1
|
Zhou Q, Li L, Sha F, Lei Y, Tian X, Chen L, Chen Y, Liu H, Guo Y. PTTG1 Reprograms Asparagine Metabolism to Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2372-2386. [PMID: 37159932 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and has a poor prognosis. Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) is highly expressed in HCC, suggesting it could play an important role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Here, we evaluated the impact of PTTG1 deficiency on HCC development using a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC mouse model and a hepatitis B virus (HBV) regulatory X protein (HBx)-induced spontaneous HCC mouse model. PTTG1 deficiency significantly suppressed DEN- and HBx-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Mechanistically, PTTG1 promoted asparagine synthetase (ASNS) transcription by binding to its promoter, and asparagine (Asn) levels were correspondingly increased. The elevated levels of Asn subsequently activated the mTOR pathway to facilitate HCC progression. In addition, asparaginase treatment reversed the proliferation induced by PTTG1 overexpression. Furthermore, HBx promoted ASNS and Asn metabolism by upregulating PTTG1 expression. Overall, PTTG1 is involved in the reprogramming of Asn metabolism to promote HCC progression and may serve as a therapeutic and diagnostic target for HCC. SIGNIFICANCE PTTG1 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and increases asparagine production to stimulate mTOR activity and promote tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Leijia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feifei Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiming Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunwei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Tai Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Zhang K, Yin J, Zhang H, Wang X, Li X, Zhang D. Bioinformatic Analysis of PTTG Family and Prognosis and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastric Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:6905216. [PMID: 36785594 PMCID: PMC9922182 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6905216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the sixth highest incidence rate in the world. Although treatment has made progress, the prospect of gastric cancer patients is bleak. Difficulties and future prospects of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Adaptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, gene therapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy have all been used in gastric cancer with some initial success. PTTGs (pituitary tumor-transforming genes) have been proven to be closely related to the prognosis of many malignant tumors. However, the prognosis and immune cell infiltration of gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD) remain unclear. We retrieved multiple databases to understand the possible activity of PTTGs and their expression in gastric cancer, as well as their relationship with clinical data, overall survival rate, first progression, and survival rate after progression. PTTGs are overexpressed in STAD tumor tissues. Many clinical variables are closely related to PTTGs. In addition, PTTG was associated with overall survival independent of disease. In addition, the expression of PTTG1/2 was positively correlated with the molecular status of the immune checkpoint and negatively correlated with the infiltration of various immune cells. Data research shows that PTTG and STAD are closely related. This paved the way for future research, revealed the complex pathophysiology of gastric cancer, and introduced an effective new treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Yanghao Tai
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Kaining Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Jierong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen 041000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Ji H, Huang Y, Zhu B, Xing Q. Elevated PTTG1 predicts poor prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma and correlates with immunity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13201. [PMID: 36793955 PMCID: PMC9922818 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PTTG1 has been reported to be linked with the prognosis and progression of various cancers, including kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). In this article, we mainly investigated the associations between prognosis, immunity, and PTTG1 in KIRC patients. Method We downloaded transcriptome data from the TCGA-KIRC database. PCR and immunohistochemistry were used, respectively, to validate the expression of PTTG1 in KIRC at the cell line and the protein levels. Survival analyses as well as univariate or multivariate Cox hazard regression analyses were used to prove whether PTTG1 alone could affect the prognosis of KIRC. The most important point was to study the relationship between PTTG1 and immunity. Results The results of the paper revealed that the expression levels of PTTG1 were elevated in KIRC compared with para-cancerous normal tissues, validated by PCR and immunohistochemistry at the cell line and the protein levels (P < 0.05). High PTTG1 expression was related to shorter overall survival (OS) in patients with KIRC (P < 0.05). Through univariate or multivariate regression analysis, PTTG1 was confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor for OS of KIRC (P < 0.05), and its related seven pathways were obtained through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA; P < 0.05). Moreover, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and immunity were found to be significantly connected with PTTG1 in KIRC (P < 0.05). Correlations between PTTG1 and immunotherapy responses implied that the low-PTTG1 group was more sensitive to immunotherapy (P < 0.05). Conclusions PTTG1 was closely associated with TMB or immunity, and it had a superior ability to forecast the prognosis of KIRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Urology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingye Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China,Corresponding author. Department of Urology, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), No. 881 Yonghe Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qianwei Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China,Corresponding author. Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20 West Temple Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fei L, Hou G, Lu Z, Yang X, Ji Z. High expression of pituitary tumor gene family is a predictor for poor prognosis of gastric cancer. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of outpatient, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zizhong Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1/Delta like Non-Canonical Notch Ligand 1 Signaling in Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136897. [PMID: 35805898 PMCID: PMC9267054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) remains a challenge, and identifying effective treatments is a major unmet medical need. In the current review we focus on the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG1)/delta like non-canonical notch ligand 1 (DLK1) axis as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate the progression of these pathological conditions. PTTG1 is a proto-oncogene involved in proliferation and metabolism. PTTG1 expression has been related to inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis in cancer and experimental fibrosis. On the other hand, DLK1 has been identified as one of the most abundantly expressed PTTG1 targets in adipose tissue and has shown to contribute to hepatic fibrosis by promoting the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Here, we extensively analyze the increasing amount of information pointing to the PTTG1/DLK1 signaling pathway as an important player in the regulation of these disturbances. These data prompted us to hypothesize that activation of the PTTG1/DLK1 axis is a key factor upregulating the tissue remodeling mechanisms characteristic of CLDs. Therefore, disruption of this signaling pathway could be useful in the therapeutic management of CLDs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mei L. Multiple types of noncoding RNA are involved in potential modulation of PTTG1's expression and function in breast cancer. Genomics 2022; 114:110352. [PMID: 35351581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant type with morbidity ranking the first of women globally. As widely acknowledged, there exist close links between ncRNA-mRNA axis and breast cancer. In this study, we first overviewed expression and prognostic values of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTGs) in breast cancer. Next, two binding miRNAs (miR-186-5p and miR-655-3p) of PTTG1 in breast cancer were identified. Subsequently, several potential upstream ncRNAs of PTTG1-miR-186-5p/miR-655-3p axis in breast cancer were successively screened out, consisting of 11 lncRNAs, 17 circRNAs and 12 pseudogene-derived RNAs. Enrichment analysis for downstream target genes of PTTG1-miR-186-5p/miR-655-3p axis revealed that this axis is associated with TGF-beta signaling and MAPK signaling pathways. Further investigation demonstrated AURKA was one of the most key hub genes. Collectively, we established a potential PTTG1-related ncRNA-mRNA regulatory network in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhang Mei
- Department of Oncological surgery, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xie L, Ge J, Yu G, Zhao G. N6-Methyladenosine Modification of PTTG3P Contributes to Colorectal Cancer Proliferation via YAP1. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669731. [PMID: 34660259 PMCID: PMC8515845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged to have irreplaceable roles in the epigenetic regulation of cancer progression, but their biological functions in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Methods LncRNA expression profiles in CRC tissue and their normal counterpart were explored. Through gain and loss of function approaches, the role of lncRNA PTTG3P was validated in relevant CRC cells and subcutaneous tumor model. The correlations of PTTG3P expression with clinical outcomes were assessed. Results PTTG3P was upregulated in CRC tissues and was closely correlated with unsatisfactory prognosis. PTTG3P facilitated glycolysis and proliferation, and the transcriptional regulator YAP1 was necessary for PTTG3P-induced proliferation. Mechanistically, the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) subunit METTL3 increased PTTG3P expression by influencing its stability, while insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) could identify PTTG3P m6A methylation status and bind to it. IGF2BP2 knockdown partly recovered PTTG3P expression induced by METTL3, indicating that METTL3-regulated PTTG3P expression depended on the presence of IGF2BP2. Finally, rescue assays validated the critical role of the METTL3/PTTG3P/YAP1 axis on CRC proliferation. Conclusions PTTG3P is an independent prognostic biomarker for CRC. The METTL3/PTTG3P/YAP1 axis promotes the progression of CRC and is a promising treatment target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Liaoning, China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| | - Longfei Xie
- Department of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jinnian Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Liaoning, China
| | - Guilin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Liaoning, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Yu G, Liu Y, Xie L, Ge J, Zhao G, Lin J. Hypoxia-induced PTTG3P contributes to colorectal cancer glycolysis and M2 phenotype of macrophage. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210764. [PMID: 34132347 PMCID: PMC8264182 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical factors in tumor progression and are ectopically expressed in malignant tumors. Until now, lncRNA pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P) biological function in colorectal cancer (CRC) further needs to be clarified. qRT-PCR was used to measure the PTTG3P level and CCK-8, glucose uptake, lactate assay, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) assay, and xenograft mice model were adopted to evaluate the glycolysis and proliferation, and macrophage polarization were determined in CRC cells. Xenograft experiments were utilized to analyze tumor growth. Ectopic expression of PTTG3P was involved in CRC and related to dismal prognosis. Through gain- and loss-of-function approaches, PTTG3P enhanced cell proliferation and glycolysis through YAP1. Further, LDHA knockdown or glycolysis inhibitor (2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), 3-BG) recovered from PTTG3P-induced proliferation. And PTTG3P overexpression could facilitate M2 polarization of macrophages. Silenced PTTG3P decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and low PTTG3P expression related with CD8+ T, NK, and TFH cell infiltration. Besides, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A) could increase PTTG3P expression by binding to the PTTG3P promoter region. Hypoxia-induced PTTG3P contributes to glycolysis and M2 phenotype of macrophage, which proposes a novel approach for clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Guilin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Xie
- Department of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Jinnian Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang S, Liao Q, Li W, Deng G, Jia M, Fang Q, Ji H, Meng M. The lncRNA PTTG3P promotes the progression of CRPC via upregulating PTTG1. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:359-368. [PMID: 33743960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of certain long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) promotes the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The significance and potential role of the lncRNA designated pituitary tumour-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P) in CRPC is unknown. METHODS We detected PTTG3P expression by qPCR. Upregulated PTTG3P expression was performed to explore the role of PTTG3P in PCa cells resistant to ADT (androgen deprivation therapy). The relationship among PTTG3P, mir-146a-3p and PTTG1 were validated by qPCR, western blot and luciferase assay. RESULTS PTTG3P levels were significantly increased in the androgen-independent PC cell lines, as well as in CRPC tissues compared with those of the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and tumour tissues of patients with hormone-naive prostate cancers. Enforced expression of PTTG3P in androgen-deprived LNCaP cells significantly enhanced survival, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity. Further, PTTG3P acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA, natural miRNA sponge) to upregulate PTTG1 expression by competing for mir-146a-3p in the progression to CRPC. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that PTTG3P promotes the resistance of prostate cancer cells to androgen-deprivation therapy via upregulating PTTG1. PTTG3P may therefore represent a potential target for therapy of CRPC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Anilides/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitriles/therapeutic use
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Pseudogenes
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Securin/biosynthesis
- Securin/genetics
- Tosyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Huang
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Chongqing north KuanRen hospital, 400000 Chongqing, China
| | - Weibing Li
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China
| | - Guoxian Deng
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China
| | - Huixiang Ji
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China.
| | - Mingsen Meng
- Chongqing medical university, The third affiliated hospital (General Hospital), Department of urology, 401120 Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu W, Tang J, Zhang H, Kong F, Zhu H, Li P, Li Z, Kong X, Wang K. A novel lncRNA PTTG3P/miR-132/212-3p/FoxM1 feedback loop facilitates tumorigenesis and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:136. [PMID: 33298873 PMCID: PMC7705684 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudogene pituitary tumor-transforming 3 (PTTG3P) is emerging as a key player in the development and progression of cancer. However, the biological role and clinical significance of PTTG3P in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear. Here, we found that PTTG3P was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues. Elevated PTTG3P expression correlated with larger tumor size and worse differentiation, and reduced overall survival. Bioinformatics and experimental evidence revealed that PTTG3P promoted malignant phenotypes and FoxM1 signaling pathway in PDAC cells. Mechanistically, PTTG3P functions as a microRNA sponge to positively regulate the expression of FoxM1 through sponging miR-132/212-3p. Moreover, it showed that FoxM1 transcriptionally activated PTTG3P expression, thus forming a feedback loop to promote the aggressiveness of PDAC cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that PTTG3P promotes PDAC progression through PTTG3P/miR-132/212-3p/FoxM1 feedforward circuitry and it may serve as a promising diagnostic marker or target for treatment in PDAC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huiqing Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330029, China
| | - Fanyang Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huiyun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grzechowiak I, Graś J, Szymańska D, Biernacka M, Guglas K, Poter P, Mackiewicz A, Kolenda T. The Oncogenic Roles of PTTG1 and PTTG2 Genes and Pseudogene PTTG3P in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10080606. [PMID: 32824814 PMCID: PMC7459614 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are a group of heterogeneous diseases that occur in the mouth, pharynx and larynx and are characterized by poor prognosis. A low overall survival rate leads to a need to develop biomarkers for early head and neck squamous cell carcinomas detection, accurate prognosis and appropriate selection of therapy. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the biological role of the PTTG3P pseudogene and associated genes PTTG1 and PTTG2 and their potential use as biomarkers. Methods: Based on TCGA data and the UALCAN database, PTTG3P, PTTG1 and PTTG2 expression profiles and clinicopathological features with TP53 gene status as well as expression levels of correlated genes were analyzed in patients’ tissue samples. The selected genes were classified according to their biological function using the PANTHER tool. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis software was used for functional enrichment analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5. Results: In head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, significant up-regulation of the PTTG3P pseudogene, PTTG1 and PTTG2 genes’ expression between normal and cancer samples were observed. Moreover, the expression of PTTG3P, PTTG1 and PTTG2 depends on the type of mutation in TP53 gene, and they correlate with genes from p53 pathway. PTTG3P expression was significantly correlated with PTTG1 as well as PTTG2, as was PTTG1 expression with PTTG2. Significant differences between expression levels of PTTG3P, PTTG1 and PTTG2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas patients were also observed in clinicopathological contexts. The contexts taken into consideration included: T-stage for PTTG3P; grade for PTTG3, PTTG1 and PTTG2; perineural invasion and lymph node neck dissection for PTTG1 and HPV p16 status for PTTG3P, PTTG1 and PTTG2. A significantly longer disease-free survival for patients with low expressions of PTTG3P and PTTG2, as compared to high expression groups, was also observed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated that the PTTG3 high-expressing group of patients have the most deregulated genes connected with DNA repair, oxidative phosphorylation and peroxisome pathways. For PTTG1, altered genes are from DNA repair groups, Myc targets, E2F targets and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, while for PTTG2, changes in E2F targets, G2M checkpoints and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are indicated. Conclusions: PTTG3P and PTTG2 can be used as a prognostic biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas diagnostics. Moreover, patients with high expressions of PTTG3P, PTTG1 or PTTG2 have worse outcomes due to upregulation of oncogenic pathways and more aggressive phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Grzechowiak
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Justyna Graś
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Dominika Szymańska
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Martyna Biernacka
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Kacper Guglas
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Poter
- Department of Oncologic Pathology and Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Greater Poland Cancer Center, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 1 Unii Lubelskiej Street, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (I.G.); (J.G.); (D.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 15 Garbary Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo XC, Li L, Gao ZH, Zhou HW, Li J, Wang QQ. The long non-coding RNA PTTG3P promotes growth and metastasis of cervical cancer through PTTG1. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:1333-1341. [PMID: 30853662 PMCID: PMC6428096 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The outgrowth and metastasis of cervical cancer (CC) contribute to its malignancy. Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 (PTTG1) is upregulated in many types of cancer, and enhances tumor cell growth and metastasis. However, the activation and regulation of PTTG1 in CC, especially by its pseudogene PTTG3P, have not been shown. Here, we detected significantly higher levels of PTTG1 and PTTG3P in the resected CC tissue, compared to the paired adjacent normal cervical tissue. Interestingly, the PTTG3P levels positively correlated with the PTTG1 levels. High PTTG3P levels were associated with poor patients’ survival. In vitro, PTTG1 were increased by PTTG3P overexpression, but was inhibited by PTTG3P depletion in CC cells. However, PTTG3P levels were not altered by modulation of PTTG1 in CC cells, suggesting that PTTG3P is upstream of PTTG1. Moreover, PTTG3P increased CC cell growth, likely through CCNB1-mediated increase in cell proliferation, rather than through decrease in cell apoptosis. Furthermore, PTTG3P increased CC cell invasiveness, likely through upregulation of SNAIL and downregulation of E-cadherin. Our work thus suggests that PTTG3P may promote growth and metastasis of CC through PTTG1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Cui Guo
- Gynecologic Oncology, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| | - Li Li
- Gynecologic Oncology, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Gao
- Gynecologic Oncology, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhou
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Gynecologic Oncology, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| | - Qian-Qing Wang
- Gynecologic Oncology, Xinxiang City Central Hospital, Xinxian 453000, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shih JH, Chen HY, Lin SC, Yeh YC, Shen R, Lang YD, Wu DC, Chen CY, Chen RH, Chou TY, Jou YS. Integrative analyses of noncoding RNAs reveal the potential mechanisms augmenting tumor malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:1175-1191. [PMID: 31853539 PMCID: PMC7026595 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-based network prediction is necessary to reveal ncRNA functions and pathological mechanisms. Here, we established a systemic pipeline to identify prognostic ncRNAs, predict their functions and explore their pathological mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). After in silico and experimental validation based on evaluations of prognostic value in multiple LUAD cohorts, we selected the PTTG3P pseudogene from among other prognostic ncRNAs (MIR497HG, HSP078, TBX5-AS1, LOC100506990 and C14orf64) for mechanistic studies. PTTG3P upregulation in LUAD cells shortens the metaphase to anaphase transition in mitosis, increases cell viability after cisplatin or paclitaxel treatment, facilitates tumor growth that leads to poor survival in orthotopic lung models, and is associated with a poor survival rate in LUAD patients in the TCGA cohort who received chemotherapy. Mechanistically, PTTG3P acts as an ncRNA that interacts with the transcription factor FOXM1 to regulate the transcriptional activation of the mitotic checkpoint kinase BUB1B, which augments tumor growth and chemoresistance and leads to poor outcomes for LUAD patients. Overall, we established a systematic strategy to uncover prognostic ncRNAs with functional prediction methods suitable for pan-cancer studies. Moreover, we revealed that PTTG3P, due to its upregulation of the PTTG3P/FOXM1/BUB1B axis, could be a therapeutic target for LUAD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jou-Ho Shih
- Genome and Systems Biology Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science & Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chih Lin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Roger Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Dong Lang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Dung-Chi Wu
- Genome and Systems Biology Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Genome and Systems Biology Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shan Jou
- Genome and Systems Biology Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu CC, Ekanem TI, Phan NN, Loan DTT, Hou SY, Lee KH, Wang CY. Gene signatures and prognostic analyses of the Tob/BTG pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) family in clinical breast cancer patients. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:3112-3124. [PMID: 33173433 PMCID: PMC7646110 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in females, and exploring the mechanisms of disease progression is playing a crucial role in the development of potential therapeutics. Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) family members are well documented to be involved in cell-cycle regulation and mitosis, and contribute to cancer development by their involvement in cellular transformation in several tumor types. The critical roles of PTTG family members as crucial transcription factors in diverse types of cancers are recognized, but how they regulate breast cancer development still remains mostly unknown. Meanwhile, a holistic genetic analysis exploring whether PTTG family members regulate breast cancer progression via the cell cycle as well as the energy metabolism-related network is lacking. To comprehensively understand the messenger RNA expression profiles of PTTG proteins in breast cancer, we herein conducted a high-throughput screening approach by integrating information from various databases such as Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, Metacore, ClueGo, and CluePedia. These useful databases and tools provide expression profiles and functional analyses. The present findings revealed that PTTG1 and PTTG3 are two important genes with high expressions in breast cancer relative to normal breast cells, implying their unique roles in breast cancer progression. Results of our coexpression analysis demonstrated that PTTG family genes were positively correlated with thiamine triphosphate (TTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) metabolic, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and cell-cycle related pathways. Meanwhile, through Cytoscape analyzed indicated that in addition to the metastasis markers AURKA, AURKB, and NDC80, many of the kinesin superfamily (KIF) members including KIFC1, KIF2C, KIF4A, KIF14, KIF20A, KIF23, were also correlated with PTTG family transcript expression. Finally, we revealed that high levels of PTTG1 and PTTG3 transcription predicted poor survival, which provided useful insights into prospective research of cancer associated with the PTTG family. Therefore, these members of the PTTG family would serve as distinct and essential prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Titus Ime Ekanem
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Hematology, University of Uyo, Uyo 520221, Nigeria
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thuy Loan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sz-Ying Hou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang S, Wang X, Liu J, Ding B, Shi K, Chen J, Lou W. Distinct expression pattern and prognostic values of pituitary tumor transforming gene family genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4481-4494. [PMID: 31611957 PMCID: PMC6781778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) family, including PTTG1, PTTG2 and PTTG3P, exhibit pivotal roles in the onset and progression of certain types of human cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic study regarding the expression pattern and the prognostic values of PTTG family genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains to be performed. The expression levels of PTTG family genes in NSCLC were successively determined using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, UALCAN and Oncomine databases. Subsequently, the Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to assess the prognostic value of the PTTG family genes in patients with NSCLC, and to determine the associations between PTTG expression levels and the prognosis of patients based on different clinicopathological features, including cancer stage, grade, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, lymph node status, smoking history, and sex. PTTG1 was identified to be significantly upregulated in NSCLC in all three databases, whereas PTTG2 and PTTG3P were significantly upregulated in NSCLC in only the UALCAN database. Patients with NSCLC with higher expression levels of the three PTTG genes demonstrated shorter overall survival times. In summary, the results of the present study suggested that increased expression of PTTG family genes may serve as promising prognostic biomarkers for patients with NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, Zhengzhou, Henan 451460, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jingxing Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Changxing People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313100, P.R. China
| | - Bisha Ding
- Department of Surgery, Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kairi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Weiyang Lou
- Department of Surgery, Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Z, Shi Z. The Pseudogene PTTG3P Promotes Cell Migration and Invasion in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:516-522. [PMID: 31346548 PMCID: PMC6642799 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudogenes are pivotal funtional non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis. Cumulative evidences have shown that pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P), serves as an oncogene in multiple human cancers. However, its expression pattern, biological function, and potential targets in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unknown. Here, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 50 cases of ESCC, we found that the expression of PTTG3P, PTTG1 and PTTG2 in esophageal squamous cancer tissues and cell lines were significantly higher than their normal counterparts (P<0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the PTTG3P expression was positively correlated with the PTTG1 and PTTG2 expression in ESCC tissue samples (P<0.05). Additionally, the high expression of PTTG3P in ESCC was significantly correlated with tumor depth, lymph node invasion and TNM stage (P<0.05). We also assessed the function of PTTG3P in vitro by gain-of-function studies. Results showed that enhanced expression of PTTG3P stimulated the migration and invasion of ESCC cells, and promoted the expression level of PTTG1 and PTTG2 in vitro. Furthermore, PTTG3P fulfilled its oncogenic functions by positively regulating its parent gene PTTG1 and PTTG2. Overall, our study indicated that PTTG3P is distinctly overexpressed and exhibited oncogenic role in a PTTG1 and PTTG2 mediated manner in ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Danyang People's hospital, Jiangsu 212300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyuan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Danyang People's hospital, Jiangsu 212300, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lou W, Ding B, Fan W. High Expression of Pseudogene PTTG3P Indicates a Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:15-26. [PMID: 31011629 PMCID: PMC6463746 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudogenes play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis. Previous studies have suggested that pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P), serves as an oncogene in human cancers. However, its expression pattern, biological function, and underlying mechanism in breast cancer remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated an elevated expression of PTTG3P in breast cancer and discovered that PTTG3P expression correlated negatively with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, but linked positively to basal-like status, triple-negative breast cancer status, Nottingham prognostic index (NPI), and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade. High expression of PTTG3P was also found to be associated with a poor prognosis of breast cancer. To explore the potential mechanisms of PTTG3P, a PTTG3P-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA regulatory network was established. Co-expressed genes of PTTG3P were also obtained. Enrichment analysis for these co-expressed genes revealed that they were significantly enriched in mitotic nuclear division and cell cycle. Subsequent research on mechanism of PTTG3P indicated that its expression correlated positively with PTTG1 expression. However, no significant expression correlation between PTTG3P and PTTG2 was observed. Taken together, our findings suggest that increased expression of pseudogene PTTG3P may be used as a promising prognostic biomarker and novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Lou
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bisha Ding
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou 310000, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang JL, Cao SW, Ou QS, Yang B, Zheng SH, Tang J, Chen J, Hu YW, Zheng L, Wang Q. The long non-coding RNA PTTG3P promotes cell growth and metastasis via up-regulating PTTG1 and activating PI3K/AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:93. [PMID: 29803224 PMCID: PMC5970477 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) have been associated with the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of lncRNA PTTG3P (pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene) in HCC remains largely unknown. Methods We compared the expression profiles of lncRNAs in 3 HCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues by microarrays. In situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were applied to assess the level of PTTG3P and prognostic values of PTTG3P were assayed in two HCC cohorts (n = 46 and 90). Artificial modulation of PTTG3P (down- and over-expression) was performed to explore the role of PTTG3P in tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Involvement of PTTG1 (pituitary tumor-transforming 1), PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals were validated by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results We found that PTTG3P was frequently up-regulated in HCC and its level was positively correlated to tumor size, TNM stage and poor survival of patients with HCC. Enforced expression of PTTG3P significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Conversely, PTTG3P knockdown had opposite effects. Mechanistically, over-expression of PTTG3P up-regulated PTTG1, activated PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals including cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PTTG3P, a valuable marker of HCC prognosis, promotes tumor growth and metastasis via up-regulating PTTG1 and activating PI3K/AKT signaling in HCC and might represent a potential target for gene-based therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0841-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lan Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shun-Wang Cao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Shui Ou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weng W, Ni S, Wang Y, Xu M, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Wu Y, Xu Q, Qi P, Tan C, Huang D, Wei P, Huang Z, Ma Y, Zhang W, Sheng W, Du X. PTTG3P promotes gastric tumour cell proliferation and invasion and is an indicator of poor prognosis. J Cell Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28631396 PMCID: PMC5706523 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudogenes play a crucial role in cancer progression. However, the role of pituitary tumour‐transforming 3, pseudogene (PTTG3P) in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Here, we showed that PTTG3P expression was abnormally up‐regulated in GC tissues compared with that in normal tissues both in our 198 cases of clinical samples and the cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. High PTTG3P expression was correlated with increased tumour size and enhanced tumour invasiveness and served as an independent negative prognostic predictor. Moreover, up‐regulation of PTTG3P in GC cells stimulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro in cell experiments and in vivo in nude mouse models, and the pseudogene functioned independently of its parent genes. Overall, these results reveal that PTTG3P is a novel prognostic biomarker with independent oncogenic functions in GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Weng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Midie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, First Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang H, Xu C, Sun N, Zhou Y, Yu X, Yan X, Zhang Q. Gene expression profiling analysis of MENX-associated rat pituitary adenomas contributes to understand molecular mechanisms of human pituitary adenomas. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:125-133. [PMID: 26870179 PMCID: PMC4727179 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to screen potential genes associated with pituitary adenomas to obtain further understanding with regard to the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. The microarray GSE23207 dataset, containing 16 pituitary adenoma samples from multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome-associated rats and 5 normal pituitary tissue samples, was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. The Linear Models for Microarray Data package was used to identify the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) with the cut-off criteria of a |log2fold change (FC)|>1 and adjusted P-values of <0.05. The potential functions of the DEGs were predicted by functional and pathway enrichment analysis with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Furthermore, the interaction associations of the up- and downregulated DEGs obtained from the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database were respectively revealed by the protein-protein interaction networks visualized with Cytoscape. A total of 391 upregulated and 238 downregulated DEGs in were screened in the pituitary adenoma samples. The upregulated DEGs with a higher degree in the protein-protein interaction network (e.g., CCNA2, CCNB1 and CDC20) were significantly involved in cell cycle and cell division. Notably, PTTG1 was enriched in every functional term. These DEGs interacted with each other. The downregulated DEGs (e.g., GABRA1, GABRA4 and GABRB1) also interacted with each other, and were relevant to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction; the DEG POU1F1, interacting with POMC, was correlated with the development of the pituitary gland, adenohypophysis and endocrine system. Certain DEGs, including CCNB1, CCNA2, CDC20, GABRA1, GABRA4, GABRB1, POU1F1 and POMC, and particularly PTTG1, were shown to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Ningyang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Yinting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yan
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| | - Qiujuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gonzales PH, Mezzomo LC, Ferreira NP, Roehe AV, Kohek MBF, Oliveira MDC. Aromatase P450 expression in human pituitary adenomas. Neuropathology 2014; 35:16-23. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisiane Cervieri Mezzomo
- Post-Graduation Program of Pathology; UFCSPA; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; UFCSPA; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Nelson Pires Ferreira
- Neuroendocrinology Center; Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Maria Beatriz Fonte Kohek
- Post-Graduation Program of Pathology; UFCSPA; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; UFCSPA; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Miriam da Costa Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program of Pathology; UFCSPA; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Neuroendocrinology Center; Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang H, Du R, Huang YH, She L, Dong L, Wang X, Kwan AL. Characterization of pituitary tumor transforming gene in meningiomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 122:120-3. [PMID: 24908230 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is an oncogene and has been detected in several tumors of unrelated histological origin. However, its role in meningiomas is unknown so far. We aim to investigate PTTG expression in intracranial meningiomas, and clarify the relationship between PTTG and the histopathological types of tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a 7-year period, 195 meningioma specimens were collected from 195 patients. Seventeen nonneoplastic meningeal tissues were used as controls. We analyze PTTG expression by tissue microarray with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunoexpression of PTTG was identified in 172 of 195 meningiomas, accounting for 88.2%. All of immunoexpression of tumors were found to be cytoplasmic, and no nuclear expression was observed. In the control group, there were 3 of 17 specimens (17.6%) with positive PTTG expression. The percentage of high expression WHO subtypes of meningiomas ranged from 0% to 95.7%. We further stratified the tumors into 3 subgroups based on pathological grading (WHO grade I, WHO grade II and III, control), and there was significant intergroup difference in PTTG expression (p<0.001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that PTTG was expressed in most of meningioma tissues, and the degree of PTTG immunostaining was variable in the subtypes of tumors. Further investigations into PTTG expression are required to broaden the pathogenesis research of meningiomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangzhou Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Renfei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangzhou Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hua Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lei She
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangzhou Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangzhou Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangzhou Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Critical differences between isoforms of securin reveal mechanisms of separase regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3400-15. [PMID: 23798554 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00057-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid separation depends on the activity of separase, which in turn requires the proteolysis of its inhibitor, securin. It has been speculated that securin also supports the activation of separase. In this study, we found that PTTG1 was the major securin isoform expressed in most normal and cancer cell lines. Remarkably, a highly homologous isoform called PTTG2 was unable to interact with separase. Using chimeras between PTTG1 and PTTG2 and other approaches, we pinpointed a single amino acid that accounted for the loss of securin function in PTTG2. Mutation of the homologous position in PTTG1 (H(134)) switched PTTG1 from an inhibitor into an activator of separase. In agreement with this, PTTG1 lacking H(134) was able to trigger premature sister chromatid separation. Conversely, introduction of H(134) into PTTG2 is sufficient to allow it to bind separase. These data demonstrate that while the motif containing H(134) has a strong affinity for separase and is involved in inhibiting it, another domain(s) is involved in activating separase and has a weaker affinity for it. Although PTTG2 lacks securin function, its differences from PTTG1 provide evidence of independent inhibitory and activating functions of PTTG1 on separase.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Human securin, also known as human pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (pttg1), plays a key role in cell-cycle regulation. Two homologous genes, pttg2 and pttg3, have been identified although very little is known about their physiological function. In this study, we aimed at the characterization of these two pttg1 homologs. Real-time PCR analysis using specific probes demonstrated that Pttg2 is expressed at very low levels in various cell lines and tissues whereas Pttg3 was largely undetectable. We focused on the study of Pttg2 and found that, unlike PTTG1, PTTG2 lacks transactivation activity and does not bind to separase, making improbable a role in the control of sister chromatids separation. To further investigate the biological role of pttg2, we used short hairpin RNA inhibition of Pttg2 and found that cells with reduced Pttg2 levels assumed a rounded morphology compatible with a defect in cell adhesion and died by apoptosis in a p53- and p21-dependent manner. Using microarray technology, we generated a gene expression profile of Pttg2-depleted cells versus wild-type cells and found that knockdown of PTTG2 results in concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin and elevated vimentin levels, consistent with EMT induction. The observation of aberrant cellular behaviors in Pttg2-silenced cells reveals functions for pttg2 in cell adhesion and provides insights into a potential role in cell invasion.
Collapse
|
25
|
Luo Z, Li B, Chen J, Ma Y, Tao H. Expression and the clinical significance of hPTTG1 in gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:43-6. [PMID: 23128677 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical significance of hPTTG1 in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of hPTTG1 in gastric cancer tissues. Results showed that the positive expression of hPTTG1 in gastric cancer tissues was 60.00%, while in adjacent normal tissues it was 17.78%. The expression of hPTTG1 was correlated with differentiation levels, clinical classification and lymph node metastasis, but did not correlate with gender, age or pathological types. hPTTG1 was, therefore, overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues. The progression of gastric cancer was found to be correlated with the upregulation of the expression of hPTTG1. hPTTG1 detection may be helpful in evaluating the ability of the clinical classification and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer to predict outcomes. These factors act as indicators of the biological behavior of gastric cancer and are fairly good markers for prognosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyan Luo
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gao H, Wang Q, Wu S, Hui G. Examination of the relationship between chromosome abnormality in pituitary adenomas and tumor invasiveness by normal karyotype analysis and interphase fluorescence staining. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3462-6. [PMID: 22772969 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the potential relationship between chromosome abnormality and tumor invasiveness in pituitary adenomas. To use conventional R-band cytogenetic karyotype analysis and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using centromeric probe of chromosomes 8, 9, and 11 to detect chromosome abnormality in 30 cases of pituitary adenoma. All chromosomes except chromosomes 4, 16, and Y show significant variation between invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. Chromosomes 8 and 12 display some type of numeric alteration in all endocrine subtypes of pituitary adenoma. Numeric alterations in chromosomes 9, 11, and 19 are more frequently detected in invasive pituitary adenomas compared with noninvasive tumors. Numeric alterations in chromosomes are common in all endocrine subtype pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, chromosome numbers are significantly different in invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. On the basis of our study and literature review, we conclude that while chromosomes 8 and 12 may play important roles in the occurrence of pituitary adenomas, chromosomes 9, 11, and 19 may be specifically associated with invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, 214400, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng ZZ, Chen JW, Yang ZR, Lu GZ, Cai ZG. Expression of PTTG1 and PTEN in endometrial carcinoma: correlation with tumorigenesis and progression. Med Oncol 2010; 29:304-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
The pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG1) encodes a multifunctional protein (PTTG) that is overexpressed in numerous tumours, including pituitary, thyroid, breast and ovarian carcinomas. PTTG induces cellular transformation in vitro and tumourigenesis in vivo, and several mechanisms by which PTTG contributes to tumourigenesis have been investigated. Also known as the human securin, PTTG is involved in cell cycle regulation, controlling the segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. This review outlines current information regarding PTTG structure, expression, regulation and function in the pathogenesis of neoplasia. Recent progress concerning the use of PTTG as a prognostic marker or therapeutic target will be considered. In addition, the PTTG binding factor (PBF), identified through its interaction with PTTG, has also been established as a proto-oncogene that is upregulated in several cancers. Current knowledge regarding PBF is outlined and its role both independently and alongside PTTG in endocrine and related cancers is discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Watkins RJ, Read ML, Smith VE, Sharma N, Reynolds GM, Buckley L, Doig C, Campbell MJ, Lewy G, Eggo MC, Loubiere LS, Franklyn JA, Boelaert K, McCabe CJ. Pituitary tumor transforming gene binding factor: a new gene in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3739-49. [PMID: 20406982 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) binding factor (PBF; PTTG1IP) is a relatively uncharacterized oncoprotein whose function remains obscure. Because of the presence of putative estrogen response elements (ERE) in its promoter, we assessed PBF regulation by estrogen. PBF mRNA and protein expression were induced by both diethylstilbestrol and 17beta-estradiol in estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive MCF-7 cells. Detailed analysis of the PBF promoter showed that the region -399 to -291 relative to the translational start site contains variable repeats of an 18-bp sequence housing a putative ERE half-site (gcccctcGGTCAcgcctc). Sequencing the PBF promoter from 122 normal subjects revealed that subjects may be homozygous or heterozygous for between 1 and 6 repeats of the ERE. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and oligonucleotide pull-down assays revealed ERalpha binding to the PBF promoter. PBF expression was low or absent in normal breast tissue but was highly expressed in breast cancers. Subjects with greater numbers of ERE repeats showed higher PBF mRNA expression, and PBF protein expression positively correlated with ERalpha status. Cell invasion assays revealed that PBF induces invasion through Matrigel, an action that could be abrogated both by siRNA treatment and specific mutation. Furthermore, PBF is a secreted protein, and loss of secretion prevents PBF inducing cell invasion. Given that PBF is a potent transforming gene, we propose that estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women may upregulate PBF expression, leading to PBF secretion and increased cell invasion. Furthermore, the number of ERE half-sites in the PBF promoter may significantly alter the response to estrogen treatment in individual subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Watkins
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, and Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sánchez-Ortiga R, Sánchez Tejada L, Peiró Cabrera G, Moreno-Pérez O, Arias Mendoza N, Ignacio Aranda López F, Picó Alfonso A. Papel de pituitary tumour-transforming gene (PTTG) en los adenomas hipofisarios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 57:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(10)70006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
31
|
Li T, Huang H, Huang B, Huang B, Lu J. Histone acetyltransferase p300 regulates the expression of human pituitary tumor transforming gene (hPTTG). J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Panguluri SK, Yeakel C, Kakar SS. PTTG: an important target gene for ovarian cancer therapy. J Ovarian Res 2008; 1:6. [PMID: 19014669 PMCID: PMC2584053 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), also known as securin is an important gene involved in many biological functions including inhibition of sister chromatid separation, DNA repair, organ development, and expression and secretion of angiogenic and metastatic factors. Proliferating cancer cells and most tumors express high levels of PTTG. Overexpression of PTTG in vitro induces cellular transformation and development of tumors in nude mice. The PTTG expression levels have been correlated with tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies show that down regulation of PTTG in tumor cell lines and tumors in vivo results in suppression of tumor growth, suggesting its important role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on PTTG structure, sub-cellular distribution, cellular functions, and role in tumor progression with suggestions on possible exploration of this gene for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Panguluri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin CY, Guo JL, Zuo SQ, Zhang J, Xie BS. Correlation of pituitary tumor transforming gene and basic fibroblast growth factor expression with clinicopathologic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2399-2403. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i21.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and their correlations with the clinical pathological features in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS: Immunohistochemical S-P method was used to detect the expression of PTTG and bFGF proteins in 48 ESCC tissues and the corresponding para-cancerous normal tissues.
RESULTS: The positive rates of PTTG and bFGF expression were significantly higher in ESCC tissues than that in the para-cancerous tissues (68.8% vs 9.1%; 70.8% vs 14.3%; P = 0.023, 0.018). The expression levels of PTTG and bFGF were correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging, but not with the age and sex of patients, tumor size and histological grades. Meanwhile, there was a positive correlation between PTTG and bFGF expression (r = 0.627, P = 0.012).
CONCLUSION: PTTG and bFGF expression have close relations with the clinical pathophysiological characteristics in ESCC. Detection of PTTG and bFGF may be valuable for diagnosing ESCC and evaluating its malignant extent and prognosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is overexpressed in a variety of endocrine-related tumors, especially pituitary, thyroid, breast, ovarian, and uterine tumors, as well as nonendocrine-related cancers involving the central nervous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems. Forced PTTG1 expression induces cell transformation in vitro and tumor formation in nude mice. In some tumors, high PTTG1 levels correlate with invasiveness, and PTTG1 has been identified as a key signature gene associated with tumor metastasis. Increasing evidence supports a multifunctional role of PTTG1 in cell physiology and tumorigenesis. Physiological PTTG1 properties include securin activity, DNA damage/repair regulation and involvement in organ development and metabolism. Tumorigenic mechanisms for PTTG1 action involve cell transformation and aneuploidy, apoptosis, and tumorigenic microenvironment feedback. This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of PTTG1 structure and regulation and addresses known mechanisms of PTTG1 action. Recent knowledge gained from PTTG1-null mouse models and transgenic animals and their potential application to subcellular therapeutic targeting PTTG1 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Vlotides
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sonabend AM, Musleh W, Lesniak MS. Oncogenesis and mutagenesis of pituitary tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6 Suppl 9:S3-14. [PMID: 17004855 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.9s.s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although pituitary tumors may be present in up to 10% of the population, the pathophysiology of these lesions is not well characterized. Pituitary tumors are composed of monoclonal cell populations with disrupted control of replication pathways. The oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are common in other malignancies (i.e. jun, fos, myc, and p53) are rarely involved in the development of these tumors. However, oncogenes, such as gsp, can be present in up to 40% of hormonally active adenomas. The process of pituitary oncogenesis further appears to involve oncogenes such as cyclin E, cyclin D1, and the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG). Finally, the cAMP signaling cascade plays a significant role in generation of both benign and malignant pituitary tumors. In this review, the biology of pituitary adenomas is explored with a special emphasis on potential targets for the development of targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sonabend
- The University of Chicago, Division of Neurosurgery, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 3026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cho-Rok J, Yoo J, Jang YJ, Kim S, Chu IS, Yeom YI, Choi JY, Im DS. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against PTTG1 inhibits liver cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Hepatology 2006; 43:1042-52. [PMID: 16628636 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary tumor transforming (PTTG) gene family comprises PTTG1, 2, and 3. Forced expression of PTTG1 (securin) induces cellular transformation and promotes tumor development in animal models. PTTG1 is overexpressed in various human cancers. However, the expression and pathogenic implications of the PTTG gene family in hepatocellular carcinoma are largely unknown. Gene silencing using short interfering RNA (siRNA) has become an efficient means to study the functions of genes and has been increasingly used for cancer gene therapy approaches. We report that PTTG1, but not PTTG2 and 3, was highly and frequently expressed in liver cancer tissues from patients and highly in SH-J1, SK-Hep1, and Huh-7 hepatoma cell lines. Adenoviral vector encoding siRNA against PTTG1 (Ad.PTTG1-siRNA) depleted PTTG1 specifically and efficiently in SH-J1 hepatoma cells, which resulted in activation of p53 that led to increased p21 expression and induction of apoptosis. The depletion of PTTG1 in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells exhibited a cytotoxic effect in a p53-dependent manner. Ad.PTTG1-siRNA-mediated cytotoxic effect was dependent on expression levels of PTTG1 and p53 in hepatoma cell lines. Huh-7 hepatoma cells, once transduced with Ad.PTTG1-siRNA, displayed markedly attenuated growth potential in nude mice. Intra-tumor delivery of Ad.PTTG1-siRNA led to significant inhibition of tumor growth in SH-J1 tumor xenograft established in nude mice. In conclusion, PTTG1 overexpressed in hepatoma cell lines negatively regulates the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis. PTIG1 gene silencing using siRNA may be an effective modality to treat liver cancer, in which PTTG1 is abundantly expressed. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/ suppmat/index.html).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Cho-Rok
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sánchez-Puig N, Veprintsev DB, Fersht AR. Human full-length Securin is a natively unfolded protein. Protein Sci 2005; 14:1410-8. [PMID: 15929994 PMCID: PMC2253381 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051368005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Securin, also called PTTG1 (pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 product), is an estrogen-regulated proto-oncogene with multifunctional properties. We characterized human full-length Securin using a variety of biophysical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, and size-exclusion chromatography. Under physiological conditions, Securin is devoid of tertiary and secondary structure except for a small amount of poly-(L-proline) type II helix and its hydrodynamic characteristics suggest it behaves as an extended polypeptide. These results suggest that Securin is unstructured in solution and so belongs to the family of natively unfolded proteins. In addition, to gain structural and quantitative insight, we investigated the binding of Securin to p53. Analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence anisotropy studies revealed no evidence of any direct interaction between unmodified recombinant Securin and p53 in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez-Puig
- Centre for Protein Engineering, Medical Research Council, Hills Road CB2 2QH, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ectopic expression of PTTG1/securin promotes tumorigenesis in human embryonic kidney cells. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:3. [PMID: 15649325 PMCID: PMC546418 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary tumor transforming gene1 (PTTG1) is a novel oncogene that is expressed in most tumors. It encodes a protein that is primarily involved in the regulation of sister chromatid separation during cell division. The oncogenic potential of PTTG1 has been well characterized in the mouse, particularly mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3) cells, in which it induces cell proliferation, promotes tumor formation and angiogenesis. Human tumorigenesis is a complex and a multistep process often requiring concordant expression of a number of genes. Also due to differences between rodent and human cell biology it is difficult to extrapolate results from mouse models to humans. To determine if PTTG1 functions similarly as an oncogene in humans, we have characterized its effects on human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Results We report that introduction of human PTTG1 into HEK293 cells through transfection with PTTG1 cDNA resulted in increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and formation of tumors after subcutaneous injection of nu/nu mice. Pathologic analysis revealed that these tumors were poorly differentiated. Both analysis of HEK293 cells transiently transfected with PTTG1 cDNA and analysis of tumors developed on injection of HEK293 cells that had been stably transfected with PTTG1 cDNA indicated significantly higher levels of secretion and expression of bFGF, VEGF and IL-8 compared to HEK293 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector or uninvolved tissues collected from the mice. Mutation of the proline-rich motifs at the C-terminal of PTTG1 abolished its oncogenic properties. Mice injected with this mutated PTTG1 either did not form tumors or formed very small tumors. Taken together our results suggest that PTTG1 is a human oncogene that possesses the ability to promote tumorigenesis in human cells at least in part through the regulation of expression or secretion of bFGF, VEGF and IL-8. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PTTG1 is a potent human oncogene and has the ability to induce cellular transformation of human cells. Overexpression of PTTG1 in HEK293 cells leads to an increase in the secretion and expression of bFGF, VEGF and IL-8. Mutation of C-terminal proline-rich motifs abrogates the oncogenic function of PTTG1. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the importance of PTTG1 in human tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In recent years the demonstration that human pituitary adenomas are monoclonal in origin provides further evidence that pituitary neoplasia arise from the replication of a single mutated cell in which growth advantage results from either activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. However, with the exception of one RAS mutation identified in a single unusually aggressive prolactinoma resistant to dopaminergic inhibition that resulted to be lethal, no mutational changes have been so far detected in prolactinomas. In the absence of genetic changes, modifications in the level of expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes have been detected in these tumors, although it is unknown whether these changes have a causative role or are a secondary event. Indeed, our knowledge on the molecular events involved in lactotroph proliferation is even more limited in comparison to the other tumor types, since these tumors are very infrequently surgically removed and therefore available for molecular biology studies. In this respect, it is worth noting that the molecular and biological abnormalities so far described in prolactinomas mainly concern aggressive and atypical tumors and likely do not apply to the typical prolactinomas, that are characterized by good response to medical treatment and a very low growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spada
- Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang J, Dou KF. Expression of hPTTG1 and bFGF in gallbladder carcinoma tissue and their correlation with angiogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:680-684. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i3.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of hPTTG1 and bFGF in human gallbladder carcinoma tissues and their correlation with angiogenesis and other clinicobiological behaviors.
METHODS: The expression of hPTTG1 and bFGF in 41 cases of human gallbladder carcinoma and 22 cases of chronic cholecystitis was detected by immunohistochemical staining (SP method). The microvessels were highlighted by immunohistochemical staining (SP method) to detect antigen of CD34. Angiogenesis was represented by intratumor microvessel density (MVD).
RESULTS: In the gallbladder carcinoma, the positive rates of hPTTG1 and bFGF were 82.9% and 75.6% respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the chronic cholecystitis (P = 0.002 and 0.006). The expression of hPTTG1 was significantly associated with clinical stages and lymph node metastasis status (P = 0.025, 0.007), but not with histological differentiation (P = 0.144). The expression of bFGF was significantly correlated with clinical stages and histological differentiation (P = 0.019, 0.015), but not with lymph node metastasis status (P = 0.081). There was a significant correlation between the expression of hPTTG1 and bFGF (r = 0.648, P = 0.000). Neither of them had relation with age, sex, histological type and cholelithiasis. The value of MVD in the gallbladder carcinoma was significantly higher than that in the chronic cholecystitis (t = 3.684, P = 0.001). The expression of hPTTG1 and bFGF was correlated with MVD in gallbladder carcinoma (P = 0.000, 0.000). MVD in the gallbladder carcinoma was significantly associated with clinical stages and lymph node metastasis status (P = 0.007, 0.024), but not with age, sex, histological type, histological differentiation and cholelithiasis.
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of hPTTG1 is related to the tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in gallbladder carcinoma, which may provide a new target for therapy of gallbladdercarcinoma.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lania A, Mantovani G, Spada A. Genetics of pituitary tumors: Focus on G-protein mutations. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:1004-17. [PMID: 14530508 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the demonstration that human pituitary adenomas are monoclonal in origin has provided further evidence that pituitary neoplasia arise from the replication of a single mutated cell in which growth advantage results from either activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. While common oncogenes, such as Ras, are only exceptionally involved, the only mutations identified in a significant proportion of pituitary tumors, and particular in GH-secreting adenomas, occur in the Gsalpha gene (GNAS1) and cause constitutive activation of the cAMP pathway (gsp oncogene). Moreover, pituitary tumors overexpress hypothalamic releasing hormones, growth factors, and their receptors as well as cyclins involved in cell cycle progression. As far as the role of tumor suppressor genes in pituitary tumorigenesis is concerned, reduced expression of these genes seems to frequently occur in pituitary tumors as a consequence of abnormal methylation processes. Although the only mutational change so far identified in pituitary tumors is the gsp oncogene, this oncogene is not associated with a clear phenotype in patients bearing positive tumors. Mechanisms able to counteract the cAMP pathway, such as high sensitivity to somatostatin, and induction of genes with opposite actions, such as phosphodiesterases, CREB end ICER, or instability of mutant Gsalpha, have been proposed to account for the lack of genotype/phenotype relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lania
- Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jin ZY, Cheng RX, Zheng CL, Zheng H. Expression of PTTG and c-myc gene in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1677-1681. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i11.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between expressions of PTTG and c-myc genes and oncogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinomas(HCC).
METHODS In situ hybridization (DNA-RNA) and immunohistochemistry (SP method) methods were used to detect the expressions of PTTG and c-myc genes in 61 cases of human hepatocellular carcinomas.
RESULTS The distributions of positive cells of PTTG mRNA and PTTG protein in HCC were diffuse, aggregate or scattered. The positive stainings of PTTG mRNA and PTTG protein were plasma and submembrane types. The positive rates of PTTG mRNA and PTTG protein were 72.1% (44/61) and 78.7% (48/61) in HCC, and 93.4% (57/61) and 91.8% (56/61) in pericarcinomatous liver tissues. The expressions of PTTG mRNA and PTTG protein in HCC were significantly lower than those in paracancerous tissues (P<0.005, P<0.05). The expression of PTTG gene was significantly correlated with that of c-myc gene (P<0.005).
CONCLUSION Overexpression of PTTG is related to human hepatocellular carcinogenesis. C-myc gene activated by PTTG protein may play an important role in hepatocellular transformation and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Jin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Zhongnan University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rui-Xue Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Zhongnan University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chang-Li Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Zhongnan University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Zhongnan University, Changsha 410078, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim GJ, Cho SJ, Won NH, Sung JM, Kim H, Chun YH, Park SH. Genomic imbalances in Korean hepatocellular carcinoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 142:129-33. [PMID: 12699889 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal malignant tumors in Southeast Asia. Thirty-one cirrhotic HCC, 14 noncirrhotic HCC, and 13 metastastic HCC in the Korean population were investigated on microdissected tissues for chromosomal aberrations by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) comparative genomic hybridization. A number of prominent sites of genomic imbalances were observed. The gains of 1q, 6p, 7, 8q, 12q, 13q3-q32, 16p, 17q, and 20q and the losses of 1p, 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, and 13q regions were observed with a similar high frequency in all types. Various chromosomal aberrations were observed preferentially to specific types. Gains of 4p15-pter, 10q24-qter, 18p11-pter, and 19p10-pter and a loss of 11q14-q22 were observed in the cirrhotic HCC, whereas losses of 14q21-q23 and 10q22-q23 were observed in noncirrhotic HCC. In metastatic HCC, gains of 3q25-qter and Xp21-pter and losses of 21q11-qter and Y were observed. The recurrent gains and losses of chromosomal regions identified in this study are consistent with several previous observations and provide possible candidate regions for the involvement of tumorigenesis and progressions of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion and separation are fundamental for accurate genome inheritance over cell generations. Work over recent years has established the existence of a chromosomal protein complex, cohesin, that connects sister chromatids from the time they are generated in S phase onwards, and which is destroyed at the onset of anaphase through cleavage by the protease separase. Over the last year, the function of cohesin has been investigated in higher eukaryotes, including humans, with results that have uncovered important new aspects of this process. The first structural views of cohesin have become available, and significant steps been made towards a mechanistic understanding of chromosome cohesion. Studies on separase have revealed new levels of regulation of chromosome segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Uhlmann
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Herzig A, Lehner CF, Heidmann S. Proteolytic cleavage of the THR subunit during anaphase limits Drosophila separase function. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2443-54. [PMID: 12231632 PMCID: PMC187444 DOI: 10.1101/gad.242202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sister-chromatid separation in mitosis requires proteolytic cleavage of a cohesin subunit. Separase, the corresponding protease, is activated at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Activation involves proteolysis of an inhibitory subunit, securin, following ubiquitination mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. In Drosophila, the securin PIM associates not only with separase (SSE), but also with an additional protein, THR. Here we show that THR is cleaved after the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. THR cleavage only occurs in functional SSE complexes and in a region that matches the separase cleavage-site consensus. Mutations in this region abolish mitotic THR cleavage. These results indicate that THR is cleaved by SSE. Expression of noncleavable THR variants results in cold-sensitive maternal-effect lethality. This lethality can be suppressed by a reduction of catalytically active SSE levels, indicating that THR cleavage inactivates SSE complexes. THR cleavage is particularly important during the process of cellularization, which follows completion of the last syncytial mitosis of early embryogenesis, suggesting that Drosophila separase has other targets in addition to cohesin subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Herzig
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S. Functional role of estrogen in pituitary tumor pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0214264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
47
|
Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S. Functional role of estrogen in pituitary tumor pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:277-83. [PMID: 11805140 PMCID: PMC150842 DOI: 10.1172/jci14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary hyperplasia and lactotroph replication are induced by estrogen. The product of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) exhibits in vitro and in vivo transforming activity and induces basic bFGF secretion, thereby modulating pituitary angiogenesis and tumor formation. We demonstrated previously that pituitary pttg is induced by estrogen and bFGF, the latter being expressed in a concordant fashion with pttg in experimental and human pituitary adenomas. We now elucidate the role of estrogen in paracrine regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis by PTTG. Coincident with the circulating rat estradiol surge and maximal pituitary proliferation, pituitary pttg mRNA, bFGF, and VEGF expression increased approximately threefold during proestrus and estrus. Osmotic mini-pump coinfusion of estrogen and antiestrogen abrogated estrogen-induced pituitary pttg expression in vivo, suppressed serum PRL concentrations by 88%, and attenuated prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor growth by 41% in rats. Antiestrogen treatment of primary human pituitary tumor cultures reduced PTTG expression approximately 65%. Pituitary pttg, bFGF, and VEGF are cyclically expressed during the rat estrus cycle, concordantly with estrogen levels. Because anti-estrogens reduced PTTG expression in human pituitary tumors in vitro and suppressed experimental tumor growth in vivo, concomitantly with reduced PRL secretion, these results indicate a role for selective antiestrogens in treating pituitary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Heaney
- Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Heaney AP, Nelson V, Fernando M, Horwitz G. Transforming events in thyroid tumorigenesis and their association with follicular lesions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5025-32. [PMID: 11600580 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.10.7886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid tumors comprise a broad spectrum of neoplastic phenotypes, and distinct molecular events have been implicated in their pathogenesis. Pituitary tumor transforming gene, originally isolated from GH(4) pituitary cells, is tumorigenic in vivo, regulates basic fibroblast growth factor secretion, and is homologous to a securin inhibitor of chromatid separation. Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 is expressed at low levels in several normal human tissues and is abundantly expressed in neoplasms, including colorectal carcinoma, where pituitary tumor transforming gene expression correlated highly with tumor invasiveness. As pituitary tumor transforming gene is regulated by E and as thyroid cancer shows a strong female preponderance, we examined pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 expression and action in human thyroid tumors and in normal human and rat thyroid cells. Increased pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 expression was evident early in thyroid tumors and was most abundantly expressed in a subset of thyroid hyperplasia, follicular adenomas, and follicular carcinomas (1.8-fold; P < 0.0001). Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 overexpression in rat FRTL5 thyroid cells and in primary human thyroid cell cultures causes in vitro transformation and produces a dedifferentiated neoplastic phenotype. As pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 was abundantly overexpressed in follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma, we propose that pituitary tumor transforming gene overexpression may play a role in the early molecular events leading to divergent development of follicular and papillary carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Heaney
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, University of California School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors originate from the uncontrolled proliferation of a single transformed cell in which an initiating event has caused a gain of proliferative function. After the initiation, promoting factors cooperate in the clonal expansion. Common oncogenes, such as ras, are only exceptionally involved. The only activating mutations identified so far are gsp mutations causing the constitutive activation of cAMP pathway. However, gsp-positive adenomas are not associated to a more aggressive tumoral phenotype. The oncogenic potential of gsp mutations is limited by a more rapid degradation of the mutant Gs(alpha) with respect to the wild-type protein, and by a faster removal of cAMP due to increased phosphodiesterase activity. Estrogen-inducible gene sequences with transforming properties (pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG)) have been identified in human pituitary tumors. Human pituitary tumor-transforming gene (hPTTG) is involved both in early pituitary tumorigenesis, as it causes in vitro and in vivo transformation acting as a transcription activator, and in tumor progression, as it regulates the production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a potent activator of angiogenesis and mitogenesis. Moreover, a role of cyclin D1 in pituitary tumorigenesis is emerging. The allelic loss of loci for unknown oncosuppressor genes are currently under investigation, while an exceedingly limited role for menin gene and RB1 has been demonstrated for sporadic pituitary tumors. Abnormal methylation that predisposing toward genetic instability may favor the allelic loss or the reduced expression of oncosuppressor genes, is also an emerging field of investigation. Several promoting factors, including the excessive action of physiological stimulators, the defective action of inhibitors, the susceptibility to respond to inappropriate stimuli and the locally produced growth factors, help in tumor progression. The study of homeobox genes that intervene in pituitary cell differentiation may help in expanding our knowledge in pituitary tumor cell genealogy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Faglia
- Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mei J, Huang X, Zhang P. Securin is not required for cellular viability, but is required for normal growth of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1197-201. [PMID: 11516952 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid separation depends on the release of cohesion by the activity of Esp1, a member of the caspase family [1, 2]. In budding yeast, Esp1p is kept inactive by its association with Pds1p, until the onset of anaphase, when Pds1p is ubiquitinated by the APC/Cdc20 complex [3--5] and subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. Pds1 is not an essential gene in budding yeast, but is required for cell cycle arrest prior to anaphase in response to the disruption of spindle structures [6, 7]. Thus, Pds1 mutant yeast cells display precocious sister chromatid separation in the presence of nocodazole [6]. Mammalian orthologs of yeast Esp1 and Pds1, separin and securin, have been identified [8], and, as anticipated, a nondegradable mutant form of securin inhibits sister separation when added to mitotic Xenopus egg extracts [8]. Securin was also independently identified as PTTG (pituitary tumor transforming gene), a gene overexpressed in pituitary tumors [9]. The relationship between its overexpression in tumors and its control of sister chromatid cohesion remains ill defined. To explore securin function in mammals, we took a targeted gene disruption approach in mice. Here, we report that securin is neither essential for cell viability nor required for spindle checkpoint function, and mice lacking securin are viable and apparently normal, but mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking securin grow abnormally in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|