging measures of emotion-related WM disruption as they relate to psychotic symptoms, irrespective of diagnosis. They also provide support for the practical utility of these markers in explaining real-world functioning. Overall, these results elucidate key aspects of the RDoC construct of WM maintenance by clarifying its transdiagnostic importance and clinical utility in psychotic disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akos Szekely
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University
| | | | | | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
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8
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Zhang X, Di X, Lei H, Yang J, Xiao J, Wang X, Yao S, Rao H. Imbalanced spontaneous brain activity in orbitofrontal-insular circuits in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression. J Affect Disord 2016; 198:56-63. [PMID: 27011360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hopelessness theory of depression posits that individuals with negative cognitive styles are at risk of developing depression following negative life events. The purpose of this work was to examine whether individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression (CVD) exhibit similar spontaneous brain activity patterns as compared to patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Subjects with CVD (N=32), drug-naïve first-episode patients with major depressive disorder (N=32), and sex-, age- and education-matched healthy controls (HCs; N=35) were subjected to resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) and amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was compared between the groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between regional ALFFs and psychometric scores, namely the Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale scores. RESULTS Significant group differences in ALFF values were observed bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and insular cortex (IC), and in the left fusiform gyrus (FFG). Compared to HCs, CVD subjects had reduced ALFFs in the bilateral OFC and increased ALFF in the bilateral IC and the left FFG, which were similar to the differences observed between the HCs and MDD patients. Compared to MDD patients, CVD subjects showed significant reduced ALFF values in right IC. Additionally, CSQ scores for the CVD group correlated with ALFF values in the left IC. LIMITATIONS We did not conduct a longitudinal study. Our findings were limited in cross-sectional analysis. CONCLUSIONS A hypoactive OFC and hyperactive IC in a resting-state may underlie an imbalance in the spontaneous brain activity in orbitofrontal-insular circuits, and these differences may represent a trait-related marker of vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhang
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hui Lei
- College of Education, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Psychology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- The Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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The neural basis of hand gesture comprehension: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:88-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Functional organization of human subgenual cortical areas: Relationship between architectonical segregation and connectional heterogeneity. Neuroimage 2015; 115:177-90. [PMID: 25937490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) is involved in affective experiences and fear processing. Functional neuroimaging studies view it as a homogeneous cortical entity. However, sACC comprises several distinct cyto- and receptorarchitectonical areas: 25, s24, s32, and the ventral portion of area 33. Thus, we hypothesized that the areas may also be connectionally and functionally distinct. We performed structural post mortem and functional in vivo analyses. We computed probabilistic maps of each area based on cytoarchitectonical analysis of ten post mortem brains. Maps, publicly available via the JuBrain atlas and the Anatomy Toolbox, were used to define seed regions of task-dependent functional connectivity profiles and quantitative functional decoding. sACC areas presented distinct co-activation patterns within widespread networks encompassing cortical and subcortical regions. They shared common functional domains related to emotion, perception and cognition. A more specific analysis of these domains revealed an association of s24 with sadness, and of s32 with fear processing. Both areas were activated during taste evaluation, and co-activated with the amygdala, a key node of the affective network. s32 co-activated with areas of the executive control network, and was associated with tasks probing cognition in which stimuli did not have an emotional component. Area 33 was activated by painful stimuli, and co-activated with areas of the sensorimotor network. These results support the concept of a connectional and functional specificity of the cyto- and receptorarchitectonically defined areas within the sACC, which can no longer be seen as a structurally and functionally homogeneous brain region.
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Belden AC, Luby JL, Pagliaccio D, Barch DM. Neural activation associated with the cognitive emotion regulation of sadness in healthy children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 9:136-47. [PMID: 24646887 PMCID: PMC4061244 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's use of reappraisal was associated with increased prefrontal activation. Children showed deactivation in the amygdala while reappraising sad photos. Children's PFC activity during reappraisal was consistent with adult findings.
When used effectively, cognitive reappraisal of distressing events is a highly adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategy, with impairments in cognitive reappraisal associated with greater risk for psychopathology. Despite extensive literature examining the neural correlates of cognitive reappraisal in healthy and psychiatrically ill adults, there is a dearth of data to inform the neural bases of CER in children, a key gap in the literature necessary to map the developmental trajectory of cognitive reappraisal. In this fMRI study, psychiatrically healthy schoolchildren were instructed to use cognitive reappraisal to modulate their emotional reactions and responses of negative affect after viewing sad photos. Consistent with the adult literature, when actively engaged in reappraisal compared to passively viewing sad photos, children showed increased activation in the vlPFC, dlPFC, and dmPFC as well as in parietal and temporal lobe regions. When children used cognitive reappraisal to minimize their experience of negative affect after viewing sad stimuli they exhibited dampened amygdala responses. Results are discussed in relation to the importance of identifying and characterizing neural processes underlying adaptive CER strategies in typically developing children in order to understand how these systems go awry and relate to the risk and occurrence of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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12
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Emotion regulation in children with behavior problems: Linking behavioral and brain processes. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:1019-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941200051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPast studies have shown that aggressive children exhibit rigid (rather than flexible) parent–child interactions; these rigid repertoires may provide the context through which children fail to acquire emotion-regulation skills. Difficulties in regulating emotion are associated with minimal activity in dorsal systems in the cerebral cortex, for example, the anterior cingulate cortex. The current study aimed to integrate parent–child and neurocognitive indices of emotion regulation and examine their associations for the first time. Sixty children (8–12 years old) referred for treatment for aggression underwent two assessments. Brain processes related to emotion regulation were assessed using dense-array EEG with a computerized go/no-go task. The N2 amplitudes thought to tap inhibitory control were recorded, and a source analysis was conducted. In the second assessment, parents and children were videotaped while trying to solve a conflict topic. State space grids were used to derive two dynamic flexibility parameters from the coded videotapes: (a) the number of transitions between emotional states and (b) the dispersion of emotional states, based on proportional durations in each state. The regression results showed that flexibility measures were not related to N2 amplitudes. However, flexibility measures were significantly associated with the ratio of dorsal to ventral source activation: for transitions, ΔR2 = .27, F (1, 34) = 13.13, p = .001; for dispersion, ΔR2 = .29, F (1, 35) = 14.76, p < .001. Thus, in support of our main hypothesis, greater dyadic flexibility was associated with a higher ratio of dorsomedial to ventral activation, suggesting that children with more flexible parent–child interactions are able to recruit relatively more dorsomedial activity in challenging situations.
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13
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Pfeifer JH, Blakemore SJ. Adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: past, present, and future. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 7:1-10. [PMID: 22228750 PMCID: PMC3252635 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review three areas of research within adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: (i) emotion reactivity and regulation, (ii) mentalizing and (iii) peer relations, including social rejection or acceptance as well as peer influence. The review provides a context for current contributions to the special issue of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience on Adolescence, and highlights three important themes that emerge from the special issue, which are relevant to future research. First, the age of participants studied (and labels for these age groups) is a critical design consideration. We suggest that it might be logical to reduce the reliance on convenience samples of undergraduates to represent adults in psychology and cognitive neuroscience studies, since there is substantial evidence that the brain is still developing within this age range. Second, developmental researchers are broadening their scope of inquiry by testing for non-linear effects, via increased use of longitudinal strategies or much wider age ranges and larger samples. Third, there is increasing appreciation for the interrelatedness of the three areas of focus in this special issue (emotion reactivity and regulation, mentalizing, and peer relations), as well as with other areas of interest in adolescent development.
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Fortier E, Noreau A, Lepore F, Boivin M, Pérusse D, Rouleau GA, Beauregard M. Early influence of the rs4675690 on the neural substrates of sadness. J Affect Disord 2011; 135:336-40. [PMID: 21807415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CREB1 has previously been implicated in mood disorders, suicide, and antidepressant response. There is some evidence that the T allele in rs4675690, a single-nucleotide polymorphism near the CREB1 gene, is involved in the modulation of neural responses to negative stimuli. It is not known whether differential brain activity during negative mood state appears early in life in T allele carriers. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity, during a transient state of sadness, in children homozygous for the T allele or the C allele. This primary emotion was selected given that it is the prevailing mood in major depressive disorder (MDD). Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes were measured while subjects viewed blocks of neutral film excerpts and blocks of sad film excerpts. RESULTS There was significantly greater BOLD activation in the TT group, compared to the CC group, in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area [BA 24]), right putamen, right caudate nucleus and left anterior temporal pole (BA 21), when the brain activity associated with the viewing of the emotionally neutral film excerpts was subtracted from that associated with the viewing of the sad film excerpts. LIMITATIONS A replication study using larger samples may be required for more definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS The different pattern of regional brain activation found here during transient sadness - in children carrying the T allele, compared to those carrying the C allele - might increase later in life susceptibility to emotional dysregulation and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Fortier
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Joormann J, Cooney RE, Henry ML, Gotlib IH. Neural correlates of automatic mood regulation in girls at high risk for depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 121:61-72. [PMID: 21895344 DOI: 10.1037/a0025294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Daughters of depressed mothers are at significantly elevated risk for developing a depressive disorder themselves. We have little understanding, however, of the specific factors that contribute to this risk. The ability to regulate negative affect effectively is critical to emotional and physical health and may play an important role in influencing risk for depression. We examined whether never-disordered daughters whose mothers have experienced recurrent episodes of depression during their daughters' lifetime differ from never-disordered daughters of never-disordered mothers in their patterns of neural activation during a negative mood induction and during automatic mood regulation. Sad mood was induced in daughters through the use of film clips; daughters then recalled positive autobiographical memories, a procedure shown previously to repair negative affect. During the mood induction, high-risk girls exhibited greater activation than did low-risk daughters in brain areas that have frequently been implicated in the experience of negative affect, including the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, during automatic mood regulation, low-risk daughters exhibited greater activation than did their high-risk counterparts in brain areas that have frequently been associated with top-down regulation of emotion, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings indicate that girls at high and low risk for depression differ in their patterns of neural activation both while experiencing, and while repairing negative affect, and suggest that anomalies in neural functioning precede the onset of a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
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16
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Karama S, Armony J, Beauregard M. Film excerpts shown to specifically elicit various affects lead to overlapping activation foci in a large set of symmetrical brain regions in males. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22343. [PMID: 21818311 PMCID: PMC3144904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the limbic system theory continues to be part of common scientific parlance, its validity has been questioned on multiple grounds. Nonetheless, the issue of whether or not there exists a set of brain areas preferentially dedicated to emotional processing remains central within affective neuroscience. Recently, a widespread neural reference space for emotion which includes limbic as well as other regions was characterized in a large meta-analysis. As methodologically heterogeneous studies go into such meta-analyses, showing in an individual study in which all parameters are kept constant, the involvement of overlapping areas for various emotion conditions in keeping with the neural reference space for emotion, would serve as valuable confirmatory evidence. Here, using fMRI, 20 young adult men were scanned while viewing validated neutral and effective emotion-eliciting short film excerpts shown to quickly and specifically elicit disgust, amusement, or sexual arousal. Each emotion-specific run included, in random order, multiple neutral and emotion condition blocks. A stringent conjunction analysis revealed a large overlap across emotion conditions that fit remarkably well with the neural reference space for emotion. This overlap included symmetrical bilateral activation of the medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, the temporo-occipital junction, the basal ganglia, the brainstem, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the thalamus, the subthalamic nucleus, the posterior hypothalamus, the cerebellum, as well as the frontal operculum extending towards the anterior insula. This study clearly confirms for the visual modality, that processing emotional stimuli leads to widespread increases in activation that cluster within relatively confined areas, regardless of valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Karama
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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17
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Yu C, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Dong H, Zhang Y, Walter M. Functional segregation of the human cingulate cortex is confirmed by functional connectivity based neuroanatomical parcellation. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2571-81. [PMID: 21073967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The four-region model with 7 specified subregions represents a theoretical construct of functionally segregated divisions of the cingulate cortex based on integrated neurobiological assessments. Under this framework, we aimed to investigate the functional specialization of the human cingulate cortex by analyzing the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of each subregion from a network perspective. In 20 healthy subjects we systematically investigated the FC patterns of the bilateral subgenual (sACC) and pregenual (pACC) anterior cingulate cortices, anterior (aMCC) and posterior (pMCC) midcingulate cortices, dorsal (dPCC) and ventral (vPCC) posterior cingulate cortices and retrosplenial cortices (RSC). We found that each cingulate subregion was specifically integrated in the predescribed functional networks and showed anti-correlated resting-state fluctuations. The sACC and pACC were involved in an affective network and anti-correlated with the sensorimotor and cognitive networks, while the pACC also correlated with the default-mode network and anti-correlated with the visual network. In the midcingulate cortex, however, the aMCC was correlated with the cognitive and sensorimotor networks and anti-correlated with the visual, affective and default-mode networks, whereas the pMCC only correlated with the sensorimotor network and anti-correlated with the cognitive and visual networks. The dPCC and vPCC involved in the default-mode network and anti-correlated with the sensorimotor, cognitive and visual networks, in contrast, the RSC was mainly correlated with the PCC and thalamus. Based on a strong hypothesis driven approach of anatomical partitions of the cingulate cortex, we could confirm their segregation in terms of functional neuroanatomy, as suggested earlier by task studies or exploratory multi-seed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Fortier E, Noreau A, Lepore F, Boivin M, Pérusse D, Rouleau GA, Beauregard M. Early impact of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on the neural correlates of sadness. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485:261-5. [PMID: 20851164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Healthy adults carrying the short (S) allele of the human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) show increased amygdala activation during visual processing of emotionally negative stimuli compared to healthy adults homozygous for the long (L) allele. To determine whether abnormal brain responses during negative emotion appear early in life in S allele carriers, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity during a transient state of sadness in children carrying the S allele (S group) or homozygous for the L allele (L group). Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal changes were measured while subjects viewed blocks of neutral film excerpts and sad film excerpts. During the sad condition (relative to the neutral condition), there was significantly greater activation in the S group compared to the L group in brain regions known to be involved in normal sadness and major depression. Given that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has been associated with mood disorders, it is plausible that the abnormal pattern of regional brain activity detected here, in children carrying the S allele, increases susceptibility to emotional dysregulation and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Fortier
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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19
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Parsons C, Young K, Murray L, Stein A, Kringelbach M. The functional neuroanatomy of the evolving parent–infant relationship. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:220-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Motor and non-motor error and the influence of error magnitude on brain activity. Exp Brain Res 2009; 202:45-54. [PMID: 19967389 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that frontal cortical areas increase their activity during error perception and error processing. However, it is not yet clear whether perception of motor errors is processed in the same frontal areas as perception of errors in cognitive tasks. It is also unclear whether brain activity level is influenced by the magnitude of error. For this purpose, we conducted a study in which subjects were confronted with motor and non-motor errors, and had them perform a sensorimotor transformation task in which they were likely to commit motor errors of different magnitudes (internal errors). In addition to the internally committed motor errors, non-motor errors (external errors) were added to the feedback in some trials. We found that activity in the anterior insula, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), cerebellum, precuneus, and posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) correlated positively with the magnitude of external errors. The middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and the pMFC cortex correlated positively with the magnitude of the total error fed back to subjects (internal plus external). No significant positive correlation between internal error and brain activity could be detected. These results indicate that motor errors have a differential effect on brain activity compared with non-motor errors.
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21
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Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Watanabe J, Akitsuki Y, Maeda Y, Matsue Y, Kawashima R. Anatomical Segregation of Representations of Personally Familiar and Famous People in the Temporal and Parietal Cortices. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:1855-68. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Person recognition has been assumed to entail many types of person-specific cognitive responses, including retrieval of knowledge, episodic recollection, and emotional responses. To demonstrate the cortical correlates of this modular structure of multimodal person representation, we investigated neural responses preferential to personally familiar people and responses dependent on familiarity with famous people in the temporal and parietal cortices. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements, normal subjects recognized personally familiar names (personal) or famous names with high or low degrees of familiarity (high or low, respectively). Effects of familiarity with famous people (i.e., high–low) were identified in the bilateral angular gyri, the left supramarginal gyrus, the middle part of the bilateral posterior cingulate cortices, and the left precuneus. Activation preferentially relevant to personally familiar people (i.e., personal–high) was identified in the bilateral temporo-parietal junctions, the right anterolateral temporal cortices, posterior middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex (with a peak in the posterodorsal part), and the left precuneus; these activation foci exhibited varying degrees of activation for high and low names. An equivalent extent of activation was observed for all familiar names in the bilateral temporal poles, the left orbito-insular junction, the middle temporal gyrus, and the anterior part of the posterior cingulate cortex. The results demonstrated that distinct cortical areas supported different types of cognitive responses, induced to different degrees during recognition of famous and personally familiar people, providing neuroscientific evidence for the modularity of multimodal person representation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuko Sassa
- 1Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- 2Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Akitsuki
- 4Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryuta Kawashima
- 1Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- 2Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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22
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Gibbons A, Scarr E, McLean C, Sundram S, Dean B. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder subjects. J Affect Disord 2009; 116:184-91. [PMID: 19103464 PMCID: PMC2724602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the cholinergic muscarinic receptors has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the association between individual muscarinic receptors and the two disorders. METHODS We used the muscarinic receptor selective radioligands [3H]pirenzepine, [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP to measure the levels of muscarinic(1) (CHRM1) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors, muscarinic(2) (CHRM2) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors and muscarinic(3) (CHRM3) receptor, respectively. Radioligand binding was measured in Brodmann's area (BA) 10 of the rostral prefrontal cortex, BA 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and BA 40 of the parietal cortex in the post-mortem CNS from subjects with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder and control subjects. RESULTS [3H]AFDX-384 binding was decreased in BA 46 in both bipolar disorder (p<0.01) and major depressive disorder (p<0.05). [3H]4-DAMP binding was decreased in BA 10 in bipolar disorder (p<0.05) but not major depressive disorder (p>0.05). [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP binding were unaltered in any other cortical region examined for either disorder (p>0.05). [3H]pirenzepine binding was not significantly altered in either disorder in any cortical region examined (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS 9 bipolar disorder, 9 major depressive disorder and 19 control subjects were used in the study. CONCLUSION Our data is consistent with previously published data implicating a role for CHRM2 receptors in the pathology of bipolar and major depressive disorder. The demonstration of a novel association between decreased CHRM3 receptor expression and bipolar disorder suggests bipolar and major depressive disorder differs in the underlying nature of their cholinergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Gibbons
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Scarr
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. Sundram
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Northern Psychiatry Research Centre, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Dean
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Neural correlates of processing situational relationships between a part and the whole: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2009; 48:486-96. [PMID: 19539770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily situations involve many objects and behaviors. To comprehend the meaning of situations, the relationships between objects, behaviors, and the situational context are important. To reveal the cortical networks involved in processing these relationships we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activation during processing of behavior-situation and object-situation relationships. Each session examined two aspects of situational relationship processing: monitoring of the situational relationship and responses to irrelevant relationships. Monitoring was analyzed by comparing cortical activation during a situational relevance judgment task with that during a physical appropriateness judgment task. Responses were analyzed by comparing neural responses to situationally irrelevant and situationally relevant components. The left medial frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, calcarine sulcus, right anterior middle temporal gyrus, orbitoinsular junction, and occipito-temporo-parietal junction were commonly activated while monitoring relationships of both types. The right anterior middle temporal gyrus and orbitoinsular junction were considered to have roles in implicit monitoring because they were more deactivated during physical judgment tasks than during the resting state; this deactivation seemed to reflect unconscious situational monitoring in the resting state. Other regions seemed to be linked to explicit conscious monitoring. Responses to irrelevance were linked to separate and category-specific cortical activation in the left medial frontal cortex and frontal pole for behavioral irrelevance and in the left orbitofrontal cortex for irrelevant objects. We demonstrated that the hierarchical structure of processing situational relationships consisted of implicit monitoring, explicit monitoring, and category-specific responses to irrelevance.
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24
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Effect of risperidone versus haloperidol on emotional responding in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:261-72. [PMID: 18575849 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies on emotional processing report that schizophrenic patients present a specific pattern of emotional responding that usually includes deficits in emotional expressiveness, increased feelings of unpleasant emotion but decreased feelings of pleasant emotion, and increased physiological reactivity. However, studies have rarely controlled the nature of antipsychotic medication. Yet, the influence of these drugs on emotional response is uncertain and could vary depending on their pharmacological profile. OBJECTIVE This prospective and randomized study aimed to compare the effects of an atypical antipsychotic, risperidone, to a typical one, haloperidol, on patients' emotional responding during an emotional induction task. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five schizophrenic patients underwent two emotional and clinical evaluations: one before treatment initiation and a second 4 weeks after. Emotional states of fear, sadness, anger, joy, and disgust were induced, as well as a neutral baseline state. Video recordings of patients during the induction task allowed for assessment of emotional expressiveness. Self-reports and measures of skin conductance and heart rate were performed to determine both subjective and physiological reactions to emotional experience. RESULTS Compared to haloperidol, risperidone did not reduce patients' facial expressiveness, decreased physiological reactivity, and decreased experience of unpleasant emotion but maintained experience of pleasant emotion. Emotional expressiveness was negatively correlated to parkisonism. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest that atypical antipsychotics allow for better-adapted patterns of emotional responding than typical ones do. We suggest that this effect is due to reduced striatal D2 blockade, therefore, attenuating akinesia, coupled with increased 5HT and DA levels in prefrontal cortex, which improves emotional regulation.
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25
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Wang L, Huettel S, De Bellis MD. Neural substrates for processing task-irrelevant sad images in adolescents. Dev Sci 2008; 11:23-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Cooney RE, Joormann J, Atlas LY, Eugène F, Gotlib IH. Remembering the good times: neural correlates of affect regulation. Neuroreport 2007; 18:1771-4. [PMID: 18090309 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f16db4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate one's mood state effectively is critical to emotional and physical health. Recent investigations have sought to delineate the neural mechanisms by which individuals regulate mood states and emotions, positing a critical role of a dorsal system that includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. This study extended these efforts by examining the neural correlates of retrieving positive autobiographical memories while experiencing a negative mood state in a sample of healthy female adults. We demonstrated that mood-incongruent recall is associated with activation in ventrolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (including orbitofrontal cortex and subgenual cingulate). These findings suggest that mood-incongruent recall differs from other affect regulation strategies by influencing mood through a ventral regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Cooney
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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27
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Wakusawa K, Sugiura M, Sassa Y, Jeong H, Horie K, Sato S, Yokoyama H, Tsuchiya S, Inuma K, Kawashima R. Comprehension of implicit meanings in social situations involving irony: A functional MRI study. Neuroimage 2007; 37:1417-26. [PMID: 17689103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand implicit social meanings, the interaction of literal meanings and relevant information in a situational context is important. However, previous studies have not investigated such contextual interactions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated cortical mechanisms underlying the processing of implicit meanings, particularly irony, in realistic social situations, focusing on contextual interactions. Healthy subjects were shown pictures depicting daily communicative situations during judgment tasks involving situational appropriateness and literal correctness. The left medial prefrontal cortex showed significantly greater activation during tasks involving situational judgments than during literal judgments. The right temporal pole was activated task-independently during irony-specific processing. The medial orbitofrontal cortex was activated task-dependently during irony processing in situational judgment tasks. These regions have been reported to be involved in theory of mind, and have not been implicated in previous studies on the linguistic processing of implicit meanings. This suggests that the intentional assessment of situational appropriateness for task execution is carried out in the left medial prefrontal cortex, whereas irony is processed in the right temporal pole by assessing situational context automatically, and is judged based on the situational context in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Our results show that the processing of implicit meanings and irony in contextually rich situations depends on brain mechanisms involved in the "theory of mind," based on processing relevant information in a situational context, and suggest different functions in each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wakusawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, and Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Japan.
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28
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Friederich HC, Uher R, Brooks S, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Williams SCR, Herzog W, Treasure J, Campbell IC. I’m not as slim as that girl: Neural bases of body shape self-comparison to media images. Neuroimage 2007; 37:674-81. [PMID: 17604649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of images of slim female fashion models on healthy young women. Brain responses to images of slim-idealized bodies (active condition) and interior designs (control condition) were measured using functional neuroimaging in 18 healthy young women. Instructions encouraged the participants to compare their own body shape/own home with the one in the images. Participants rated the level of anxiety that they experienced while exposed to the images. In the active relative to the control condition, participants activated body shape processing networks, including the lateral fusiform gyrus on both sides, the right inferior parietal lobule, the right lateral prefrontal cortex and the left anterior cingulate. The level of reported anxiety during the exposure to slim bodies correlated with established measures of shape and weight concern and with brain activations in bilateral basal ganglia, left amygdala, bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate, and left inferior lateral prefrontal cortex. Brain networks associated with anxiety induced by self-comparison to slim images may be involved in the genesis of body dissatisfaction and hence with vulnerability to eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
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29
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Côté C, Beauregard M, Girard A, Mensour B, Mancini‐Marïe A, Pérusse D. Individual variation in neural correlates of sadness in children: a twin fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:482-7. [PMID: 17437293 PMCID: PMC6871403 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies show substantial individual variation in brain activation accompanying the experience of emotion, including sadness. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 104 pairs of 8-year-old twins (47 MZ, 57 DZ) to assess genetic-environmental contributions to individual differences in neural activation in two prefrontal cortex (PFC) areas previously shown to be involved in sadness. No genetic effects were found for any area, individual environmental factors entirely accounting for individual variation in brain activation related to sadness. Sadness being the prevailing mood in depression, these findings may be of relevance to the etiology of childhood depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Côté
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mario Beauregard
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie Expérimentale et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques (CRSN), Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, and Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Alain Girard
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Boualem Mensour
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Notre‐Dame Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adham Mancini‐Marïe
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, and Fernand‐Seguin Research Center, Louis‐H. Lafontaine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Pérusse
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie Expérimentale et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, and Ste. Justine Hospital Research Centre, Ste. Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Kaplan JT, Freedman J, Iacoboni M. Us versus them: Political attitudes and party affiliation influence neural response to faces of presidential candidates. Neuropsychologia 2006; 45:55-64. [PMID: 16764897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how political party affiliation and political attitudes modulate neural activity while viewing faces of presidential candidates. Ten registered Democrats and 10 registered Republicans were scanned in an event-related functional MRI paradigm while viewing pictures of the faces of George Bush, John Kerry, and Ralph Nader during the 2004 United States presidential campaign. We found that compared with viewing one's own candidate, viewing the candidate from the opposing political party produced signal changes in cognitive control circuitry in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate, as well as in emotional regions such as the insula and anterior temporal poles. BOLD signal in these regions correlated with subjects' self-reported ratings of how they felt emotionally about the candidates. These data suggest that brain activity when viewing a politician's face is affected by the political allegiance of the viewer and that people regulate their emotional reactions to opposing candidates by activating cognitive control networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas T Kaplan
- Ahamnson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, 660 Charles Young Drive South, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Britton JC, Taylor SF, Sudheimer KD, Liberzon I. Facial expressions and complex IAPS pictures: common and differential networks. Neuroimage 2006; 31:906-19. [PMID: 16488159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies investigating emotion have commonly used two different visual stimulus formats, facial expressions of emotion or emotionally evocative scenes. However, it remains an important unanswered question whether or not these different stimulus formats entail the same processes. Facial expressions of emotion may elicit more emotion recognition/perception, and evocative pictures may elicit more direct experience of emotion. In spite of these differences, common areas of activation have been reported across different studies, but little work has investigated activations in response to the two stimulus formats in the same subjects. In this fMRI study, we compared BOLD activation patterns to facial expression of emotions and to complex emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) to determine if these stimuli would activate similar or distinct brain regions. Healthy volunteers passively viewed blocks of expressive faces and IAPS pictures balanced for specific emotion (happy, sad, anger, fear, neutral), interleaved with blocks of fixation. Eye movement, reaction times, and off-line subjective ratings including discrete emotion, valence, and arousal were also recorded. Both faces and IAPS pictures activated similar structures, including the amygdala, posterior hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and visual cortex. In addition, expressive faces uniquely activated the superior temporal gyrus, insula, and anterior cingulate more than IAPS pictures, despite the faces being less arousing. For the most part, these regions were activated in response to all specific emotions; however, some regions responded only to a subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Britton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Killgore WDS, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with depressed mood in adolescent children. Neuroreport 2006; 17:167-71. [PMID: 16407765 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000198951.30939.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In adults, the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus are preferentially activated during emotion-related processes, including normal sadness and pathological depression. It is not clear, however, whether similar regional activity is also characteristic of depressed mood during adolescence. We correlated whole brain activity during a fear face perception task with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory in 16 adolescents undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. After controlling for age, depressed mood scores correlated with increased activity within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate gyrus, consistent with findings previously reported for sadness and depression in adults, suggesting that the neural substrates of depressed mood are established early in life and remain relatively consistent across development into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D S Killgore
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.
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Smolka MN, Schumann G, Wrase J, Grüsser SM, Flor H, Mann K, Braus DF, Goldman D, Büchel C, Heinz A. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2005; 25:836-42. [PMID: 15673663 PMCID: PMC6725630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1792-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) degrades the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene (val158met) accounts for a fourfold variation in enzyme activity. The low-activity met158 allele has been associated with improved working memory but with higher risk for anxiety-related behaviors. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed the effects of COMT genotype on brain activation by standardized affective visual stimuli (unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral) in 35 healthy subjects. The analysis of genotype effects was restricted to brain areas with robust activation by the task. To determine genedose effects, the number of met158 alleles (0, 1, or 2) was correlated with the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response elicited by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli compared with neutral stimuli. COMT genotype had no significant impact on brain activation by pleasant stimuli but was related to the neural response to unpleasant stimuli: reactivity to unpleasant stimuli was significantly positively correlated with the number of met158 alleles in the limbic system (left hippocampus, right amygdala, right thalamus), connected prefrontal areas (bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and the visuospatial attention system (bilateral fusiform gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule). Genotype explained up to 38% of interindividual variance in BOLD response elicited by unpleasant stimuli. We conclude that (1) genetic variations can account for a substantial part of interindividual variance in task-related brain activation and that (2) increased limbic and prefrontal activation elicited by unpleasant stimuli in subjects with more met158 alleles might contribute to the observed lower emotional resilience against negative mood states.
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Goldin PR, Hutcherson CAC, Ochsner KN, Glover GH, Gabrieli JDE, Gross JJ. The neural bases of amusement and sadness: a comparison of block contrast and subject-specific emotion intensity regression approaches. Neuroimage 2005; 27:26-36. [PMID: 15890534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have made substantial progress in elucidating the neural bases of emotion. However, few studies to date have directly addressed the subject-specific, time-varying nature of emotional responding. In the present study, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural bases of two common emotions--amusement and sadness--using both (a) a stimulus-based block contrast approach and (b) a subject-specific regression analysis using continuous ratings of emotional intensity. Thirteen women viewed a set of nine 2-min amusing, sad, or neutral film clips two times. During the first viewing, participants watched the film stimuli. During the second viewing, they made continuous ratings of the intensity of their own amusement and sadness during the first film viewing. For sad films, both block contrast and subject-specific regression approaches resulted in activations in medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, precuneus, lingual gyrus, amygdala, and thalamus. For amusing films, the subject-specific regression analysis demonstrated significant activations not detected by the block contrast in medial, inferior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, temporal lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, and caudate. These results suggest a relationship between emotion-specific temporal dynamics and the sensitivity of different data analytic methods for identifying emotion-related neural responses. These findings shed light on the neural bases of amusement and sadness, and highlight the value of using emotional film stimuli and subject-specific continuous emotion ratings to characterize the dynamic, time-varying components of emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe R Goldin
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA.
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Abstract
The natural environment around us, which is often crowded, cluttered or even foggy, is subject to a dynamically changing composition of objects and events. The human brain is continuously perceiving, recognizing and evaluating this dynamic scene composition. If the perception of degraded visual objects is important, e.g. in the case of potential threat stimuli, the brain needs to be more sensitive in detecting these objects from the natural environment. It is therefore hypothesized that reacting to the dynamically changing environment involves a robust and quick processing of salient information, which can be either with or without conscious awareness. We investigated the dynamics and robustness of perception using pictures of three salience levels, i.e. fearful faces (most salient), neutral faces (salient) and houses (nonsalient), which appear from dynamically decreasing random visual noise. Stimuli were matched for luminance, contrast, brightness and spatial frequency information. Reaction times show a significantly earlier response for faces than for houses. Fearful faces were significantly more quickly detected than neutral faces. The neural correlates sustaining robust perception were investigated with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The amygdala showed a significant perception-related response for faces, as compared to houses, that was further enhanced for fearful faces as compared to neutral faces. Our data indicate that emotionally salient information processing is (i) mediated by the amygdala and (ii) more robust than for nonsalient stimuli as it shows a significantly lower perceptual threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A T S Reinders
- NeuroImage Nord, Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Osuch E, Engel CC. Research on the Treatment of Trauma Spectrum Responses: The Role of the Optimal Healing Environment and Neurobiology. J Altern Complement Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.s-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Osuch
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles C. Engel
- Deployment Health Clinical Center, Walter Reed Army Center, Washington, DC
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