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Shukla P, Mishra K, Shukla R, Vishwakarma R, Kumari N, Krishnani N, Behari A, Kapoor VK. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of VEGF, PDGF-B, and HER2/neu expression in gallbladder cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:349-357. [PMID: 38554345 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1473_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is usually diagnosed in advanced stages with poor survival. The molecular mechanisms of GBC still remain unexplored. Several angiogenesis factors play a pivotal role in tumor progression. We aimed to study the expression of VEGF, PDGF-B, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) and its association with clinicopathological features and survival in GBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS VEGF, PDGF-B, and HER2/neu expression was studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) after histological evaluation in 91 GBC cases. The relationship between these markers and clinicopathological features and survival was explained through the Cox regression model and Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS VEGF, PDGF-B, and HER2/neu overexpressed in 45, 79, and 68% GBC cases, respectively. VEGF was significantly overexpressed in GBC without gall stones (GS) (p = 0.007) and with moderately and poorly differentiated tumors (p = 0.012). HER2/neu was significantly overexpressed in GBC with GS (p = 0.022). Median overall survival (OS) was 39 months (95% CI: 23-55). In univariate analysis, histological type (adenocarcinoma and papillary) vs. others (signet ring/mucinous/adenosquamous) (p = 0.004), depth of tumor infiltration (p = 0.017), distant metastasis (p = 0.012), and adjuvant therapies (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) (p = 0.083) were associated with poor prognosis. Multivariate survival analysis showed histological type (p = 0.004) and distant metastasis (p = 0.032) to be independent prognostic factors for OS. Histological type (p = 0.002), distant metastasis (p = 0.003), and depth of tumor infiltration (T3-T4) (p = 0.012) showed poor median survival. Poor survival was seen in VEGF and HER2/neu positive cases. CONCLUSION Overexpression of VEGF, PDGF-B, and HER2/neu might be possible prognostic biomarkers in GBC. Poor survival of VEGF and HER2/neu positive cases indicates the possibilities of using their blockers as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shukla
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kumudesh Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ratnakar Shukla
- Department of Clinical Research, Sharda School of Allied Health Sciences (SSAHS), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchira Vishwakarma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumari
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Krishnani
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anu Behari
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay K Kapoor
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Gupta A, Gupta S, Mani R, Durgapal P, Goyal B, Rajput D, Rao S, Dhar P, Gupta M, Kishore S, Kant R. Expression of Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Survivin, Enhancer of zeste homolog -2, Cyclooxygenase-2, p53 and p16 molecular markers in Gall bladder carcinoma. J Carcinog 2021; 20:7. [PMID: 34321957 PMCID: PMC8312376 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.jcar_4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Gallbladder cancer exhibits striking variability in the global rates, reaching epidemic levels for some regions and ethnicities. The basis of its variability resides in differences in environmental exposure and intrinsic genetic predisposition to carcinogenesis. There is little information present regarding genetic and molecular alterations in gall bladder cancer (GBC). We, therefore, have evaluated the molecular marker expression in GBC and studied their correlation with clinicopathological staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted on newly diagnosed GBC patients from July 2017 to July 2020. After complete staging workup, the GBC biopsy samples paraffin block was tested for molecular markers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53, p16, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2-neu), Survivin, Enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fifty newly diagnosed patients of carcinoma gall bladder were included in the present study. Age was ranged from 29 – 69 years (mean 53.42). p53 was the most common positive marker in 74% of patients, survivin in 58%, COX-2 in 44%, and p16 in 42% whereas Her 2 neu and EZH-2 were positive in 16% of patients each. None of the patients of GBC were ER or PR positive. There was a significant difference between the various groups in terms of the distribution of histological grade and Her 2 neu (χ2 = 9.886, P = 0.014) but not with other markers. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in terms of distribution of p16 and p53 with stage (χ2 = 7.017, P = 0.037 and χ2 = 5.861, P = 0.033) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows the expression of molecular markers Her2 neu, p53, p16, survivin, COX-2, and EZH-2 in GBC. Now the time has come, and it is also the need of the day to establish early biomarkers of this highly lethal malignancy. It can be used in future for the detection of disease in the early phase and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sweety Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rishit Mani
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prashant Durgapal
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bela Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Rajput
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shalinee Rao
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Puneet Dhar
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Kishore
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Chaturvedi A, Kumar V, Gupta S. Molecular Oncology of Gall Bladder Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2021; 12:57-64. [PMID: 33994729 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-019-01008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) is a worldwide problem, with a higher incidence in areas of the world where cholelithiasis is common. As GBC is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage, the mortality is high. An understanding of the molecular pathways of carcinogenesis and the mutations involved in the development and progression of GBC could be useful in early diagnosis. Understanding molecular markers of prognosis as well as predictors of outcome could also potentially benefit patients undergoing treatment. New therapies targeting major molecular pathways and immunotherapy are exciting novel therapeutic options. This review focuses on the current understanding of the molecular oncology of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chaturvedi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
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Tulsyan S, Hussain S, Mittal B, Saluja SS, Tanwar P, Rath GK, Goodman M, Kaur T, Mehrotra R. A systematic review with in silico analysis on transcriptomic profile of gallbladder carcinoma. Semin Oncol 2020; 47:398-408. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hryciuk B, Pęksa R, Bieńkowski M, Szymanowski B, Radecka B, Winnik K, Żok J, Cichowska N, Iliszko M, Duchnowska R. Expression of Female Sex Hormone Receptors, Connective Tissue Growth Factor and HER2 in Gallbladder Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1871. [PMID: 32024900 PMCID: PMC7002405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant tumor with poorly understood etiology. An insight into phenotypic features of this malignancy may add to the knowledge of its carcinogenesis and pave the way to new therapeutic approaches. We assessed the expression of female sex hormone receptors (ERα, ERβ, PR), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and HER2 in GBC, and adjacent normal tissue (NT), and determined their prognostic impact. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of all biomarkers was performed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens in 60 Caucasian GBC patients (51 women and 9 men). ERβ, cytoPR and CTGF expression were found in 89%, 27%, 91% of GBC, and in 63%, 87%, 100% of NT, respectively. No ERα expression was found in GBC and NT. Strong (3+) HER2 expression by IHC or HER2 amplification was seen in five GBC (10.4%). A positive correlation was found between HER2 and CTGF and ERβ expression in GBC and matched NT. In the multivariate analysis, patient age >70 years, tumor size and ERβ expression in GBC was highly predictive for OS (p = 0.003). The correlation between HER2, CTGF and ERβ expression in GBC and NT may indicate the interaction of these pathways in physiological processes and gallbladder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hryciuk
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
- Mazovian Center for Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, Division III in Otwock, Otwock, Poland
| | - Rafał Pęksa
- Pathology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Radecka
- University of Opole, Institute of Medical Science, Opole, Poland
| | - Kamil Winnik
- Pathology Department Provincial Specialist Hospital, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Żok
- Department of Chemotherapy, Center of Pulmonology and Chemotherapy, Szklarska Poręba, Poland
| | - Natalia Cichowska
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariola Iliszko
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
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Li M, Chen L, Qu Y, Sui F, Yang Q, Ji M, Shi B, Chen M, Hou P. Identification of MAP kinase pathways as therapeutic targets in gallbladder carcinoma using targeted parallel sequencing. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36319-36330. [PMID: 28422736 PMCID: PMC5482657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to profile somatic mutation spectrum in gallbladder cancers (GBCs), and determine the role of MAP kinase pathway in GBC by a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. We performed targeted massively parallel sequencing of DNA isolated from GBCs and matched blood from 14 GBC patients to search for mutations in 504 genes commonly altered in human cancers. We identified recurrent mutations enriched in several major signaling pathways including MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. Immunohistochemistry analysis further validated overactivation of MAP kinase and Wnt pathways in a panel of GBC samples. By treating GBC cells with MEK inhibitor trametinib, we found that trametinib not only dramatically inhibited the activity of MAPK/ERK pathway, but also blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling through decreasing β-catenin expression or suppressing nucleus translocation of β-catenin. Moreover, trametinib inhibited the proliferation of GBC cell in a dose- and time-dependent manner, induced GBC cell apoptosis, and inhibited GBC cell migration and invasion. Growth of xenograft tumors derived from GBC cell line NOZ in nude mice was also significantly inhibited by trametinib. Our data highlight the critical role of MAP kinase pathways in GBC pathogenesis, and may represent therapeutic targets for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fang Sui
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
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Yoshida H, Shimada K, Kosuge T, Hiraoka N. A significant subgroup of resectable gallbladder cancer patients has an HER2 positive status. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:431-9. [PMID: 26758058 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis, and new targeted therapeutic options are needed. We investigated the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and its clinicopathological significance in a large cohort of GBC patients. We assessed HER2 expression in a consecutive series of 211 GBC cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC), paying particular attention to intratumoral heterogeneity. HER2 gene amplification was analyzed by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). An HER2 positive status was called when the IHC score was 3+ or when the IHC score was 2+, and FISH was positive. Correlations were analyzed between HER2 status and clinicopathological parameters including survival. The HER2 IHC score was 0 in 144 (68.2%), 1+ in 28 (13.3%), 2+ in 14 (6.6%), and 3+ in 25 cases (11.8%). In 20/39 (51%) of the IHC 2+ and 3+ cases, the staining pattern was heterogeneous. In HER2 IHC score 2+ and 3+ cases, HER2 FISH was positive in 83% (10/12) and 96% (24/25), respectively. Altogether, 35/211 cases (16.6%) were HER2 positive. There was no significant association between HER2 status and clinicopathological variables or survival. We identified a significant subgroup of HER2-positive GBC cases, for whom a clinical trial with anti-HER2 therapy might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kosuge
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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Pathology of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Current Understanding and New Perspectives. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:509-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Doval DC, Azam S, Sinha R, Batra U, Mehta A. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, Bcl2, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2, cyclin D1, human epidermal receptor-2 and Ki-67: Association with clinicopathological profiles and outcomes in gallbladder carcinoma. J Carcinog 2014; 13:10. [PMID: 25225463 PMCID: PMC4163917 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.139450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study observed the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, Bcl2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), cyclin D1, human epidermal receptor-2 (HER-2) and Ki-67 in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and their association with clinicopathological profiles and disease outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty consecutive samples of cholecystectomy/biopsies from GB bed (archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of different stages of GBC) were included, and patient details related to their demographic profile, investigations, tumor profile, treatment, and follow-up were recorded. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression levels. RESULTS Overexpression of EGFR, p53, Bcl2, VEGF, cox-2, cyclin D1 and HER-2 was observed as 74%, 44%, 8%, 34%, 66%, 64%, and 4%, respectively. Association of Bcl2 overexpression in mucinous morphology (40%, P = 0.045), cox-2 overexpression in early stage (I/II) tumors (87.5%, P = 0.028) and VEGF overexpression in alive patients (47.1%, P = 0.044) was observed. Co-expression of EGFR and p53 were statistically significant (P = 0.033). Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in patients in age group <40 years (P = 0.027), and poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.023). Advanced disease and poorly differentiated tumors showed a significantly poor median survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION EGFR, cox-2 and cyclin D1 were largely overexpressed. Advanced tumor stages and poorly differentiated tumors are predictors of poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra Doval
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India ; Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Saud Azam
- Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupal Sinha
- Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Ullas Batra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Department of Laboratory Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
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MIYAHARA NAOKI, SHODA JUNICHI, KAWAMOTO TORU, ISHIDA HIROYASU, UEDA TETSUYA, AKIMOTO YOSHIHIRO, KAWAKAMI HAYATO, IRIMURA TATSURO. Interaction of Muc4 and ErbB2 in a transgenic mouse model of gallbladder carcinoma: Potential pathobiological implications. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1796-802. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kiguchi K. Molecular aspects of cholangiocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 21:371-9. [PMID: 24420749 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel targets for therapeutic or chemopreventive approaches against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are urgently needed. In this review article, we discuss the molecular aspects of CCA including the role of erbB receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), downstream signaling pathways of these erbB RTKs, inflammatory mediators during gallbladder carcinogenesis and bile acids based on our study using a mouse model for human CCA (BK5.erbB2 mice) as well as additional information in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kiguchi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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Kiguchi K, DiGiovanni J. Role of Growth Factor Signaling Pathways in Biliary Tract Cancer. BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40558-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kitamura T, Srivastava J, DiGiovanni J, Kiguchi K. Bile acid accelerates erbB2-induced pro-tumorigenic activities in biliary tract cancer. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:459-72. [PMID: 24839254 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although very few studies have addressed the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of biliary tract cancer (BTC), several lines of evidence suggest a role for the erbB receptor family. Overexpression and activation of erbB2 has been reported in a significant percentage of human BTC. Further, we previously reported that overexpression of erbB2 basal epithelial cells of the biliary tract (BK5.erbB2 mouse) led to the development of BTC. However, the mechanisms by which erbB2 overexpression led to the spontaneous development of tumors specifically in the biliary tract are not completely understood. The goals of the current study were to (1) determine whether a cooperative relationship between bile acid exposure and erbB2 activation exists during biliary tract carcinogenesis and (2) to characterize the mechanism(s) underlying bile acid-mediated biliary tract carcinogenesis in cells with activated erbB2. In this study, we demonstrated that the secondary conjugated bile acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), increased proliferation of primary cultured gallbladder epithelial cells from BK5.erbB2 mice and human BTC cells. TCDC treatment activated EGFR/erbB2 and downstream signaling molecules in both primary cultured cells and human BTC cells. TCDC also increased the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and TACE activity in human BTC cells. Inhibition of src activation led to attenuation of bile-induced upregulation of TACE activity as well as signaling through the EGFR/erbB2, suggesting that during the development of BTC erbB2 overexpression/activation accelerates the bile acid-induced signaling cascade: bile acid → src → TACE → EGFR/erbB2 → downstream signaling. We also provide direct evidence that bile acids possess tumor promoting capacity in epithelial cells overexpressing erbB2 using the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. Collectively these findings suggest cooperative roles for bile acid and erbB2 activation in epithelial cell proliferation; bile acid appears to accelerate erbB2-induced pro-tumorigenic activities in the biliary tract and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas
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Miyahara N, Shoda J, Ishige K, Kawamoto T, Ueda T, Taki R, Ohkohchi N, Hyodo I, Thomas MB, Krishnamurthy S, Carraway KL, Irimura T. MUC4 interacts with ErbB2 in human gallbladder carcinoma: potential pathobiological implications. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1048-56. [PMID: 18397823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Muc4 interacts with erbB2 and potentiates tumourigenesis and/or tumour growth. The expression of MUC4, the interaction of MUC4 with erbB2 and the status of erbB2 signalling in human gallbladder carcinomas were determined in order to gain a better understanding of the pathobiology. The expression levels of MUC4 protein and mRNA were increased in specimens of gallbladder carcinoma. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed an interaction between MUC4 and erbB2. This interaction was associated with the hyperphosphorylation of erbB2, MAPK and Akt and with the overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2. MUC4 was detected on the apical surface of cancerous epithelia and partially co-localised there with erbB2. Transfection experiments showed that MUC4 amplifies cell proliferation in the presence of heregulin through potentiating phosphorylation of erbB2 and its downstream signalling pathways. These findings suggest that MUC4 is up-regulated and interacts with erbB2 in human gallbladder carcinoma, and thereby support the potential implication of MUC4 in erbB2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Miyahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Wu Q, Kiguchi K, Kawamoto T, Ajiki T, Traag J, Carbajal S, Ruffino L, Thames H, Wistuba I, Thomas M, Vasquez KM, DiGiovanni J. Therapeutic effect of rapamycin on gallbladder cancer in a transgenic mouse model. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3794-800. [PMID: 17440093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The macrolide fungicide rapamycin has shown significant antiproliferative action toward a variety of tumor types. In this study, we used BK5.erbB2 transgenic mice as an animal model to examine the therapeutic effect of rapamycin as a potential treatment for gallbladder cancer. Homozygous BK5.erbB2 mice overexpressing the wild-type rat erbB2 gene in basal epithelial cells of the gallbladder have an approximately 70% incidence of gallbladder adenocarcinoma by 2 to 3 months of age. Groups of mice ( approximately 2-3 months of age) were treated with rapamycin by i.p. injection (once daily for 14 days) and then sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment. Rapamycin significantly reduced the incidence and severity of gallbladder carcinoma in BK5.erbB2 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Tumors responsive to treatment exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment led to decreased levels of phosphorylated p70 S6 kinase (Thr(389)) in gallbladder tissue as assessed by both Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Finally, immunofluorescence staining revealed elevated phosphorylated Akt (Ser(473)) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; Ser(2448)) in human gallbladder cancer compared with normal gallbladder tissue. Based on our results using a novel genetically engineered mouse model and the fact that the Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in human gallbladder cancer, rapamycin and related drugs may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of human gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Science Park-Research Division, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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17
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Chaube A, Tewari M, Garbyal RS, Singh U, Shukla HS. Preliminary study of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in gallbladder cancer in Indian patients manuscript id: 8962091628764582. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:126. [PMID: 16686942 PMCID: PMC1472691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene and activation of the proto-oncogene are the key steps in the development of the human cancer. The p53 and c-erbB-2 are the best examples of it. In the present study, our aim was to determine the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder by immunohistochemistry. METHODS In all 78 consecutive patients of gall bladder diseases were studied for p53 and c-erbB-2 expression immunohistochemically and their expression was correlated with the age, grades and stages of the disease and presence of stone. An informed consent was obtained in each case. Chi square and z test were applied to see the association of p53 and c-erbB-2 over expression with other clinicopathological factors. RESULTS Eight (20%) patients of gall bladder cancer were positive for p53 expression and 10 (25%) patients for c-erbB-2. The p53 positivity increased with increasing grade while cerbB-2 positivity decreased with increasing grade of gall bladder cancer. Mean age in cerbB-2 positive cases were lesser as compared to negative cases while p53 did not show such association with age. CONCLUSION Only one case of gall bladder cancer co-expressed the p53 and c-erbB-2, thereby suggesting that p53 and c-erbB-2 may have independent role in carcinogenesis of gall bladder cancer. c-erbB-2 over expression in adenoma and younger age group indicates its role as an early event in carcinogenesis of gallbladder. However study of larger sample is required to further validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Chaube
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Mallika Tewari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - RS Garbyal
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Hari S Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
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18
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Nakazawa K, Dobashi Y, Suzuki S, Fujii H, Takeda Y, Ooi A. Amplification and overexpression of c-erbB-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and c-met in biliary tract cancers. J Pathol 2005; 206:356-65. [PMID: 15892172 DOI: 10.1002/path.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carcinomas of the biliary tract have a poor prognosis. It is important to understand the molecular genetic characteristics of these tumours in order to employ newer effective treatments and to improve patient prognosis. There is increasing evidence that overexpression of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors such as ErbB-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Met may play important roles in the development of biliary tract carcinomas. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for novel chemotherapies targeting these receptors. Overexpression of the tyrosine kinase receptor proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry in 221 biliary tract carcinomas, of which 28 were from the intrahepatic bile duct, 78 from the extrahepatic bile duct, 89 from the gall bladder, and 26 from the ampulla of Vater. Positively stained tumours were further examined for gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overexpression of ErbB-2 was found in 15.7%, 11.5%, and 5.1% of carcinomas of the gall bladder, ampulla of Vater, and extrahepatic bile duct, respectively, and gene amplification was present in 79% of these. Overexpression of EGFR was found in 8.1% of tumours with no predominant location and was also associated with gene amplification with high frequency (77%). Met overexpression, most frequent in intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (21.4%), was not associated with gene amplification. It is proposed that the new adjuvant chemotherapies could be directed to carcinomas of the biliary tract in which ErbB-2 and EGFR are overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakazawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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19
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Kiguchi K, Ruffino L, Kawamoto T, Ajiki T, Digiovanni J. Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Efficacy of Orally Active Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Gallbladder Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5572-80. [PMID: 16061875 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is the second most common primary hepatobiliary cancer after hepatocellular cancer. At the time of diagnosis, most BTC are at an advanced stage and are unresectable. There is presently no effective curative treatment of the advanced disease nor is there any effective clinical therapy that will prevent the development of BTC. All of these factors render gallbladder cancer nearly incurable with a poor survival rate. The aim of our study was to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of gallbladder carcinoma as the advancement of more effective treatment options would significantly improve prognosis. In the present study, we examined the effect of gefitinib, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor/tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR/TKI), on the development of gallbladder carcinoma in BK5.erbB2 mice. In addition, we examined the effect of another quinazoline derivative, GW2974, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2, in this model. Animals were treated with either 400 ppm gefitinib or 200 ppm GW2974 as a supplement in the diet using either a chemopreventive or therapeutic protocol. The results show that both compounds were potent chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in this mouse model of human BTC. The results also suggest that activation of the EGFR plays an important role in development of BTC in this model and that targeting both the EGFR and erbB2 may be an effective strategy for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kiguchi
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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20
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Moon WS, Park HS, Lee H, Pai R, Tarnawski AS, Kim KR, Jang KY. Co-expression of cox-2, C-met and beta-catenin in cells forming invasive front of gallbladder cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2005; 37:171-6. [PMID: 19956499 PMCID: PMC2785404 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gallbladder cancer is a malignancy with poor prognosis, predominantly resulting from invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), generated by cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met and beta-catenin; thus, enhancing colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. To determine whether these findings are applicable to clinical conditions, we examined the expression and cellular localization/co-localization of Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2 in gallbladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five specimens of invasive gallbladder cancer, 8 in situ carcinoma and 7 adenoma specimens were immunostained with specific antibodies against Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2. The cellular distribution, localization and colocalization were examined, and the signal intensities quantified in: a) the central area of gallbladder cancer and b) cancer cells forming the invasive front. RESULTS Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, c-erbB2 and EGFR were over-expressed in 80, 74, 71, 62 and 11% of invasive gallbladder cancers, respectively. beta-catenin was expressed in 80% of non-malignant specimens, exclusively in the cell membrane, while the cancer specimens showed cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining. Significantly higher Cox-2, c-Met and beta-catenin expressions were present in cancer cells of the invasive front than in the tumor central areas (p<0.001), and these expressions were significantly (p=0.01) associated with the invasion depth. Co-expressions of Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin and c-erbB2 were present in 42% of the specimens in cancer cells forming the invasive front. CONCLUSION The overexpressions, and often co-localizations, of Cox-2, c-Met and beta-catenin in cancer cells forming the invasive front indicate their local interactions and important roles in invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School and Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Jeonju, Korea.
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21
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Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is a relatively rare form of malignancy about which our knowledge is scant. However, a unique combination of predisposing factors - including genetic predisposition, geographic distribution, female gender bias, chronic inflammation and congenital developmental abnormalities - makes this type of cancer unique and offers potential for understanding cancer pathogenesis in general. An understanding of how these risk factors contribute to the molecular basis of the disease is essential for understanding the origins of this unusual cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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23
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Kalekou H, Miliaras D. Immunohistochemical study of microvessel density, CD44 (standard form), p53 protein and c-erbB2 in gallbladder carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:812-8. [PMID: 15209630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to investigate microvessel density (MVD), and the expression of CD44 adhesion molecule, p53 protein and c-erbB2 in gallbladder carcinoma, and their relation to histological grade and tumor invasiveness. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against factor VIIIRAg, CD44 standard form (CD44s), p53 protein and c-erbB2 was performed on paraffin sections from 33 cases of gallbladder carcinoma. RESULTS Significant increase of MVD with increasing depth of invasion (P < 0.02) was observed. No association of MVD with histological differentiation, CD44s, p53 and c-erbB2 protein expression was found. The expression of p53 protein was significantly higher in deeply invasive tumors (P = 0.028) and in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas (P < 0.05). The CD44s expression was higher in well-differentiated carcinomas (P < 0.05). c-erbB2 expression was found in 30.4% of tumors studied, but did not relate to any other parameters. CONCLUSION Microvessel density and p53 protein expression increase progressively with increasing tumor invasiveness in gallbladder carcinomas. Microvessel density, p53 protein, CD44s, and perhaps c-erbB2 expression may be implicated in gallbladder carcinoma evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikleia Kalekou
- Pathology Department, 'Agios Pavlos' First General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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House MG, Wistuba II, Argani P, Guo M, Schulick RD, Hruban RH, Herman JG, Maitra A. Progression of gene hypermethylation in gallstone disease leading to gallbladder cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10:882-9. [PMID: 14527906 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2003.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation of tumor-suppressor genes is associated with a loss of gene function that can afford selective growth advantages to sporadic neoplastic cells arising during gallbladder inflammation. METHODS Fifty-four gallbladder neoplasms were selected from tumor banks in the United States and Chile. Each of the neoplasms was subjected to methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction to detect promoter methylation associated with six candidate tumor-suppressor genes (p16, APC, methylguanine methyltransferase, hMLH1, retinoic acid receptor beta-2, and p73) implicated in multiple human cancer types. RESULTS Aberrant methylation of any of the six candidate tumor-suppressor genes was detected in 72% of the gallbladder neoplasms, 28% of the cases of chronic cholecystitis, and in only 1 of the 15 normal gallbladder controls. The four most commonly methylated genes in the gallbladder cancers were p16 (56%), p73 (28%), APC (27%), and hMLH1 (14%). Significant differences in gene methylation were discovered between US gallbladder cancers and those from Chile, where gallbladder cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. APC methylation was present in 42% of the US cases but in only 14% of the Chilean tumors (P =.028). p73 methylation was common among the Chilean cancers (40%) compared with those from the United States (13%; P =.034). CONCLUSIONS The acquisition of hypermethylation at multiple tumor-suppressor gene-promoter sites may contribute to tumor formation and progression within the chronically inflamed gallbladder. The apparent differences in methylation patterns among the Chilean and US gallbladder cases may indicate a unique biology associated with this cancer in different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G House
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Hepatobiliary neoplasms comprise a significant portion of the worldwide cancer burden. Advances in basic science research have led to rapid progress in our understanding of the molecular events responsible for these dreaded diseases. The genetic changes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have received the most attention. Aflatoxin B1 exposure leads to mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, most commonly a transversion in codon 249 that leads to a substitution of serine for arginine in the p53 protein. Numerous other tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and tumor gene pathways are altered in HCC. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is strongly associated with HCC. HBV may cause HCC either directly via the HBV X protein, or indirectly by causing liver inflammation and cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is also associated with HCC. Recent evidence suggests that the HCV core protein may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Several inherited metabolic diseases are associated with HCC. It is likely that these diseases cause HCC indirectly by causing cirrhosis. The molecular pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer has not been well defined. However, multiple tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, including p53 and K-ras, are altered in these tumors. Further molecular characterization of hepatobiliary tumors may lead to earlier diagnosis, better staging, improved treatment planning, and the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Reeves
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Gorunova L, Parada LA, Limon J, Jin Y, Hallén M, Hägerstrand I, Iliszko M, Wajda Z, Johansson B. Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations and cytogenetic heterogeneity in gallbladder carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999; 26:312-21. [PMID: 10534766 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199912)26:4<312::aid-gcc5>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome banding analysis of 11 short-term cultured gallbladder carcinomas revealed acquired clonal aberrations in seven tumors (five primary and two metastases). Three of these had one clone, whereas the remaining four were cytogenetically heterogeneous, displaying two to seven aberrant clones. Of a total of 21 abnormal clones, 18 had highly complex karyotypes and three exhibited simple numerical deviations. Double minutes and homogeneously staining regions were observed in one and two carcinomas, respectively. To characterize the karyotypic profile of gallbladder cancer more precisely, we have combined the present findings with our three previously reported cases, thereby providing the largest cytogenetic database on this tumor type to date. A total of 287 chromosomal breakpoints were identified, 251 of which were found in the present study. Chromosome 7 was rearranged most frequently, followed by chromosomes 1, 3, 11, 6, 5, and 8. The bands preferentially involved were 1p32, 1p36, 1q32, 3p21, 6p21, 7p13, 7q11, 7q32, 19p13, 19q13, and 22q13. Nine recurrent abnormalities could, for the first time, be identified in gallbladder carcinoma: del(3)(p13), i(5)(p10), del(6)(q13), del(9)(p13), del(16)(q22), del(17)(p11), i(17)(q10), del(19)(p13), and i(21)(q10). The most common partial or whole-arm gains involved 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 8q, 11q, 13q, and 17q, and the most frequent partial or whole-arm losses affected 3p, 4q, 5q, 9p, 10p, 10q, 11p, 14p, 14q, 15p, 17p, 19p, 21p, 21q, and Xp. These chromosomal aberrations and imbalances provide some starting points for molecular analyses of genomic regions that may harbor genes of pathogenetic importance in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:312-321, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gorunova
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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27
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Lee RG, Emond J. Prognostic Factors and Management of Carcinomas of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(18)30320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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