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Kadanakuppe Thammayya S, Manikyanahalli Chandrashekara K, Chinapolaiah A, Ramesan Syamala R, Kadukothanahalli Veerabhadraiah S, Somanna Gotyal B, Channappa M, Casini R, Mohamed Moussa I, Elansary HO, El-Sabrout AM. Comparative effectiveness of biorational pesticides for management of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink in Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23648. [PMID: 38187271 PMCID: PMC10767387 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are becoming major threats to the production of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in India. Management mainly depends on chemical insecticides which cause a serious problem of pesticide residue and insecticide resistance. The use of biorational insecticides such as biopesticides, botanicals, insect growth regulators, and microbial insecticides is important components of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for successful management. We evaluated the bio-efficacy of twelve biorational insecticides, including entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), using the leaf spray method in laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 % ± 5 % RH. The results revealed that the highest percent mortality was recorded by acetamiprid 20 % SP (100.00 %), followed by azadirachtin (98.27 %), Lecanicillium muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (85.70 %) and Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (76.87 %) at 120 h after treatment (HAT) in P. solenopsis. In P. marginatus, 100.00 %, 96.39 % and 85.67 % and 74.90 % mortalities were achieved by acetamiprid 20 % SP, azadirachtin, L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) and O. sanctum leaf extract, respectively, at 120 HAT during the first spray. Various biorational insecticides showed a more or less similar trend of percent mortality in both species during the second spray. In both species, the lowest percent mortality was recorded by Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (46.29, 44.54) and (41.03, 46.39) at 120 Hours after treatment in the first and second spray, respectively. It was concluded that all the prescribed treatments are more effective than the control. Overall, azadirachtin recorded the highest percent mortality after acetamiprid and had the shortest LT50 (12.52 h) and (13.87 h) values in P. solenopsis and P. marginatus, respectively. Our study emphasizes that biopesticides like Azadirachtin 1 % EC (10000 ppm), L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (5 mL/L) and O. sanctum leaf extract (5 %) may be recommended as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Botanicals and EPF would be the most effective approach for sustainable integrated management of P. solenopsis and P. marginatus in the G. sylvestre ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumara Kadanakuppe Thammayya
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | | | - Akula Chinapolaiah
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - Ramya Ramesan Syamala
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | | | - Bhemanna Somanna Gotyal
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | - Manjunatha Channappa
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | - Ryan Casini
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Ihab Mohamed Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
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Domingues N, Ramos LDP, Pereira LM, do Rosário Estevam Dos Santos PB, Scorzoni L, Pereira TC, Abu Hasna A, Carvalho CAT, de Oliveira LD. Antimicrobial action of four herbal plants over mixed-species biofilms of Candida albicans with four different microorganisms. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:262-271. [PMID: 36057926 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of four herbal plants glycolic extracts over mixed-species biofilm composed of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and another pathogenic bacterium as alternative therapy to be investigated. Four plants extract of Pfaffia paniculata roots; Hamamelis virginiana leaf, Stryphnodendron barbatiman tree bark and Gymnema sylvestre stem and leaves were tested over multi-species biofilm of C. albicans (ATCC 18804) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 35688), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 4083) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) for 5 min and 24 h and colony forming units per millilitre was calculated. The data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's test (p ≤ 0.05). All tested extracts showed antimicrobial action over the mixed-species biofilms after 24 h. Some extracts eliminated totally the biofilms. The glycolic extract of P. paniculata, H. virginiana, S. barbatiman and G. sylvestre are effective over mixed-species biofilms and may be indicated as endodontic irrigant or intracanal medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Domingues
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Paula Ramos
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques Pereira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam Dos Santos
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
- Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Health Sciences Institute, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Thaís Cristine Pereira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Novotna B, Polesny Z, Pinto-Basto MF, Van Damme P, Pudil P, Mazancova J, Duarte MC. Medicinal plants used by 'root doctors', local traditional healers in Bié province, Angola. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:112662. [PMID: 32147477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study is one of the first post-civil war efforts to document traditional botanical knowledge in Bié province, central Angola, in a first step to bring more studies on the use of medicinal plant resources in this area so as to bring new insights into Angolan bio-cultural diversity. AIM OF THE STUDY Examine the variety of plant species used for medical purposes, as well as characterize their social and cultural values. Also, it is aimed to compare their uses in the studied region with those in Sub-Saharan Africa and report new ethnomedicinal uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS We documented traditional medicinal plant knowledge among professional herbalists in two areas in Bié province through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews and transect walks. Ethnobotanical information was quantified based on Use Reports to (1) rate traditional knowledge; and (2) determine most useful taxa. RESULTS In total, 10 traditional healers shared information on their knowledge. A total of 87 plant species distributed among 57 genera and 36 botanical families were documented with Fabaceae being the best-represented family with 18 species, followed by Phyllanthaceae (6), Apocynaceae (5), Asteraceae (5), Rubiaceae (5), Lamiaceae (4), and Ochnaceae (3). Most medicinal plants are usually gathered at a distance from human settlements because of the belief in the higher efficacy of 'wild' plants shared by all herbalists. Roots are the most common plant part used (79%), explaining why the consulted herbalists call themselves 'root doctors'. CONCLUSIONS The culturally most important medicinal species identified in this study, i.e. Securidaca longepedunculata, Garcinia huillensis, Annona stenophylla, Afzelia quanzensis and Strychnos cocculoides, were previously reported for the same use in neighbouring countries and elsewhere in Africa. Our study also indicates that there are several locally valuable species that have not yet been studied for their medical potential, to name a few: Alvesia rosmarinifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Eriosema affine, Paropsia brazzaeana, Rhus squalida, Sclerocroton cornutus or Xylopia tomentosa. Moreover, the ethnomedicinal use of 26 species was reported for the first time to sub-Saharan Africa. CLASSIFICATION Ethnopharmacological field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Novotna
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic; Department of General Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, U Kříže 8, 158 00, Praha 5, Jinonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Polesny
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Patrick Van Damme
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Petr Pudil
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Mazancova
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Maria Cristina Duarte
- CE3C - Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Khan J, Sheoran S, Khan W, Panda BP. Metabolic differentiation and quantification of gymnemic acid in Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. leaf extract and its fermented products. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:488-500. [PMID: 31945805 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gymnemagenin is the bioactive metabolite found in Gymnema sylvestre leaves and possesses different therapeutic potential. Due to its lower abundance and higher market potential, gymnemagenin was obtained from chemical conversion and bacterial biotransformation. OBJECTIVE To obtain the probiotic-based fermentative conversion of gymnemic acid-enriched G. sylvestre leaf extract to gymnemagenin-containing nutraceuticals and its metabolites based chromatographic comparison. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gymnema sylvestre leaves were extracted through soxhalation, and the extract was prepared and characterised. Gymnemic acid was fermented, separately, by Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and by their mix co-culture. The fermented materials were analysed for their gymnemagenin content, antioxidant potential, antidiabetic potential, and metabolomics analysis. RESULTS Extraction yielded about 35% w/w of raw plant material, and 8.5% was found to be as total saponin content. Extract at higher concentration (≥ 5%, w/v) significantly altered the growth behaviour of probiotics. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) based quantification of gymnemagenin revealed that a maximum increase of 95.5% gymnemagenin was found in extract incubated with B. bifidum followed by mix co-culture containing (B. bifidum, L. casei, and L. rhamnosus), L. casei, and L. rhamnosus. However, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 56 metabolites. CONCLUSION Chromatographically profiled, and probiotic-based fermented G. sylvestre leaves can be used as a potent nutraceutical for diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaluddin Khan
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Sheoran
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Washim Khan
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility of electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone fibrous mats containing Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:503-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramalingam R, Dhand C, Leung CM, Ezhilarasu H, Prasannan P, Ong ST, Subramanian S, Kamruddin M, Lakshminarayanan R, Ramakrishna S, Verma NK, Arunachalam KD. Poly-ε-Caprolactone/Gelatin Hybrid Electrospun Composite Nanofibrous Mats Containing Ultrasound Assisted Herbal Extract: Antimicrobial and Cell Proliferation Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E462. [PMID: 30897714 PMCID: PMC6474082 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun fibers have emerged as promising materials in the field of biomedicine, due to their superior physical and cell supportive properties. In particular, electrospun mats are being developed for advanced wound dressing applications. Such applications require the firers to possess excellent antimicrobial properties in order to inhibit potential microbial colonization from resident and non-resident bacteria. In this study, we have developed Poly-ε-Caprolactone /gelatin hybrid composite mats loaded with natural herbal extract (Gymnema sylvestre) to prevent bacterial colonization. As-spun scaffolds exhibited good wettability and desirable mechanical properties retaining their fibrous structure after immersing them in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) for up to 30 days. The initial burst release of Gymnema sylvestre prevented the colonization of bacteria as confirmed by the radial disc diffusion assay. Furthermore, the electrospun mats promoted cellular attachment, spreading and proliferation of human primary dermal fibroblasts and cultured keratinocytes, which are crucial parenchymal cell-types involved in the skin recovery process. Overall these results demonstrated the utility of Gymnema sylvestre impregnated electrospun PCL/Gelatin nanofibrous mats as an effective antimicrobial wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Ramalingam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu 603203, India.
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu 603203, India.
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Chetna Dhand
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Chak Ming Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
| | - Hariharan Ezhilarasu
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Praseetha Prasannan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Seow Theng Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Sundarapandian Subramanian
- Department of Anatomy, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur Campus, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu 603203, India.
| | - Mohammed Kamruddin
- Materials Physics Division, Material Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu 603102, India.
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 2 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu 603203, India.
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Sinha P, Arunachalam KD, Annamalai SK. Radio-protective dosimetry of Pangasius sutchi as a biomarker, against gamma radiation dosages perceived by genotoxic assays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:629-640. [PMID: 30165340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation is harmful to any living organism. It may cause varying levels of genetic mutation or ultimately death. Synthetic compounds have been used to counteract the hazardous effect of radiation on the live cells, but the possibility of these synthetic compounds being harmful to the organism being treated also exists. Herbal formulations are thus being explored as a possible alternative for the synthetic radioprotectant. Induction of DNA damage in fishes caused by ionizing radiation and its protection by phytocompounds is a hardly studied topic. In this study, we analyzed the radioprotective effect of Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract (GS) and its active compound gymnemagenin (GG) against different doses of gamma radiation (60Co) on the freshwater fish Pangasius sutchi. The radioprotective efficacy was assessed by micronuclei and alkaline comet assays. The freshwater fish P. sutchi was pre-treated with intramuscular injection (IM) of amifostine (83.3 mg/kg of B.W.), GS (25 mg/kg of B.W.) and GG (0.3 mg/kg of B.W.), 1 h prior to the gamma radiation. The fishes were exposed to LD30, LD50 and LD70 of gamma radiation and the protection activities were assessed by analyzing the number of micronuclei (MN) and erythrocytic abnormalities in the blood after 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days after exposure. Compared to the irradiated fishes, frequency of erythrocytic abnormalities were decreased in response to the radio-protection in the amifostine treated groups for all three doses of gamma radiation (LD70 - 77.62%), (LD50 - 80.11%) and (LD30 - 82.30%); GS (LD70 - 62.66%), (LD50 - 69.74%) and (LD30 - 70.81%); and GG (LD70 - 49.42%), (LD50 - 53.43%) and (LD30 - 58.42%). Similarly, a significant radio-protective effect in terms of decremented DNA damage was observed using the comet assay after post exposure. The percentage of protection noted for amifostine was (LD70 - 58.68%), (LD50 - 64.52%) and (LD30 - 74.40%); GS (LD70 - 53.84%), (LD50 - 59.02%) and (LD30 - 65.97%); GG (LD70 - 49.85%), (LD50 - 52.56%) and (LD30 - 64.30%). From the current study, we can conclude that the radioprotective efficacy of the GS is similar to the synthetic compound (amifostine) and also greater than the bioactive compound (GG). The synergetic effect of the plant extract which leads to a better protection than the bioactive compound must be further studied. MN and Comet assays can easily identify the damage due to radiation exposure and thus can be used as predictive biomarkers for aquatic organisms exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sinha
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Kantha D Arunachalam
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India.
| | - Sathesh Kumar Annamalai
- Centre For Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Administrative Block 4th Floor, Room No -2, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Chennai 603203, India
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Nagella P, Dandin VS, Murthy HN. Production of Gymnemic Acid from Cell Suspension Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1391:229-39. [PMID: 27108321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. is a popular herbal medicine. It has been used in ayurvedic system of medicine for thousands of years. It is popularly called as "Gur-mar" for its distinctive property of temporarily destroying the taste of sweetness and is used in the treatment of diabetes. The leaves of gymnema possess antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-sweetener, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties and have traditional uses in the treatment of asthma, eye complaints, and snake bite. The leaves contain triterpene saponins such as gymnemic acid which is an active ingredient of Gymnema. Since the cultivation of G. sylvestre is a very slow process and the content of gymnemic acid depends on the environmental factors, cell suspension culture is sought as an alternative means for the production of Gymnema biomass and to enhance the gymnemic acid content. In this chapter, the methods employed for the induction of callus and subsequent establishment of cell suspension cultures for the production of biomass and analysis of gymnemic acid using high performance liquid chromatography are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Nagella
- Department of Botany, Christ University, Bangalore, 560029, India
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Netala VR, Kotakadi VS, Gaddam SA, Ghosh SB, Tartte V. Elicitation of gymnemic acid production in cell suspension cultures of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. through endophytic fungi. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:232. [PMID: 28330304 PMCID: PMC5234528 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of plant secondary metabolite production in cell suspension cultures through biotic or abiotic elicitation has become a potential biotechnological approach for commercialization or large-scale production of bioactive compounds. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. is an important medicinal plant, rich in a group of oleanane triterpenoid saponins called gymnemic acid, well known for its anti-diabetic activity. Two endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the leaves of G. sylvestre and identified as Polyancora globosa and Xylaria sp. based on the PCR amplification and internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2) sequencing of 18S rRNA gene. The process of elicitation of cell suspension cultures of G. sylvestre with dried powder of fungal mycelia (DPFM) and extracellular culture filtrate (ECF) of endophytic fungi consistently enhanced the accumulation of gymnemic acid and the DPFM was proved to be an effective elicitor when compared to the ECF. The DPFM elicited the gymnemic acid content in the range of 2.57–10.45-fold, while the ECF elicited the gymnemic acid content in the range of 2.39–7.8-fold. P. globosa, a novel and a rare endophytic fungal strain, has shown a great influence on the production of gymnemic acid. Cell suspension cultures elicited with DPFM of P. globosa produced higher amount of gymnemic acid content (124.23 mg/g dried cell weight) compared to the cultures elicited with DPFM of Xylaria sp. (102.24 mg/g DCW). But the cultures treated with consortium of DPFM of both fungi showed great influence on the production of gymnemic acid (139.98 mg/g DCW) than the cultures treated with DPFM alone. Similarly, cultures treated with consortium of ECF of both fungi produced more gymnemic acid content (94.86 mg/g DCW) compared with cultures treated with ECF of Xylaria sp. (77.93 mg/g DCW) and ECF of P. globosa (78.65 mg/g DCW) alone.
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Biomolecule-loaded chitosan nanoparticles induce apoptosis and molecular changes in cancer cell line (SiHa). Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kamble B, Gupta A, Moothedath I, Khatal L, Janrao S, Jadhav A, Duraiswamy B. Effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 245:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Arunachalam KD, Arun LB, Annamalai SK, Arunachalam AM. Potential anticancer properties of bioactive compounds of Gymnema sylvestre and its biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 10:31-41. [PMID: 25565802 PMCID: PMC4274148 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnema sylvestre is an ethno-pharmacologically important medicinal plant used in many polyherbal formulations for its potential health benefits. Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were biofunctionalized using aqueous leaf extracts of G. sylvestre. The anticancer properties of the bioactive compounds and the biofunctionalized SNPs were compared using the HT29 human adenoma colon cancer cell line. METHODS The preliminary phytochemical screening for bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. Biofunctionalized SNPs were synthesized using silver nitrate and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction for size and shape. The characterized biofunctionalized G. sylvestre were tested for its in vitro anticancer activity against HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. RESULTS The biofunctionlized G. sylvestre SNPs showed the surface plasmon resonance band at 430 nm. The scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of spherical nanoparticles of various sizes, which were further determined using the Scherrer equation. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the biofunctionalized green-synthesized SNPs (GSNPs) indicated that the sensitivity of HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells for cytotoxic drugs is higher than that of Vero cell line for the same cytotoxic agents and also higher than the bioactive compound of the aqueous extract. CONCLUSION Our results show that the anticancer properties of the bioactive compounds of G. sylvestre can be enhanced through biofunctionalizing the SNPs using the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract without compromising their medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilly Baptista Arun
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, SRM University, Potheri, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arun LB, Arunachalam AM, Arunachalam KD, Annamalai SK, Kumar KA. In vivo anti-ulcer, anti-stress, anti-allergic, and functional properties of gymnemic acid isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R Br. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:70. [PMID: 24559073 PMCID: PMC3936851 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnema sylvestre is a highly valued ethno pharmacologically important medicinal plant used currently in many poly-herbal formulations due to its potential antidiabetic activity and other health benefits. The present study was carried out to analyze the anti-stress, anti-allergic, and antiulcer activity of the bioactive compounds present in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. METHODS The preliminary phytochemical screening for bioactive compounds from aqueous extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging method. The characterization of the extract was carried out using standard compound by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and phytochemical analysis in terms of total phenol, total flavonoids, reducing power and antioxidant potentials, etc. The in vivo studies on albino mice proved the purified fraction has anti-stress/anti-allergic activity against milk induced leucocytosis/eosinophilia and able to inhibit the aspirin induced gastric ulcers. RESULTS The quantitative estimation for aqueous extract exhibited total antioxidant (9.13 ± 0.04 μg/g), flavonoids (125.62 ± 26.84 μg/g), tannin (111.53 ± 15.13 μg/g), total phenol content (285.23 ± 1.11 μg/g) and free radical scavenging (52.14 ± 0.32%). Further the aqueous extract was consecutively purified by TLC and silica column chromatography. The purified fractions were characterized by HPTLC and GC-MS and the component was identified as gymnemic acid. The potency of the antimicrobial activity of the extract was studied with bacteria. Pharmacological experiments clearly demonstrated that the extracts of all plants given orally showed significant gastric protection against the asprin-induced gastric ulcer model in mice. Furthermore, healing effects were also confirmed through histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous extracts of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre possess anti ulcerogenic, Anti allergic, Anti stress, properties that may be due to cytoprotective mechanism. These results support the ethno medical uses of the plant in the treatment of gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Baptista Arun
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | | | - Kantha Deivi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sathesh Kumar Annamalai
- Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Kalaivani Amit Kumar
- SRM Medical College Hospitals and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:830285. [PMID: 24511547 PMCID: PMC3912882 DOI: 10.1155/2014/830285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae), popularly known as “gurmar” for its distinct property as sugar destroyer, is a reputed herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The phytoconstituents responsible for sweet suppression activity includes triterpene saponins known as gymnemic acids, gymnemasaponins, and a polypeptide, gurmarin. The herb exhibits a broad range of therapeutic effects as an effective natural remedy for diabetes, besides being used for arthritis, diuretic, anemia, osteoporosis, hypercholesterolemia, cardiopathy, asthma, constipation, microbial infections, indigestion, and anti-inflammatory. G. sylvestre has good prospects in the treatment of diabetes as it shows positive effects on blood sugar homeostasis, controls sugar cravings, and promotes regeneration of pancreas. The herbal extract is used in dietary supplements since it reduces body weight, blood cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and holds great prospects in dietary as well as pharmacological applications. This review explores the transition of a traditional therapeutic to a modern contemporary medication with an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the herb and its phytoconstituents.
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Di Fabio G, Romanucci V, Zarrelli M, Giordano M, Zarrelli A. C-4 gem-dimethylated oleanes of Gymnema sylvestre and their pharmacological activities. Molecules 2013; 18:14892-919. [PMID: 24304585 PMCID: PMC6269971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br., one of the most important medicinal plants of the Asclepiadaceae family, is a herb distributed throughout the World, predominantly in tropical countries. The plant, widely used for the treatment of diabetes and as a diuretic in Indian proprietary medicines, possesses beneficial digestive, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and anti-helmentic effects. Furthermore, it is believed to be useful in the treatment of dyspepsia, constipation, jaundice, hemorrhoids, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis and leucoderma. A literature survey revealed that some other notable pharmacological activities of the plant such as anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties have been proven too. This paper aims to summarize the chemical and pharmacological reports on a large group of C-4 gem-dimethylated pentacyclic triterpenoids from Gymnema sylvestre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
| | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
| | - Mauro Zarrelli
- IMCB-Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials CNR–National Research Council P E Fermi, (Granatello) Portici, Napoli 80055, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- IMCB-Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials CNR–National Research Council P E Fermi, (Granatello) Portici, Napoli 80055, Italy; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: (G.D.F.); (V.R.)
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David BC, Sudarsanam G. Antimicrobial activity of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Basch E, Davies-Heerema T, Foppa I, Hammerness P, Rusie E, Tanguay-Colucci S, Taylor S, Ulbricht C, Varghese M, Weissner W, Woods J. An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2012; 8:311-30. [PMID: 22432729 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.597977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Chodisetti B, Rao K, Giri A. Phytochemical analysis of Gymnema sylvestre and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:583-7. [PMID: 22468693 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.676548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (CS 149), known to be a rich source of saponins and other valuable phytochemicals, has been analysed for antimicrobial activity. The chloroform extracts of aerial and root parts of G. sylvestre exhibited higher antimicrobial activity as compared to diethyl ether and acetone. The root extracts of chloroform have shown competitive minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values in the range of 0.04-1.28 mg mL(-1) and 0.08-2.56 mg/mL, respectively, towards the pathogens. The GC-MS analysis of chloroform extracts has shown the presence of compounds like eicosane, oleic acid, stigmasterol and vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneswari Chodisetti
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science & Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Siva C, Iyappan M, Kirthi AV. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plant extracts from south India against human pathogens. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pandey AK, Yadav S. Variation in gymnemic acid content and non-destructive harvesting of Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar). Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 2:309-12. [PMID: 21589758 PMCID: PMC3093035 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.72330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Madhunashini (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) commonly known as ‘Gudmar’ in Hindi is an important medicinal climber and extensively used in almost all Indian System of Medicine as a remedy for diabetes, rheumatism, cough, ulcer, jaundice, dyspepsia, constipation, eyes pain and also in snakebite. In India, it is found growing in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The major phytoconstituents are gymnemic acids, gudmarin and saponins. Methods: In the present study, Gymnema germplasm collected from various regions of Madhya Pradesh was evaluated on the basis of their morphological characteristics and gymnemic acid content. Gymnemic acid content in the leaves was estimated by HPLC. We have also standardized the non-destructive harvesting practices of Gudmar. Selective harvesting was done without harming the main plant. Only mature leaves (60%) were hand plucked in the month of October. Second harvest was done in the month of June. Results: Data revealed that gymnemic acid content varied between 0.96% ± 0.03 (Seoni) to 1.58% ±0.03 (Amarkantak). It was also observed that the leaves left at the time of 1st harvest during October matured in June at the time of 2nd harvest. Conclusion: Non destructive harvesting practice did not have any negative impact on overall development of the plant. It is evident that there is wide variation in the morphological characteristics and gymnemic acid content in G. sylvestre collected from various locations, which can be exploited for further crop improvement programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pandey
- Tropical Forest Research Institute (Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education), P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur - 482 021,M.P., India
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Antiplasmodial potential of medicinal plant extracts from Malaiyur and Javadhu hills of South India. Parasitol Res 2011; 111:703-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biolarvicidal compound gymnemagenol isolated from leaf extract of miracle fruit plant, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1373-86. [PMID: 21537987 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that the application of synthetic larvicide has envenomed the surroundings as well as non-target organisms, natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been tried as an indigenous method for the control of a variety of insect pests and vectors in the recent past. Insecticides of plant origin have been extensively used on agricultural pests and, to a very limited extent, against insect vectors of public health importance, which deserve careful and thorough screening. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous and a rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activities. Moreover, herbal sources give a lead for discovering new insecticides. Therefore, biologically active plant materials have attracted considerable interest in mosquito control study in recent times. The crude leaf extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and purified gymnemagenol compound were studied against the early fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation of petroleum ether leaf extract of G. sylvestre led to the separation and identification of gymnemagenol as a potential new antiparasitic compound. Phytochemical analysis of G. sylvestre leaves revealed the presence of active constituents such as carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. However, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins are absent in the plant extracts. Quantitative analysis results suggested that saponin (5%) was present in a high concentration followed by tannins (1.0%). The 50 g powder was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with chloroform-methanol-water as eluents. From that, 16 mg pure saponin compound was isolated and analysed by thin layer chromatography using chloroform and methanol as the solvent systems. The structure of the purified triterpenoid fraction was established from infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. The carbon skeleton of the compound was obtained by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift assignments obtained for gymnemagenol from (1)H NMR correspond to the molecular formula C(30)H(50)O(4). The compound was identified as 3β, 16β, 28, 29-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene (gymnemagenol sapogenin). Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of purified compound gymnemagenol for 24 h. The results suggested that the larval mortality effects of the compound were 28%, 69%, 100% and 31%, 63%, 100% at 6, 12 and 24 h against A. subpictus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the present study, the per cent mortality were 100, 86, 67, 36, 21 and 100, 78, 59, 38 and 19 observed in the concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.75 ppm against the fourth-instar larvae of A. subpitcus and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The purified compound gymnemagenol was tested in concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10 and 5 ppm, and the per cent mortality were 100, 72, 53, 30 and 15 against A. subpitcus and 100, 89, 61, 42 and 30 against C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The larvicidal crude leaf extract of G. sylvestre showed the highest mortality in the concentration of 1,000 ppm against the larvae of A. subpictus (LC(50) = 166.28 ppm, r (2) = 0.807) and against the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) = 186.55 ppm, r (2) = 0.884), respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in gymnemagenol compound with LC(50) and r (2) values against the larvae of A. subpictus (22.99 ppm, 0.922) and against C. quinquefasciatus (15.92 ppm, 0.854), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay.
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Naik DG, Dandge CN, Rupanar SV. Chemical Examination and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil fromGymnema sylvestreR. Br. Leaves. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Mahapatra A, Bagavan A, Elango G. Insecticidal and larvicidal activities of medicinal plant extracts against mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1337-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pandey A, Yadav S. Variation in gymnemic acid content and non-destructive harvesting of Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar). Pharmacognosy Res 2010. [DOI: 10.4103/0976-4836.72330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Antimicrobial activity of saponin fractions of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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