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Gresko SA, Rieselbach M, Corley RP, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Rhee SH. Subjective effects as predictors of substance use disorders in a clinical sample: A longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 249:110822. [PMID: 37331303 PMCID: PMC10851615 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature on the association between subjective effects (SEs; i.e., how an individual perceives their physiological and psychological reactions to a drug) and substance use disorders (SUDs) is largely limited to community samples. The present study addressed the following aims in a clinical sample: whether SEs predict general versus substance-specific SUD in adolescence and adulthood after controlling for conduct disorder symptoms (CDsymp); whether SEs predict SUDs across drug classes; whether SEs predict change in SUD from adolescence to adulthood; and whether there are racial/ethnic differences in associations. METHODS Longitudinal analyses were conducted using data from a sample of 744 clinical probands recruited from residential and outpatient SUD treatment facilities in CO during adolescence (Mage = 16.26) and re-assessed twice in adulthood (Mages = 22.56 and 28.96), approximately seven and twelve years after first assessment. SEs and CDsymp were assessed in adolescence. SUD severity was assessed at adolescence and twice during adulthood. RESULTS SEs assessed in adolescence robustly predicted general SUD for legal and illegal substances in adolescence and adulthood, whereas CDsymp predicted SUD primarily in adolescence. Higher positive and negative SEs in adolescence were associated with greater SUD severity after controlling for CDsymp, with similar magnitudes. Results indicated cross-substance effects of SEs on SUD. We found no evidence for racial/ethnic differences in associations. CONCLUSIONS We investigated the progression of SUD in a high-risk sample with greater odds of sustained SUD. In contrast to CDsymp, both positive and negative SEs consistently predicted general SUD across substances in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Gresko
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
| | - Maya Rieselbach
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; University of Colorado Denver Medical School, United States
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
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2
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Woodward D, Wilens TE, Yule AM, DiSalvo M, Taubin D, Berger A, Stone M, Wozniak J, Burke C, Biederman J. Examining the clinical correlates of conduct disorder in youth with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:300-306. [PMID: 36863464 PMCID: PMC10041394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conduct Disorder (CD) is highly comorbid with Bipolar Disorder (BP) and this comorbidity is associated with high morbidity and dysfunction. We sought to better understand the clinical characteristics and familiality of comorbid BP + CD by examining children with BP with and without co-morbid CD. METHODS 357 subjects with BP were derived from two independent datasets of youth with and without BP. All subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and neuropsychological testing. We stratified the sample of subjects with BP by the presence or absence of CD and compared the two groups on measures of psychopathology, school functioning, and neurocognitive functioning. First-degree relatives of subjects with BP +/- CD were compared on rates of psychopathology in relatives. RESULTS Subjects with BP + CD compared to BP without CD had significantly more impaired scores on the CBCL Aggressive Behavior (p < 0.001), Attention Problems (p = 0.002), Rule-Breaking Behavior (p < 0.001), Social Problems (p < 0.001), Withdrawn/Depressed clinical scales (p = 0.005), the Externalizing Problems (p < 0.001), and Total Problems composite scales(p < 0.001). Subjects with BP + CD had significantly higher rates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (p = 0.002), any SUD (p < 0.001), and cigarette smoking (p = 0.001). First-degree relatives of subjects with BP + CD had significantly higher rates of CD/ODD/ASPD and cigarette smoking compared to first-degree relatives of subjects without CD. LIMITATIONS The generalization of our findings was limited due to a largely homogeneous sample and no CD only comparison group. CONCLUSIONS Given the deleterious outcomes associated with comorbid BP + CD, further efforts in identification and treatment are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Woodward
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Timothy E Wilens
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Amy M Yule
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite 915, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Maura DiSalvo
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Daria Taubin
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Amy Berger
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Mira Stone
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Janet Wozniak
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Colin Burke
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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Bista S, Nathan S, Rawstorne P, Palmer K, Ferry M, Williams M, Hayen A. Mortality among young people seeking residential treatment for problematic drug and alcohol use: A data linkage study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109030. [PMID: 34592701 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with problematic alcohol and other drug (AOD) use are often referred to residential treatment. Subsequent mortality rates among this high-risk group is not known. This study estimates mortality rates and determines causes of death amongst young people referred to residential treatment in Sydney, Australia. DESIGN Retrospective data linkage study. Data of young people (13-18 years) referred to a residential treatment service 2001-2015 (n = 3256) linked with Australian death registration data, and followed up to 16 years (2001-2016). METHODS Mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs, age-, gender-, calendar-year-adjusted) calculated using population mortality rates. Causes of death were analysed using ICD-10 codes for AOD-induced, AOD as contributory and non-AOD related causes. RESULTS During follow-up of the cohort (28,838 person-years), 63 people died (71.4 % males; 48 % Indigenous; median age at death = 21.9 years; median follow-up = 5.1years), with 76 % dying before aged 25 years. Overall mortality (SMR = 4.91, 95 % CI: 3.8-6.2; CMR = 2.18/1000 person-years, 95 % CI: 1.7-2.8) was significantly higher than age-gender-matched general population, particularly in females (SMR = 9.55; males: SMR = 4.11; RR: 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.3-4.1). SMRs were not significantly different between treatment groups (SMRs>5.5) and non-attend group (SMR = 3.7) (p = 0.359). Two-thirds of deaths involved AOD, with AOD-induced deaths comprising 42 % and AOD as contributory for 22 % deaths. Overdose, mainly opioids (including opiates), suicide, and transport accidents were major causes of deaths. CONCLUSION Very high mortality rates, particularly among females, and the high incidence of overdose and suicide emphasise early screening for those at high-risk, targeted and culturally appropriate interventions, and maximised continuing after-care accessible to young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bista
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally Nathan
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Mark Ferry
- Ted Noffs Foundation Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Williams
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Cultural Competence, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Somohano VC, Shank T, Manuel J, Mallik D, Rehder K, Bowen S. The Role of Pretreatment Expectancy on Substance Use Outcomes in Women Mandated to Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:1147-1155. [PMID: 34516782 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2021.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: More than one-third of justice-involved individuals meet the criteria for substance use disorder (SUD). Many studies show that treatment expectancy predicts longitudinal SUD outcomes; however, results are inconsistent, and the role of treatment expectancy on SUD outcomes for individuals mandated to a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) is unknown. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) has shown efficacy with justice-involved populations; however, enrollment in MBRP is typically voluntary. The current study assessed whether pretreatment expectancy predicted SUD- and affect-related outcomes in a sample of women (n = 54) mandated to MBRP as part of their residential SUD programming. Method: The authors employed a quasiexperimental design and administered measures at pre-, mid-, and postcourse. Results: Following mandatory participation in MBRP, significant reductions in craving and substance use were observed. However, contrary to hypotheses, higher pretreatment expectancy predicted greater substance dependence at postcourse. Conclusions: Positive treatment expectancy within the context of an MBI was not related to favorable posttreatment outcomes; in fact, it was related to higher postcourse substance dependence. This suggests that MBIs may be suitable for mandated individuals who may not have voluntarily chosen to participate in such an intervention, and thus may have lower expectancy for the treatment. This finding needs to be replicated in a larger sample to warrant a firmer conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor Shank
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Manuel
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Debesh Mallik
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Kristoffer Rehder
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.,School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Bowen
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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5
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Conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as risk factors for prescription opioid use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108103. [PMID: 32559668 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing studies of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and substance use or substance use disorders have produced mixed results, with some identifying a direct link between ADHD and general or disordered substance use and others suggesting that comorbid CD may explain this relationship. Insufficient research has addressed the issue, which is particularly relevant in the context of the opioid crisis. This study examined the association of probable ADHD and childhood CD with self-reported opioid use in a general-population sample. METHOD The 2011-2013 cycles of the CAMH Monitor, a cross-sectional survey of adults (18+ years) from Ontario, Canada provided data from 6074 respondents. Binary logistic regressions were conducted of self-reported medical, non-medical, and any prescription opioid use in the previous 12 months, assessing demographic characteristics, perceived physical and mental health, and probable ADHD, childhood (before age 15 years) symptoms of CD, or their combination. RESULTS Adjusting for potential covariates, probable ADHD alone was not associated with prescription opioid use. Childhood symptoms of CD significantly predicted non-medical use (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.10, 4.03). ADHD and CD symptoms combined significantly predicted medical (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.20, 8.91), non-medical (OR = 4.73, 95% CI = 1.05, 21.30), and any (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.13, 8.11) prescription opioid use, although a low base rate of non-medical use may have negatively affected model fit. CONCLUSIONS Previous findings relating ADHD to opioid use could be explained, in part, by the high rate of comorbidity between ADHD and CD. These data support prevention and treatment programs targeting individuals with comorbid ADHD and CD symptoms.
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Schoenmacker GH, Groenman AP, Sokolova E, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse N, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Faraone SV, Franke B, Heskes T, Arias Vasquez A, Claassen T, Buitelaar JK. Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:102-113. [PMID: 30292416 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Known comorbidities for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include conduct problems, substance use disorder and gaming. Comorbidity with conduct problems may increase the risk for substance use disorder and gaming in individuals with ADHD. The aim of the study was to build a causal model of the relationships between ADHD and comorbid conduct problems, and alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use, and gaming habits, while accounting for age and sex. We used a state-of-the-art causal discovery algorithm to analyze a case-only sample of 362 ADHD-diagnosed individuals in the ages 12-24 years. We found that conduct problem severity mediates between ADHD severity and nicotine use, but not with more severe alcohol or substance use. More severe ADHD-inattentive symptoms lead to more severe gaming habits. Furthermore, our model suggests that ADHD severity has no influence on severity of alcohol or other drug use. Our findings suggest that ADHD severity is a risk factor for nicotine use, and that this effect is fully mediated by conduct problem severity. Finally, ADHD-inattentive severity was a risk factor for gaming, suggesting that gaming dependence has a different causal pathway than substance dependence and should be treated differently. By identifying these intervention points, our model can aid both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Schoenmacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A P Groenman
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Sokolova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Rommelse
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Heskes
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Arias Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Claassen
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Spechler PA, Allgaier N, Chaarani B, Whelan R, Watts R, Orr C, Albaugh MD, D'Alberto N, Higgins ST, Hudson KE, Mackey S, Potter A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod PJ, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Schumann G, Althoff RR, Garavan H. The initiation of cannabis use in adolescence is predicted by sex-specific psychosocial and neurobiological features. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2346-2356. [PMID: 29889330 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use initiated during adolescence might precipitate negative consequences in adulthood. Thus, predicting adolescent cannabis use prior to any exposure will inform the aetiology of substance abuse by disentangling predictors from consequences of use. In this prediction study, data were drawn from the IMAGEN sample, a longitudinal study of adolescence. All selected participants (n = 1,581) were cannabis-naïve at age 14. Those reporting any cannabis use (out of six ordinal use levels) by age 16 were included in the outcome group (N = 365, males n = 207). Cannabis-naïve participants at age 14 and 16 were included in the comparison group (N = 1,216, males n = 538). Psychosocial, brain and genetic features were measured at age 14 prior to any exposure. Cross-validated regularized logistic regressions for each use level by sex were used to perform feature selection and obtain prediction error statistics on independent observations. Predictors were probed for sex- and drug-specificity using post-hoc logistic regressions. Models reliably predicted use as indicated by satisfactory prediction error statistics, and contained psychosocial features common to both sexes. However, males and females exhibited distinct brain predictors that failed to predict use in the opposite sex or predict binge drinking in independent samples of same-sex participants. Collapsed across sex, genetic variation on catecholamine and opioid receptors marginally predicted use. Using machine learning techniques applied to a large multimodal dataset, we identified a risk profile containing psychosocial and sex-specific brain prognostic markers, which were likely to precede and influence cannabis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Spechler
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Watts
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Orr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kelsey E Hudson
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna Cattrell
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- DIGITEO Labs, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - University Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, AP-HP, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS) and MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert R Althoff
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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LeNoue SR, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Min SJ, Thurstone C. Marijuana commercialization and adolescent substance treatment outcomes in Colorado. Am J Addict 2017; 26:802-806. [PMID: 29064160 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In Colorado, marijuana was legalized for medical use in 2000, commercialized in 2009, and approved for recreational purposes in 2012. Little is known about the association between recent policy changes and adolescent substance treatment outcomes measured by urine drug screens (UDS). This study addressed this research gap. METHODS Participants were youth (N = 523) aged 11-19 years who were enrolled in an outpatient motivational interviewing (MI)/cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) plus contingency management (CM) in Denver, Colorado from October 2007 to June 2014. The measures included UDS collected during weekly treatment sessions and sent to a commercial laboratory for quantitative analysis of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)/Creatinine (Cr). Linear regression models and logistic regression models using a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approach for repeated measures were completed to answer the study aims. RESULTS Males, but not females, had a marginally significant increasing trend over time in monthly average THC/Cr (β = 1.99, p = 0.046). There was a significant increasing trend over time (per 30 days) in the odds of having a negative UDS within 6 sessions (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.003-1.04, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Based on these data, substance treatment outcomes from MI and CBT are mixed, but overall treatment appears to remain effective in a state with legalized marijuana. (Am J Addict 2017;26:802-806).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R LeNoue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stacy Salomonsen-Sautel
- Department of Psychiatry, Drug Policy Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sung-Joon Min
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christian Thurstone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado
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Harrison AJ, Timko C, Blonigen DM. Interpersonal styles, peer relationships, and outcomes in residential substance use treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 81:17-24. [PMID: 28847451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal relationships play a key role in recovery from substance use disorders (SUDs). We examined the associations between problematic interpersonal styles, peer relationships, and treatment outcomes in a sample of U.S. military veterans in residential SUD treatment. Participants were 189 veterans enrolled in a residential SUD treatment program at a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants were interviewed at the time of treatment entry (baseline), one month into treatment, and 12months following discharge from treatment. More problematic interpersonal styles at treatment entry, measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-Circumplex (IIP-C), predicted more SUD symptoms 12months post-discharge (r=0.29, P<0.01). Results of a principal components analysis of the IIP-C subscales revealed three main factors of interpersonal styles: Passive, Cruel/Aloof, and Controlling. With the exception of the Passive factor, the relationship between these interpersonal styles and SUD symptoms 12months after discharge was mediated by relationship quality with peers one month in treatment: i.e., more problematic interpersonal styles at baseline predicted poorer relationship quality with peers at 1month, which in turn predicted more SUD symptoms at 12months. Results demonstrate the importance of assessing interpersonal styles among patients in residential SUD treatment, as well as potentially augmenting existing evidence-based psychosocial treatments with a focus on interpersonal styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, United States.
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Daniel M Blonigen
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States; Palo Alto University, United States
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10
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Khoddam R, Leventhal AM. Alternative and complementary reinforcers as mechanisms linking adolescent conduct problems and substance use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:376-389. [PMID: 27690501 PMCID: PMC5054745 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that teens who engage in conduct problems are more likely to use substances because they engage in fewer alternative reinforcing (i.e., pleasurable) substance-free activities and more complementary reinforcing substance-associated activities. In a cross-sectional, correlational design, 9th grade students (N = 3,383; mean age = 14.6 years) in Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. completed surveys in 2013 measuring conduct problems (e.g., stealing, lying, getting in fights); alternative and complementary reinforcement; use of a number of licit, illicit, and prescription drugs; and other cofactors. Conduct problems were positively associated with past 6-month use of any substance (yes/no) among the overall sample and past 30-day use frequency on a composite index that included 6 substances among past 6-month users. These associations were statistically mediated by diminished alternative reinforcement and increased complementary reinforcement when adjusting for relevant covariates. Conduct problems were associated with lower engagement in alternative reinforcers and increased engagement in complementary reinforcers, which, in turn, were associated with greater likelihood and frequency of substance use. Most mediational relations persisted adjusting for demographic, environmental, and intrapersonal cofactors and generalized to alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, although, complementary reinforcers did not significantly mediate the relation of conduct problems with alcohol use frequency. These results point to diminished alternative reinforcement and increased complementary reinforcement as mechanisms linking conduct problems and adolescent substance use. Interventions that increase access to and engagement in a diverse set of alternative substance-free activities and deter activities that complement use may prevent substance use in adolescents who engage in conduct problems. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Khoddam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
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11
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Letourneau EJ, McCart MR, Sheidow AJ, Mauro PM. First Evaluation of a Contingency Management Intervention Addressing Adolescent Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors: Risk Reduction Therapy for Adolescents. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 72:56-65. [PMID: 27629581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for interventions that comprehensively address youth substance use disorders (SUD) and sexual risk behaviors. Risk Reduction Therapy for Adolescents (RRTA) adapts a validated family-focused intervention for youth SUD to include sexual risk reduction components in a single intervention. In this first evaluation of RRTA, drug court involved youth were randomly assigned to RRTA (N=45) or usual services (US; N=60) and followed through 12-months post-baseline. RRTA included weekly cognitive behavior therapy and behavior management training and contingency-contracting with a point earning system managed by caregivers targeting drug use and sexual risk antecedents. Longitudinal models estimated within-group change and between-group differences through 6- and 12-month follow-up on outcomes for substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and protective HIV behaviors. Robust effects of the intervention were not detected under conditions of the study that included potent background interventions by the juvenile drug court. Considerations about future development and testing of sexual risk reduction therapy for youth are discussed, including the potential role of contingency management in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Letourneau
- Family Services Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Road, Suite 104, Charleston, SC, 29407, United States.
| | - Michael R McCart
- Family Services Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Road, Suite 104, Charleston, SC, 29407, United States.
| | - Ashli J Sheidow
- Family Services Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 176 Croghan Spur Road, Suite 104, Charleston, SC, 29407, United States.
| | - Pia M Mauro
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N Washington St., Suite 531, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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12
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Babbin SF, Stanger C, Scherer EA, Budney AJ. Identifying treatment response subgroups for adolescent cannabis use. Addict Behav 2016; 59:72-9. [PMID: 27082747 PMCID: PMC4846516 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outpatient treatments for adolescent substance use demonstrate clinically meaningful reductions in substance use, but effect sizes are often low, relapse rates are high, and response to treatment is heterogeneous across participants. The present study utilized cluster analysis to identify subgroups of treatment response among adolescents from three randomized clinical trials evaluating behavioral treatments for substance use. METHODS Analyses were performed on a sample of 194 adolescents (average age=15.8, 81.4% male) who reported cannabis use during the past 30days or had a cannabis-positive urine test. Clustering was based on percent days cannabis use at 5 time periods (intake, end of treatment, 3, 6, and 9months post-treatment). Participants in the identified subgroups were then compared across a number of variables not involved in the clustering (e.g., substance use, demographics, and psychopathology) to test for predictors of cluster membership. RESULTS Four clusters were identified based on statistical indices and visual inspection of the resulting cluster profiles: Low Use Responders (n=109, low baseline level, sustained decrease); High Use Responders (n=45, high baseline level, sustained decrease); Relapsers (n=25, medium baseline level, decrease, rapid increase post-treatment); and Non-Responders (n=15; consistently high level of use). Cannabis dependence, mean cannabis uses per day, and socioeconomic status were predictive of cluster membership. CONCLUSIONS Cluster analysis empirically identified different patterns of treatment response over time for adolescent outpatients. Investigating homogenous subgroups of participants provides insight into study outcomes, and variables associated with clusters have potential utility to identify participants that may benefit from more intensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Babbin
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Catherine Stanger
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Emily A Scherer
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alan J Budney
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Pratt TC, Cullen FT, Blevins KR, Daigle L, Unnever JD. The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Crime and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1350/ijps.4.4.344.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, criminologists have begun to focus more closely on how certain biosocial and/or neuropsychological factors may influence criminal and delinquent behaviour. One factor that is emerging as a potentially important correlate of such behaviour is Attention Deficit — often combined with hyperactivity — Disorder (ADD and/or ADHD). The results of the growing body of empirical literature assessing this link are, however, inconsistent. The present study subjects this body of research to a ‘meta-analysis' — or, ‘quantitative synthesis' — to establish both the overall effect of ADHD on crime and delinquency and the degree to which this relationship is conditioned by methodological factors across empirical studies. The analyses reveal a fairly strong association between measures of ADHD and criminal/delinquent behaviour. Nevertheless, these effects are not invariant across certain salient methodological characteristics. The implications for criminological theory and correctional policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C. Pratt
- Department of Political Science/Criminal Justice, Washington State University, 801 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164-4880
| | - Francis T. Cullen
- Department of Political Science/Criminal Justice, Washington State University, 801 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164-4880
| | - Kristie R. Blevins
- Department of Political Science/Criminal Justice, Washington State University, 801 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164-4880
| | - Leah Daigle
- Department of Political Science/Criminal Justice, Washington State University, 801 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164-4880
| | - James D. Unnever
- Department of Political Science/Criminal Justice, Washington State University, 801 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164-4880
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14
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Galaif ER, Hser YI, Grella CE, Joshi V. Prospective Risk Factors and Treatment Outcomes among Adolescents in DATOS-A. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558401166008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between risk factors and outcomes in adolescents participating in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies for Adolescents (DATOS-A) were examined. The study included 292 admissions to nine outpatient drug-free (ODF) and 418 admissions to eight residential (RES) programs. Assessments were administered at intake into treatment and 12 months following discharge. For ODF participants, (a) severity of drug use predicted less retention in treatment, and (b) family drug involvement predicted more alcohol use after treatment. For RES participants, (a) family drug involvement and criminal involvement predicted less treatment retention, and (b) conduct disorder predicted more marijuana use at follow-up. The findings underscore the need for intervention strategies that address the intrapsychic and interpersonal functioning of drug-abusing adolescents to improve their behavioral outcomes.
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15
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Sakai JT, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Young SE, Rhee SH, McWilliams SK, Dunn R, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Thurstone C, Hopfer CJ. Adolescent Male Conduct-Disordered Patients in Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Examining the "Limited Prosocial Emotions" Specifier. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016; 25:613-625. [PMID: 28979087 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2016.1175983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the DSM-5-defined conduct disorder (CD) with limited prosocial emotions (LPE) among adolescents in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, despite the high rates of CD in this population. We tested previously published methods of LPE categorization in a sample of male conduct-disordered patients in SUD treatment (n=196). CD with LPE patients did not demonstrate a distinct pattern in terms of demographics or co-morbidity regardless of the categorization method utilized. In conclusion, LPE, as operationalized here, does not identify a distinct subgroup of patients based on psychiatric comorbidity, SUD diagnoses, or demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Sakai
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Susan K Mikulich-Gilbertson
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Susan E Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Shannon K McWilliams
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Robin Dunn
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado
| | - Stacy Salomonsen-Sautel
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Christian Thurstone
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver Health & Hospital Authority
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
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16
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Knight DK, Joe GW, Crawley RD, Becan JE, Dansereau DF, Flynn PM. The Effectiveness of the Treatment Readiness and Induction Program (TRIP) for Improving During-Treatment Outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat 2015; 62:20-7. [PMID: 26742724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment engagement is a primary pathway to change. Because motivation consistently predicts engagement and sustained recovery following treatment, targeted efforts at improving problem recognition (i.e., a significant ingredient in motivation) during early weeks of treatment are critical. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of Standard Operating Practice (SOP) versus SOP plus an 8-session Treatment Readiness and Induction Program (TRIP; delivered in the first weeks of treatment) on cognitive indicators and treatment engagement among youth in 5 residential substance use treatment settings. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) documented higher problem recognition, decision making, and treatment engagement (participation, satisfaction, counselor rapport) among youth receiving TRIP (compared to SOP only), even when controlling for background characteristics such as age, race-ethnicity, gender, baseline drug use severity, etc. Findings suggest that TRIP is an effective induction tool that directly impacts targeted constructs (i.e., problem recognition, decision making), and also directly affects indicators of engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica K Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA.
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Rachel D Crawley
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Jennifer E Becan
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Donald F Dansereau
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Patrick M Flynn
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
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17
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Hersh J, Curry JF, Kaminer Y. What is the impact of comorbid depression on adolescent substance abuse treatment? Subst Abus 2015; 35:364-75. [PMID: 25157785 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.956164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the most common psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents. Some research suggests that comorbid depression in adolescents with SUD is associated with increased likelihood of alcohol dependence, poorer social competence, and greater risk for suicide attempts. However, little is known about how depression influences adolescent substance abuse treatment retention and outcomes. METHODS This review aimed to summarize the effects of comorbid depression on treatment retention and outcomes across 13 adolescent SUD treatment studies. RESULTS RESULTS indicated that depression has a mixed relationship with treatment retention and outcomes, exerting a negative, positive, or nonsignificant effect depending on aspects of the study. CONCLUSIONS More research needs to be done, particularly addressing the potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between depression and SUD outcomes. Importantly, recognizing that the studies varied widely in hypotheses and research methods, the field needs to develop more standardized methods to allow for a clearer understanding of the role of comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hersh
- a Department of Psychology & Neuroscience , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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18
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Clair-Michaud M, Martin RA, Stein LAR, Bassett S, Lebeau R, Golembeske C. The Impact of Motivational Interviewing on Delinquent Behaviors in Incarcerated Adolescents. J Subst Abuse Treat 2015; 65:13-9. [PMID: 26517954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of Motivational Interviewing (MI) on risky behaviors of incarcerated adolescents and adults has been investigated with promising results. Findings suggest that MI reduces substance use, improves motivation and confidence to reduce use, and decreases risky behaviors. The current study investigated the impact of MI on general, alcohol-related, and marijuana-related delinquent behaviors in incarcerated adolescents. Participants in the study were incarcerated adolescents in a state correctional facility in the Northeast region and were assessed as part of a larger randomized clinical trial. Adolescents were randomly assigned to receive MI or relaxation therapy (RT) (N=189) treatment. Delinquent behaviors and depressive symptomatology were measured using the Delinquent Activities Scale (DAS; Reavy, Stein, Paiva, Quina, & Rossi, 2012) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1991) respectively. Findings indicate that depression moderated treatment effects. Compared to RT, MI was better at reducing predatory aggression and alcohol-related predatory aggression 3 months post-release when depressive symptoms were low. Identifying an efficacious treatment for these adolescents may benefit society in that it may decrease crimes against persons (i.e., predatory aggression) post release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clair-Michaud
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881; The Rhode Island Training School, 300 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920.
| | - Rosemarie A Martin
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Linda A R Stein
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881; The Rhode Island Training School, 300 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Shayna Bassett
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Rebecca Lebeau
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Rd., Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Charles Golembeske
- The Rhode Island Training School, 300 New London Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920
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Becan JE, Knight DK, Crawley RD, Joe GW, Flynn PM. Effectiveness of the Treatment Readiness and Induction Program for increasing adolescent motivation for change. J Subst Abuse Treat 2014; 50:38-49. [PMID: 25456094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Success in substance abuse treatment is improved by problem recognition, desire to seek help, and readiness to engage in treatment, all of which are important aspects of motivation. Interventions that facilitate these at treatment induction for adolescents are especially needed. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of TRIP (Treatment Readiness and Induction Program) in promoting treatment motivation. Data represent 519 adolescents from 6 residential programs who completed assessments at treatment intake (time 1) and 35 days after admission (time 2). The design consisted of a comparison sample (n=281) that had enrolled in treatment prior to implementation of TRIP (standard operating practice) and a sample of clients that had entered treatment after TRIP began and received standard operating practice enhanced by TRIP (n=238). Repeated measures ANCOVAs were conducted using each time 2 motivation scale as a dependent measure. Motivation scales were conceptualized as representing sequential stages of change. LISREL was used to test a structural model involving TRIP participation, gender, drug use severity, juvenile justice involvement, age, race-ethnicity, prior treatment, and urgency as predictors of the stages of treatment motivation. Compared to standard practice, adolescents receiving TRIP demonstrated greater gains in problem recognition, even after controlling for the other variables in the model. The model fit was adequate, with TRIP directly affecting problem recognition and indirectly affecting later stages of change (desire for help and treatment readiness). Future studies should examine which specific components of TRIP affect change in motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Becan
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Danica K Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Rachel D Crawley
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Patrick M Flynn
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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20
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Belcher JR. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offenders and the need for early intervention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:27-40. [PMID: 23222217 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12465583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be, for some people, a pathway to prison. Intervening at an early age may prevent delinquency. Generally, these interventions consist of a combination of medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, family intervention, and educational support. Despite these interventions, some people with ADHD still develop antisocial and criminal behavior. This article examines the link between ADHD and delinquency, and reviews relevant treatments.
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21
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Hersh J, Curry JF, Becker SJ. The Influence of Comorbid Depression and Conduct Disorder on MET/CBT Treatment Outcome for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders. Int J Cogn Ther 2013; 6:325-341. [PMID: 25197427 PMCID: PMC4155521 DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although depression and conduct disorder frequently co-occur with substance use disorders (SUDs), few studies have investigated the individual and interactive effects of these conditions on SUD treatment outcome. Data were collected from 90 adolescents aged 13-21 (M = 17.1, SD = 2.07) who received a brief evidence-based intervention for SUD. Hierarchical regressions assessed the relationship among demographic variables, depression, conduct disorder, and two substance use outcomes (frequency and problems) at two intervals (three months, six months). Results revealed that higher baseline substance use and lower socioeconomic status significantly predicted higher substance problems and frequency at three-months. At six months, higher three month substance problems and lower depressive symptoms predicted substance problems. In addition, an interaction indicated that the effect of conduct disorder on substance problems was greatest at lower levels of depression. Results are discussed in the context of previous research indicating mixed effects of depression on SUD treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John F Curry
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Sara J Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School
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22
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Godley SH, Hunter BD, Fernández-Artamendi S, Smith JE, Meyers RJ, Godley MD. A comparison of treatment outcomes for adolescent community reinforcement approach participants with and without co-occurring problems. J Subst Abuse Treat 2013; 46:463-71. [PMID: 24462478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) participation with treatment engagement, retention, and satisfaction, and with substance use and emotional problem outcomes. Participants had substance use disorders (SUD) only or co-occurring substance use and psychiatric problems. Those with co-occurring problems reported more days of substance use and emotional problems at intake to treatment than those with SUD only. All groups received equivalent exposure to A-CRA during treatment implementation. At the 12-month follow-up, adolescents classified as externalizers (n = 468) or those with both externalizing and internalizing problems (n = 674) had significantly greater improvement in their days of abstinence and substance problems relative to adolescents with substance use disorders only (n = 666). Additionally, adolescents reporting symptoms of internalizing (n = 154), externalizing, or both externalizing and internalizing disorders had significantly greater improvements in days of emotional problems relative to adolescents with SUD only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Godley
- Chestnut Health Systems, 448 Wylie Drive, Normal, IL 61761.
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark D Godley
- Chestnut Health Systems, 448 Wylie Drive, Normal, IL 61761
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23
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O'Leary-Barrett M, Topper L, Al-Khudhairy N, Pihl RO, Castellanos-Ryan N, Mackie CJ, Conrod PJ. Two-year impact of personality-targeted, teacher-delivered interventions on youth internalizing and externalizing problems: a cluster-randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:911-20. [PMID: 23972693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the 2-year impact of teacher-delivered, brief, personality-targeted interventions on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in an adolescent U.K. sample. METHOD This cluster-randomized trial was run in 19 London schools (N = 1,024 adolescents). Trained school-based professionals delivered two 90-minute, CBT-based group interventions targeting 1 of 4 personality-risk profiles: anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, impulsivity, or sensation seeking. Self-report depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed at 6-month intervals. RESULTS Interventions were associated with significantly reduced depressive, anxiety, and conduct symptoms (p < .05) over 2 years in the full sample, reduced odds of severe depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 0.74, CI = 0.58-0.96), and conduct problems (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.65-0.96), and a nonsignificant reduction in severe anxiety symptoms (OR = 0.79, CI = 0.59-1.05). Evaluating a priori personality-specific hypotheses revealed strong evidence for impulsivity-specific effects on severe conduct problems, modest evidence of anxiety sensitivity-specific effects on severe anxiety, and no evidence for hopelessness-specific effects on severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Brief, personality-targeted interventions delivered by educational professionals can have a clinically significant impact on mental health outcomes in high-risk youth over 2 years, as well as personality-specific intervention effects in youth most at risk for a particular problem, particularly for youth with high levels of impulsivity. Clinical trial registration information-Adventure: The Efficacy of Personality-Targeted Interventions for Substance Misuse and Other Risky Behaviors as Delivered by Educational Professionals.
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Schaeffer CM, Henggeler SW, Ford JD, Mann M, Chang R, Chapman JE. RCT of a promising vocational/employment program for high-risk juvenile offenders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2013; 46:134-43. [PMID: 23958035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile offenders with substance use problems are at high risk for deleterious long-term outcomes. This study evaluated the capacity of a promising vocational and employment training program in the building sector (i.e., Community Restitution Apprenticeship-Focused Training, CRAFT) to mitigate such outcomes through enhanced employment and education. Participants were 97 high-risk juvenile offenders (mean age=15.8 years) randomized to CRAFT versus education as usual (EAU) intervention conditions. Multi-method procedures measured employment, education, substance use, mental health, and criminal outcomes through a 30-month post-baseline follow-up. CRAFT was significantly more effective than EAU at increasing rates of youth employment and GED attendance. Intervention effects were not observed, however, for months employed, hours worked, or hourly wage. Measures of youth substance use, mental health symptoms, and criminal activity showed no favorable or iatrogenic effects. The potential of CRAFT was modestly supported, and suggestions were made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Schaeffer
- Family Services Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29407, USA
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Ryan SR, Stanger C, Thostenson J, Whitmore JJ, Budney AJ. The impact of disruptive behavior disorder on substance use treatment outcome in adolescents. J Subst Abuse Treat 2012; 44:506-14. [PMID: 23228436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the impact of disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) on substance use outcomes in an adolescent sample. Sixty-eight adolescents and their caregivers were randomized to one of two fourteen-week, outpatient treatments: Motivational Enhancement Therapy/Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MET/CBT)+Parent Management Training+Contingency Management (CM; experimental) and MET/CBT+Parent Drug Education (attention control). This study assessed abstinence, substance use, externalizing behavior, and parenting outcomes over five assessment periods for youth with DBD (DBD(+)) and without DBD (DBD(-)). Results showed DBD(+)/experimental adolescents reported fewer days of marijuana use than DBD(+)/control adolescents. Results also showed that parents of DBD(-) adolescents in the experimental condition reported significantly better parenting outcomes compared to DBD(-)/control. Substance abuse treatment for adolescents with DBD which includes a component such as contingency management and parent training has the potential to contribute to substance use outcomes. Such treatment strategies, however, should include additional support for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Ryan
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Addiction Research., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Spas J, Ramsey S, Paiva AL, Stein L. All might have won, but not all have the prize: optimal treatment for substance abuse among adolescents with conduct problems. Subst Abuse 2012; 6:141-55. [PMID: 23170066 PMCID: PMC3498967 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence from the literature on treatment outcomes indicates that substance abuse treatment among adolescents with conduct problems varies widely. Treatments commonly used among this population are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 12-step facilitation, multisystemic therapy (MST), psychoeducation (PE), and motivational interviewing (MI). This manuscript thoroughly and systematically reviews the available literature to determine which treatment is optimal for substance-abusing adolescents with conduct problems. Results suggest that although there are several evidence-based and empirically supported treatments, those that incorporate family-based intervention consistently provide the most positive treatment outcomes. In particular, this review further reveals that although many interventions have gained empirical support over the years, only one holds the prize as being the optimal treatment of choice for substance abuse treatment among adolescents with conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson Spas
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, 111 Plain Street, Suite 119, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Susan Ramsey
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine at Rhode Island Hospital, 111 Plain Street, Suite 117, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Andrea L. Paiva
- University of Rhode Island Cancer Prevention Research Center, 2 Chafee Road, Kinston, RI 02881, USA
| | - L.A.R. Stein
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, 2 Lower College Road, Kinston, RI 02881, USA
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Tamm L, Trello-Rishel K, Riggs P, Nakonezny PA, Acosta M, Bailey G, Winhusen T. Predictors of treatment response in adolescents with comorbid substance use disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat 2012; 44:224-30. [PMID: 22889694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with substance use disorder (SUD) and is associated with poor substance-use treatment outcomes. A trial evaluating osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) for adolescents with ADHD and SUD, concurrently receiving behavioral therapy, revealed inconsistent medication effects on ADHD or SUD. Clinical care for this population would be advanced by knowledge of treatment outcome predictors. Data from the randomized placebo-controlled trial (n = 299) were analyzed. Significant treatment predictors included: 1) Substance use severity, associated with poorer ADHD and SUD outcomes, 2) ADHD severity, associated with better ADHD and SUD outcomes, 3) comorbid conduct disorder, associated with poorer ADHD outcomes, and 4) court-mandated status, associated with better SUD outcomes but poorer treatment completion. An interaction effect showed that OROS-MPH improved SUD outcomes in adolescents with comorbid conduct disorder compared to placebo. While severe SUD may require more intensive psychosocial treatment, OROS-MPH may improve substance treatment outcomes in adolescents with co-morbid attention and conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Tamm
- Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Abstract
The available evidence suggests that drug treatment can lead to modest, but real, reductions in criminal offending for drug-using criminal offenders. Considering the scope of the problem of drug-related crime and the expense of dealing with these issues, even marginal improvements can lead to important aggregate savings in both economic and humanitarian terms. More randomized, controlled trials of drug treatment in criminal justice programs will lead to a more sophisticated understanding of what kind of treatment works best for this group.
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Kareem AlObaidi A, Scarth L, Nath Dwivedi K. Mental Disorder in Children Attending a Child Psychiatric Clinic at the General Paediatric Hospital in Baghdad. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2010.9721816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hodgkins P, Arnold LE, Shaw M, Caci H, Kahle J, Woods AG, Young S. A systematic review of global publication trends regarding long-term outcomes of ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2012; 2:84. [PMID: 22279437 PMCID: PMC3260478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased global recognition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a serious medical condition with long-term consequences. Although originally conceived of as a childhood disorder, ADHD is being increasingly recognized in adults. Individual geographic regions may have specific interests and objectives for the study of ADHD. A systematic review of long-term outcomes (LTOs) in ADHD was conducted to evaluate research on ADHD LTOs on a global scale. Studies that were at least 2 years in duration were examined. A total of 351 studies were identified in the final analysis. We identified nine outcomes of interest and classified studies by specific geographical regions, age groups studied and study design by region and over time. Published studies of LTOs in ADHD have increased in all geographical regions over the past three decades, with a peak number of 42 publications in 2008. This rise in publications on ADHD LTOs may reflect a rise in global interest and recognition of consequences and impairment associated with ADHD. Although many world regions have published on ADHD LTOs, the majority of studies have emerged from the US and Canada, followed by Europe. While investigators in the US and Canada were predominantly interested in drug addiction as a LTO, European researchers were more interested in antisocial behavior, and Eastern Asian investigators focused on both of these LTOs as well as self-esteem. Geographical differences in the focus of ADHD LTO studies may reflect regional variations in cultural values. Proportionally fewer prospective longitudinal studies and proportionally more retrospective and cross-sectional studies have been published in more recent decades. Finally, more studies focusing on ADHD in adolescents and adults have been conducted in recent years, and particularly adolescents in Eastern Asia. These changes in basic study design may reflect an increase in the recognition that ADHD is a lifetime chronic disorder. This systematic review analysis of publication trends in ADHD LTOs reflects geographically based interests that change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hodgkins
- Shire Development Inc., Global Health Economics and Outcomes ResearchWayne, PA, USA
| | - L. Eugene Arnold
- Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Nisonger Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Hervé Caci
- Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU LenvalNice, France
| | | | - Alisa G Woods
- BPS InternationalSan Diego, CA, USA
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson UniversityPotsdam, NY, USA
| | - Susan Young
- King’s College London, Institute of PsychiatryLondon, UK
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Warden D, Riggs PD, Min SJ, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Tamm L, Trello-Rishel K, Winhusen T. Major depression and treatment response in adolescents with ADHD and substance use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:214-9. [PMID: 21885210 PMCID: PMC3245790 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occurs in adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the impact of MDD on substance treatment and ADHD outcomes and implications for clinical practice are unclear. METHODS Adolescents (n=303; ages 13-18) meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and SUD were randomized to osmotic release methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) or placebo and 16 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Adolescents with (n=38) and without (n=265) MDD were compared on baseline demographic and clinical characteristics as well as non-nicotine substance use and ADHD treatment outcomes. RESULTS Adolescents with MDD reported more non-nicotine substance use days at baseline and continued using more throughout treatment compared to those without MDD (p<0.0001 based on timeline followback; p<0.001 based on urine drug screens). There was no difference between adolescents with and without MDD in retention or CBT sessions attended. ADHD symptom severity (based on DSM-IV ADHD rating scale) followed a slightly different course of improvement although with no difference between groups in baseline or 16-week symptom severity or 16-week symptom reduction. There was no difference in days of substance use or ADHD symptom outcomes over time in adolescents with MDD or those without MDD treated with OROS-MPH or placebo. Depressed adolescents were more often female, older, and not court ordered. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that compared to non-depressed adolescents with ADHD and SUD, those with co-occurring MDD have more severe substance use at baseline and throughout treatment. Such youth may require interventions targeting depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Warden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9119, United States.
| | | | - Sung-Joon Min
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | - Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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Hasin D, Fenton MC, Skodol A, Krueger R, Keyes K, Geier T, Greenstein E, Blanco C, Grant B. Personality disorders and the 3-year course of alcohol, drug, and nicotine use disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:1158-67. [PMID: 22065531 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Little is known about the role of a broad range of personality disorders in the course of substance use disorder (SUD) and whether these differ by substance. The existing literature focuses mostly on antisocial personality disorder and does not come to clear conclusions. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders and the persistence of common SUDs in a 3-year prospective study of a national sample. DESIGN Data were drawn from participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) who had alcohol dependence (n = 1172), cannabis use disorder (n = 454), or nicotine dependence (n = 4017) at baseline and who were reinterviewed 3 years later. Control variables included demographic characteristics, family history of substance disorders, baseline Axis I disorders and treatment status, and prior SUD duration. Main Outcome Measure Persistent SUD, defined as meeting full criteria for the relevant SUD throughout the 3-year follow-up period. RESULTS Persistent SUD was found among 30.1% of participants with alcohol dependence, 30.8% with cannabis use disorder, and 56.6% with nicotine dependence at baseline. Axis I disorders did not have strong or consistent associations with persistent SUD. In contrast, antisocial personality disorder was significantly associated with persistent alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use disorders (adjusted odds ratios, 2.46-3.51), as was borderline personality disorder (adjusted odds ratios, 2.04-2.78) and schizotypal personality disorder (adjusted odds ratios, 1.65-5.90). Narcissistic, schizoid, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders were less consistently associated with SUD persistence. CONCLUSIONS The consistent findings on the association of antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal personality disorders with persistent SUD indicates the importance of these personality disorders in understanding the course of SUD. Future studies should examine dimensional representations of personality disorders and the role of specific components of these disorders, biological and environmental contributors to these relationships, and potential applications of these findings to treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA.
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33
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Dalwani M, Sakai JT, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Tanabe J, Raymond K, McWilliams SK, Thompson LL, Banich MT, Crowley TJ. Reduced cortical gray matter volume in male adolescents with substance and conduct problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 118:295-305. [PMID: 21592680 PMCID: PMC3170449 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Boys with serious conduct and substance problems (Antisocial Substance Dependence (ASD)) repeatedly make impulsive and risky decisions in spite of possible negative consequences. Because prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in planning behavior in accord with prior rewards and punishments, structural abnormalities in PFC could contribute to a person's propensity to make risky decisions. METHODS We acquired high-resolution structural images of 25 male ASD patients (ages 14-18 years) and 19 controls of similar ages using a 3T MR system. We conducted whole-brain voxel-based morphometric analysis (p<0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons at whole-brain cluster-level) using Statistical Parametric Mapping version-5 and tested group differences in regional gray matter (GM) volume with analyses of covariance, adjusting for total GM volume, age, and IQ; we further adjusted between-group analyses for ADHD and depression. As secondary analyses, we tested for negative associations between GM volume and impulsivity within groups and separately, GM volume and symptom severity within patients using whole-brain regression analyses. RESULTS ASD boys had significantly lower GM volume than controls in left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), right lingual gyrus and bilateral cerebellum, and significantly higher GM volume in right precuneus. Left DLPFC GM volume showed negative association with impulsivity within controls and negative association with substance dependence severity within patients. CONCLUSIONS ASD boys show reduced GM volumes in several regions including DLPFC, a region highly relevant to impulsivity, disinhibition, and decision-making, and cerebellum, a region important for behavioral regulation, while they showed increased GM in precuneus, a region associated with self-referential and self-centered thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dalwani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12469 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Dick DM. Developmental Changes in Genetic Influences on Alcohol Use and Dependence. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Castellanos-Ryan N, Conrod PJ. Personality correlates of the common and unique variance across conduct disorder and substance misuse symptoms in adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:563-76. [PMID: 21181434 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Externalising behaviours such as substance misuse (SM) and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms highly co-occur in adolescence. While disinhibited personality traits have been consistently linked to externalising behaviours there is evidence that these traits may relate differentially to SM and CD. The current study aimed to assess whether this was the case, after examining the nature of the relationship between SM and CD symptoms in an adolescent sample (N = 392), using structural equation modelling. Similar to those found in adults (Krueger et al. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116: 645-666, 2007), results showed that CD and SM symptoms were organized hierarchically, with symptoms explaining a single broad, coherent construct of externalising behaviour, but also explaining specific factors of SM and CD that vary independently from the general externalising factor. Furthermore, disinhibited personality traits related differentially to these factors, with results showing that, even controlling for inhibited personality traits, impulsivity was associated with CD and the common variance shared by CD and SM, while sensation seeking was specifically associated with SM only. Hopelessness was also associated with the common variance shared by SM and CD. Results confirm impulsivity, hopelessness and sensation seeking as key correlates of externalising behaviour problems in adolescence, identifying them as clear targets for intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
- Centre de recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Canada.
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Wilens TE, Martelon M, Joshi G, Bateman C, Fried R, Petty C, Biederman J. Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:543-53. [PMID: 21621138 PMCID: PMC3104208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High rates of substance-use disorders (SUD) have been found in samples of adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Predictors of SUD in children with ADHD who are at risk for the development of SUDs remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUDs and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. METHOD Subjects were children and adolescents with (n = 268; mean age ± standard deviation = 10.9 ± 3.2 years) and without (n = 229; mean age 11.9 ± 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a 10-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. RESULTS Over the 10-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (hazards ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.02; p = .01) and cigarette smoking (2.38; 1.61-3.53; p < .01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74; 1.66-4.52; p < .01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21; 1.40-3.51; p < .01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUDs. Similar results were found for cigarette-, alcohol-, and drug-use disorders. There were few meaningful sex interaction effects. No clinically significant associations were found for any social or family environment factors or for cognitive functioning factors (p > .05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ADHD is a significant risk factor for the development of SUDs and cigarette smoking in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Wilens
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Ray
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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O'Neil KA, Conner BT, Kendall PC. Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Austin A, Hospital M, Wagner EF, Morris SL. Motivation for reducing substance use among minority adolescents: targets for intervention. J Subst Abuse Treat 2010; 39:399-407. [PMID: 20822879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motivation to change substance use is considered to be one of the most important predictors of client readiness for alcohol and other drug treatment and ability to benefit from treatment. Enhancing motivation to change substance use is an important emphasis of many substance use intervention programs. The specific factors predicting motivation to change substance use remain largely unidentified and poorly understood, particularly among racial/ethnic minority youth. This study examines the influence of adolescent and parental factors on motivation to change substance use among 310 alcohol-using and/or drug-using racial/ethnic minority adolescent males. The analytic plan involved the use of structural equation modeling. Adolescents' motivation to change substance use was influenced directly and indirectly by parental factors, as well as by adolescent substance use severity and externalizing disorders. Findings have implications for treatment with racial/ethnic minority youth, as parental factors may be exceptionally useful targets for interventions aimed at enhancing motivation to reduce substance use among these at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Austin
- School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami, FL 33161, USA.
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Crowley TJ, Dalwani MS, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Du YP, Lejuez CW, Raymond KM, Banich MT. Risky decisions and their consequences: neural processing by boys with Antisocial Substance Disorder. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12835. [PMID: 20877644 PMCID: PMC2943904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with conduct and substance problems ("Antisocial Substance Disorder" (ASD)) repeatedly engage in risky antisocial and drug-using behaviors. We hypothesized that, during processing of risky decisions and resulting rewards and punishments, brain activation would differ between abstinent ASD boys and comparison boys. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compared 20 abstinent adolescent male patients in treatment for ASD with 20 community controls, examining rapid event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In 90 decision trials participants chose to make either a cautious response that earned one cent, or a risky response that would either gain 5 cents or lose 10 cents; odds of losing increased as the game progressed. We also examined those times when subjects experienced wins, or separately losses, from their risky choices. We contrasted decision trials against very similar comparison trials requiring no decisions, using whole-brain BOLD-response analyses of group differences, corrected for multiple comparisons. During decision-making ASD boys showed hypoactivation in numerous brain regions robustly activated by controls, including orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate, basal ganglia, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum. While experiencing wins, ASD boys had significantly less activity than controls in anterior cingulate, temporal regions, and cerebellum, with more activity nowhere. During losses ASD boys had significantly more activity than controls in orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, brain stem, and cerebellum, with less activity nowhere. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Adolescent boys with ASD had extensive neural hypoactivity during risky decision-making, coupled with decreased activity during reward and increased activity during loss. These neural patterns may underlie the dangerous, excessive, sustained risk-taking of such boys. The findings suggest that the dysphoria, reward insensitivity, and suppressed neural activity observed among older addicted persons also characterize youths early in the development of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Crowley
- Substance Dependence Division, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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41
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Dick DM, Meyers J, Aliev F, Nurnberger J, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Porjesz B, Tischfield J, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Schuckit M, Goate A, Hesselbrock V, Bierut L. Evidence for genes on chromosome 2 contributing to alcohol dependence with conduct disorder and suicide attempts. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1179-88. [PMID: 20468071 PMCID: PMC3597340 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies provide strong evidence that there is a shared genetic liability that predisposes to a number of different psychiatric outcomes related to behavioral disinhibition. Further, alcohol dependence comorbid with other disinhibitory disorders is particularly heritable. Chromosome 2p14-2q14.3 has been linked to multiple psychiatric conditions related to behavioral undercontrol. In the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), we previously reported linkage to this region with alcohol dependence (AD), suicide attempts (SUI), and conduct disorder (CD). In this study, we follow-up on these previous reports of linkage by combining the phenotypes in analyses that jointly consider the presence of multiple conditions. Linkage analyses of the combined phenotype of AD with CD or SUI results in a maximum LOD score of 5.4 in this region. In addition to this primary linkage peak, independent samples have reported linkage to other alcohol-related phenotypes across chromosome 2. Accordingly, we followed-up these linkage signals by testing for association with SNPs across chromosome 2 in a case-control sample, in which a subset of the cases consisted of alcohol-dependent probands from the linkage sample. We find evidence of association with the combined AD with CD or SUI phenotype, with 23 genes surviving permutation testing. The number of associated genes across the chromosome may explain the persistent linkage findings reported on chromosome 2 across a number of independent studies of alcohol and disinhibitory phenotypes. Further, none of the genes were located directly under the primary COGA linkage peak, which has implications for association tests following-up linkage peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
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Glass K, Flory K. Why does ADHD Confer Risk for Cigarette Smoking? A Review of Psychosocial Mechanisms. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2010; 13:291-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-010-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sinn N, Milte C, Howe PRC. Oiling the brain: a review of randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopathology across the lifespan. Nutrients 2010; 2:128-70. [PMID: 22254013 PMCID: PMC3257637 DOI: 10.3390/nu2020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Around one in four people suffer from mental illness at some stage in their lifetime. There is increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), for optimal brain development and function. Hence in recent decades, researchers have explored effects of n-3 PUFA on mental health problems over the lifespan, from developmental disorders in childhood, to depression, aggression, and schizophrenia in adulthood, and cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer's disease in late adulthood. This review provides an updated overview of the published and the registered clinical trials that investigate effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on mental health and behavior, highlighting methodological differences and issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sinn
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Sex-specific predictors of criminal recidivism in a representative sample of incarcerated youth. Compr Psychiatry 2009; 50:400-7. [PMID: 19683609 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify sex-specific psychopathologic predictors of criminal recidivism among a representative sample of incarcerated youths. METHOD In this prospective longitudinal study, the Mini-International Psychiatric Interview for children and adolescents was used to assess psychopathology in juveniles entering an Austrian pretrial detention facility between March 2003 and January 2005. From the beginning of the study until January 2006, data on criminal history were obtained from the Integrierte Vollzugsverwaltung, a database containing criminal information of every individual incarcerated in Austria. Of the 370 eligible participants, the final study sample comprised 328 juveniles (56 girls and 272 boys, age range = 14-21 years, mean = 16.7). RESULTS Reincarceration rates within the specified follow-up period were 52.6% for the boys and 37.5% for the girls. Using Cox forward stepwise regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses, age at first incarceration (B = -.296, Wald statistic = 17.11, P < .001) and oppositional defiant disorder (B = .751, Wald statistic = 19.25, P < .001) were identified as significant predictors for reoffending in boys. In girls, generalized anxiety disorder (B = 1.97, Wald statistic = 13.71, P < .001) was found to be a predictor for reoffending, whereas dysthymia (B = -1.44, Wald statistic = 4.02, P = .045) was found to serve as protective factor. CONCLUSION Our study confirms high rates of reoffending after release from correctional facilities in both sexes. It further defines sex-specific psychopathologic risk factors for relapse in incarcerated juveniles. According to our results, in boys, oppositional defiant disorder and early age at first incarceration are predictive of reincarceration. In girls, anxiety disorder was found to be a risk factor for future offending, whereas dysthymia was found to have a protective influence. Consequently, rehabilitation programs should be sex specific.
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Sterling S, Chi F, Campbell C, Weisner C. Three-year chemical dependency and mental health treatment outcomes among adolescents: the role of continuing care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1417-29. [PMID: 19413644 PMCID: PMC2923091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the effects of treatment factors, including the types of services [chemical dependency (CD), psychiatric, or both], on long-term outcomes among adolescents following CD treatment, and whether receiving continuing care may contribute to better outcomes. This study examines the effect of the index CD and ongoing CD and psychiatric treatment episodes, 12-step participation, and individual characteristics such as CD and mental health (MH) severity and gender, age, and ethnicity, on 3-year CD and MH outcomes. METHODS Participants were 296 adolescents aged 13 to 18 seeking treatment at 4 CD programs of a nonprofit, managed care, integrated health system. We surveyed participants at intake, 1 year, and 3 years, and examined survey and administrative data, and CD and psychiatric utilization. RESULTS At 3 years, 29.7% of the sample reported total abstinence from both alcohol and drugs (excluding tobacco). Compared with girls, boys had only half the odds of being abstinent (OR = 0.46, p = 0.0204). Gender also predicted Externalizing severity at 3 years (coefficients 18.42 vs. 14.77, p < 0.01). CD treatment readmission in the second and third follow-up years was related to abstinence at 3 years (OR = 0.24, p = 0.0066 and OR = 3.33, p = 0.0207, respectively). Abstinence at 1 year predicted abstinence at 3 years (OR = 4.11, p < 0.0001). Those who were abstinent at 1 year also had better MH outcomes (both lower Internalizing and Externalizing scores) than those who were not (11.75 vs. 15.55, p = 0.0012 and 15.13 vs. 18.06, p = 0.0179, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A CD treatment episode resulting in good 1-year CD outcomes may contribute significantly to both CD and MH outcomes 3 years later. The findings also point to the value of providing a continuing care model of treatment for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Sterling
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612-2403, USA.
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Westermeyer J, Thuras P. Association of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Substance Disorder Morbidity in a Clinical Sample. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/ada-47895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sakai JT, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Crowley TJ. Adolescent Inhalant Use among Male Patients in Treatment for Substance and Behavior Problems: Two-Year Outcome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2009; 32:29-40. [PMID: 16450641 DOI: 10.1080/00952990500328513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adolescent inhalant users are significantly more likely than other patients to have conduct disorder, to report abuse and neglect, and to have previously attempted suicide. Yet little has been published regarding treatment outcome for inhalant users. METHODS Eighty male adolescents admitted to a residential treatment program underwent baseline assessment during treatment, and follow-up assessment at two-years post admission. Subjects reporting any lifetime inhalant use at baseline (n = 34) were compared to the other patients (n = 46) on 4 outcome variables. RESULTS Adolescents reporting any lifetime inhalant use at baseline assessment reported twice as many past-year conduct disorder symptoms at two-year follow up (p = 0.03). The relationship between inhalant use and conduct disorder symptoms remained significant (p = 0.03) in analyses that controlled for age, time in jail or restricted environments in the 6-months preceding follow-up, as well as baseline-reported lifetime number of conduct disorder symptoms. Inhalant users were not significantly worse on these other outcome measures: crime in the last month (p = 0.60), days of nontobacco substance use in the last 6 months (p = 0.65), or, commission of selected crimes in the last 6 months (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Inhalant use among adolescent males in treatment for substance and behavior problems may predict more severe conduct disorder symptoms after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Sakai
- Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA.
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Palmer RHC, Young SE, Hopfer CJ, Corley RP, Stallings MC, Crowley TJ, Hewitt JK. Developmental epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adolescence and young adulthood: Evidence of generalized risk. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:78-87. [PMID: 19250776 PMCID: PMC2746112 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past studies highlight a narrowing gender gap and the existence of a shared etiology across substances of abuse; however, few have tested developmental models using longitudinal data. We present data on developmental trends of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, abuse and dependence assessed during adolescence and young adulthood in a community-based Colorado twin sample of 1733 respondents through self-report questionnaires and structured psychiatric interviews. Additionally, we report on the rates of multiple substance use and disorders at each developmental stage, and the likelihood of a substance use disorder (SUD; i.e., abuse or dependence) diagnosis in young adulthood based on adolescent drug involvement. Most notably, we evaluate whether the pattern of multiple substance use and disorders and likelihood ratios across substances support a model of generalized risk. Lastly, we evaluate whether the ranked magnitudes of substance-specific risk match the addiction liability ranking. Substance use and SUDs are developmental phenomena, which increase from adolescence to young adulthood with few and inconsistent gender differences. Adolescents and young adults are not specialized users, but rather tend to use or abuse multiple substances increasingly with age. Risk analyses indicated that progression toward a SUD for any substance was increased with prior involvement with any of the three substances during adolescence. Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use, tobacco posed the greatest substance-specific risk for developing subsequent problems. Our data also confirm either a generalized risk or correlated risk factors for early onset substance use and subsequent development of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H C Palmer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, UCB 447 Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA.
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Hogue A, Liddle HA. Family-based treatment for adolescent substance abuse: controlled trials and new horizons in services research. JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY 2009; 31:126-154. [PMID: 21113237 PMCID: PMC2989619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6427.2009.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of controlled trials research on treatment processes and outcomes in family-based approaches for adolescent substance abuse. Outcome research on engagement and retention in therapy, clinical impacts in multiple domains of adolescent and family functioning, and durability and moderators of treatment effects is reviewed. Treatment process research on therapeutic alliance, treatment fidelity and core family therapy techniques, and change in family processes is described. Several important research issues are presented for the next generation of family-based treatment studies focusing on delivery of evidence-based treatments in routine practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hogue
- The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Columbia University, USA
| | - Howard A. Liddle
- Center for Treatment Research on Adolescent Drug Abuse, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA.
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Stationäre Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie sowie Psychotherapie bei substanzabhängigen Jungen und Mädchen. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-009-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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